Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh et al

Tap chi KHOA HQC & CONG NGHE

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A C T U A L SITUATION OF CASSAVA AND BY-PRODUCTS

FOR R U M I N A N T S IN VIETNAM

Nguyen Thi Hong Hanh and Nguyen Hung Quang*

College ofAgriculture and Forestry - TNU
SUMMARY
In Vietnam cassava is one of the most important food crops, besides rice, maize and sweet potato. Cassava
root is a high energy feed material, ft is considered as good nutrition supply for pig, poultry and ruminant.
Some researchers have been focusing on processing and using of cassava and cassava by-products as
animal feed. To make a good use source of by-products of industrial and agricultural production for
ruminants in our country, a number of methods such as processing, storage, additional levels, additional
appropriate manner and efficiency considering its importance for continuous investments have been
investigated. Cassava biogases are a by-product of cassava starch production process, which accounts for
about 45% of the volume of raw cassava tubers. According to some research results, it could be ensiled of
cassava biogases and stored for ruminants feeding. However, cassava biogases is very low crude protein
content which ought to be supplemented with high-protein source to balance the level of nutrition and the
supplementation should not exceed 40% of total dry matter in the diet. By-products: tops and cassava
leaves are high availability of protein source, which is cheap and good for ruminants. They could be dried,
dry crushed then grounded or ensiled for preservation and use. According to some research results, using
cassava leaf meal for cattle at 1 to 1.5 kg/head /day would be good for fattening purposes.
Key words: Cassava, Processing, Cassava residue, Nutrition, Livestock.

BACKGROUND
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is grown in
100 countries with tropical and subtropical
climate on three continents: Asia, Africa and
Latin America.
Food and
Agriculture
Organization (FAO) ranked cassava as an
important crop in developing countries after rice,
maize and wheat.
In Vietnam, cassava is the staple important food
for human and animal after rice and -maize.
According to 2010 statistics, the total area is
496,200 ha and the output is more than 8.5
million tons. Cassava is easy to grow, in
accordance with various soils, low investment,
consistent with economic viability of many rural
households for their livelihood support. The
products include cassava tubers, stems, and
leaves, for example, cassava tubers are used for
cassava starch, dried cassava, cassava meal or to
eat fresh [6]. From fresh cassava tubers or
Tel: 0985 588164

cassava products, we can form a variety of

industrial products such as glutamate, alcohol,
instant noodles, glucose, syrup, candy, malt,
industrial adhesive (sizing, plywood), noodles,
vermicelli, food additives, pharmaceutical
additives... Cassava stems are used to make raw
materials for industrial cellulose (cellulose), as
fungi, making firewood... Young cassava leaves
are used as high protein vegetable and to feed
silkworms, fish; cassava leaf meal and silo
cassava can be used as feeds for pigs, chickens,
cattle, goats...
VALUES OF CASSAVA
Cassava leaves and tubers are the main products
from cassava, which is a valuable source of
nutrition; the percentage of dry matter 27.7%,
crude protein 0.9%, crude lipid 0.4%), non protein
derivatives 24.7%, ash 0.7%, calcium 0.05%,
phosphorus 0.04%) and metabolizable energy
(ME) 968 Kcal (Institute of Animal Husbandry,
2001) [16]. Meal of cassava tubers as a food
source is rich in energy but poor in protein, amino
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acids, unbalanced acidamin ratio, poor

methionine and tryptophan, less minerals and
vitamins. Another type of cassava products after
processing cassava is the residue, which is a
by-product of the cassava starch processing plant,
about 45% compared with the volume of raw
cassava tubers. According to Bui Quang Tuan
(2005) [10], the residue contains about 8%) of
starch and 15-20%) of crude fiber. According to
Nguyen Huu Van et al (2008) [15], when
analyzing the content of substances in fresh
cassava residue by dry matter content as follows:
the value is 3.6% crude protein, crude lipid 0.3%o;
raw energy 4198 Kcal / kg. HCN content is
240mg/kg and pH is 4.21. The storage and
preservation reduce the HCN content of cassava
residue for use in livestock that need appropriate
measures and effectiveness.
Cassava leaves are considered as ideal source of
protein, which is used as a protein feed for
livestock. According to research of the authors
Nguyen Van Thuong (1993) [11] and Tu Quang
Hien (1982) [4], crude protein in dry matter of
cassava leaves is relatively high, ranging between
22.6
29.9%. Protein content fluctuates
depending on varieties, harvest years, the fertility
of soil and climate of farming regions. According
to the livestock association (2003) [7], the
chemical compositions of cassava leaf are: 93%
of dry matter, 16% of crude protein (16.7 to
39.9%), 5.5% of lipids (3, 8 to 10.5%), 20% of
crude fiber (4.8 to 29%), 8.5% of ash (5.7 to
12.5%), 1.45% of calcium. 0.45% of phosphorus,
zinc 149 mg/ kg, manganese 52 mg / kg, ferosit
259 mg/ kg; bronze 12 mg / kg. The cassava
leaves are rich in vitamin C and A, riboflavin,
and lysine but lacking methionine. Harvesting,
processing, storage and use of cassava leaves as
feed for livestock will benefit from significant
sources of protein, contributing to increase
economic efficiency of farmers.
In parts of cassava, there is xianhydric acid
(HCN) formed by hydrolysis of cyanogen
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glucoside(C6Hi706N), which is toxic to the

