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This document summarizes key concepts related to stress and strain under axial loading, including:
- Hooke's law, which states that stress is directly proportional to strain, up to the proportional limit of a material.
- Normal strain measures deformation per unit length under axial loads. Stress-strain diagrams graphically depict the behavior of materials as loads are applied and removed.
- Materials have an elastic limit, above which deformation is permanent, as well as a yield strength and ultimate/breaking strengths. Ductile materials neck prior to rupturing.
- Equations are provided to calculate deformation of axially loaded members based on load, length, area, and modulus of elasticity. Examples demonstrate applying these concepts
This document summarizes key concepts related to stress and strain under axial loading, including:
- Hooke's law, which states that stress is directly proportional to strain, up to the proportional limit of a material.
- Normal strain measures deformation per unit length under axial loads. Stress-strain diagrams graphically depict the behavior of materials as loads are applied and removed.
- Materials have an elastic limit, above which deformation is permanent, as well as a yield strength and ultimate/breaking strengths. Ductile materials neck prior to rupturing.
- Equations are provided to calculate deformation of axially loaded members based on load, length, area, and modulus of elasticity. Examples demonstrate applying these concepts
This document summarizes key concepts related to stress and strain under axial loading, including:
- Hooke's law, which states that stress is directly proportional to strain, up to the proportional limit of a material.
- Normal strain measures deformation per unit length under axial loads. Stress-strain diagrams graphically depict the behavior of materials as loads are applied and removed.
- Materials have an elastic limit, above which deformation is permanent, as well as a yield strength and ultimate/breaking strengths. Ductile materials neck prior to rupturing.
- Equations are provided to calculate deformation of axially loaded members based on load, length, area, and modulus of elasticity. Examples demonstrate applying these concepts
Hookes law. A relation where the stress is directly
proportional to the strain .
Normal Strain. Deformation per unit length.
= =
2.2 | Stress-Strain Diagram
where E = modulus of elasticity, after the English scientist,
Thomas Young. Proportional Limit. The largest value of the stress for which Hookes law can be used for a given material. 2.4 | ELASTIC VERSUS PLASTIC BAHAVIOR OF A MATERIAL Elastic Limit. The largest value of the stress for which the material behaves elastically (strains caused by the application of a given load disappear when the load is removed). Plastic Deformation (Permanent Set). Strain does not return to zero after the load has been removed.
Test Specimen with
Tensile Load
Tested Specimen of a Ductile Material
2.4 | Deformations of Members Under Axial Loading
Stress-Strain Diagrams of Two Typical Materials
Ductile materials, which comprise structural steel, as well as
many alloys of other metals, are characterized by their ability to yield at normal temperatures. As the specimen is subjected to an increasing load, its length first increases linearly with the load and at a very slow rate. Necking. A phenomenon in which after a certain maximum value of the load has been reached, the diameter of a portion of the specimen begins to decrease because of local instability. After necking has begun, somewhat lower loads are sufficient to keep the specimen elongating further, until it finally ruptures.
Deformation of Axially Loaded Rod.
This equation may be used only if the rod is homogeneous
(constant E), has a uniform cross section of area A, and is loaded at its ends. If the rod is loaded at other points, or if it consists of several portions of various cross sections and possibly of different materials, =
Yield Strength. The stress Y at which yield is initiated.
Ultimate Strength. The stress U corresponding to the maximum load applied to the specimen.
In the case of a member of variable cross section, the total
deformation of the member is obtained by integrating d = dx = Pdx / AE over the length L of the member.
Breaking Strength. The stress B corresponding to rupture.
Stress-Strain Diagram for a Typical Brittle Material
Brittle materials, which comprise cast iron, glass, and stone,
are characterized by the fact that rupture occurs without noticeable prior change in the rate of elongation.
Illustrative Examples 1.
Determine the deformation of the steel rod shown
under the given loads. E = 29x106 psi.
ES325: MECHANICS OF DEFORMABLE BODIES
2.
The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and
CD. Link AB is made up of aluminum (E = 70GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500mm2; link CD is made up of steel (E = 200GPa) and has a crosssectional area of 600 mm2. For the 30-kN force shown, determine the deflection (a) of B, (b) of D, (c) of E.
3.
The rigid castings A and B are connected by two
-in diameter steel bolts CD and GH and are in contact with the ends of a 1.5 in diameter aluminum rod EF. Each bolt is single-threaded with a pitch of 0.1 in., and after being snugly fitted, the nuts at D and H are both tightened one-quarter of a turn. Knowing that E is 29x106 psi for aluminum, determine the normal stress in the rod.