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Documente Cultură
RwandaStudyAbroadDesignProject
LauraMaxey
BreannaBrocklesby
I.
ProjectStatement
A. StatementofNeed
Inthedevelopingworldthereisaneedforareliablewaytomonitorif
adequateoxygenlevelsarebeingdeliveredtothepatients.Itmustbeinexpensive,
easytouse,andinterchangeablebetweendifferentequipment.
B. Introduction
Muchofthemedicalequipmentinthedevelopingworldisdonated.Often
thisequipmentispreviouslyusedandcancomefrommanydifferent
manufacturers.Specifically,oxygenconcentratorsconstitutealargeportionof
secondhanddonations.Whentheoldandheavilyusedpartsbreakdown,the
hospitaltechnicianisinchargeoffixingthedeviceandmakingsureanadequate
amountofoxygenisbeingsupplied.However,theconcentratorsbuiltinoxygen
sensorshouldnotbesolelytrustedforthismeasurement.Ifthedeviceisreleased
backintothefieldemittingaloweramountofoxygen,apatientslifecouldbeat
stake.Evenoxygentanks,ifleftunsupervised,canrunlowwithoutdetection.In
thedevelopingworld,oxygensensingdevicestocheckoxygenconcentrationsare
notreadilyfound.
Thedeviceproposedtofillthisneedwillbeabletoquicklymeasurethe
oxygenconcentrationofairpassingthroughahumidifier,andwillbeadaptableto
anyhumidifier.Thiswillprovideeasytoreadresultstotheuser,eitheranurseor
maintenanceworker,abouthowmuchoxygenisbeingdeliveredtothepatient.
Currently,thereisnocomparabledeviceinthemedicalfield.Thisisalarge,
untappedmarket.Thereare137developingcountrieswithmanyhospitalsand
clinicsthatprovideoxygenforpatients.Hospitalsindevelopingcountriescanuse
theseinsteadofexpensivedissolvedoxygen(DO)sensors.Withthisdevice,
healthcareprovidersinthedevelopingworldwouldknowtheirmachinesare
workingproperlytoensureoptimalcarefortheirpatients
C. Specifications(DesignRequirements)
Theseconstraintsoriginatefromhospitalstaffandaideagenciestomakethe
devicefeasibleforeverydayuseinthehospital,takingintheuniquerequirements
forthedevelopingworldhospital.
Adaptabletodifferentbottles
Longlife
Nontoxic
Cleanable
Accuratelymeasuresoxygenconcentration
Easilyunderstood
Quickuse
Worksinarangeoftemperatures
Inexpensive
Doesnotinhibitoxygendelivery
D. RealisticConstraints
Manycompaniesdonotdelivertodevelopingcountries.Thiswouldmake
deliveringtheproduct,andanyreplacementparts,verydifficult.
Hospitalshavelimitedbudgetsandoftenrelyondonationsfornoncritical
expenditures.Thiscouldlimitthemarketsizeorchangethetargetmarket.
InRwandathehospitalshavetorequestequipmentfromtheMinistryof
Healthandhavethechancethattheycouldbedenied.Thewaitingperiod
isextendedduetothis,evenwhenapproved.Thiscouldpotentially
changeourmarket.
Developingcountriesoftenburntrash.Thedevicewouldneedtohavea
safemeansofdisposalthateasyforthehospitaltoaccess.
Thedeviceneedstobeeasilymanufacturedtokeepcostdown.
DIwaterisusedinhumidifiers.Themethodofdetectingoxygenmustnot
relyonionizedwater.
II.
LiteratureReview
Oxygenconcentrationindicatorsareusedinseveraldifferentfields,including
environmental,industrialproduction,andmedical.Theymostcommonlyworkby
optical,electrochemical,orchemicalmeans1.
Theopticalmethodutilizestheeffectsofoxygenontheintensityoflightto
indicatethelevelofoxygen2.Thebasicdesignconsistsofalightthatshinesona
membrane,whichabsorbsthelightandexcitesthemembraneelectrons.Whenthese
electronslosetheexcessenergy,theyemitalightthatisquenchedproportionatelybythe
presenceofoxygenmolecules.Theintensityoflightisthencorrelatedtothepercentage
ofoxygen.Thismethodislongerlastingthantheothermethodsandismoreaccurate.
