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VersatileOxygenConcentrationMonitorforHospitalUseintheDevelopingWorld

RwandaStudyAbroadDesignProject
LauraMaxey
BreannaBrocklesby

I.

ProjectStatement
A. StatementofNeed
Inthedevelopingworldthereisaneedforareliablewaytomonitorif
adequateoxygenlevelsarebeingdeliveredtothepatients.Itmustbeinexpensive,
easytouse,andinterchangeablebetweendifferentequipment.

B. Introduction
Muchofthemedicalequipmentinthedevelopingworldisdonated.Often
thisequipmentispreviouslyusedandcancomefrommanydifferent
manufacturers.Specifically,oxygenconcentratorsconstitutealargeportionof
secondhanddonations.Whentheoldandheavilyusedpartsbreakdown,the
hospitaltechnicianisinchargeoffixingthedeviceandmakingsureanadequate
amountofoxygenisbeingsupplied.However,theconcentratorsbuiltinoxygen
sensorshouldnotbesolelytrustedforthismeasurement.Ifthedeviceisreleased
backintothefieldemittingaloweramountofoxygen,apatientslifecouldbeat
stake.Evenoxygentanks,ifleftunsupervised,canrunlowwithoutdetection.In
thedevelopingworld,oxygensensingdevicestocheckoxygenconcentrationsare
notreadilyfound.
Thedeviceproposedtofillthisneedwillbeabletoquicklymeasurethe
oxygenconcentrationofairpassingthroughahumidifier,andwillbeadaptableto
anyhumidifier.Thiswillprovideeasytoreadresultstotheuser,eitheranurseor
maintenanceworker,abouthowmuchoxygenisbeingdeliveredtothepatient.
Currently,thereisnocomparabledeviceinthemedicalfield.Thisisalarge,
untappedmarket.Thereare137developingcountrieswithmanyhospitalsand
clinicsthatprovideoxygenforpatients.Hospitalsindevelopingcountriescanuse
theseinsteadofexpensivedissolvedoxygen(DO)sensors.Withthisdevice,
healthcareprovidersinthedevelopingworldwouldknowtheirmachinesare
workingproperlytoensureoptimalcarefortheirpatients

C. Specifications(DesignRequirements)
Theseconstraintsoriginatefromhospitalstaffandaideagenciestomakethe
devicefeasibleforeverydayuseinthehospital,takingintheuniquerequirements
forthedevelopingworldhospital.
Adaptabletodifferentbottles
Longlife
Nontoxic
Cleanable
Accuratelymeasuresoxygenconcentration
Easilyunderstood

Quickuse
Worksinarangeoftemperatures
Inexpensive
Doesnotinhibitoxygendelivery

D. RealisticConstraints
Manycompaniesdonotdelivertodevelopingcountries.Thiswouldmake
deliveringtheproduct,andanyreplacementparts,verydifficult.
Hospitalshavelimitedbudgetsandoftenrelyondonationsfornoncritical
expenditures.Thiscouldlimitthemarketsizeorchangethetargetmarket.
InRwandathehospitalshavetorequestequipmentfromtheMinistryof
Healthandhavethechancethattheycouldbedenied.Thewaitingperiod
isextendedduetothis,evenwhenapproved.Thiscouldpotentially
changeourmarket.
Developingcountriesoftenburntrash.Thedevicewouldneedtohavea
safemeansofdisposalthateasyforthehospitaltoaccess.
Thedeviceneedstobeeasilymanufacturedtokeepcostdown.
DIwaterisusedinhumidifiers.Themethodofdetectingoxygenmustnot
relyonionizedwater.

II.

