Dom Lab Manual

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)
List of the Experiments

S.NO
Name of the Experiment
Page No.
To verify the torque relation for gyroscope.
2-5
To plot force vs. radius and lift vs. speed curves for governors.
6-9
To plot pressure distribution curves on a journal bearing.
9-15
To perform wheel balancing
16-17
To study static and dynamic balancing on balancing set up.
18-19
To determine mass moment of inertia of a flywheel.
20-22
Study of a lathe gear box.
23-27
Study of a sliding mesh automobile gear box.
28-33
Study of a planetary gear box.
34-37
Dynamics of Machine Lab-II
Page 1

EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Objective: To verify the torque relation for gyroscope.
Theory:
Important terms in the study of gyroscope:
Gyroscope: it is a body while spinning about an axis is free to rotate in other directions under the action
of external forces.
Axis of spin: the axis about which a body rotates.
Precession: it is a situation oriented effect coming into picture while the body is acted upon by a couple
about an axis normal to its axis of spin during its rotation.
Axis of precession: it is the axis normal to both the axes viz. axis of spin and axis of couple. About this
axis precession occurs.
Gyroscopic effect: to a body revolving(or spinning) about an axis, if a couple represented by a vector
normal to axis of spin is applied, then the body tries to process about a third axis that is normal to both
the previously mentioned axes. Here the couple is mutually perpendicular. This combined effect is
known as precessional or gyroscopic effect.
OX: AXIS OF SPIN
OY: AXIS OF COUPLE
Z
Y
OZ: AXIS OF PRECESSION
Formula Used:
The gyroscopic couple is given by,

T = I p
T = The gyroscopic couple
p = Velocity of precession
Page 2

= Spinning Velocity
I = Mass Moment of Inertia of the rotor
Technical Data:
Rotor Dia.
mm
Rotor thickness
mm
M.I. of all Rotating Parts
(Distance from centre of Disc
..rpm
0.02986
Nm- sec 2
To Centre of Dead Weights)

Motor speed Max
Calculation Table:
S.No
Speed of
motor
Applied
load
Angle of
precession
(N)
(W)
()
Time
taken for
precession
Angular
velocity
Torque
applied
(w)
(T)
(t)
Rpm
Kg
Degrees
Sec
1
2
3
4
5
Model Calculation:
For Reading 2
Page 3
Rad / s
Nm
Observed
velocity of
precession
Theoretical
velocity of
precession
(wp)o
(wp)t
Rad / s
Rad / s

Speed of rotor
= 2508 rpm
Applied Load
= 1 kg
Angle of precision
Time taken for precision
Radius
= 90o
t = 7.6 sec
r = 0.155 mtrs.
Angular Velocity of rotor( )
( )
= (2N/60)
= (2 x 2508)/ 60
= 262.63 rad / sec
Gyroscopic couple (or) Torque Applied = T = r x W

= 0.155 x 1 x 9.81
= 1.52 Nm
Observed Velocity of precision, (p)o
/ T
=
(90 x / 180) / 7.6
= 0.206 rad / sec
Theoretical Velocity of Precision, (p)t
=T/I
1.52
= -------------------0.02986 x 262.63
Page 4

= 0.193 rad / sec
Result: Thus we successfully verify the torque relation for gyroscope and Plot graph between Torque
and Observed velocity of precession and Torque and Theoretical velocity of precession.
Viva Voive:
Q-1 What is the gyroscopic effect? Derive a relation for its magnitude?
Q-2 Explain the Following terms;
(a)Axis of spin (b) Axis of precession (c)Axis of Gyroscopic couple
Q-3 What is effect of gyroscopic effect on Aeroplane?
Q-4 What is the angular velocity of precession?
Q-5 Explain the effect of gyroscopic effect on Naval Ship:
(a)
Rolling(b) Steering (c) Pitching
EXPERIMENT NO. 2
Page 5

