Subject

Assignment No.
Discipline
Term
Submitted By
Examination Roll No.

Management Information Sciences

01
M.B.A. (Executive)
IV
Samiullah Khan
056

ASSIGNMENT QUESTIONS
Q.1: Define MIS. What are the charateristics of MIS?
Q.2: Write a detailed note on ISDLC?
Q.3: Briefly explain the e-commerce. Also explain its various types?
Q.4: Define Data Management System. Briefly explain its charateristics?
Q.5: Write a detailed note on Data Resource Management?

Q.1: Define MIS. What are the pre-erquisites of MIS?

Ans.: Management Information Systems (MIS), referred to as Information
Management and Systems, is the discipline covering the application of people,
technologies, and procedures collectively called information systems, to solving
business problems.
'MIS' is a planned system of collecting, storing and disseminating
data in the form of information needed to carry out the functions of
management.
Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information
management methods tied to the automation or support for human decision
making, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert Systems, and Executive
Information Systems.
Management : Management is art of getting things done through and with the
people in formally organized groups. The basic functions performed by a

manager in an organization are: Planning, controlling, staffing, organizing, and

directing.
Information : Information is considered as valuable component of an
organization. Information is data that is processed and is presented in a form
which assists decision maker.

System : A system is defined as a set of elements which are joined together to

achieve a common objective. The elements are interrelated and interdependent.
Thus every system is said to be composed of subsystems. A system has one or
multiple inputs, these inputs are processed through a transformation process to
convert these input( s) to output.
These subsystems are interrelated through a process of

Objectives of MIS :
Data Capturing : MIS capture data from various internal and external sources
of organization. Data capturing may be manual or through computer terminals.
Processing of Data : The captured data is processed to convert into required
information. Processing of data is done by such activities as calculating, sorting,
classifying, and summarizing.
Storage of Information : MIS stores the processed or unprocessed data for
future use. If any information is not immediately required, it is saved as an
organization record, for later use.
Retrieval of Information : MIS retrieves information from its stores as and
when required by various users.
Dissemination of Information : Information, which is a finished product of
MIS, is disseminated to the users in the organization. It is periodic or online
through computer terminal.

Characteristics of MIS :
Systems Approach : The information system follows a systems approach.
Systems approach means taking a comprehensive view or a complete look at
the interlocking sub-systems that operate within an organization.
Management Oriented : Management oriented characteristic of MIS implies
that the management actively directs the system development efforts. For
planning of MIS, top-down approach should be followed. Top down approach
suggests that the system development starts from the determination of
managements needs and overall business objective. To ensure that the
implementation of systems polices meet the specification of the system,
continued review and participation of the manager is necessary.
Need Based : MIS design should be as per the information needs of managers
at different levels.
Exception Based : MIS should be developed on the exception based also,
which means that in an abnormal situation, there should be immediate reporting
about the exceptional situation to the decision makers at the required level.
Future Oriented : MIS should not merely provide past of historical information;
rather it should provide information, on the basis of future projections on the
actions to be initiated.
Integrated : Integration is significant because of its ability to produce more
meaningful information. Integration means taking a comprehensive view or
looking at the complete picture of the interlocking subsystems that operate
within the company.
Common Data Flow : Common data flow includes avoiding duplication,
combining similar functions and simplifying operations wherever possible. The
development of common data flow is an economically sound and logical
concept, but it must be viewed from a practical angle.
Long Term Planning : MIS is developed over relatively long periods. A heavy
element of planning should be involved.
Sub System Concept : The MIS should be viewed as a single entity, but it
must be broken down into digestible sub-systems which are more meaningful.
Central database : In the MIS there should be common data base for whole system

Q.2: Write a detailed note on ISDLC?

Life cycle Approach :While several organizations are moving to prototyping in developing
Decision Support Systems, certain large projects still demand the System

Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approach. These projects have many users and
require the expertise of several different people. The prototyping approach does not
work in such a case because it is difficult to have the prototype development by a
team of experts and tested by several different users.
The Life Cycle approach offers a structured, well-defined methodology to
design, test and implement a new system. It structures the creative process and
avoids wastage of time due to excessive testing and reworking. Control procedures
can be laid down for each step of the cycle and there is a general agreement on the
inputs, outputs and processing methodology.
In general, the SDLC has the following phases :-

1.
2.
3.
4.