LiteratureReview
Oxygenconcentrationindicatorsareusedinseveraldifferentfields,including
environmental,industrialproduction,andmedical.Theymostcommonlyworkby
optical,electrochemical,orchemicalmeans1.
Theopticalmethodutilizestheeffectsofoxygenontheintensityoflightto
indicatethelevelofoxygen2.Thebasicdesignconsistsofalightthatshinesona
membrane,whichabsorbsthelightandexcitesthemembraneelectrons.Whenthese
electronslosetheexcessenergy,theyemitalightthatisquenchedproportionatelybythe
presenceofoxygenmolecules.Theintensityoflightisthencorrelatedtothepercentage
ofoxygen.Thismethodislongerlastingthantheothermethodsandismoreaccurate.
Anotheradvantageisthattheoxygenisnotusedupintheprocess.However,the
membranebecomeslesssensitiveasoxygenconcentrationincreases.Thistechnologyhas
progressedtoordinarycamerasbeingabletocaptureoxygenlevelswithredandgreen
channelsandapurpleLEDflash3.Aspeciallydesignedmembraneissettoemitredand
greenlightinresponsetothepurpleflash,withtheredlightchangingproportionately
withtheoxygenconcentrationandthegreenactingasacontrol4.
AmajorusageoftheopticalsensorisinfingerSpO2monitors.Redandinfrared
lightisshoneintothefinger,andtheintensityofthelightfromthroughthefingeristhen
relatedtotheoxygenconcentrationintheblood.

III.

Theelectrochemicalmethodiscommonlyusedtomeasuredissolvedoxygen
concentrationinliquids.Thismethodiscomposedofacathodeandananodeinthe
liquid.Whenoxygenpermeatestothecathode,theoxygenisreducedtocreateacurrent.
Thiscurrentisproportionaltotheamountofoxygenpresentintheliquid.Onepotential
problemisthattheoxygenisusedinthetest,whichmayreducetotaloxygenemission.
Anotheristhattheelectrodescanbeexpensive,dependingonthemetalused.
Thefinalmethodtomeasurethedissolvedoxygencontentischemically.There
aretwotypesofcolorimetrics,indigocarminemethodandtherhodazineDmethod.
Thesechemicaladditionsreactwiththeoxygenandchangecolorinproportiontothe
amountofoxygenintheliquid.Anothermethodisbytitration,calledtheWinkler
method.

TheDesignConcept
A. DesignMetrics
DesignRequirement

DesignMetric

Adaptabletodifferentbottles

<25*picm2areaand10cminheight
Fit>2connections

Longlife

6monthlifespan

Nontoxic

FDALevel1fortoxicity

Cleanable

<1%outputerrorintroducedwhen
washedwithstandarddetergent

Accuratelymeasuresoxygen
concentration

1%oxygenconcentration

Easilyunderstood

Readfrom>5feetaway
Understoodin<10seconds

Quickuse

Resultsin<10seconds

Worksinarangeoftemperatures

040C

Inexpensive

1015dollars

Doesnotinhibitoxygendelivery

<5%reductioninoxygenconcentration

B. CompetitiveBenchmarking

Product

Meansof
Measurement

Price

Feasibilityin
Oxygen
Developing Concentratio
World
nRange

Size

Milwaukee
MW600LED
Economy
Portable
Dissolved
OxygenMeter

electrodes

$150

Lowneeds
tobe
calibrated
and
expensive

0.0to19.9
mg/l

BW
Technologies
GAXTXDL2
GasAlert
Extreme
Oxygen(O2)
SingleGas
Detector

Electro
chemicalcell
sensor

$250

Low
expensive

0%30%

9.5x5.0x
2.8cm

Octivetech
OT99Sports
Oximeter

Optics

$15

High
effectiveand
inexpensive

0%100%

2.2x1.2x
1.2inches

145x80x
40mm

Oxygensensorsonthemarketincludeambientairsensors,dissolved
oxygensensors,andbloodoxygenlevelmonitors.Currentairsensorsusually
onlymonitoraspecificrangeofoxygenlevels,becausethatiswhatisneededin
industryuptothispoint.Thesedevicesareexpensiveandrequiremaintenance,
butareaccurate.Dissolvedoxygensensorsarealsoexpensiveandneed
calibrationbeforeuse.AnotherformofoxygenlevelsensorsinvolveSpO2
monitors.Theseareinexpensiveandeasytouse,alongwithworkinginthe
appropriaterangeneededformeasuringhighconcentrationsofoxygen.Recently,
SpO2monitorshavebecomeahouseholdobjectformanyhealthconscioususers.

