UNIT-5

PART-A
1. Define principal stress and principal plane.
The magnitude of normal stress, acting on a principal plane is know n as principal
stresses.
The planes w hich have no shear stress are know n as principal planes.
2. What are the uses of Mohrs circle?
It is used to find out the normal, resultant and principal stresses and their planes.
3. List the m ethods to find the stresses in oblique plane?
Analytical method , Graphical method.
4. What is Mohrs circle m ethod?
It is a graphical method to deter mine nor mal, tangential and resultant stresses on any
oblique planes and position and magnitude of principal stresses.
5. What is the radius of Mohrs circle?
Radius of Mohrs circle is equal to the maximum shear stress.
6. What are the planes along w hich the greatest shear stresses occur?
Greatest shear stress occurs at the planes w hich is inclined at 45 o to its normal.
7. Differentiate thick and thin shells.
S.No Thin cylinder
Thick cylinder
1
The ratio of w all thickness to the
The ratio of w all thickness to the
diameter of the cylinder is less than
diameter of the cylinder is more than
1/20
1/20
2
Circumferential stress is assumed to
Circumferential stress varies from inner
be constant throughout w all thickness. to outer w all thickness.
8. Define circum ferential and Hoop str ess.
The stress acting along the circumference of the cylinder is called circumferential stress
whereas the stress acting along the length of the cylinder is know n as longitudinal
stress.
9. Define thin shell.
If the thickness of the w all of the cylinder vessel is less than 1/20 of its internal diameter,
the cylinder vessel is know n as thin cylinder.
10. Nam e the stresses induced in a thin w alled cylinder subjected to internal fluid
pressure.
Circumferential stress and longitudinal stress.
11. Explain the failure of a thin cylinder due to internal pressure.
If the stress induced in the cylinders exceed the permissible limit, the cylinder is likely to
fail in any one of the follow ing tw o ways. (i) It may split into tw o troughs and (ii) It may
split up into tw o cylinders.
12. List the assumptions m ade in the analysis of thin cylinders.
The assumptions are the stresses are uniformly distributed throughout the w all
thickness.

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13. How w ill you find m ajor principal stress and m inor principal stress? Also m ention
how to locate the direction of principal planes.

14. Write the formulae to calculate stresses w hen a point in a member is subjected to
direct stress in two mutually perpendicular directions accom panied by a sim ple
shear stress.

15. Write the formulae to calculate stresses w hen a point in a member subjected in
direct stress in one direction.

16. Give the expression for m axim um shear stress in a two dimensional stress
system.

17. Define theories of failure.

Failure theory is the science of predicting the conditions under w hic h solid materials fail
under the action of external loads. The failure of a material is usually classified into brittle
failure (fracture) or ductile failure (yield). Depending on the conditions most materials
can fail in a brittle or ductile manner or both.

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PART-B
1. A short metallic column of 500 mm 2 cross sectional area carries an axial load
compressive load of 100 kN. For a plane inclined at 60 o w ith the direction of load,
calculate (i) norm al stress (ii) Tangential stress (iii) Resultant stress (iv)Maximum
shear stress (v) obliquity of resultant stress.
Solution:

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2. The Principal stresses at a point in a bar are 200 N/mm 2 (tensile) and 100 N/mm 2
(com pressive). Determine the resultant stress in m agnitude and direction on a
plane inclined at 60o to the axis of the m ajor principal stress. Also determ ine the
m axim um intensity of shear stress in the m aterial at that point.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

3. The norm al stresses at a point on tw o m utually perpendicular planes are 140 MPa
(tensile) and 100 MPa (com pressive). Determ ine the shear stress on these planes
if the m aximum principal stress is lim ited to 150 MPa (tensile). Determ ine also the
follow ing: (i) Minim um principal stress (ii) Maxim um shear stress and its plane
(iii) Norm al, shear and resultant stresses on a plane w hich is inclined at 30o anticlockw ise to X-X plane.

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4. An elemental cube is subjected to tensile stresses of 30 N/mm 2 and 10 N/mm 2

acting on two mutually perpendicular planes and a shear stress of 10 N/mm 2 on
these planes. Draw the Mohrs circle of stresses and determine the m agnitude
and direction of principal stresses and also the greater shear stress.

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5. At a certain point in a strained m aterial, the intensities of stresses on two planes

at right angles to each other are 20 N/m m 2 and 10 N/mm 2 both tensile. They are
accom panied by a shear stress of m agnitude 10 N/mm 2. Find graphically or
otherwise, the orientation of principal planes and evaluate the principal stresses.

C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

6. At a point in a stressed m aterial, the stresses on the vertical plane are 50 MPa and
40 MPa anticlockw ise in effect. On the horizontal plane, the norm al stress is 30
MPa compressive stress. Determ ine (i) Principal stresses and their planes (ii)
Maxim um shear plane and the stresses on it. (iii) The stresses on an inclined
plane at 30o anticlockwise from VP and the resultant stress on it (iv) Stresses on
an inclined plane at 40o anticlockwise from horizontal plane and the resultant
stress on it.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

7. An element in a strained m aterial has tensile stress of 500 N/mm 2 and a

compressive stress of 350 N/m m 2 acting on tw o mutually perpendicular planes
and equal shear stress of 100 N/mm 2 on these planes. Find the principal stresses
and their planes. Find also m aximum shear stress and norm al stress on the plane
of m axim um shear stress.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

