E

W
J

T HE

A S A PA T R I O T

BY

MA D ISO N

WI TH

PET ERS

A N I N TR OD U C TOR Y E S S A Y
BY

O SC A R S

S TRA US

N EW YO RK

T HE

BA K E R

T A YL O R

CO

33 3 7 EA ST S E VE NTE E NTH S TRE E T

1 90 2

TO

matb an S tratus
WH O S E

A E

AO S
IN THE NO BL E C AUS E or H UMA N I TY
HAVE MAD E HIS NAME A H OUS E H OLD WO RD
AMO NG THE POOR O F NEW YORK
TH IS BOOK IS DEDI CATED
E

V RI D AND MUL IPLI D L B R

'

AS A

TOKEN OF

E STEE M AND
BY

THE

FRI ND HIP

AUTH OR

C ow ard ?

n ot h e w h o fa c e s d e at h
Wh o sin gly a ga in s t wo rl ds h as fo ug h t
For w h a t ? A n a m e he m ay n ot b re a t h e

For l ib er ty of p r ay e r a nd t h o u g h t
,

VI

FO R E W O R D

R E N A N said
A Je w will n e v er b e a
c i tizen ; h e wil l simply live in th e cities of

o th er s
T his implies th a t the Jew is n e v er
a patrio t S uch in sub stance is th e indict
m ent b ro u g ht against th e race by th e A nti
S emites o f E u ro p e and A me rica Mar k
T wai n said in a magazine article
Concern
ing the Je w s
By h i s make and h i s w ays he
is substantially a foreigner wh ere v er he may

be and even the angels dislike a foreigner

T h e n he repeats an accu sation against th e
Jew o ften h e a r d : T he Jew is charged w i th a
patr i otic disinclination to stand by th e ag as

S ub
a soldier like the C h ri s t i a n Q uaker
s equ ently the great hum ori s t looked up som e
chapters of A m eri ca n -Je w i s h history and dis
covered th a t th e Jew has a military recor d ;
,

v ii

FO R EW O RD

iii

therefore i n a very brief po stscript added to

th e essay s ince published in th e coll ection
e nt i t l e d T he Man W ho Co rrupted Hadley

burg h e makes th e followin g frank con i es

sion :
W hen I published th e article in
Ha rper s Magazine I was igno ra nt like th e
re st of the C h ri s t i a n world o f th e fact that
th e Je w had a record a s a sold i er I have
since s een th e o fcial stat i st i cs and I n d th a t
h e furnished soldiers and h i g h o fcers i n th e
Revolution th e W ar of 1 8 1 2 a n d th e M ex
ican W ar
A fter reviewing th e conspicuou s
services rendered by the Je ws in th e Civil
War h e confesses th a t any slur upon the

Jew s patriotism i s a slander a slander that

has done its work done it long and faithfully
and w i th high approval It ought to be pen
s ion e d o ff no w and ret i red from act i ve ser

v i ce
,

T hat C hr i st i ans may kn ow more concern

i ng the Jews as ghters patr i ots and c i t i zens
and th a t Jews themselves may becom e more
fam i l i ar w ith the i r peopl e s records are th e
,

FO R EWO R D

ix

purpose s of th e a uth or in th e publicat i on of

th e follow i ng chapters the substance of sev
e r a l l ectures g i ven before many un i vers i t i es
Chautauquas synods conferences m i nis
t ers meetings synagogues etc
D escent from Jewish stock d eterm i ne s
with th e author w ho is t o be re ga rded a s
a Je w T h e almost incredible narrow minded
illiberality and antagon i sm t o Je w i s h in
t e r e s ts of which the modern A nti S em i tes are
st ill giving the worl d to o frequent and too
i nfamou s exhibitions accounts for i nstance
for the d escendants o f M oses M endel ssohn
having abandoned Juda i sm a n d professed
Chr i stianity S uch eminent me n a s H eine
M o s c h e l e s Joach i m Rub i nste i n D i srael i
H erschel and other dist i ngu i shed Germa n
E nglish P olish Hungarian and Russian
Jewish mus i c i ans poets pa i nters l i terat i
d i n g that fa i thful
s c i entists a n d statesmen n
n e s s to the i r a n c i ent creed w ould i nterfere
w i th th e fre e exercise o f the i r profess i o n al
c areer renounced i t s pract i ce and professe d
,

F O R EWO R D

the dom i n an t rel i g i on of th e i r nat i ve c ou n try

T his at once removed every obstruction all
restriction and th e religious prej udice fro m
w hich they would otherwise have su ffered
I have gathered the facts for these chap
ters from every available source ; and where
I fail to give credit i t is becau s e I do no t
know where to bestow it I do wish h ow
ever t o acknowledge my indebtedness t o
th e J ew is h Ye ar B ook the J ew is h Chronicl e
but especially t o th e Hon S imon W olf s
T h e Jew as an A merican Citizen S ol dier

and P atriot
I n this volume M r W olf gives
n early eight thou sand na m e s of Jews who
served on both sides during the Civil W ar
W hat I have w r i tt e n in these pages gives only
a m eagre but general idea of th e part th e
Jews have taken in the p a s t and are at
present takin g i n th e world as sold i ers
patriot s and c i tizens
Instead of respo nding t o many urgent re
Jus
q u ests for a new and revised edit i on of

th e author has i n corporated

t i ce to the Je w
.

'

F O R EWO R D

xi

some of its pages i nt o t his boo k He h as also

mad e use o f some o f the facts a n d gures in

Just i ce to the Jew and th e most p ains tak

i ng care po ssibl e has b een exercised to verify
every stateme n t a n d t o br i n g all th e facts up
t o date
M C P

'

SY N O PS IS O F C O N TEN TS

INT RODUC TO RY ESSAY

T h e Hebre w Commonw ea lth the Model for the Ame rican
R ep ubl i c By Osca r S Straus
xv ii
C HAP TER I
J EW S IN T HE D I SC OVE RY or A ME R ICA
Not I s abell a s Je w els but J e w s the Real Fi na nc i a l B s i s
Dr Kays er
of th e F irs t Exp e di ti on of C ol um bus
l ing s I nve s ti g ati ons Emil i o Caste l a r quoted With
out th e Scie ntic A chi e vements of the Jew s Col um
bus Wonderfull y We ll -pl nned Voya ge s would ha ve
bee n Imposs ible The First White M n to Set Foot
PAG E

'