C. BrainstormingandConceptGeneration

Function

Activation

Locationon Howto
Power
humidifier measureO2 Source

Display

Approach1

on/off
switch

In
humidifier
water

Approach2

optical

battery

LEDs

Airpressure Above
humidifier
water

electrodes

Walloutlet

Color
change

Approach3

Self
powered

Airin

colorimetric Current
from
electrodes

Screen

Approach4

Airout

Solar
powered

Alarm

Approach5

Outsideof
humidifier

Wind
powered

Thefunctionsthedeviceneedstohaveincludeactivation,placementon
thehumidifier,measurementofoxygenconcentration,power,anddisplayofthe
oxygenconcentration.Therearemanyapproachestoaccomplishthesefunctions.
Inordertoactivatethedevice,anon/offswitch,airpressurefromthe
humidifier,orselfpoweredactivationcouldbeused.Tohavethedevicebeturned
onbytheairpressure,eitherasensororawindturinwouldneedtobeaddedto
thedesign.Thesecouldpotentiallyblocktheoxygenfromgettingtothepatient,
orlimitit.Tohavethedevicebeselfpowered,thecircuitrywouldneedtobe
designedmorecomplicatedtoallowittocontinuouslyrun,anditcoulddie
prematurelyifthepowersourcebecomesexhausted.Withanon/offswitch,the
userwouldbeabletocontrolthedevicefunction.Thecircuitrywouldbe
relativelysimple,andwouldjustincludetheswitchthatwouldbreakthecircuit.
Forthisreason,theon/offswitchwillbeusedtoactivatethedevice.
Thelocationofthedevicecouldbeinthewaterofthehumidifier,above
thewaterinsidethehumidifier,attheairinlet,theairoutlet,orontheoutsideof
thehumidifier.Oxygendoesnotquicklydissolveinwater,thereforethedevice
couldgiveinaccuratereadingsinthewater.Ifthedeviceisplacedabovethe

wateronthesideofthehumidifier,theairrisksnotflowingproperlythroughthe
device,andmayresultininaccuratereadings.Somehumidifiershavespecial
inletstoattachtoawalloraspecificoxygenconcentrator,makingadevicefor
theinletofthehumidifiernotinterchangeablebetweenallhumidifiers.Location
outsidethehumidifierwouldcreatetheproblemoftryingtosensetheoxygen
concentrationthroughplastic.Theairoutletgivesevenflowandrepresentsthe
oxygenthatisdirectlybeingdeliveredtothepatient,thereforethedevicewillbe
designedtofittheairoutletofthehumidifier.
Tomeasuretheoxygenconcentrationoftheair,optical,electrode,or
colorimetricmethodscouldbeused.Electrodeswouldprovidemoreaccurate
readingsthantheothermethods.However,electrodesusespecialmetalssuchas
gold,andcouldcausethedevicetobemoreexpensive.Acolorimetricmethod
wouldnothaveexpensiveorcomplicatedcircuitry,butcouldinterferewiththeair
thatisbeingdeliveredtothepatient.Also,thedevicewouldneedtobewetfor
anyexistingcolorimetricoxygenindicator.Anopticalmethodwouldnotinterfere
withtheoxygenbeingdelivered,butcouldrequirecircuitrythatcoulddrivethe
costofthedeviceup.Thisisaminimalrisk,sotheopticalmethodofmeasuring
oxygenconcentrationwillbeusedbecauseitwillnotinterferewiththedevice.
Topowerthedevice,abattery,walloutlet,currentfromelectrodes,solar
energy,orwindenergycouldbeused.Awalloutletwouldlimitthedeviceusage
tobeinginsidenexttoanoutlet.Becauseoftheexpensivecostofelectrodes,
electrodeswillnotbeusedinthedesign.Solarenergywouldmakethedeviceself
powered,butwouldrequirechargingorneedtobeusedoutside.Windpowered
couldbedonewiththeairpressurefromtheairflow,butcouldlimittheairflow
andoxygentothepatient.Abatterywouldbeeasilyreplaced,butcouldmakethe
devicelarger.Despitethis,abatterywillbeusedforthedevicebecauseitwillnot
interferewiththeairflowandisportable.
TheoxygenconcentrationdisplaycouldincludeLEDs,acolorchange,a
screen,oranalarm.Acolorchangecouldlimitthedevicetobeaonetimeuse,or
beconfusingtotheuser.Itcouldalsointerferewiththeoxygenconcentrationif
beingdonebyachemicalchange.Ascreenwouldbeeasilyunderstood,but
wouldincreasethecostofthedeviceandmakethecircuitymorecomplicated.An
alarmwouldalerttheuserquicklyiftheoxygenwaslow.However,itcouldbe
confusingtotheuserbecauseitwouldn'tindicateifthedevicewasworking
properly,onlyiftheoxygenwaslow.TheLEDswillbeusedtodisplaybecause
theyarebeinexpensiveandnotconfusingtotheuser.
Asketchofthedesignincorporatingtheseelementsisshownbelow.The
devicewillattachtotheoutletofthehumidifierandthepatienttubing.Itwilluse
aLEDwithamembraneandphotodiodetosensetheoxygenconcentration.Itwill

