ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS

MODULE-I
LECTURE-6

Prepared By: - Chandrika samal

Asst professor, GITA, Bhubaneswar
Prepared By Er. Chandrika Samal

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Available and Unavailable Energy:-

The energy content of a system can be divided into two parts

1. Available energy, which under ideal conditions may be completely
converted into work
2. Unavailable energy which is usually rejected as waste.
Consider Q units of heat energy available at a temperature T. Available part of
energy can be obtained by assuming that the heat is supplied to a Carnot engine.

Work obtained from the carnot engine

T To

Q
T

is the available part. The quantity

To

Q
T

is the unavailable part. In a T-S diagram these quantities can be represented

as shown in the fig 6.1. The term T0 is the ambient temperature. Hence it can be
concluded that the available and unavailable part of energy content of a system
depends on the ambient conditions also.
Reversible Work In A Non-flow Process:From first law of thermodynamics
Qsys- W=U2- U1
From second law of thermodynamics for a reversible process
(s)universe = (s)system + (s)surroundings = 0
Where (s)system =S2- S1

(s)surroundings=

Qsurr QSys

TSurr
To

Where, Qsystem
Prepared By Er. Chandrika Samal

= To(S2-S1)
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Substituting in equ we get

To(S2-S1) - W=U2- U1
W= (U2 U1) (S1 S2)

since the process is reversible W can be represented Wrev

Wrev= (U1 U2) To(S1 S2)
This is also the maximum work in the process.
For a closed system, when undergoing change in volume, the work done against
the atmospheric pressure:
Watm=po(V2 V1)
But this work is not an useful work and hence
Wmax,useful= Wmax Watm
= [(U1 U2) To(S1 S2)]po(V2V1)
= (U1 U2) Po(V1 V2)]To(S1S2)
Reversible Work In A Steady-state Control Volume
Steady flow energy equation for a constant volume is

C
C
out h
in h
Q W rev m
gZ m
gZ
2
2
out
in

for a single inlet and outlet

C22 C12

h2 h1
g Z 2 Z1
Q Wrev m
2

From Second law of thermodynamics

Prepared By Er. Chandrika Samal

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sun= (s)cv + (s)surr =0

s2 s1
sCV m

Where

sSur

To

Substituting these values we get

s2 s1
m

Q
To

s2 s1
Q To m

neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes

h1 h2 To s1 s2
W rev m

In an open system a fixed volume in space known as control volume is taken for
analysis. Hence the atmospheric work term po(V1-V2) should not be considered.
Therefore
Wrev= Wmax,useful for an open system

Prepared By Er. Chandrika Samal

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Prepared By Er. Chandrika Samal

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