Objective: To plot force vs. radius and lift vs. speed curves for governors.
Theory: Governor is used to minimize fluctuations in the mean speed which may occur due to load
variation. The governor has no influence over cyclic speed fluctuations but it controls the mean speed
over a long period during which load on the engine may vary.
When there is change in load, variation in speed also takes place then governor operates a regulatory
control and adjusts the fuel supply to maintain the mean speed nearly constant. Therefore, the governor
automatically regulates through linkages, the energy supply to the engine as demanded by variation of
load so that the engine speed is maintained nearly constant.
Governor Appratus: The apparatus has been designed to study several of governors used to control the
speed. It consists of a small motor governor spindle The apparatus is designed to exhibit the
characteristics of the spring loaded and dead weight type governor. A variable speed drive is provided to
very the speed of spindle. A graduated scale is provided to measure the displacement of sleeve in vertical
direction. The center sleeve of the porter governor incorporeities a weight sleeve to which weights can
be added.
Page 6
Experimental Procedure :
The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the choose rotating weights and spring, where
applicable, and assemble the governor assembly as shown in Figure.
Connect the motor to speed control using four a cable provided.
Switch on the supply, increase the speed slowly until the center sleeve rise off the lower stop and
aligns with the first division on the graduated scale.
Record the sleeve position and speed increase the speed and steeps to have suitable sleeve
moments.
Note down the displacement and speed accordingly throughout the range of sleeve moment
possible.
The result may be plotted as curves of speed Vs sleeve displacement .
Further tests are carried out changing the value of one variable at a time to produce a family
curve.
Page 7
Calculation:
Force F = (W/g)x 2 . R
Where W = weight of ball assembly
Dimensions:
a) Length of each link L
b) Initial height of governor
c) Initial radius of rotation Ro
d) Weight of each ball assembly
e) Weight of sleeve
Calculaton Table :
Page 8

S.N.
Speed
Sleeve
displacement
X (mm)
Height
(h)
R= radius of
rotation
Force
F=
(W/g)2R
1
2
3
4
5
Result: Thus we successfully plot force vs. radius and lift vs. speed curves for governors.
Viva Voive:
Q-1 Compare between flywheel & governor ?
Q-2 Explain the Centrifugal governors and inertia governors?
Q-3 Why watt governor is very rarely used? Give reasons?
Q-4 What is the controlling force diagram for Governor?
Q-5 What is the stability,sensitivity and Hunting of the Governor?
Page 9

EXPERIMENT NO. 3
Objective: To plot pressure distribution curves on a journal bearing.
Theory : A bearing is a machine element, which supports the moving machine element (known as
Journal). It permits the relative motion between the contact surfaces of the members, while carrying the
load.
The portion of a shaft, which revolves in the bearing and is subjected to load at right angle to the axis of
shaft, is known as journal. The whole unit consisting of journal and its supporting part is known as
bearing. The whole arrangement is known as journal bearing.
Journal Bearing Apparatus is designed on the basis of hydrodynamic bearing action used in practice. In a
simple journal bearing the bearing surface is bored out to a slightly larger diameter than that of the
journal. Thus, when the journal is at rest, it makes contact with the bearing surface along a line, the
position of which is determined by the line of action of the external load.
Classification of Bearings:
Depending upon the direction of load to be supported. The bearings under this group are classified
as:
(a) Radial bearings,
Page 10

(b) Thrust bearings.
In radial bearings, the load acts perpendicular to the direction of motion of the moving element
as shown in Fig.
In thrust bearings, the load acts along the axis of rotation as shown in Fig.
Depending upon the nature of contact. The bearings under this group are classified as :
(a) Sliding contact bearings,
(b) Rolling contact bearings.
Page 11

In sliding contact bearings, as shown in Fig., the sliding takes place along the surfaces
of contact between the moving element and the fixed element. The sliding contact bearings are also
known as plain bearings.
In rolling contact bearings, as shown in Fig., the steel balls or rollers, are interposed
between the moving and fixed elements. The balls offer rolling friction at two points for each ball or
roller.
Figure 3.2
Types of Sliding Contact Bearings:
When a partial journal bearing has no clearance i.e. the diameters of the journal and bearing are
equal, then the bearing is called a fitted bearing, as shown in Fig. The sliding contact bearings,
according to the thickness of layer of the lubricant between the bearing and the journal, may also be
classified as follows
1. Thick film bearings. The thick film bearings are those in which the working surfaces are
completely separated from each other by the lubricant. Such type of bearings are also called
as hydrodynamic lubricated bearings.
Page 12