35

C HAPT ER I I
J EW S I N THE W A R S O F T HE R EPUBL I C
Ne w York t he First S tate A ctua lly G r anti n g Fu ll R e l i g
ious L i berty to the J ew s The Pa rt the Jew s took
i n the Coloni al Caus e prior to t he R evolut ion
H aym Salomon and other J e ws who S criced th e ir
Fortunes for I ndep ende nce Note d H ebrew s w ho
Se rved w i th D i sti nct ion T h oughout the Revolution
Je w i sh Patr ioti s m in the Mexi can Wa r
ary W a r
Honorable Re cord i n the R egu la r Army an d Navy
Th Con sp i cuou s P a rt w hi c h th e J e w s took i n t h e
C ivi l Wa
J ew s an d the Ameri can Anti sl a very
Jews w ho Served i n the Ameri can
Movement
A rmi es d u ri ng t h e Wa r w i t h
C HAP T ER III
J EW S as S OLD IE R S I N T HE A R MIE S or E URO PE
Th e Sp i ri tua l Cou ra g e it R equ ired fo the R ace to Survi ve
a t a ll T he Old Europ ea n G he ttoes J ew s i n the
x iii
.

r.
.

5!

SYN O PS I S O F C O N T E N T S

xiv

Sp ani s h Battle s Th B ra ve Defe n se of the Pol i sh

Territory Je w s i n the A ustri an Armie s The
Franco-Pruss ian Wa r P atr iot is m of t he Jew s of
Ge r m ny Gre at German Soldi er s an d D i st ingu i s hed
State smen w ho by B irth an d Inheri ted Gen ius a re
Je w s T he Hungari an Revolution Je wi sh Soldier s
i n the Gracco-Turk i sh Wa r J ew s in th e Ita li an
Roumani an an d Ru ss i an A rmie s Th e Good B eh a
vi r of t he Je ws duri ng t he French Revol ut ion T he
P romptness w ith whic h they R all ied un der the Banner
of t he E mp ire an d the R e p ub l i c w he n t he S a fe ty of
t heir Country wa s Im p eri le d Th e Dreyfu s A ffa ir
Blu e-bloode d Jew i n Franc e D i stingu i shed Eng
l i sh Sold iers T he Contribution of J ew s to the
Fi ghting Force s i n the B ri ti sh Wa r w i th t he Boers
T he P roporti on of Jew s among t he Soldiers of Europ e
Greater t h an th at of any other R ace

PA GB

83

CHAP T ER IV
T HE J E W IN PO L I T IC S IN T HE NINE T EEN TH C EN TURY
Th e H i g h R ank w hi c h the J ew s ta k e e ve n i n Ant i Semi t i c
G erma ny T he R ap i d R ise of the Jews i n Ita l ian
French Engl ish an d A merican Pol i ti cs
1 33
CHAPT ER V
T HE N UMBE R or J EW S THE WO RL D O VE R
Jews i n Europ e As i a an d Afr ica Tota l I mmi gration to
the Un i te d States The D i stribut ion of our Je w i sh
Pop ul ation
167
CHAP TER VI
T HE W OR LD S IN D E BTE D NE SS To THE J E W
T he Need f Know ledge Th G en iu s of t he Je w T h e
Je w i n Finance a Creator an d not a Pu ller down
T he Longev ity f the Jew s Thei r L aw bi d ing
-

I 79

Introdu c tory E ssay

Th e

He b re w C om mo nwe al th the Mo d e l
for th e A mer i c an Rep u bl i c
BY

O S CA R

S.

S T R A US

w h o l e y e ar 1789 c o ntai ns the ger m o f He b r a is m

Th e id e a o f r i g ht and so cial j ustic e is an I sr a e lit i sh
id e a Th e adv e nt o f j ustic e o n th i s e a r th ha s b een th e
d re a m o f o u r p eo pl e T o nd t he r s t so u r c e o f ma n s
r i g hts w e m u s t go bac k fa r th er tha n th e Re for m or th e
R e na i ssanc e fa r th er bac k e v e n tha n a nt i qu i ty or th e
G o sp el as fa r bac k as th e B ibl e t he Th or a and th e
pro ph e ts O ur r abbis th e Isaiahs and Je re m iahs
Fro m ou r Bi bl e ca me
were th e r st re v o luti o n i sts
th e R e fo r mati o n Fro m it ca me th e i nsp i rat i o ns o f th e
p oor w re tch e s o f t he L ow C o u nt r i e s P u r itans in E ng
land and A m er ica app r o p r iat e d th e lan g ua ge o f o u r
j ud g e s and p r o ph e ts T o th e Bibl e b e l o ng s th e suc
c e ss of th o s e re v o luti o ns o f th o s e A ng l o Sa x o ns wh o
b o ast o f b e in g y o u r m ast e r s That sup er io r ity th ey
o w e t o a b e tt e r ac q ua i ntanc e with Is r a e l Th e
H u gu e no ts and th e Bibl e w o u l d hav e t r iu m ph e d in
Fr anc e if o n l y th e R e v ol ut i o n had bu r st fo r th a c e ntu r y
e a r l i er and in th a t e v e nt it w o u l d ha ve h ad a di ffer ent
issu e
I n t e achin g that all m e n d es c e nd e d fr o m o n e A dam
an d o n e E e t he Bibl e p ro cla i m e d t ha t a ll w ere f ree
e qual and b ro th er s S o in th e p rinc ip l e s o f th e R e v o
l utio n o u r h o p e s a r e th e s a m e
Fo r th i s u nity this
f r at er nity o u r p r o ph e ts s h o w u s hav e b ee n o u r s in th e
pa st as th ey must b e i n t he futu r e They w ere
Is r a e l s id e als Th e R e v o luti o n with its h o p e s i s in its
issu e no thi ng m ore t h a n t h e actual t e sta me nta ry e x e cu
t i o n o f th e w i ll o f Isa i ah S o cial re nov ati o n e q ua l i ty
o f r i g hts th e upl i fti ng o f th e l o wly th e sup pre ssi o n o f
pr ivil ege s o f class ba rr i er s th e b ro th er h oo d o f r ac e s
e v e r ythin g ai me d at o r d r e a me d o f by t he R e v o luti o n
was p r o c l a i m e d so m e tw e nty ve c e ntu r i e s a go by o u r
o wn t r u e b e li e v e r s
Words which M A natole Leroy-Beaulieu the emi
The