Definition.
Development.
Installation.
Operation.

Definition refers to the phase where the information needs are defined.
Feasibility studies and cost-effectiveness studies are also undertaken at
this stage. These requirements are then translated into a physical system
consisting of input forms, procedures, programs, output reports, etc. this is
the Development stage and it consists of using system design, computer
programming and procedure development to construct a new system. Once
constructed and tested, the third phase of Installation begins, where the
new system is installed and operators/users are trained to use the new
system. Once training is over, the fourth phase, Operation, begins.
Operation also consists of maintenance procedures, where changes may
be made to the system based on new requirements or where existing parts
of the system are not as efficient as they.
Information System Development Life Cycle

The Information System Development Life Cycle (ISDLC) is an established concept in

the MIS arena. The traditional approach to the ISDLC is that a development project has
to undergo a series of phases where the completion of each is a prerequisite to the
commencement of the next and where each phase consists of a related group of steps.
The ISDLC, as mentioned above, is appropriate for class one and perhaps class two
development situations. The general scheme for the ISDLC is similar almost
everywhere. It typically contains four major phases consisting of several steps each:

The Definition Phase: Consisting of preliminary analysis, feasibility study,

information analysis, and system design.

The Construction Phase: Consisting of programming, development of

procedures, unit testing, quality control, and documentation.

The Implementation Phase: Consisting of user training, conversion of old

systems to new systems, thorough field testing, and then a move to full operations.

The Maintenance Phase: After the system is in full operation, updates are made
to assure continued operations as new equipment or upgrades to operating systems
occur. Enhancements to the system can also be made to meet changing user
requirements.
The traditional approach advocates a rigid ISDLC in order to assure control over the
development process. In practice, however, development processes are not that rigid.
They vary with respect to the complexity of the system under development, the
importance attached to that system, and the user's environment. When the development
needs of classes of situations (three, four, and five) are considered, the various steps
from the ISDLC will probably be performed but not necessarily in the same order. For

example, the testing, quality control, and documentation steps may not occur until
everybody involved is satisifed with data models or with prototypes of systems.
Q.3: Briefly explain the e-commerce. Also explain its various types?
Have you ever purchased a pair of shoes over the Internet? Or maybe you've
used your computer to sell an old phone? If so, you've taken part in
electronic commerce. Also known as e-commerce, electronic commerce is
the process by which businesses and consumers buy and sell goods and
services through an electronic medium.
Electronic commerce emerged in the early 1990s, and its use has increased
at a rapid rate. Today, the majority of companies have an online presence; in
fact, having the ability to conduct business through the Internet has pretty
much become a necessity. Everything from food and clothes to
entertainment and furniture can be purchased online.
Two familiar examples of electronic commerce companies are eBay and
Amazon. Both of these companies allow consumers to purchase a variety of
goods and services online from businesses and other consumers, while eBay
also hosts online auctions. Consumers on these sites typically have
numerous payment options, as well as choices for how their products are
delivered.
Types of Electronic Commerce
There are several types of electronic commerce. The most common
is business to consumer, in which a business sells products or services
directly to consumers over the Internet. An example of a business to
consumer e-commerce transaction would be an individual purchasing a pair
of sneakers through Nike's website.
Another type of electronic commerce is business to business, where
companies sell products or services to other companies over the Internet. An
example would be the company GoDaddy, which sells domain names,
websites and hosting services to other businesses.
Consumer to business electronic commerce involves consumers selling
products or services to businesses. You've taken part in this form of ecommerce if you've ever completed a paid online survey where you've given
your opinion about a product.

Finally, there is consumer to consumer e-commerce, which is where

consumers sell products to other consumers. An example would be one
consumer selling something that he or she no longer needs or wants to
another consumer via a site like eBay or Amazon.
Q.4: Define Data Management System. Briefly explain its charateristics?

What is The Database Management System?