2. Thin film bearings. The thin film bearings are those in which, although lubricant is present,
the working surfaces partially contact each other atleast part of the time. Such type of bearings
are also called boundary lubricated bearings.
3. Zero film bearings. The zero film bearings are those which operate without any lubricant
present.
4. Hydrostatic or externally pressurized lubricated bearings. The hydrostatic bearings are those
which can support steady loads without any relative motion between the journal and the bearing.
This is achieved by forcing externally pressurized lubricant between the members.
Lubricants: The lubricant are used in bearings to reduce friction between the rubbing surface and to
carry away the heat generated by friction. It also protects the bearings from corrosion.Lubricants are
classified as
(a) Liquid lubricants
(b) Semi liquid lubricants
(c) Solid lubricants
- Mineral oil
- Grease
- Graphite
Bearing characteristic number and bearing modulus for journal: For co-efficient of friction is
design of bearing is of great importance, because it affords a means for determining the loss of power
due to bearing friction.
Observation:
Journal diameter
Bearing length
mm
Weight of bearing with attachment
kg
Weight of balance load ( 3 nos )
..
kg
Speed in rpm
... rpm
Weight in kg
Supply head pressure (Ps)
= cms
Length of arm to weight
= kg
Page 13
mm
kg

Journal pressure (P)
= .. cms
Appratus:
The apparatus consists of a M.S. bearing mounted freely on a steel journal shaft. This journal shaft is
coupled to a DC motor. Speed regulator is provided with the set-up to control the speed of journal shaft.
RPM of the journal shaft can be measured using a hand Tachometer (optional).The journal bearing has
pressure gauge. The weight is hanged on the centre of the bearing.
An oil reservoir accompanies the set up store the sufficient oil for experiment. This reservoir supplies oil
to the bearing.
Experimental Procedure:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
Fill the tank with lubricating oil and position the tank at desired height.
Drain out the air from all manometer tubes and check the level balance with supply.
Set the Journal speed using dimmer- stat and let it run for about 10 min for warm up.
Add the required load and keep the balance in horizontal position.
Wait until manometer oil level reaches steady state.
Take the pressure reading from 1-12 which gives circumferential pressure and 13 to 16 gives
axial pressure distribution.

7) Repeat the experiment for different load and speeds.
8) After the test is over bring the dimmer-stat to zero position.
9) Close the ball valve provided underneath the level jar.
10) Drain the oil from manometer and Journal.
11) Clean the equipment for good use.
Calculaton Table :
S. No.
Pressure, P (kg/cm2)
()
1
2
3
4
5
Page 14

Result: Thus we successfully plot pressure distribution curves on a journal bearing.
Viva Voive:
Q-1 What is the function of the Bearing?
Q- Explain the different types of Bearing?
Q-3What is the difference between sliding contact and rolling contact Bearing?
Q-4 What is the concept of Journal Bearing?
Q-5 Define the bearing Characteristic Number and its use?
Page 15
EXPERIMENT NO. 4
Objective: To perform wheel balancing.
Theory : The balance of a tired wheel is essentially required otherwise it causes to affect steering and
increase tire wear. The following factor affects the wheel and tire assembly balance:
1) Lateral run out of the wheel
2) Radial run out or run-of-round of the wheel, caused by the tire or rim-out.
3) Uneven distribution of the weight around the axis of the rotation.
Therefore, it is necessary to inspect the wheel centering, before checking the wheels for balance.
Lateral run-out, which is usually the result of a wrapped rim from bumps, can be corrected. The
must be removed to straighten the wheel rim. Turn the wheel rim on its axis and check the
wheel insides flanges retaining the tire bead and rim well for run out in excess of 1.5 mm.
Balancing:
Page 16