Frenchman, puts i n the mouth

is s uppos ably present at a banque t
te nury of I 7 89
nent

of an

Is r ael i te w ho
ce l ebrating the ce n

I N TR O D U C T O R Y
B Y O SC

IT i s

AR

E S SAY

TRAU S

remarkabl e that of th e many histo

r i an s who have written so ably and minutely
none
o f th e history of the U nited S tates
should have observed in his writings the rela
tions h ip between our republic and th e com
m o nw e al th o f the H ebrews especially in the
light o f the earliest constitutions of several of
the N ew E ngland colonies expressly fr amed
upon the model o f the M osaic code as a
guide a nd o f th e frequ ent references thereto
mad e by the ministers in their political ser
mons who constantly drew their civi l creed
from the history of tho se times and held up
this ancient form of government a s a model
x v ii
,

xv iii

I N TRO D U C TO RY ESSAY

i nspired under the guidance of the Most

High
S amuel Langdon D D the P resident of
Harvard College who through th e inuence
o f John Hancock was installed in th a t o fce
.

as the succes sor of S amu el Locke and who

afterwards i n 1 7 88 was a m ember o f th e N e w
H ampshire convention when the constitution
came before that body for adoption in h i s
election sermon entitle d T he R epublic o f
the I sraelites an E xample to th e A merican

S tates before th e Honorable Congress of

Massachusetts Bay o n th e 3 I st of May I 7 7 5
taking as his text the passage i n I saiah i
26 :
A nd I will restore thy j udge a s at the
,

Th e pulp it in C o l o n i al ti m e s o ccupi e d a more g e n

e ral s ph ere and ex er t e d m ore ge n er al in u e nc e t h a n
t o day Mi ni ster s p re ach e d p o l i t i cs as w e ll as r e l i g i o n
A s e a r ly as 1 63 3 th e g overnor and assista nts in th e
N e w E n g l a nd c o l o ni e s b eg a n t o app o int th e m o st
e l oq u e nt and d i sti ng uish e d mi nist er s to pre ach on th e
day of th e g e n er al e l e cti o n This s er mo n w as sty l e d
t h e e l e ct i o n s er m o n
Th e s er m o n w as p r int e d and dis
t ribut e d th ro u g h o ut t h e c o l o ni e s and th e s e s e rm o ns
c o nt r ibut e d m uch t o th e mor al f or c e that b ro ug h t o u r
i nd epe nd e nc e
-

I N T R O D U CTO RY E SSAY

xix

rst e tc delivered a most e l o qu e nt dis

course wherein h e traces the h i story of
governm ent fro m the rst recorded begin
ning and dene s its functions and p re roga
tiv e s with a logic that proves h i m t o have
b ee n well versed in th e doctrines of civil
l i berty a s handed do wn through th e w ritings
of S idney M ilton Hoadley and his eminent
predecessor Locke T hese are his w ords :
T h e Jewish government accordin g to th e
orig i nal co nstitution which was divinely e s
tablis h e d if considered m erely in a civil Vi e w
w as a perfe c
t republic A nd l et them wh o cry
up the div i n e r i ght o f k ings consider that the
form o f government w hich had a prop er cla i m
to a divin e establishm ent w as so far from in
cl uding th e idea o f a king that it was a h i gh
crime fo r I srae l t o as k to b e i n this respect
l ike other n a t i o n s and wh e n th e y were thu s
gratied i t was rather a s a just punish m ent
for th e i r folly E very nation whe n able a n d
agree d h as a r i ght to s et up over i tself any
form of governme n t which to i t may appear

I NTRO D U C TO RY ES SAY

xx

most conducive to its co mmon welfare T h e

civil polity o f Israel i s doubtless an excellent
general model allowing for s o m e peculiar i
ties ; at least som e principal laws and orders
o f it may b e copied in more m oder n e stab
.

l i s h m e nt s

By a sp ecial vote D r Langdon s sermo n

was ordered to be printed and s e nt t o each
minister i n the colony and t o each member
of th e Congress
W hat e ffect such w or ds as
these had upon the mind s of th e peopl e i n
general in preparing them for independence
as w ell as upon the founders o f o ur republ i c
each and all o f whom doubtles s read this ser
mon is scarcely a matter o f conj ecture when
we take into consideration that he was not
only a ri p e scholar occupying the most i mpor
t a nt literary position i n A merica as P resident
o f Harvard C oll ege but o n e o f the foremost
ministers and pulp i t o rators as w ell as a n
acknowl edged authority in the science of
government T he em i nent divine attached a
n o t e to th i s sermon s aying that soo n after
.

I N T R O DU C T O R Y E SSAY
i t s del i very th e co n vent i o n

xx i

the S tate of
N ew Hampshire met (June
a n d adopted
t h e U n i ted S tates Constitut i on th us mak i ng
th e requ i s i te two -thirds th e n umber of States
n ecessary fo r i ts adoptio n
O n the 1 7 th o f May 1 7 7 6 w h i c h was k ept
a s a n at i onal fast George D ufe l d the minis
t er of th e Third P resbyter i an C hurch in P hil
adelph i a w i th Jo hn A dams as a l i stener dre w
a parallel betw een George I II an d P haraoh
and i nferred that the same prov i dence of Go d
w h i c h had rescu ed the I s ra e l i t e s from E gyp
t i a n bon d age i ntended to free th e colon i es
T he elect i on s er m o n of the follo wi ng year
was preached o n th e 2 9th o f May 1 7 7 6 some
forty days before the D eclarat i on o f Inde
before
th
e
Ho
n
orable
Council
n
d
e
n
c
e
e
p
a n d th e H o n orable House o f Representatives

by the
o f th e C olony o f Massachusetts Bay
H e w as n o t behind his
R e v S amu el W est
professional b re th re n i n zeal fo r the welfare
a n d l i berty o f his country H e w as a member
o f the co n ve n tio n fo r form i n g the c onstitu
of

xxi i

I NTRO D U C TO RY ESSAY

t io n of Massachus etts and of that of 1 7 88

wh i ch ratied th e Constit ution of the U nited
S tates
H e took his t e x t fro m I saiah i 2 6
th e same as was taken by D r Langdon above
quoted
H e discusses th e entire political
situation of the times
W e are t o remem

ber that all m en being by nature equal they

have a right to make such regulatio n as th e y
deem necessary for the good of all ; that
magistrates have n o author i ty but wh a t th e y

derive from th e p eople

T h e el ectio n sermon i n I 7 80 was del i vered
before the sa m e body th e C ouncil a n d House
o f Representatives o f th e S tate of Mas sac h u
setts by Rev S imeon Ho ward who suc
M ayhew a s pastor of the W est
c e ede d D r
Church of Boston A mong h i s hearers were
Ro b er t T reat P aine a n d S amu el A dams Th e
latter submitt ed t o Rev Mr Ho ward the
resolut i on of b o th House s of th e General A s
s e mbl y conta i n i ng a n express i on o f tha nk s
an
d requ e s t i ng a copy for th e press
T a k in g
as h i s text E xodus xvii i 2 1
T h o u shal t
,