human body and animals in general. Depending
on varieties and harvesting time, HCN content
contained in these organs, leaves and roots of
cassava will be different. HCN content of cassava
is much more concentrated in the peel and core
roots than in cassava leaves. Based on HCN
content, cassava is divided into two varieties:
sweet cassava varieties contain about 20
30mg/kg of tuber fresh and bitter cassava
contains 60-150 mg/ kg of fresh tubers (Mai
Thach Hoanh, 2004) [5]. According to Pham Sy
Tiep (1999) [9], the older the cassava leaves are,
the lower the HCN content is; in young leaves,
the HCN content in leaves is higher in the petiole
leaf blade, but lower inverse in old leaves. The
content of HCN in the bud leaf blade is from 330
to 790 ppm (fresh weight); is from 340 to 1040
ppm in the glutinous leaf and 210 to 730 ppm in
the old leaves. The concentration of HCN in
cassava roots and leaves can be greatly reduced
by methods such as peeled, cooked, sliced and
soaked, salted, dried and silage. When using
products from cassava as feed for livestock, we
should apply the appropriate processing methods
to reduce toxin content and preserving feed.
PROCESSING, STORAGE AND USE BYPRODUCTS
FROM
CASSAVA FOR
LIVESTOCK
According to the statistical year book in 2009, thf
number of cows and buffaloes were 6.1 million
and nearl\ 2.9 million. Orientation to 2020 is
about 300 thousand of dairy cows, 12.5 millionof
cows for meat and 2.9 million of buffalo [8]. To
achieve this goal, a problem need to be solved
that is of interest in securing sources of forage for
cattle.
According to statistical data, the grazing areaii
our country are very limited; natural gras
productivity is quite low (6 to 8 tons of fresl
grass/ ha/ year); the expansion of grass i
difficult; dry season and winter leads to lacko
fodder for cattle. As an agricultural country, w

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have a source of agricultural prodiicts that are

plentiful, such as rice straw, com stalks, peanut
stems, yam stems, cassava leaf tops, cane leaf
tops... According to statistics of the Department
of Livestock [3], agricultural residues is
estimated about 40 million tons every year, of
which about 36.6 million tons of straw, 0.19
million tons yam stems, 0,45 million tons of
peanut tops and leaves, 0.62 million tons of maize
tops and leaves, 0.19 million tons of cassava
leaves and tops, 3.0 million tons of sugar cane
leaves... but the utilization rate is only about 18%
(7.5 million tons), the remaining was about
32.5million tons that have not been used for
animal husbandry, and we do not make good use
of by-products through processing, to provide the
livestock.
The study of processing and storage methods is to
be made and disseminated to farmers. Taking
advantage of by-products from cassava are
cassava residue and cassava leaves for ruminant
livestock have also been studied by many
scientists in our country and achieved some
significant results, that is the basis to continue
studying and promoting the interests on the byproducts in animal husbandry.
* Processing and use of cassava residue: Silage
method has been studied by many authors for
processing and storage of cassava residue as feed
for ruminants [12]. According to Bui Van Chinh,
Le Viet Ly (2001) [2], the method of silage
cassava has significantly reduced toxin content. If
the HCN content of fresh cassava leaves is
862.5mg/ kg of dry matter but silage is only 32.5
mg/ kg of dry matter; meals only have 90.2 mg/
kg of dry matter. Under the provisions of the
European Community (EC), the mixed feed is
allowed only for animal that contain less than 60
mg HCN. Therefore, clearly, silage strongly
reduced the amount of HCN.
According to Nguyen Huu Van et al (2008) [15],
when studying the cassava residue silage for
feeding to ruminants, it is incubated with 0.5% of