The technical definition of balance is the uniform distribution of mass about an axis of rotation,
where center of gravity is in the same location as the center of rotation.
A balanced tire is one where mass of the tire-when mounted on its wheel and the cars axle-is
uniformly distributed around the axle (its center of rotation).
An out of balance tire and assembly:
Degrades ride quality and driver comfort.
Shorten the life of the tire, bearing, shock absorber and other suspension component.
Types of balancing:
1) Static Balancing: vertical movement resulting from the heavy and light spot in a tire.
2) Dynamics balancing: lateral movement resulting from the unequal weight on the both sides of
the tire and wheel/rim assemblys circumferential centerline.
3) Run out balance: Excessive radial resulting from the tire and wheel/rim non uniformity,
improper bead seating or improper.
Procedure:
1) Visually inspect the tire, wheel/rim and vehicle for irregular wear, damaged wheel/rims.
2) Check vehicle suspension system working correctly and vehicle is not tilting.
3) Check the proper tire mounting on the wheel and rim. The tire fitting line should be concentric
with the rim flanges.
4) Test drive the vehicle on a smooth road surface and diagnosis should begin with front axle, wheel
and tire condition.
5) Check the wheel/rim assembly balance. Adjust as required. If unable to balance completely
deflate the tire, unseat the tire bead and rotate tire 180 degree on the wheel rim.
6) Rebalance tire and wheel/rim assembly and test drive vehicle.
7) If vibration is not eliminated measure wheel/rim assembly for excessive lateral and radial run
out. Replace as required.
8) Rebalance wheel/rim assembly and test drive vehicle.
9) Some tire balance equipment are also available in the market for check Wheel balancing
Result: Thus we successfully perform wheel balancing.
Viva Voive:
Page 17

Q-1 What we do wheel balancing?
Q-2 Define the different tyre angle of the Wheel?
Q-3 Explain the type of Balancing ?
Q-4 What is the procedure for balancing ?
Q-5 What is the significance of different tyre angles?
EXPERIMENT NO. 5
Objective :- To perform the experiment for static balancing on static balancing machine.
Appratus Used:- Static Balancing m/c.
Theory:- A system of rotating masses is said to be in static balance if the combined mass centre of the
system lies on the axis of rotation. Whenever a certain mass is attached to a rotating shaft, it exerts some
centrifugal force, whose effect is to bend the shaft and to produce vibrations in it. In order to prevent the
effect of centrifugal force, another mass is attached to the opposite side of the shaft. The process of
providing the second mass in order to counteract the effect of the centrifugal force of the first mass, is
called balancing of rotating masses.
The following cases are important from the subject point of view :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Balancing of a single rotating mass by a single mass rotating in the same plane.
Balancing of a single rotating mass by two masses rotating in different planes.
Balancing of different masses rotating in the same plane.
Balancing of different masses rotating in different planes.
Page 18

Experiment Procedure:- Remove the belt, the value of weight for each block is determined by
clamping each block in turn on the shaft and with the cord and container system suspended over the
protractor disc, the number of steel balls, which are of equal weight are placed into one of the containers
to exactly balance the blocks on the shaft. When the block becomes horizontal, the number of balls N
will give the value of wt. for the block.
For finding out Wr during static balancing proceed as follow:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remove the belt.

Screw the combined hook to the pulley with groove. This pulley is diff. than the belt pulley.
Attached the cord end of the pans to above combined hook.
Attached the block no.-1 to the shaft at any convenient position and in vertical downward
direction.
5. Put steel balls in one of the pans till the blocks starts moving up. (upto horizontal position).
6. Number of balls give the Wr value of block-1. repeat this for 2-3 times and find the average no.
of balls.
7. Repeat the procedure for other blocks.
Observation:Plane
S.no
Mass
Radius m
(m) kg.
Cent. Force 2
(m.r) kg-m
Distance
from plane
Couple 2
(m.r.l) kg- m2
x(l) m
Calculation:- The balancing masses and angular positions may be determined graphically as given
below :1. First of all, draw the couple polygon from the data which are calculated in table to some suitable
scale. The vector distance represents the balanced couple. The angular position of the balancing
mass is obtained by drawing, parallel to vector distance. By measurement will be find the angle.
4. Then draw the force polygon from the data, which are calculated in table to some suitable scale.
The vector distance represents the balanced force. The angular position of the mass is obtained
Page 19