bepoweredbyabattery,andhaveanon/offswitch.Therewillalsobe7LEDs
thatwilllightuptodisplaytheoxygenconcentrationupto100%andonemore
LEDtoindicatepower.

D. Materials&MethodsandBudget
Budget:6$
Thebudgetissetthislowtoensureitcanbesoldforthedesired15$price.
The60%increasewillcoverthecostofmarketing,andmanufacturing.Thisprice
ismanageableforhospitalsinthedevelopingworld.

Materials:

Price

Amount

Cost

WhiteLEDs

0.065$each

0.59$

Operational
Amplifier

0.66$each

1.32$

Photodiode

1.00$each

1.00$

3Vcellbatteries

1.00$each

2.00$

ToggleSwitch

0.25$each

0.25$

Resistor

0.025$each

0.15

Polypropylene
Plastic

0.03$perg

15

0.45$

Fluorescent
Membrane

unknown

unknown

Total

Roughly5.756$

Methods:
Thedevicewillbeahollowcylinderthatattachestotheoutletofa
humidifier.Thepatienttubingwillattachtotheotherendofthedevice.Tomake
thedevicelight,inexpensive,anddurable,thecylinderwillbemadeof
polypropyleneplastic.Thiswillalsocreateadarkchamberwithinthedevicefor
moreaccuratemeasuring.TheairwillpassthroughthedevicebetweenaLED
withaCyclometalatedIridium(III)CoumarinComplexbasedmembrane5
attached,andaphotodiode.Themembranewillilluminatewhenactivatedbythe
light,andtheconcentrationofoxygenaffectstheintensityoftheemittedlight
receivedbythephotodiode.Thephotodiodewillsensethelightandcreatea
currentthatisrelatedtotheoxygenconcentration.Thiscurrentwillbeusedto
power7whiteLEDindicatorsfor70,75,80,85,90,95,and100%
concentrations.
ThecurrentusedtopowertheLEDsissmallerwhentheoxygen
concentrationishigh.TobeabletolighttheLEDsinthecorrectorder,a
differenceamplifierisusedwithareferencebattery.Whenthevoltagebeing
comparedtothereferencebatteryissmallerat100%concentration,theoutput
voltagefromtheoperationalamplifier,opamp2,willbehigher,andwilllightall
oftheLEDs.Thecurrentfromthephotodiodeneedstobeamplifiedand
convertedtovoltage.Thisisdonebyanotheroperationalamplifier,opamp1.The
circuitdiagramforthedeviceisshownbelow.

IV.

Specif
ication

EvaluationoftheDesign

Metric

Importance

Units

Marginal
Value

IdealValue

25*pi
.01*picm2
cm2area
areaand1
and10
cmheight
cmheight

Evaluation

length

Tobeabletofit
onahumidifier

cm

time

Tohavea
justifiablereturn
oninvestment

months

6months

60months

Accelerated
degradationtest

concentration

Toensureproduct
issafeforthe
patients

ions/cm3

15

Runtestwithanair
qualitytesterattheend

Toensureproduct
willbeabletobe
concentration
cleanedbetween
patients

1%

0%

Washmultipletimes
andmeasurewith
oxygentesterfor
accuracy

Toensurethe
patientisgetting
concentration
thecorrectamount
ofoxygen

0.001

Runtestagainsta
calibratedoxygentester

Have50people
comprisingatleast3
differentlanguagesuse
thedeviceandtakethe
averagetime