I N TRO D U C TO RY ESSAY

xxii i

provide o ut o f all thy people abl e men su ch

a s fear Go d m e n of truth hating covetous
n ess ; and place such over th e m t o be ruler
h e divide s h i s sermon under four heads :
I st N ecessity of civil government ; 2 d T he
right of th e people t o c h oo s e their o wn
rul ers ; 3 d T he business of rulers ; and 4th
T h e qualicat i ons as pointed o ut i n the text
a s necessary fo r civil rulers H is s er m o n is
almost entirely devoted to th e expositio n of
the H ebre w Commonwealth under M oses ;
that i t was a government b y the people u nder
th e guidance of God Almighty ; and the rulers
w ere no t appointed but el ected
His words
are :
T his is asserted by Josephus and
plainly intimated by Moses i n h i s recapitula
to ry discourses and i n d ee d th e Jews always
ex ercised the r i ght of choosing th e i r own
r ulers ; even S aul a n d D avid and all their suc
c e s s ors o n the thron e w ere made kings b y th e
,

vo i ce

of

the peopl e
His
O n M ay 8 I 7 S3 a t Hartford before
E xcelle n cy Governor T rumbull and th e
.

x xi v

I N TRO D U C TO RY ESSAY

Honorable General A ssembly of the S tate of

Connecticut
the el ection sermon w a s
preached by the eminent P resident o f Y al e
College Rev D r E zra S til es who as early
as 1 7 60 predicted th a t the imperial domin

ion will subvert a s it ought i n election

Dr
S tiles taking for his t e x t D eut xxvi 1 9

A nd to make thee high above all nation s

which he has made in praise and i n name

and in honor e t c d elivered a discours e

e ntitled
T he U n i ted S tates E l evated to

Glory and Honor T his sermon takes up one

hundred and tw e nt y closely printed pages
and assumes the proportions of a treatis e on
government from the Hebrew T heocracy
d o wn to the then present showing by illus
tration a n d history that th e culminatio n of
popular government h ad been reached i n
A merica transplanted b y divine hands i n ful
l l me nt o f biblical prophecy fro m the days of
M oses t o the land of W ashington ; and dis
cussing from an histor i cal point of vie w the
r easons rendering it probable that the U nited
,

I NT RO D U C TO RY ESSAY
S tates

xxv

will by th e o rderin g of H eaven event

ua l l y b e c o m e this people
His words are :
H ere (at th e f oo t of M ount Nebo ) th e man
o f God
M oses assembled three million s of

peopl e the number of the U nited S tates

recapitulated and gave them a second pub
l ic ation of the sacred Jural Institute d elivered
thirty-eight years before under the most
awful solemnity at M t S inai H e foresaw
i ndeed their rej ection of God whence Moses
and the prophets by divine direction inter
spersed their writings w ith promises that
wh e n the ends of God s moral government
should be answered h e would recover and

gather them !quotin g D eut xxx

f ro m
all the nat i ons whither God h ad s hattered
th e m
T h e n the words of Moses hitherto
accomplished but in part will be literally ful

ll ed I shall h e continues
enlarge no
further upon the primary sense and literal
accomplishment of this and numerou s other
prophecies respecting b o th Jews and Gentiles
in th e latter day glory of th e church ; for I
,

I NT RO D U C TO RY ESSAY

xx v i

have assum ed the t ext only a s intro ductory

to a d iscours e upon the political welfare of
God s A merican Israel and as allu sively
prophetic o f th e future pro sperity and spl en
R eferring t o th e
dor of the U nited S tates
success of our armies under W ashington
w h ereby the independence an d sovereignty
o f the U nited S tates wa s established and
recognized by Great B ritain herself in less

than eight years he says :

W h ereupon
C ongress put at the head of th e sp i rited army
the only man on whom the eyes of all Israel
P osterity incredulous as they
w ere placed
may be will y e t acknowledge that th i s A mer
i can Joshua was raised up by God for th e
great work of leading the armies of this
A merican Joseph (now separated from his
brethren ) and conductin g these peopl e t o

liberty and independence

U nfortunately w e have i n most i nstance s
on l y skeleton reports o f proceedings and de
bates o f the Federal and S tate convent i on s
o n the adoption of th e Constitution D oubt

"

I N T R O D UC T O RY ESSAY

xxvii

less th e model o f th e anc i ent commonwealth

i ts history and l essons were frequently e m
ployed b y the distinguished representatives ;
the meagreness of the records leaves this to
conj ectu re only I n th e legislatures of the
various S tates before whom the Constitut i on
came for adoption t he delegates again and
again referred t o this original model of pop
ular government I n New Y ork for instance
Robert R Livingsto n the Chancellor o f the
S tate refers to it ; so al so John Lansing wh o
i n h i s speech urging its adoption says :
S ir
t he instances from the history of the Jewish
Th eocracy evince that there are certain situ
a tio ns in communities which will unavoidably
l ead to results s i m i lar t o those w e experience
T h e I srael i tes were unsuccessful in war ; they
w ere sometime s defeated by the i r enemies
I nstead of reect i ng that these calamities
w ere occasioned b y their sins they sought
relief i n th e appointment of a king in i mita

S o al so th e Hon
tion o f th e i r neighbors
Mr Joh n S m i th who quotes i n full the ad
,

I NT R O D U C T O RY ESSAY

xxviii

monitio n of S amuel t o th e ch i ldren of Israel

describing the manner in w hi c h a king would
rule o ver them In short again and again in
and out o f our halls of legislation was th e
history of th e He b re w Common w ealth re
ferred to narrated rehearsed and analogies
drawn therefrom by th e advocates o f a repub
lican form of government i n a nswer t o those
w h o favored monarchy
s o that the ad
monitions of Samuel w ere as fam i l i ar t o th e
p eople of A merica as th e words o f the Lord s
P rayer
I n the light of these facts i t is not at all s ur
prising that th e committee which was ap
po i nted on the sa m e day the D eclarat i on of
I ndependence was adopt ed consisting of D r
Fran k lin M r A dams a nd M r Je fferson t o
prepare a d ev i ce fo r a seal for th e Un i t ed
S tate s should as they did have proposed a s
such devi ce P haraoh Sitt i ng i n an open char
iot a crown o n his head and a sword i n h i s
hand passing thro ugh the dividing waters o f
the Re d S e a in pursuit of th e Israel i tes ; w i th
,