by drawing, parallel to vector distance. By measurement will be find the angle in the clockwise
direction from mass.
Result : Thus we successfully perform static and dynamic balancing on balancing set up.
Viva Voive:
Why is balancing of rotating parts necessary for high speed engines ?
Explain the terms static balancing and dynamic balancing. State the necessary conditions to
achieve them.
Discuss how a single revolving mass is balanced by two masses revolving in different planes.
How the different masses rotating in different planes are balanced ?
Explain the method of balancing of different masses revolving in the same plane.
EXPERIMENT NO. 6
Objective: To determine the moment of inertia of a flywheel.
Apparatus: Fly wheel, weight hanger, slotted weights, stop watch, metre scale.
Theory: The flywheel consists of a heavy circular disc/massive wheel fitted with a strong axle
projecting on either side.The axle is mounted on ball bearings on two fixed supports. There is a small
peg on the axle. One end of a cord is loosely looped around the peg and its other end carries the weighthanger.
Let "m" be the mass of the weight hanger and hanging rings (weight assembly).When the mass "m"
descends through a height "h", the loss in potential energy is
The resulting gain of kinetic energy in the rotating flywheel assembly (flywheel and axle) is
Where, I -moment of inertia of the flywheel assembly

-angular velocity at the instant the weight assembly touches the ground.
The gain of kinetic energy in the descending weight assembly is,
Page 20

Where v is the velocity at the instant the weight assembly touches the ground.
The work done in overcoming the friction of the bearings supporting the flywheel assembly is
Where, n - number of times the cord is wrapped around the axle

Wf - work done to overcome the frictional torque in rotating the flywheel assembly completely once
Therefore from the law of conservation of energy we get
On substituting the values we get
Now the kinetic energy of the flywheel assembly is expended in rotating N times against the same
frictional torque. Therefore
and
If r is the radius of the axle, then velocity v of the weight assembly is related to r by the equation
Substituting the values of v and Wf we get:
Now solving the above equation for I
Where, I = Moment of inertia of the flywheel assembly

N = Number of rotation of the flywheel before it stopped
m = mass of the rings
n = Number of windings of the string on the axle
g = Acceleration due to gravity of the environment.
h = Height of the weight assembly from the ground.
r = Radius of the axle.
Now we begin to count the number of rotations, N until the flywheel stops and also note the duration of
time t for N rotation. Therefore we can calculate the average angular velocity
second.
Page 21
in radians per

Since we are assuming that the torsional friction Wf is constant over time and angular velocity is simply
twice the average angular velocity
Procedure
1. The length of the cord is carefully adjusted, so that when the weight-hanger just touches the
ground,the loop slips off the peg.
2. A suitable weight is placed in the weight hanger
3. A chalk mark is made on the rim so that it is against the pointer when the weight hanger just
touches the ground.
4. The other end of the cord is loosely looped around the peg keeping the weight hanger just
touching the ground.
5. The flywheel is given a suitable number (n) of rotation so that the cord is wound round the axle
without overlapping.
6. The height (h) of the weight hanger from the ground is measured.
7. The flywheel is released.
8. The weight hanger descends and the flywheel rotates.
9. The cord slips off from the peg when the weight hanger just touches the ground.By this time the
flywheel would have made n rotations.
10. A stop clock is started just when the weight hanger touches the ground.
11. The time taken by the flywheel to come to a stop is determined as t seconds.
12. The number of rotations (N) made by the flywheel during this interval is counted.
13. The experiment is repeated by changing the value of n and m.
14. From these values the moment of inertia of the flywheel is calculated using equation .
Page 22
Observations
Mean value of moment of inertia,I =.........kgm2

Result: Moment of inertia of the fly wheel =.........kgm2
Viva Voive:
1. What is Fly wheel?
2. What is MOI?
3. What is the equation for MOI of flywheel?
EXPERIMENT NO. 7
Objective: Study of a lathe gear box.
Page 23