Anotheradvantageisthattheoxygenisnotusedupintheprocess.However,the
membranebecomeslesssensitiveasoxygenconcentrationincreases.Thistechnologyhas
progressedtoordinarycamerasbeingabletocaptureoxygenlevelswithredandgreen
channelsandapurpleLEDflash3.Aspeciallydesignedmembraneissettoemitredand
greenlightinresponsetothepurpleflash,withtheredlightchangingproportionately
withtheoxygenconcentrationandthegreenactingasacontrol4.
AmajorusageoftheopticalsensorisinfingerSpO2monitors.Redandinfrared
lightisshoneintothefinger,andtheintensityofthelightfromthroughthefingeristhen
relatedtotheoxygenconcentrationintheblood.
III.
Theelectrochemicalmethodiscommonlyusedtomeasuredissolvedoxygen
concentrationinliquids.Thismethodiscomposedofacathodeandananodeinthe
liquid.Whenoxygenpermeatestothecathode,theoxygenisreducedtocreateacurrent.
Thiscurrentisproportionaltotheamountofoxygenpresentintheliquid.Onepotential
problemisthattheoxygenisusedinthetest,whichmayreducetotaloxygenemission.
Anotheristhattheelectrodescanbeexpensive,dependingonthemetalused.
Thefinalmethodtomeasurethedissolvedoxygencontentischemically.There
aretwotypesofcolorimetrics,indigocarminemethodandtherhodazineDmethod.
Thesechemicaladditionsreactwiththeoxygenandchangecolorinproportiontothe
amountofoxygenintheliquid.Anothermethodisbytitration,calledtheWinkler
method.
TheDesignConcept
A. DesignMetrics
DesignRequirement
DesignMetric
Adaptabletodifferentbottles
<25*picm2areaand10cminheight
Fit>2connections
Longlife
6monthlifespan
Nontoxic
FDALevel1fortoxicity
Cleanable
<1%outputerrorintroducedwhen
washedwithstandarddetergent
Accuratelymeasuresoxygen
concentration
1%oxygenconcentration
Easilyunderstood
Readfrom>5feetaway
Understoodin<10seconds
Quickuse
Resultsin<10seconds
Worksinarangeoftemperatures
040C
Inexpensive
1015dollars
Doesnotinhibitoxygendelivery
<5%reductioninoxygenconcentration
B. CompetitiveBenchmarking
Product
Meansof
Measurement
Price
Feasibilityin
Oxygen
Developing Concentratio
World
nRange
Size
Milwaukee
MW600LED
Economy
Portable
Dissolved
OxygenMeter
electrodes
$150
Lowneeds
tobe
calibrated
and
expensive
0.0to19.9
mg/l
BW
Technologies
GAXTXDL2
GasAlert
Extreme
Oxygen(O2)
SingleGas
Detector
Electro
chemicalcell
sensor
$250
Low
expensive
0%30%
9.5x5.0x
2.8cm
Octivetech
OT99Sports
Oximeter
Optics
$15
High
effectiveand
inexpensive
0%100%
2.2x1.2x
1.2inches
145x80x
40mm
Oxygensensorsonthemarketincludeambientairsensors,dissolved
oxygensensors,andbloodoxygenlevelmonitors.Currentairsensorsusually
onlymonitoraspecificrangeofoxygenlevels,becausethatiswhatisneededin
industryuptothispoint.Thesedevicesareexpensiveandrequiremaintenance,
butareaccurate.Dissolvedoxygensensorsarealsoexpensiveandneed
calibrationbeforeuse.AnotherformofoxygenlevelsensorsinvolveSpO2
monitors.Theseareinexpensiveandeasytouse,alongwithworkinginthe
appropriaterangeneededformeasuringhighconcentrationsofoxygen.Recently,
SpO2monitorshavebecomeahouseholdobjectformanyhealthconscioususers.