I N T ROD UC T O RY E SS AY

xxix

rays fr om a p i llar of re beaming o n M os es

wh o i s represented as standing o n the shore
extending h i s hand over the s ea causing i t t o
overwh elm P haraoh ; and underneath the
mo tt o
Rebellion t o tyrants i s obed i ence

to God
T hrough more than a century and a half
the P uritan ministers never tired of d welling
u pon the trials su fferings and fortitude of
the children of I srael during their long and
w eary wander i ngs from th e land of their op
p ressors until the organization of popular
government o n th e banks o f the Jordan T o
what extent th e s e teachings and preach
ing s s erved as an inspiring incentive t o the
A m er i can peopl e i n their heroic struggl e for
civil and re l igiou s liberty and t o what degree
th e oft -quoted warnings of th e l as t Judge of
I srael followe d by th e corroborating revela
tion s o f scri ptural history supplied th e argu
m ent th a t battered down th e enslaving doc
trine of th e D i vine R ight of Kings and its
corollar i es
U nl i mited S ubmission
and
,

I N T RO D U C TO RY ESSAY

xxx

N on Resistance we l eave for th e rea d er

t o draw his o wn conclusion
W e neither claim nor wish to be under
s t oo d a s inferring that the s tructural parts of
our form of governm ent w ere derived from
w hat was believed t o b e th e components of
the H ebre w Co mmon w ealth but only that
this scriptural mod el of government w hich
was democratic as distinguished from k i ngly
rul e had a deep inuence upon th e founders
o f o u r government and prepared the minds o f
th e people especially i n th e New En gland
colon i es so that they n o t only longed for but
w ould n o t conte n t themselves w i th any other
form of government than that form which had
the divine sanct i on the government o f th e
Hebrews under th e Judges
Looking backward over a per i od o f nearly
t hre e hundred years i t may b e d i f cult for us
in this age t o understand w hy the early P ur i
tans Sho uld have gone back nearly thre e
thou sand years for their f or m of gover n ment
but we mu st not forget the i nt e n s e rel i g i ou s
-

I N TRO D U C TO RY ESSAY

xxxi

sp i rit of P uritanism w hich was a P rotestant

renaissance of the O l d T estam ent and a rev er
s io n t o b i blical precedents for the regulation
o f th e minutest detail s of daily life
Th ey
w ere not content even to administer j ustice
by th e civil or the common l aw but regulated
th e pun i shment of crimes b y th e P entateuch
and in framing their criminal cod e every sec
t io n c i ted the biblical chapter and verse
T hrough the w indo w s o f the P urita n
chu rches of N ew E ngland the ne w W est
l oo k ed bac k t o the ol d E ast
,

T HE

W
E
A
S
A
J

PA T RI O T

C H APT E R I

J E WS

I N THE D I S C O VE R Y O F

A ME RI C A

TH E

great maj ority of A mericans Jews and

n o n -Je w s are but little acquainted w i th the
part th e Jews played in the discovery an d
early settlement of th e U nited S tates W i th
the same hand and the same pen and o n th e
same day o n which Ferdinand and Isabella
signe d th a t infamou s edict which drove
m ore th a n two hundred thou sand J e w s fro m
th e land of their birth b ecause they d e
c line d to have Christianity forced upo n the m
they also signed the articles of agreement
that authorized Cristobal Colon as the S pan
,

35

T HE

36

PA T RI O T

J E W AS A

iard s

called Colu mbus t o go forth in search

o f another world where i n th e words o f C a s
telar the distinguished S p anish p ublicist
Creation should b e new-born a haven b e ai
forded t o th e quicke n ing pr i ncipl e of human
liberty and a templ e b e reared to t he God o f

enfranchised and redeemed conscience

D r M o ses Kays e rl ing of Buda P esth for
years the acknowledged master of Spanish
Jewish history ha s made a thorough search
o f the S panish archives and record s including
those of th e I nquisition which had never b e
fore b een open to such a Je wish investigator
T h e result is his valuable work entitled
Christopher Columbu s and th e P art i c ipa
t io n of the Jews in the Spanish and the Po r

t u gu e s e D iscoveries
A lthough an E nglish
translation has b ee n published th e work is so
heavy and s o specialized that very few people
seem to have read the book S ince that time
P rof H erbert B A dams i n o n e of the valu
able s eries o f historical studies published by

the Johns Hopk i ns U niversity has said Not

,

J EWS

IN

E A RL Y A MERI CA

37

Jewels but J ews w ere th e real na n cial basis

o f th e rst expedition o f C olumbus

D r Kays e rl ing h a s b e y o n d a doubt
pointed o ut that two Marranos or s ecret
Jews Luis de S antangel and Gabriel S anchez
th e former the cha n cellor of the royal
household and comptroller-general in A rra
go n and the latter chief treasurer of A rragon
enormou sly rich merchant s who enj oyed
th e favor of Ferdinand and I sabella supplied
the funds needed t o t out Colu mbus caravels
I sabella did not sell her valuabl e j ewels to t
o ut C olumbu s for his voyage
It is generally
supposed tha t she had already pawned or sold
them t o defray the e x penses o f the wars then
devastatin g her country D r K ays e rl ing
cl early shows that th e j ewel s t or y is fal se and
myth i cal
a fact previou sly proved b y a n
o th er Jew that gre a t authority o n Colu m
bu s H enry Ha rris s e J u s t i n W insor in his

Christopher Col umbus has th i s t o say of

the j ewel story : B ut Harris s e nd s n o war
rant for it and j udges the advance o f funds t o
,

T H E J EW AS A

38

PAT RI OT

have been mad e by S antangel from his pri

vat e revenues a n d in th e interests of Castile
only A nd this seems t o b e proved b y th e
invariable exclusion of Ferdinand s subj ects
.

from participating in th e advantages of trade

i n th e n ew lands unl ess an exception was
made for some signal service T his rule in
de ed prevail ed even after Ferdinand b egan
to reign alone
D r Kays e rl ing cites high
S panish authority from original account
books and records and narrates Santa ng e l s
interview with the Q ueen as follows :
Sant
angel the story continues was much de
light ed a t th e Qu een s resolve and declared
that it w as n ot necessary for her t o pledge h er
jewels ; he would be pl e ased h e said t o a d
vance the mone y ne c e s sary for the expedition
and would b e glad of th e opportunity t o per
form s o small a service for her and for h i s

master th e King Columbus son Fernando

and O v i edo g i ve similar accounts of th e in
t e rv ie w
D r Kays e rl ing continues :
At
that time n e i th er A rragon nor C astile n e i th er
,