8. A m aterial is subjected to two mutually perpendicular tensile direct stresses of 40

MPa and 30 MPa together w ith a shear stress of 20 MPa, shear stress being clock w ise on the face carrying the 40 MPa tensile stress. Determ ine (i) The stresses on
a plane m aking an angle of 40o counter-clockwise to the plane of the 40 MPa
stress; (ii) The principal stresses and their planes; (iii) The m aximum shear
stress and its plane.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

9. A point in a strained m aterial is subjected to m utually stress of 600 N/mm 2

(tensile) and 400 N/m m 2 (compressive). It is also subjected to a shear stress of
100 N/mm 2. Draw Mohrs circle and find the principal stresses and m aximum
shear.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

10. At a point in a strained m aterial, the principal stresses are 100 MPa (tensile) and
60 MPa (compressive). Determ ine the norm al stress, shear stress, resultant
stress on a plane inclined at 50 degree to the axis of m ajor principal stress. Also
determine the m aximum shear stress at the point.

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11. The state of stresses at a point on tw o m utually perpendicular planes is as below

x = 160 MPa (Tension); y = 80 MPa (compression) and = 50 MPa (acting in the
positive direction on positive X plane). Determ ine the following: (i) Principal
stresses and their planes (ii) Maxim um shear stress (iii) Norm al and shear stress
on a plane w hich is inclined 30o and clockw ise to positive x plane.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

12. At a point w ithin a body there are tw o m utually perpendicular stresses of 80

N/m m2 and 40 N/mm 2 of tensile in nature. Each stress is accompanied by a shear
stress of 60 N/mm 2. Determine the norm al, shear and resultant stress on an
oblique plane at an angle of 45 degree w ith the axis of the m ajor principal stress.
Solution:

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13. At a point in a strained material, there is a horizontal tensile stress of 100 N/mm 2
and an unknown vertical stress. There is also a shear stress of 30 N/mm 2 on these
planes. On a plane inclined at 30o to the vertical, the norm al stress is found to be
90 N/m m 2 tensile. Find the unknown vertical stress and also the principle stresses
and m axim um shear stress.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

14. A cylindrical shell 3 m long which is closed at the ends has an internal diameter 1
m and w all thickness of 15 mm . Calculate the circumferential and longitudinal
stresses induced and also change in dimensions if the internal pressure is 1.5
N/m m 2. E = 2x 105 N/m m 2, =0.3.

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15. A cylindrical shell 100 cm long, and 25 cm in internal diameter having thickness of
metal as 8 mm , is filled w ith a fluid at atm ospheric pressure. If the additional fluid
of 30 cm 3 is pumped in the shell. Take E = 200 GPa and = 0.3. Also find the
hoop stress induced.

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16. A thin cylinder is 3.5 m long, 90 cm in diameter, and the thickness of the metal is
12 mm . It is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.8 N/mm 2. Calculate the change
in dimensions of the cylinder and the m axim um intensity of shear stress induced.
E = 200 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.3.

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17. Derive the expression for the change in diameter and for the change in volume of
volum e of a thin spherical shell when it is subjected to an internal pressure.

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18. A cylindrical thin drum 80 cm in diameter and 3 m long has a shell thickness of 1
cm . If the drum is subjected to an internal pressure of 2.5 N/mm 2, determine (i)
change in diam eter, (ii) change in length and (iii) change in volume. Take E = 2 x
105 N/m m 2 and Poissons ratio = 0.25.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

19. Derive relations for change in length, thickness and volume of a thin cylinder
subjected to an internal pressure. Also explain the failure of thin cylinders.

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20. A boiler is to be m ade of 20 mm thick plate having a lim iting tensile stress of 120
MPa. If the efficiencies of the longitudinal and circum ferential joints are 70% and
30% respectively, determ ine the m axim um perm issible diameter of the shell for an
internal pressure of 2 MPa. When the shell diameter is 1.5 m , find the perm issible
intensity of internal pressure.
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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

21. A thin cylindrical shell has an internal diameter of 250 mm , has w alls 5 mm thick
and is 1 m long. It is found to change in internal volume by 19200 mm 3 when
filled w ith a liquid at a pressure p. If E = 200 GPa and Poissons ratio = 0.25 and
assum ing rigid end plates, determ ine: (i) the values of hoop and longitudinal
stresses (ii) the change in internal diameter of the cylinder (iii) the change in
length and (iv) the necessary change in pressure p to produce a further increase
in internal volum e of 10 %. The liquid m ay be assum ed incompressible.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY

22. A shell 4.5 m long, 900 mm in diameter is subjected to an internal pressure of 1.1
N/m m2. If the thickness of the shell is 8.5 mm , find the circumferential and
longitudinal stresses. Find also the m aximum shear stress and changes in
dim ensions of shell. E = 2.1 x 105 N/m m 2, = 0.33.
Solution:

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23. Derive the relation for strain energy in terms of principal stresses.
Solution:

24. A cylindrical drum 600 mm in diameter has to w ithstand an internal pressure of 1.8
N/m m 2. Calculate the necessary w all thickness for a factor of safety of 3 if the
criterion of failure is the m axim um strain energy and the elastic lim it in pure
tension is 237 N/m m 2. Take = 0.3.

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25. Derive the expression for equivalent bending m oment and equivalent torque.

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C.K.GOPALAKRISHNAN, AP/MECH, MAHALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE, TRICHY