Answer questions

Analysis of variance (ANOVA)

1. What is anova and when we use it?
Ans: Anova: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) is a collection of statistical models used to
analyze the differences among group means and their associated procedures (such as
"variation" among and between groups), developed by statistician and evolutionary
biologist Ronald Fisher.
Use it:
One-Way:
When we compare more than two groups, based on one factor (independent variable), this is
called one-way ANOVA. For example,
Two-Way:
When a company wants to compare the employee productivity based on two factors (2
independent variables), then it said to be two-way (Factorial) ANOVA

2. What are the assumptions we assume in ANOVA?

Ans: Independence of cases this is an assumption of the model that simplifies the
statistical analysis.

Normality the distributions of the residuals are normal.

Equality (or "homogeneity") of variances, called homoscedasticity...

3. Is multiple t-tests logical in comparison of the means of more than two independent
groups/levels? If not, why?
Ans: Every time you conduct a t-test there is a chance that you will make a Type 1 error. This
error is usually 5%. By running two t-tests on the same data you will have increased your
chance of "making a mistake" to 10%. The formula for determining the new error rate for
multiple t-tests is not as simple as multiplying 5% by the number of tests. However, if you are
only making a few multiple comparisons, the results are very similar if you do. As such, three
t-tests would be 15% (actually, 14.3%) and so on. These are unacceptable errors. An ANOVA
controls for these errors so that the Type 1 error remains at 5% and you can be more confident
that any significant result you find is not just down to chance. See our guide on hypothesis
testing for more information on Type I errors.
Example:

4. What Does One-Way or Two-Way Mean?

Ans: Oneway or two-way refers to the number of independent variables. One way has one
independent variable with 2 levels and two way has two independent variables.
5. What are Groups or Levels?
Ans: Groups or levels are different groups in the same independent variable.
Example:
6. What is One and Two -Way ANOVA? Limitations and when to use a one and two
-way ANOVA.
Ans: The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to determine whether there are
any significant differences between the means of three or more independent (unrelated)

groups. This guide will provide a brief introduction to the one-way ANOVA, including the
assumptions of the test and when you should use this test.
The one-way ANOVA compares the means between the groups you are interested in and
determines whether any of those means are significantly different from each other.
Specifically, it tests the null hypothesis:

where = group mean and k = number of groups. If, however, the one-way ANOVA returns a
significant result, we accept the alternative hypothesis (HA), which is that there are at least 2
group means that are significantly different from each other.
Limitations:
A one way ANOVA will tell you that at least two groups were different from each other. But it
wont tell you what groups were different. If your test returns a significant f-statistic, you may
need to run an ad hoc test (like the Least Significant Difference test) to tell you exactly which
groups had a difference in means.
Use:
Situation 1: You have a group of individuals randomly split into smaller groups and
completing different tasks. For example, you might be studying the effects of tea on weight
loss and form three groups: green tea, black tea, and no tea.
Situation 2: Similar to situation 1, but in this case the individuals are split into groups based
on an attribute they possess. For example, you might be studying leg strength of people
according to weight. You could split participants into weight categories (obese, overweight
and normal) and measure their leg strength on a weight machine.

Two way anova: A Two Way ANOVA is an extension of the One Way ANOVA. With a One
Way, you have one independent variableaffecting a dependent variable. With a Two Way

ANOVA, there are two independents. Use a two way ANOVA when you have one
measurement variable (i.e. a quantitative variable) and two nominal variables. In other words,
if your experiment has a quantitative outcome and you have two categorical explanatory
variables, a two way ANOVA is appropriate.
Limitations:

Use:

7. When do multiple comparison test? Write down some important multiple

comparison test.
Ans: Multiple testing refers to any instance that involves the simultaneous testing of more
than one hypothesis. If decisions about the individual hypotheses are based on the unadjusted marginal p-values, then there is typically a large probability that some of the true null
hypotheses will be rejected.

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