Theory :
A Gear Box is actually a speed variable device which changes the speed of power
transmission device according to the requirements of torque. We normally use various power
transmission devices like lathe machine, drilling machine, milling machine or any other machine tools
which require power at different torque or speed as per the will of operator or based on the operation
performed. High torque operations require low speed and vice verse. E.g. when we drive vehicle at
steeper road, we lower the speed to have increased torque. Power and torque are directly proportional
but speed and torque are inversely proportional according to formula:
Power
Transmitted=(2NT/60)Watt
Hence, to perform different operations that require different torque or power and thus, we can fulfil the
requirements by changing the speed. This speed variation can be done by using different gear having
different teeth cut on it on various shafts at proper distance to have perfect mesh in between the two
gears. In case of lathes, milling machines the speeds are fixed by the required cutting feed and/or cutting
speed for a range of materials. Low strength materials can be cut at higher speed and high strength
material required higher torques so that speed needed is very low compared to that of low strength
materials. Also in case of auto-mobiles maximum and minimum speeds of the vehicle determines the
size of gearbox.
Gearboxes
Machine tools are characterized by their large number of spindle speeds and feeds to cope
with the requirements of machining parts of different materials and dimensions using different
types of cutting tool materials and geometries. The cutting speed is determined on the bases of
the cutting ability of the tool used, surface finish required, and economical considerations.
A wide variety of gearboxes utilize sliding gears or friction or jaw coupling. The
selection of a particular mechanism depends on the purpose of the machine tool, the frequency of
speed change, and the duration of the working movement. The advantage of a sliding gear
transmission is that it is capable of transmitting higher torque and is small in radial dimensions.
Among the disadvantages of these gearboxes is the impossibility of changing speeds during
running. Clutch-type gearboxes require small axial displacement needed for speed changing, less
engagement force compared with sliding gear mechanisms, and therefore can employ helical
Page 24

gears. The extreme spindle speeds of a machine tool main gearbox N max and Nmin can be
determined by
where
Vmax = maximum cutting speed (m/min) used for machining the most soft and machinable
material
with
a
cutting
tool
of
the
best
cutting
property
Vmin = minimum cutting speed (m/min) used for machining the hardest material using a cutting
tool of the lowest cutting property or the necessary speed for thread cutting
dmax, dmin = maximum and minimum diameters (mm) of WP to be machined.
The speed range Rn becomes:
Where
Rv= cutting
Rd = diameter range
speed range
In case of machine tools having rectilinear main motion (planers and

range Rn is dependent only on Rv. For other machine tools, Rn is a function
cutting speeds and diameter ranges are required. Generally, when selecting
speed range Rn is increased by 25% for future developments in the cutting
shows the maximum speed ranges in modern machine tools.
Table 7.1 Speed Range for Different Machine Tools
Page 25
shapers), the speed

of Rv and Rd, large
a machine tool, the
tool materials. Table

Stepping of Speeds According to Arithmetic Progression:
Let n1,n2,..,nz be arranged according to arithmetic progression. Then
n1n2=n3n2=constant
Accordingly, for an economical Cutting speed v0, the lowest speed vl is not constant; it decreases with
increasing diameter. Therefore, the arithmetic progression does not permit economical
Machining at large diameter ranges.
The main disadvantage of such an arrangement is that the percentage drop from step to
step n decreases as the speed increases. Thus the speeds are not evenly distributed and more
concentrated and closely stepped, in the small diameter range than in the large one. Stepping
speeds according to arithmetic progression are used in Norton gearboxes or gearboxes with a
sliding key when the number of shafts is only two.
Stepping of Speeds According to Geometric Progression:

As shown in Figure, the percentage drop from one step to the other is constant, and the
absolute loss of economically expedient cutting speed v is constant all over the whole diameter
range. The relative loss of cutting speed vmax/v0 is also constant. Geometric progression,
therefore, allows machining to take place between limits v0 and vu independent of the WP
diameter, where v0 is the economical cutting speed and vu is the allowable minimum cutting
speed. Now suppose that n1, n2, n3, ,nz are the spindle speeds. According to the geometric
progression,
Page 26