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salt + 3%) molasses, or 0.5%) salts + 3%oricebran

that can store cassava residue and significantly
reduce the concentration of HCN after 21 days of
incubation; so large amounts of cassava residue
in diet will be used without toxicity. However,
according to the authors, because fresh cassava
residue's crude protein value is very low but
relatively high energy, so, there is a need to add
feed with high protein content when used as food
for ruminants to balance the energy and protein
for the nutritional
needs of rumen
microorganisms and for production. According to
Mai Thi Thom and Bui Quang Tuan (2006) [10],
using diets with 10 kg silage cassava residue and
0.75 kg green bean bran to fatten beef cattle have
relatively high weight of gain from 656,0 to 682.2
g/ head/ day in comparison with the control plot
(728.9 g/ head/ day) with serving food.
According to Nguyen Hai Quan and Nguyen
Xuan Ba, 2008 [7], the study of silage cassava
residue supplemented with diets that are rich in
fiber, nutrient-poor including rice or straw so the
addition should not exceed 40% of the total ration
of dry matter, and the addition of the protein-rich
feed in the diet is essential to ensure the ability to
digest feed and the environment in the rumen.
* Processing and utilization of cassava leaves:
According to the authors, Pham Sy Tiep (1999)
[15], Bui Van Chinh and Le Viet Ly, 2001 [2],
chopping, drying and crushing methods into a
meal processing methods in order to protect
management, storage and reduce toxin content in
cassava leaves are very good; furthermore, it can
be done with a large quantity of cassava leaves.
Cassava leaf silage to store and preserve also give
good results, according to Bui Van Chinh (1995)
[1], when cassava leaf silage experiments, the
concentration of HCN only is 32.5 ppm in dry
matter.
According to the research of Trinh Van Trung et
al (2007) [13], while studying the additional food
at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kg/ head/ day of cassava leaf
meal in the diet of buffalo that is green grass and
straw composted urea that was adopted in spring
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the buffalo increased slightly with additional

volume of cassava in the diet as follows, 594g/
head/ day, 589g / head/ day, 444g/ head/ day and
the lowest plot of 389g/ head/ day. And to
achieve the highest economic efficiency, the
authors also recommend supplementing cassava
leaf meal at 1 kg/ head/ day corresponding to 17%
of dry matter in the diet. According to Vu Van Ty
(2002) [14], when using cassava leaf silage for
fattening buffalo with the additional meter of 1.4;
2.8; 4.2 kg/ head/ day in the diet that is the dried
straw and mixed grass with the corresponding
weight gained after 90 days was 34.42 kg/ head;
42.58 kg/ head and 45.75 kg/ head while the
control plots was 27.33 kg/ head. Results of
fattening on old buflfalo with the addition of 3 and
5.5kg/ head/ day showed the volume increase of
36.5 kg/ head and 39.0 kg/ head and the control
plots was 29.0 kg / head.
Cassava is a crop that brings high productivity
and output in Vietnam. Cassava is not only a
major food crops but also industrial plant to make
products such as alcohol, sugar, glutamate,
starch... serving processing branch. Besides the
main products, the processing of cassava will
generate a large amount of by- products to
provide to the livestock industry. The nutritional
value is not high but they also bring positive
effects for livestock. However, current practical
problems show that the studies of additional
levels, and additional ways to make the
appropriate processing methods to improve
utilization and improve the nutritional value of
by-products usage in livestock still need further
research to maximize the digestion of ruminants
and agro-industrial by-products in our country
today.
REFERENCE
[1]. Bui Van Chinh (1995), Research, processing and use of
agricultural by-products and food resources available in rural
areas. Research Collection (69-95), Publishing House of
Agricultural Science and Technology in Hanoi.
[2]. Bui Van Chinh and Le Viet Ly (2001), The processing
results of the study raise the nutritional value of some
important agricultural products in Vietnam for cattle.