C. BrainstormingandConceptGeneration
Function
Activation
Locationon Howto
Power
humidifier measureO2 Source
Display
Approach1
on/off
switch
In
humidifier
water
Approach2
optical
battery
LEDs
Airpressure Above
humidifier
water
electrodes
Walloutlet
Color
change
Approach3
Self
powered
Airin
colorimetric Current
from
electrodes
Screen
Approach4
Airout
Solar
powered
Alarm
Approach5
Outsideof
humidifier
Wind
powered
Thefunctionsthedeviceneedstohaveincludeactivation,placementon
thehumidifier,measurementofoxygenconcentration,power,anddisplayofthe
oxygenconcentration.Therearemanyapproachestoaccomplishthesefunctions.
Inordertoactivatethedevice,anon/offswitch,airpressurefromthe
humidifier,orselfpoweredactivationcouldbeused.Tohavethedevicebeturned
onbytheairpressure,eitherasensororawindturinwouldneedtobeaddedto
thedesign.Thesecouldpotentiallyblocktheoxygenfromgettingtothepatient,
orlimitit.Tohavethedevicebeselfpowered,thecircuitrywouldneedtobe
designedmorecomplicatedtoallowittocontinuouslyrun,anditcoulddie
prematurelyifthepowersourcebecomesexhausted.Withanon/offswitch,the
userwouldbeabletocontrolthedevicefunction.Thecircuitrywouldbe
relativelysimple,andwouldjustincludetheswitchthatwouldbreakthecircuit.
Forthisreason,theon/offswitchwillbeusedtoactivatethedevice.
Thelocationofthedevicecouldbeinthewaterofthehumidifier,above
thewaterinsidethehumidifier,attheairinlet,theairoutlet,orontheoutsideof
thehumidifier.Oxygendoesnotquicklydissolveinwater,thereforethedevice
couldgiveinaccuratereadingsinthewater.Ifthedeviceisplacedabovethe
wateronthesideofthehumidifier,theairrisksnotflowingproperlythroughthe
device,andmayresultininaccuratereadings.Somehumidifiershavespecial
inletstoattachtoawalloraspecificoxygenconcentrator,makingadevicefor
theinletofthehumidifiernotinterchangeablebetweenallhumidifiers.Location
outsidethehumidifierwouldcreatetheproblemoftryingtosensetheoxygen
concentrationthroughplastic.Theairoutletgivesevenflowandrepresentsthe
oxygenthatisdirectlybeingdeliveredtothepatient,thereforethedevicewillbe
designedtofittheairoutletofthehumidifier.
Tomeasuretheoxygenconcentrationoftheair,optical,electrode,or
colorimetricmethodscouldbeused.Electrodeswouldprovidemoreaccurate
readingsthantheothermethods.However,electrodesusespecialmetalssuchas
gold,andcouldcausethedevicetobemoreexpensive.Acolorimetricmethod
wouldnothaveexpensiveorcomplicatedcircuitry,butcouldinterferewiththeair
thatisbeingdeliveredtothepatient.Also,thedevicewouldneedtobewetfor
anyexistingcolorimetricoxygenindicator.Anopticalmethodwouldnotinterfere
withtheoxygenbeingdelivered,butcouldrequirecircuitrythatcoulddrivethe
costofthedeviceup.Thisisaminimalrisk,sotheopticalmethodofmeasuring
oxygenconcentrationwillbeusedbecauseitwillnotinterferewiththedevice.
Topowerthedevice,abattery,walloutlet,currentfromelectrodes,solar
energy,orwindenergycouldbeused.Awalloutletwouldlimitthedeviceusage
tobeinginsidenexttoanoutlet.Becauseoftheexpensivecostofelectrodes,
electrodeswillnotbeusedinthedesign.Solarenergywouldmakethedeviceself
powered,butwouldrequirechargingorneedtobeusedoutside.Windpowered
couldbedonewiththeairpressurefromtheairflow,butcouldlimittheairflow
andoxygentothepatient.Abatterywouldbeeasilyreplaced,butcouldmakethe
devicelarger.Despitethis,abatterywillbeusedforthedevicebecauseitwillnot
interferewiththeairflowandisportable.