Introduction
For carrying out the working of the management information systems in a very efficient and a
proper way, the data acts as a very essential and a critical part for the transaction processing. In
the beginning, when the era of the computer applications literally started, the data used to be
maintained on the basis of the use of a particular data for some particular application.
In such a scenario, every user system used to have its own master files and also the transaction
files, but a very important point to be kept in mind here is that these transaction files and the
master files were processed separately.
One of the major observations included the presence of the data redundancy. This data
redundancy is generally caused because of the fact which says that the data which is mainly
needed by the systems is common and as a result of this, repetition creeps in the data stored in
the various user systems. And this data redundancy further leads to the complexities in the data
management.
Data redundancy also leads to the lack of the integrity and the in consistency of the data
available in the various user files.
The name The Database Management System comes from the database approach that emerged
out of the need, indeed urgency, to eliminate the data management problems. Database is actually
very pivotal to The Database Management System. The database also uses a very specific
structuring of the data but the actual meaning of the word database can be defined as A
mechanical or an automated, formally defined, centrally controlled collection of the data in an
organization.
The Database Management System An Overview
The Database Management System is software that provides services for the accessing of a
database, while maintaining all the required features of the data.
The Database Management System DBMS has the responsibility for acting as the interface
between the various application programmes and the data. The Database Management System

acts as a software system and also helps in performing the functions like the defining, creating,
revising, and the controlling of the database.
The Database Management System in a very basic sense is a specially designed software, used in
order to create the database and also for maintaining the database. It helps in performing the
individual business applications to extract the data, which is required by them without the
creation of the separate files in their computer programs.
The collection of the information that is stored in the database at a specific moment is referred to
as the instance of the database. The overall design of the database is referred to as the database
schema.
Characteristics of the data in the Database Management System
1. Sharing of the data takes place amongst the different type of the users and the applications.
2. Data exists permanently.
3. Data must be very much correct in the nature and should also be in accordance with the real
world entity that they represent.
4. Data can live beyond the scope of the process that has created it.
5. Data is not at all repeated.
6. Changes that are made in the schema at one level should not at all affect the other levels.

Q.5: Write a detailed note on Data Resource Management?

Data administration or data resource management
Data administration or data resource management is an organizational
function working in the areas of information systems and computer
science that plans, organizes, describes and controls data resources. Data
resources are usually as stored in databases under a database management
system or other software such as electronic spreadsheets. In many smaller
organizations, data administration is performed occasionally, or is a small
component of the database administrators work.
In the context of information systems development, data administration
ideally begins at system conception, ensuring there is a data dictionary to
help maintain consistency, avoid redundancy, and model the database so as
to make it logical and usable, by means of data modeling, including database
normalization techniques.

Data Resource Management

According to the Data Management Association (DAMA), data resource
management is "the development and execution of architectures, policies,
practices and procedures that properly manage the full data lifecycle needs
of an enterprise". Data Resource management may be thought of as a
managerial activity that applies information system and other data
management tools to the task of managing an organizations data resource
to meet a companys business needs, and the information they provide to
their shareholders. From the perspective of database design, it refers to the
development and maintenance of data models to facilitate data sharing
between different systems, particularly in a corporate context. Data
Resource Management is also concerned with both data quality and
compatibility between data models.
Since the beginning of the information age, businesses need all types of data
on their business activity. With each data created, when a business
transaction is made, need data is created. With these data, new direction is
needed that focuses on managing data as a critical resource of the
organization to directly support its business activities. The data resource
must be managed with the same intensity and formality that other critical
resources are managed. Organizations must emphasize the information
aspect of information technology, determine the data needed to support the
business, and then use appropriate technology to build and maintain a highquality data resource that provides that support.
Data resource quality is a measure of how well the organization's data
resource supports the current and the future business information demand of
the organization. The data resource cannot support just the current business
information demand while sacrificing the future business information
demand. It must support both the current and the future business
information demand. The ultimate data resource quality is stability across
changing business needs and changing technology.
A corporate data resource must be developed within single, organizationwide common data architecture. A data architecture is the science and
method of designing and constructing a data resource that is business
driven, based on real-world objects and events as perceived by the
organization, and implemented into appropriate operating environments. It is
the overall structure of a data resource that provides a consistent foundation

across organizational boundaries to provide easily identifiable, readily

available, high-quality data to support the business information demand.
The common data architecture is a formal, comprehensive data architecture
that provides a common context within which all data at an organization's
disposal are understood and integrated. It is subject oriented, meaning that
it is built from data subjects that represent business objects and business
events in the real world that are of interest to the organization and about
which data are captured and maintained.

THE END