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Conference on ruminant nutrition, Vietnam Livestock

Association.
[3]. Department of Livestock Development of big cattle,
Vietnam, opportunities and threats /77 - Seminar on
sustainable livestock sector in Vietnam, 2009
[4]. Tu Quang Hien. Research on the use of cassava leaves
and production. Institute for Animal Science and
Technology - Hanoi 4/1983.
[5]. Mai Thach Hoanh (2004), Cassava intensive technology,
Agriculture Publishing House in Hanoi.
[6], Vietnam Livestock Association (2003), Animal food and
food processing. Agriculture Publishing House, Hanoi.
[7]. Nguyen Hai Quan and Nguyen Xuan Ba (2008), "The
impact of the cassava residue silage supplementation to feed
intake, digestibility and some environmental indicators
rumen of sheep fed rice straw". Journal of Science, Hue
University. No. 46, 2008.
[8]. Decision on approval 10/2008/QD-TTg of livestock
development strateg>' in 2020 of the Prime Minister.
[9]. Pham Sy Tiep (1999). Research on the nuU-itional value
of certain varieties in the midland and mountainous northem
regions, the effects of processing methods to the chemical
composition of roots, leaves and abilitj' to use cassava flour
to fatten pigs Fl (NE x MC), PhD thesis of Agriculture,
Livestock Institute.
[10]. Mai Thi Thom and Bui Quang Tuan (2006), "Use of
cassava residue silage with green bean bran to fatten beef
cattle". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, No. 2,2006.
[11]. Nguyen Van Thuong (1993), Food for livestock and
poultry
Chemical composition, nutritional value,
Agriculture Publishing House in Hanoi.
[12]. Bui Quang Tuan (2005). "Research on cassava residue
silage as stocked food for cattle". Journal of Animal
Husbandry.No. 9. 2005.
[13]. Trinh Van Trung Mai Van Sanh and Nguyen Cong
Dinh (2007), "Add the flour cassava leaves on green grass
and straw diets incubated in urea washing buffaloes spring",
Journal of Science and Technology, No. 5.
[14]. Vu Van T> (2002), Effect of supplementation of
cassava leaf silage to food digestibility, growth and ability to
fatten buffaloes in the heart of research and development of
mountain farming. Master of Science Thesis study of
Agriculture, College of Agriculture and Forestry Thai
Nguyen University.
[15]. Nguyen Huu Van, Nguyen Xuan Ba and Bui Van Loi
(2008), "Assessment of the nutritional value of cassava
residue silage with industrial additives to food for
ruminants." Journal of Science, Hue University, No. 46.
[16]. Institute of Animal Husbandry (2001), Composition
and nutritional value of animal food and poultry in Vietnam,
Agricultural Publishing House, Hanoi.

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TOM TAT
HIEN TRANG SU" DVNG SAN VA PHV PHAM TlT S A N TRONG CHAN NUOI GIA
s u e NHAI LAI TAI VIET NAM
Nguyin Thj H6ng Hanh v^ Nguyen Hung Quang*
Trudng Dgi hgc Nong Ldm - DH Thdi Nguyen
Hien nay, cay sin la mpt cay tr6ng d6ng vai tro quan trpng a Vift Nam ben canh he th6ng cac cay luong
thuc nhu Ilia, ngo va khoai lang. SSn cu kha giSu nSng lugng, nen n61^ nguyen lifu sir dyng ph6 bien trong
chan nuoi Ion, gia ckm va dai gia sue. Co r4t nhieu eong trinh nghien cuu da thuc hien ve viec su dung s5n
va phu phim tir cay sSn bSng c4c phuong phdp chS biSn khae nhau d6 sir dyng lam thiic an cho vat nuoi.
D6 t$n dung t6t ngu6n phu phim eong, n6ng nghiep cho chin nuoi gia siic nhai lai a nuoc ta viec nghien
cuu phuong phap chi biSn, bao quan, miic b6 sung, each thuc bo sung phCi hop vk hieu qua can tiep tue
dugc quan tam diu tu. Ba sin la phu phim ciia qua trinh san xuit tinh bot sin, chi6m khoang 45% khoi
lugng sin nguyen cii. Theo cac kit qua da nghien ciiu, co the sir dung phuong phap li chua ba san de dirtrir
lam thiic an cho gia sue nhai lai trong nong ho. Tuy nhien, ba sin co ham lugng protein tho rat thap nen
khi sir dung cin b6 sung ngu6n thirc an giau protein de can doi dinh duong va mire bo sung khong nen
vugt qua 40% so voi t6ng chit kho trong khau phin. Phu phim ngon, la san dugc coi la nguon cung cap
protein sin co, re tidn rit t6t cho gia siic nhai lai. Phoi, say kho r6i nghien bgt hoac dem u chua la bien
phap bao quan phii hgp. Theo cac kit qua da nghien curu, sir dung bgt la san cho trau bo an a mire 1
l,5kg/con/ngay se cho hieu qua vo beo tot.
Tir khoa: cdy sdn, che bien, basdn, dinh duong, gia site.

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