Where is the progression ratio. The
the
minimal
speed n1 and progression ratio .
spindle speeds can be expressed in terms of
Figure: 7.2
ISO Standard values of progression ratios (1.06, 1.12, 1.26, 1.4, 1.6, 1.78,2.0 )
Result: Thus we successfully study of a lathe gear box.
Page 27
Figure: 7.3 Lathe Gear Box

Viva Voive:
Q-1 Explain the transmission System of lathe machine?
Q-2 Explain the working of the Lathe gear Box?
Q-3 Why different torque requirement occurred in Lathe Machine?
Q-4 What do you mean by stepping of speed ?
Q-5 What is the advantage of the Geometric Progression over Arithmetic Progression ?
EXPERIMENT NO. 8
Objective: Study of a sliding mesh automobile gear box.
Theory : Transmission is the mechanism which is used to transfer the power developed by engine to
the wheels of an automobile. The transmission system of an automobile includes clutch, gear box,
propeller shaft axle and wheels, etc.
Page 28

This is the simplest type of gear box. The figure gives a simplified view if the gear box. The power
comes from the engine to the clutch shaft and hence to the clutch gear which is always in mesh with a
gear on the lay shaft. All the gears on the lay shaft are fixed to it and as such they are all the time
rotating when the engine is running and the clutch is engaged. Three direct and one reverse speeds are
attained on suitably moving the gear on the main shaft by means of selector mechanism..
Clutch shaft has one gear and main shaft has two gears. The two gears on the main shaft can
Transmission slide in the horizontal direction along the splines of the main shaft. However, the gears on
the counter shaft cannot slide. The clutch gear is rigidly fixed to the clutch shaft. It is always connected
to the countershaft drive gear.
The two gears on the main shaft can be slided by the shifter yoke by operating the shift lever (not shown
in Figures). These two gears are second gear and low/reverse gear respectively. These gears can be
meshed with corresponding gears on the countershaft with the help of shifter yoke and shift lever. Shift
lever is operated by hand in four wheelers for changing the gears. A reverse idler gear is mounted on
another (third) shaft and is always in mesh with reverse gear on countershaft.
Neutral Position:
In this position, the engine is in running condition, clutch remains engaged and clutch gear drives the
countershaft drive gear. The direction of rotation of countershaft is opposite to that of clutch shaft. In
this position Ist, IInd and IIIrd and reverse gears are free. Thus, main (transmission) shaft does not rotate
and automobile wheels do not rotate. So vehicle remains stationary.
Page 29
First Gear:
When first gear position is selected by the shift lever, first gear (large gear) on the main shaft slides and
is connected to first gear on the countershaft.The direction of rotation of main shaft is same as that of
clutch shaft. In first gear, small gear of countershaft meshes with larger gear on main shaft, speed
reduction in the ratio 3 : 1 (approximate) is obtained.
Page 30
Second Gear:
When second gear is selected by the shift lever, second gear on countershaft meshes with second gear
(small gear on main shaft) on the main shaft. The direction of main shaft is same as that of clutch shaft.
Speed reduction of the order of 2 : 1 is obtained in second gear.
Page 31
Third Gear:
In third gear, the main shaft is slided axially towards the clutch shaft so that main shaft is directly
connected to the clutch shaft. In this position, the main shaft rotates at the speed of clutch shaft. Thus, a
speed ratio of 1 : 1 is obtained. It can be noted that the clutch gear is directly connected to engine
crankshaft and main shaft is connected to the wheels through propeller shaft.
Page 32
Reverse Gear
When the shift lever is operated to engage the reverse gear, the larger (reverse) gear of the main shaft
meshes with the reverse idler gear. Reverse idler gear is always connected to reverse gear on
countershaft. The reverse idler gear between countershaft reverse gear and main shaft larger gear
changes the direction of rotation of main shaft. Thus, the direction of main shaft becomes opposite to
that of clutch shaft. Therefore, wheels of the automobile start moving in backward direction.
(Note : Countershaft is also known as lay shaft.)
Page 33