TheoxygenconcentrationdisplaycouldincludeLEDs,acolorchange,a
screen,oranalarm.Acolorchangecouldlimitthedevicetobeaonetimeuse,or
beconfusingtotheuser.Itcouldalsointerferewiththeoxygenconcentrationif
beingdonebyachemicalchange.Ascreenwouldbeeasilyunderstood,but
wouldincreasethecostofthedeviceandmakethecircuitymorecomplicated.An
alarmwouldalerttheuserquicklyiftheoxygenwaslow.However,itcouldbe
confusingtotheuserbecauseitwouldn'tindicateifthedevicewasworking
properly,onlyiftheoxygenwaslow.TheLEDswillbeusedtodisplaybecause
theyarebeinexpensiveandnotconfusingtotheuser.
Asketchofthedesignincorporatingtheseelementsisshownbelow.The
devicewillattachtotheoutletofthehumidifierandthepatienttubing.Itwilluse
aLEDwithamembraneandphotodiodetosensetheoxygenconcentration.Itwill
bepoweredbyabattery,andhaveanon/offswitch.Therewillalsobe7LEDs
thatwilllightuptodisplaytheoxygenconcentrationupto100%andonemore
LEDtoindicatepower.
D. Materials&MethodsandBudget
Budget:6$
Thebudgetissetthislowtoensureitcanbesoldforthedesired15$price.
The60%increasewillcoverthecostofmarketing,andmanufacturing.Thisprice
ismanageableforhospitalsinthedevelopingworld.
Materials:
Price
Amount
Cost
WhiteLEDs
0.065$each
0.59$
Operational
Amplifier
0.66$each
1.32$
Photodiode
1.00$each
1.00$
3Vcellbatteries
1.00$each
2.00$
ToggleSwitch
0.25$each
0.25$
Resistor
0.025$each
0.15
Polypropylene
Plastic
0.03$perg
15
0.45$
Fluorescent
Membrane
unknown
unknown
Total
Roughly5.756$
Methods:
Thedevicewillbeahollowcylinderthatattachestotheoutletofa
humidifier.Thepatienttubingwillattachtotheotherendofthedevice.Tomake
thedevicelight,inexpensive,anddurable,thecylinderwillbemadeof
polypropyleneplastic.Thiswillalsocreateadarkchamberwithinthedevicefor
moreaccuratemeasuring.TheairwillpassthroughthedevicebetweenaLED
withaCyclometalatedIridium(III)CoumarinComplexbasedmembrane5
attached,andaphotodiode.Themembranewillilluminatewhenactivatedbythe
light,andtheconcentrationofoxygenaffectstheintensityoftheemittedlight
receivedbythephotodiode.Thephotodiodewillsensethelightandcreatea
currentthatisrelatedtotheoxygenconcentration.Thiscurrentwillbeusedto
power7whiteLEDindicatorsfor70,75,80,85,90,95,and100%
concentrations.
ThecurrentusedtopowertheLEDsissmallerwhentheoxygen
concentrationishigh.TobeabletolighttheLEDsinthecorrectorder,a
differenceamplifierisusedwithareferencebattery.Whenthevoltagebeing
comparedtothereferencebatteryissmallerat100%concentration,theoutput
voltagefromtheoperationalamplifier,opamp2,willbehigher,andwilllightall
oftheLEDs.Thecurrentfromthephotodiodeneedstobeamplifiedand
convertedtovoltage.Thisisdonebyanotheroperationalamplifier,opamp1.The
circuitdiagramforthedeviceisshownbelow.
IV.
Specif
ication
EvaluationoftheDesign
Metric
Importance
Units
Marginal
Value
IdealValue
25*pi
.01*picm2
cm2area
areaand1
and10
cmheight
cmheight
Evaluation
length
Tobeabletofit
onahumidifier
cm
time
Tohavea
justifiablereturn
oninvestment
months
6months
60months
Accelerated
degradationtest
concentration
Toensureproduct
issafeforthe
patients
ions/cm3
15
Runtestwithanair
qualitytesterattheend
Toensureproduct
willbeabletobe
concentration
cleanedbetween
patients
1%
0%
Washmultipletimes
andmeasurewith
oxygentesterfor
accuracy
Toensurethe
patientisgetting
concentration
thecorrectamount
ofoxygen
0.001
Runtestagainsta
calibratedoxygentester
Have50people
comprisingatleast3
differentlanguagesuse
thedeviceandtakethe
averagetime
Run50testsandtake
theaveragetimethe
devicetakestodisplay
theconcentration
1045
Runthedevicemultiple
timesinevery
temperatureinrange
andtestifthereadings
areaccurateagainsta
calibratedoxygentester
time
Toensureuser
willbeableto
understandthe
devicereadings
time
Toensuredevice
willdisplay
readingswhenthe
userneedsthem
temperature
Thedeviceneeds
tobeusedin
different
environments
aroundtheworld
seconds
seconds
10
10
038
Measurewithruler
money
Developing
hospitalsneedto
affordtheproduct
concentration
Reducingoxygen
concentration
couldbe
detrimentalto
patienthealth
10
V.