J EWS I N EAR LY A M E R IC A

39

Ferdinand n or I sabella had at their disposal

enough money to equip a eet S antangel
wh o w as always ready t o oblige the Crown
o rinsnearly
advanced
maravedis
T h e Q ueen s j ewels were not
demand ed as security ; all o f them were not
in fact in h er po ssession at that time for
sh e had pl ed ged her necklace during the late
war
S antange l s extraordinary services i n
this matter are cl early demonstrated by th e
excessiv e praise which Ferdinand accorded
his well-beloved Luis d e S antangel and by
the many proofs of gratitude which the K ing
gave him T hat h e advanced this money out
o f h i s ow n pocket is proved b eyond question
by th e original account -books which w ere
formerly in th e archives of S imancas and
wh i ch a re st i ll preserved in th e A rchivo de
Indias i n S eville I n th e account -book of
Lu i s d e S antangel a n d th e treasurer Fran
c i sco P i n el o e x tend i ng from 1 49 1 t o I 493
S anta n gel i s credited w i th an i tem o f
000 maraved i s wh i ch he gave to th e B ishop
,

40

T H E J EW AS A

PATR I OT

A vila for Columbus exp edition I n a n

o th er account book that of Garcia M artine z
and P edro de Mont emayor th ere is the fol
lowing item : A lonso de las C al e z as t reas
u r e r of war in the bishopric of Badajoz by o r
der of th e A rchbishop of Granada dated May
5 I 492 paid to Alonso d e A ngelo for Luis (1 e
S antangel the King s escribano de racion
wh o s e a uthorization was pre sented with the
aforesaid order
maravedis to wit
in payment t o Isaac A bravanel for
m oney which he had l ent their Maj e sties i n
the M oorish w a r and the remaining
000 maravedis in payment to th e aforesaid
e scriba no de racion of money which h e ad
v anc e d to equip the caravels o rdered by their
Maj esties for the expedition t o the Indies
and to pay Chri stopher C olumbu s the a d
miral of that eet
O n M ay 2 0 I 493 o n
which day Ferdinand wa s particularly occ u
pied with Columbus and his exp edition th e
general Gabriel
K ing ordered his treasurer
S an chez to pay
o rins in gold t o his
of

'

J EW S

IN

E A R LY

A ME R I C A

41

belove d cou n cillor a n d escribano d e rac ion

Luis d e S antangel
T his sum certainly in

cluded the remainder o f th e loan

E m i lio C astelar th e S panish statesman
a n d orator already quoted has g i ve n u s the
facts a s to Columbu s long and futile
e ff orts to i nterest th e S pan i sh sovereigns
i n his proj ect a s well as to Columbus
actual departure from th e Spanish Court
discouraged a n d turning t o France
Quin
tanil la had op ened t o Columbus th e path
w ay to th e court
S antangelo !as Cas
t ela r n ames Luis de S antangel ! opened
th e road t o P alo s O f a family of co nverts
himself but recently a Christian o n e of those
antique J e ws who have so greatly helped t o
enlighten th e Christian world like the Cara
ge n a s o f B urgos for instance he joined as is
th e n a tu re a n d tendency of h i s race the love
appropriat e t o the prophets
o f the i d eal
divinely inspired o f the Lord t o the reective
cal culations of th e schemer a n d the math e ma
It is a historical fact t hat o n e day Fer
tician
,

J EW

T HE

42

AS

PA T RI O T

on his way from A rragon t o C as

tile and needing som e ready cash as often
happen ed owing to th e impoverishment of
those kingdoms ha lted his horse at the door
of Santange l s hou se in Calatayu d and d i s
mounting entered and obtained a consider
able s u m from the latter s inexhau stibl e pri
vate co ffers H e must have enj oyed great
power for although some of his near kinsfolk
took part i n the immolation of P edro A rbues
the rst inquisitor who w a s slain in the
cathedral of S aragossa in th e frenzy of a p o p
ular uprising no harm came to Ferdinand s
treasurer neither did h e fall from royal favor
nor incur th e u sual penalty of infamy
As
soon as S antangelo heard o f the ight of
Columbus h e went to th e Qu een s cham
b er and implored her to order h i m to re
turn being supported i n this by the
March i oness of Maya A nd when th e Qu ee n
complained of the exorbitant demands of th e
d i scoverer h e reminded her th at th e co s t
woul d be but a tr i ing cons i derat i on if th e
d inand V

J EW S

E A R L Y A MERI C A

IN

43

attempt su cceeded and if it failed could be

reduced to next to nothing W hen to this
cogent reasoning the Q u ee n obj ected th e
emptiness o f the Castilian treasury and th e
need of again p a wn i n g her j ewel s to rais e th e
m eans S antangelo unhesitatingly assured her
o f the ourishin g state of the A rra gon e s e
nan ces doubtl ess becau se o f the revenues
Y ielded by the expulsion of the Jews and of
the resources there availabl e promising at
th e same time to win over the p erplexed and
inert mind of Ferdinand the Catholic T h ere
upon messengers were sent post haste w h o
stopped Columbus at a neighboring b ri d ge
som e two l eagues a way and made h i m turn
back to Granada wh ere in A pril I 492 th e
article s of a gree m e nt known as th e capitula
tions of S anta F were signed granting

Columbus all h e asked

T he maps which Columbus used were
dra w n up b y Ja inda or Je huda C re s qu e s
known al so as M estre Jaime Ribes the

Map Je w or
Compass Jew wh o was
,

TH E

44

J E W AS A

PA T RI O T

director of th e P ortuguese A cademy at

S ayres and instructor in th e art of nav igation
and th e manufacturer of nautical instruments
and maps while he made many improvements
i n the compass and in th e application of
a stronomy to navigation which alone made
possible Columbu s wonderfully well planned
voyages C olumbus derived much value from
the astronomical tables of A braham Z ac uto
T h e s e tabl es were translated from th e
H ebrew into Latin and S panish by Joseph
V e c inc h o Z acuto s pupil another Jew dis
t inguis h e d as a physician cosmographer and
mathematician ; and it was he who presented
a copy to th e Genoese navigator which
Columbus found of great service o n his voy
ages T his copy w i th notes and glosses in
Columbus handwriting still exists in S pain
W ithout the se Jewish inve n tions the dis
c ov e ri e s of Columbus w ould have been im
possible
Colu mbu s wrote :
I have had constant
relations with m any learned m en cl ergy an d
,