In modern cars, there are five forward gears and reverse gear. Hence, they provide five speed ratios for
forward racing and one for backward movement.
Viva Voive:
Q-1 What is the function of the gear box in automobile?
Q-2 Explain the different part of the sliding mesh gear box ?
Q-3explain the working process of sliding mesh gear box in following position:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
First gear
Second Gear
Third Gear
Reverse Gear
Q-4 What is the merits and demerits of sliding mesh gear box ?
Q-5 What is gear ratio for sliding mesh gear box in different gear position?
Page 34

EXPERIMENT NO. 9
Objective: Study of a planetary gear box.
Theory :
Epicyclic gearing or planetary gearing is a gear system consisting of one or more outer gears,
or planet gears, revolving about a central, or sun gear. Typically, the planet gears are mounted on a
movable arm or carrier which itself may rotate relative to the sun gear.
Epicyclic gearing systems also incorporate the use of an outer ring gear or annulus, which meshes
with the planet gears. Planetary gears (or epicyclic gears) are typically classified as simple or
compound planetary gears.
(1)Simple planetary gears have one sun, one ring, one carrier, and one planet set.
(2)Compound planetary gears involve one or more of the following three types of structures:
Meshed-planet (there are at least two more planets in mesh with each other in each planet
train)
stepped-planet (there exists a shaft connection between two planets in each planet train),
Multi-stage structures (the system contains two or more planet sets).
(Compared to simple planetary gears, compound planetary gears have the advantages of larger
reduction ratio, higher torque-to-weight ratio, and more exible congurations).
Advantages:
Planetary gear trains provide high power density in comparison to standard parallel axis gear
trains.
They provide a reduction volume, multiple kinematic combinations, purely torsional reactions,
and coaxial shafting.
The efficiency loss in a planetary gear train is 3% per stage.This type of efficiency ensures that
a high proportion of the energy being input is transmitted through the gearbox, rather than
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being wasted on mechanical losses inside the gearbox.
The load in a planetary gear train is shared among multiple planets, therefore torque capability
is greatly increased. The more planets in the system, the greater the load ability and the higher
the torque density.
The planetary gear train also provides stability due to an even distribution of mass and
increased rotational stiffness. Torque applied radially onto the gears of a planetary gear train is
transferred radially by the gear, without lateral pressure on the gear teeth.
Disadvantages:
It include high bearing loads, constant lubrication requirements, inaccessibility, and design
complexity.
Page 36
Page 37
Viva-Voice
Q-1 What is planetary gear box ?
Q-2 explain the different parts of the planetary gear box ?
Q-3 what is the role of sun and planet gears in planetary gear box ?
Q-4 Explain the working of the planetary gear box ?
Q-5What is the merits and demerits of planetary gear box ?
Page 38

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List of the Experiments

Name of the Experiment

To verify the torque relation for gyroscope.

To plot pressure distribution curves on a journal bearing.

To perform wheel balancing

To study static and dynamic balancing on balancing set up.

To determine mass moment of inertia of a flywheel.

Study of a lathe gear box.

Study of a sliding mesh automobile gear box.

Study of a planetary gear box.

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

OZ: AXIS OF PRECESSION

The gyroscopic couple is given by,

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

I = Mass Moment of Inertia of the rotor

M.I. of all Rotating Parts

(Distance from centre of Disc

To Centre of Dead Weights)

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

Angular Velocity of rotor( )

Gyroscopic couple (or) Torque Applied = T = r x W

Observed Velocity of precision, (p)o

(90 x / 180) / 7.6

= 0.206 rad / sec

Theoretical Velocity of Precision, (p)t

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

Rolling(b) Steering (c) Pitching

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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b) Initial height of governor

c) Initial radius of rotation Ro

d) Weight of each ball assembly

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

(b) Rolling contact bearings.

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Weight of bearing with attachment

Weight of balance load ( 3 nos )

Supply head pressure (Ps)

Length of arm to weight

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

DOM LAB MANUAL(5ME8A)

axial pressure distribution.

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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Dynamics of Machine Lab-II

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Appratus Used:- Static Balancing m/c.

Dynamics of Machine Lab-II