15
Calculatethetotalcost
oftheprototypesparts
afterithasbeenmade
Testtheaircomingin
andoutofthedevice
andcomparefor
concentrationreduction
Summary
Nursesandtechniciansindevelopingworldsdonothaveawaytoensurethatthe
correctdosageofoxygenisbeingdeliveredtothepatient.Whentheirdonatedequipment
breaks,theyarenotabletoreplaceitwithanewpieceofequipment.Therefore,they
musttrytorepairvitalequipment,suchasoxygenconcentrators,andreleasethemtothe
floor.Theoxygenconcentratorshaveanindicatortodisplayifanappropriateamountof
oxygenisbeingoutputted,butthisisnotareliableindicatorforabrokenmachine.The
developingworldhospitalsarenotabletoaffordexpensiveoxygentestersforproper
equipmenttesting,leavingthehospitaldependentontheindicator.Thisshowsaneedfor
aninexpensive,easytouse,andversatiledevicetodisplaytheoxygenconcentrationof
theairadministeredtopatients.
Thedeviceproposedasasolutionhasmaterialscosting6$,andwillbesoldfor
15$.Thedevicemeasuresoxygenconcentrationusingaphotodiodethatcreatesacurrent
basedontheamountoflightfromanLEDthatisabletopenetratethroughtheoxygen.
Thehighertheoxygenconcentration,thelowerthecurrent.Thiscurrentisthen
amplified,inverted,andconvertedtovoltagebyanoperationalamplifier.Thisvoltage
willthenlightupbetween0and7displayLEDsmarked70,75,80,85,90,95,100%
oxygen.Aswitchwillbeusedtoturnthedeviceonandoff.Theswitchwillbeconnected
toabatteryusedtopowertheLED,andanONdisplayLED.Thisdevicewillbeplaced
betweenthehumidifierandpatienttubing,andwillgivecontinuousresultstotheuser.
Withthisdevice,hospitalstaffcanbeconfidentintheirequipmentanddirecttheir
focusestotreatingpatients.
References
1. "MeasuringDissolvedOxygen."FundamentalsofEnvironmentalMeasurements.N.p.,
n.d.Web.20July2016.
<http://www.fondriest.com/environmentalmeasurements/equipment/measuringwaterqu
ality/dissolvedoxygensensorsandmethods/#DOE1>.
2. Khalil,,GamalEddin,MartinP.Gouterman,andEdmondGreen.MethodandSensorfor
MeasuringOxygenConcentration.AbbottLaboratories,assignee.Patent5,043,286.27
Aug.1991.Print.
3. Guazzi,AlessandroR.,MauricioVillarroel,JooJorge,JonathanDaly,MatthewC.
Frise,PeterA.Robbins,andLionelTarassenko."NoncontactMeasurementofOxygen
SaturationwithanRGBCamera."BiomedicalOpticsExpress.OpticalSocietyof
America,01Sept.2015.Web.5Aug.2016.
4. Urquhart,James."CheapCameraUsedtoMeasureOxygenLevels."NewScientist.N.p.,
17June2010.Web.5Aug.2016.
<https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16451cheapcamerausedtomeasureoxygenl
evels/>.
5. Borisov,SergeyM.,andIngoKlimant."UltrabrightOxygenOptodesBasedon
CyclometalatedIridium(III)CoumarinComplexes."AnalyticalChemistry.N.p.,25Aug.
2007.Web.05Aug.2016.<http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac0710836>.