J EWS

IN

E A R L Y A M E R IC A

45
"

laymen Jews a n d Moors and many others

I n his will Columbus refers to one of the s e
Jews whose identity is unknown W ashing
ton Irv i ng says that th i s l egacy o f a half mark
of s ilver to a poor Jew who lived i n Lisbon
was probably a trivial debt of conscience or
reward fo r some service received
Rodr i go S anchez a cousin of Gabriel San
chez was designat ed to accompany the ex
p e ditio n as v ee dor o r superintendent a t th e
sp ecial request of Q ueen I sabella T he ship
physician Maestre B erna ! th e surgeon
Marco and a sailor A lonso d e la Calle were
Jews I t wa s a Jew Rodrigo de T riana who
rst saw the land and another Jew L u i s cl e
T orres taken along because he understood
H ebrew Chaldee and some A rabic a s inter
p reter in th e O riental lands which Columbu s
expected t o reach who was the rst white
m an to set foot on A merican soil having
bee n sent ashore to gr ee t th e Grand K han of
I ndia whose country Columbus believed he
had reached by a ne w route T orres was
/

'

TH E

46

J E W AS A

PA T RI O T

al s o the rst E uropean to discover th e u s e of

tobacco Columbus in his Journal w r i ting
o f his rst voyage of discovery as coincident
with the expulsion of the Jews from S pa i n has

the following suggestive s ent ence :

So
after having expelled the Jews from your
dom i nions your Highnesses i n the sa m e
month of January ordered me to proceed
w i th a su fcient armament to th e sa i d
regions o f Ind i a
Castelar commenting on

this p oint writes :

It chanced th a t one o f
th e last vessels transporting into exile th e
Je w s expelled from S pain by the relig i ous in
tolerance oi which th e recently created and
o diou s T ribu n al of th e Faith was the e mb o di
m ent passed b y the little eet bound in
S earch of another world
A s though th e sun
were not t o shine for all a s though the will
o f H eaven had n o t made us equal th e assured
S pirit of reaction was wreaking one o f its
stupendous and futile crimes in that very
h our wh e n the gen i us of l i b er t y was search
ing th e waves for the la n d th a t mu st n eed s
,

J E WS I N

EA RLY

A M E RI C A

47

aris e t o o ff e r an unstained abode for the i deals

o f progress
Following their narrow v i ew s
th e powers o f th e M iddle A ges de ni ed eve n
l ig ht and warmth to the Je w s at th e sam e
time that they revealed a ne w creation for a
new order o f society that was predestined by
P rovidence to put an e n d to all intolerance
and to d edicate a n innite continen t to

m od ern democracy
,

ew s

in the

War s of the

Re publ ic

p at ri oti sm of th e Jew is to me his gre at e st vi rtu e

I n this h e st ands p e e rl e ss in th e mighty t o m e s o f his
t o ry To b e a p atri ot to a cou nt ry th at d e grad e s to
l ov e a p e opl e th at d e s p is e s is divi ne O f su c h a divi ne
He
natu re w as and still is th e p at ri otism o f th e J e w s
l ov e s th e c ou nt ry in w hi c h a re c lust e re d th e p ro ud e st
re mi nis c e nc e s o f t h e hist o ry of his rac e
b ut m ore
mu c h m o re th e c ou nt ry w h e re his h om e is w h e re his
d ea r o ne s liv e o r l ie bu ri e d Wh e re his h om e is th e re
his he a t is and w h e e his h eart is t h e re his l ov e is
a nd w h e re his h e art a nd h o m e a nd l o v e
re th e re is his
p at ri otism and l e t th e t re atm e nt ac c ord e d him by his
c o u nt y b e e v e
s o c ru e l
a nd th e ig no mi ni e s h e ap e d
up on him by his fe ll o w m e n b e e v e s o d e g radi n g N o
m att e r w h at th e t re atm e nt h e still ob e ys th e w o rds o f
J e re mi ah add re ss e d to th e J e w ish c aptiv e s at B ab yl o n :
Build y e h o us e s a nd d w e ll i n th e m and pl ant gard e ns
a nd e at fruit o f th e m
S e e k th e p e ac e of e v e ry c ity
w hith e r y ou a re carri e d as c aptiv e s a nd p ray u n t o th e
L o rd for it for in t h e p eac e the re of sh all y e h av e
N o m att e r w ha t t h e l aw h e still o b e ys th e
p ac e

e
o
n
a
l ss t ught by th e gre at t e ac h e Mar Samu e l to
h o ld th e l aw o f th e c ou nt ry in w hi c h h e liv e s as th e
"
high e st l aw N o m att e r h ow c ru e l th e g ov e rnm e nt
h e p rays fo its w e l fare w e e k aft e r w e e k N o m att e r h ow
ill his p at ri otism is re pa id th e duti e s of p at ri otism are
imp re ss e d up on his c hild re n in th e i r re ligi ous s c h ool
y e ar a ft e r y e ah J O S E PH KRA US KO PF
Th e

50

C HA PTE R I I

J E WS

I N THE

WA RS

O F THE RE PUB L I C

TH E

Jews in New York wer e not on

a fo oting o f political equality with Chris
tians until th e a doption o f the rst c onstitu
tion of the Stat e of N e w York in 1 7 7 7 New
York havin g bee n the rst stat e actually
grantin g full religious liberty to the Jews
E ven in M a ryland to which Bancroft has r e
ferred as a mong th e rst colonies which
a dopted religious freedom a s the basis of th e

St a te religious freedom w as limite d to those

who believed in Jesu s Ch rist and ac c om
p anie d by a proviso which declared that any
person who denied the Trinity should b e
punished with de a th E ven a fter the Revo
,

51

J E W AS

TH E

52

A PATRIOT

l utio n,

though under the Constitution of th e

U nited St a tes a Jew wa s eligible to any
o i c e no one could hold a ny o fce under th e
government o f Maryland without signing a
declaration that he believed in the Christian
religion
These intolera nt provisions were not r e
p ealed in Maryland until February 2 6 1 82 5
Though subj ected to civil disabilities and un
re a sonable dem a nds in mo st of the St a tes
where they had settled prior to the R e v ol u
ton yet the Colonial cause found among the
Jews its st a nchest friends Fre ely they g ave
their lives for independence and aided with
their money to equip and maintain the
armies of th e Revolution
The Non Importation Resolution in 1 7 6 5
the rst organized movement in the agitation
for separation from the mother country a
document still preserved in Carpenter s Hall
P hiladelphia contains the following Jewish
names :
Benjamin Levy Samson Levy
Joseph Jacobs Hyman Levy Jr D a vi d
,