Run50testsandtake
theaveragetimethe
devicetakestodisplay
theconcentration

1045

Runthedevicemultiple
timesinevery
temperatureinrange
andtestifthereadings
areaccurateagainsta
calibratedoxygentester

time

Toensureuser
willbeableto
understandthe
devicereadings

time

Toensuredevice
willdisplay
readingswhenthe
userneedsthem

temperature

Thedeviceneeds
tobeusedin
different
environments
aroundtheworld

seconds

seconds

10

10

038

Measurewithruler

money

Developing
hospitalsneedto
affordtheproduct

concentration

Reducingoxygen
concentration
couldbe
detrimentalto
patienthealth

10

V.

15

Calculatethetotalcost
oftheprototypesparts
afterithasbeenmade

Testtheaircomingin
andoutofthedevice
andcomparefor
concentrationreduction

Summary
Nursesandtechniciansindevelopingworldsdonothaveawaytoensurethatthe
correctdosageofoxygenisbeingdeliveredtothepatient.Whentheirdonatedequipment
breaks,theyarenotabletoreplaceitwithanewpieceofequipment.Therefore,they
musttrytorepairvitalequipment,suchasoxygenconcentrators,andreleasethemtothe
floor.Theoxygenconcentratorshaveanindicatortodisplayifanappropriateamountof
oxygenisbeingoutputted,butthisisnotareliableindicatorforabrokenmachine.The
developingworldhospitalsarenotabletoaffordexpensiveoxygentestersforproper
equipmenttesting,leavingthehospitaldependentontheindicator.Thisshowsaneedfor
aninexpensive,easytouse,andversatiledevicetodisplaytheoxygenconcentrationof
theairadministeredtopatients.
Thedeviceproposedasasolutionhasmaterialscosting6$,andwillbesoldfor
15$.Thedevicemeasuresoxygenconcentrationusingaphotodiodethatcreatesacurrent
basedontheamountoflightfromanLEDthatisabletopenetratethroughtheoxygen.
Thehighertheoxygenconcentration,thelowerthecurrent.Thiscurrentisthen
amplified,inverted,andconvertedtovoltagebyanoperationalamplifier.Thisvoltage
willthenlightupbetween0and7displayLEDsmarked70,75,80,85,90,95,100%
oxygen.Aswitchwillbeusedtoturnthedeviceonandoff.Theswitchwillbeconnected
toabatteryusedtopowertheLED,andanONdisplayLED.Thisdevicewillbeplaced
betweenthehumidifierandpatienttubing,andwillgivecontinuousresultstotheuser.
Withthisdevice,hospitalstaffcanbeconfidentintheirequipmentanddirecttheir
focusestotreatingpatients.

References

1. "MeasuringDissolvedOxygen."FundamentalsofEnvironmentalMeasurements.N.p.,
n.d.Web.20July2016.
<http://www.fondriest.com/environmentalmeasurements/equipment/measuringwaterqu
ality/dissolvedoxygensensorsandmethods/#DOE1>.
2. Khalil,,GamalEddin,MartinP.Gouterman,andEdmondGreen.MethodandSensorfor
MeasuringOxygenConcentration.AbbottLaboratories,assignee.Patent5,043,286.27
Aug.1991.Print.
3. Guazzi,AlessandroR.,MauricioVillarroel,JooJorge,JonathanDaly,MatthewC.
Frise,PeterA.Robbins,andLionelTarassenko."NoncontactMeasurementofOxygen
SaturationwithanRGBCamera."BiomedicalOpticsExpress.OpticalSocietyof
America,01Sept.2015.Web.5Aug.2016.
4. Urquhart,James."CheapCameraUsedtoMeasureOxygenLevels."NewScientist.N.p.,
17June2010.Web.5Aug.2016.
<https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn16451cheapcamerausedtomeasureoxygenl
evels/>.
5. Borisov,SergeyM.,andIngoKlimant."UltrabrightOxygenOptodesBasedon
CyclometalatedIridium(III)CoumarinComplexes."AnalyticalChemistry.N.p.,25Aug.
2007.Web.05Aug.2016.<http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac0710836>.

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