J EWS I N AM E RICAN WARS

53

Franks Mathia s Bush M ichael Gratz Bar

nard Gratz and M os es Mordec a i
I n 1 7 69 a corps of volunteer infantry com
posed chiey of Hebrews under comm a nd of
Captain Lushington was raised in Charles
ton South C a rolina These soldiers afte r
ward fought with great bravery under Gen
eral M oultrie at B eaufort
The d ecision reached in N e w York in
1 7 7 0 to make mo re stringent the N o n-I m
p o rtatio n Agreement which the colonists had
adopted to bring E ngland to terms o n th e
taxatio n qu estion had a mong its signers
S a mu el Judah Hayman Levy Jacob Moses
Jacob M eyers Jona s P hillips and I saac
,

Seixas
At a time when the sinews of war were e s
Haym Salomon of P hil
s e ntial to su ccess
adelphia the co untryman and intimate asso
ciate of P ulaski and Kosciusko responded to
Robert Morris appeal with
and it
is v a riou sly estimated that he gave all told
not a penny of which h as ever bee n
.

TH E

54

J EW

AS A

PATR I OT

rep aid to the heirs of the philanthropist and

p a triot
The late Judge Charles P D aly
History

of Jews in North America page 5 8) sum

m ariz e s the character of Haym Salomon
thu s :
H e w a s a m an of la r ge private for
tun e engaged in commercial pursuits of
gre a t nancial resources and ability and oi
the highest personal integrity H e espoused
the cause of the Colonies w ith gre a t a rdor
a nd supplied the government from his own
means with a large amount of money a t the
most critical pe riod s of the struggle As ap
p e ar e d from documentary evidence afterward
submitted to Congress he advanced to the
government altogether
an enor
mou s s um at that period for a privat e individ
u al
when a l l co mmerce and business w ere
p rostrated
But in addition to this he supported dele
g ates to Congr ess a nd o fcers o f the army
a nd of th e government with the m eans of
d efrayin g their ordinary e xp en ses among
.

J EWS IN A M E RI C AN WARS

55

whom w e r e Je ffe rs on Madis on Lee Steuben

Mifin St Clair Wilson M onroe and M er
cer
After reciting Salomon s unselsh patriot
ism in refu sing all i nterest o r recompense o f
his c a pture by the British and of his long im
prisonment in New York in a jail called the
P revot Judge D aly says :
He died before
he had taken any steps to secure a reimburse
ment by the government of the large amount
h e had loaned it and l eft a wife and four small
children to use the language of the Congres
s ional repo rt :
Ap
to hazard and neglect
plications have been made to C ongress by his
hei r s for the repayment of the amount lo a ned
These applica
o r at l east fo r som e part o f it
tions l ed to the most tho r ough searches in
the archives o f the government and among
the papers of Robert M orris but nothing
w a s found showing th a t a ny po rtion o f th e
amount had ev er been repaid Madison in
1 82 7 u rged that the memori a lists might b e
indemnied and reports in their favor hav e
,

T HE

56

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

frequently been made by Congression al com

m itt e e s but down to 1 864 not a doll ar h ad
been repaid to thema fa ct I regret
to say which a ffords support to the
o ft repe a ted
observa tion of the ingr a ti

tu de of republic
Jared Sparks wrote many yea rs ago tha t
Salomon s a ssoci ations with Robert M o r ris

were very close and intimate and that a

gre a t part of th e s uccess that M r M orris a t
tain e d in his nancial scheme s was due to the

skill and ability of H aym Salomon

P rof Herbert B Ad ams and D r H ollan
der both o f Johns Hopkins Unive r sity h a ve
shown that Salomo n was the negotiator of
the war subsidies obtained from France a nd
Holl a nd which he endorsed a nd sold in bills
to the merchants in America at a credit of
two o r th r ee months on his ow n personal
security w ith out th e loss o f a cent to th e
country and receiving only o ne quarter of -one
per cen t an d th at he was appointed by th e
French government paymaster-gener a l o f th e
,

9,

J E WS I N A M E RICAN WARS

57

troops in America which trust he executed

free o f charge
,

The secret support of Ch a rles II I of Spain

is alleged to h a ve been du e partly to his e f
fo rts H e maint a ined from his own privat e
purse D o n F rancisco Rendon the secret a m
b as s ad o r of th a t monarch for nearly tw o
ye a rs or up to th e time of M r Salomo n s
death
.

O n th e a ccessio n of the Count de la

Luzern e to th e embassy from Fr a nce M r
S al omon w a s made the banker of that govern
ment
A letter from Count Vergennes
minister o f Spain to D e la Luzerne a mb a s
s a do r to this count ry states that in two years
livres w ere disbursed in this
country through Mr S alomon
But H a ym Salomon w as not the only Jew
who sac riced his fortune for independence
fo r we nd that amon g the signe rs of the bills
in
o f c r edit fo r the Contin ent a l Congress
were B enjamin Levy of P hiladelphia
17 76
Samu el
and Benjamin Ja c obs of New Yo rk
.

58

J EW

THE

AS

PATRIOT

Lyon of New York w as among the signers

of similar bill s in I 7 7 9 I saac M oses of P hil
a delphi a contribut ed
to the Colonial
Treasury and H erman Levy another P hil
a delphian
repeatedly advanced considerabl e
sums for the support of th e ariny in the eld
Ma nuel Mordecai Noah of South Carolina
not only served in the army as an o f cer on
Washington s sta ff and likewise with General
Marion but gave
to further the
cause in which he was enlisted
Cyru s Adler recently c alled attention to
the followin g incident His information was
b ased on an unpublished l etter of J a red

Sp a rks :
At the o utbre a k o f the R e v ol u
t io nary War a M r Gomez o f New York
propos ed to a memb er of the Continent a l
Congress that he form a company of soldiers
for service The member of Congress remon
s trat e d with Mr Gomez on th e score o f age
he then being sixty eight to which Mr

Gomez r eplied that h e could stop a bullet a s

well as a younger man
.

J E WS IN A M E R I CA N WARS

59

Among the p a triots of the South none

worked mo re uns e l s hly than M ord ecai Shef
tall Chairman of th e Rebel P arochial Com

m itt e e
organiz ed to regulat e the internal
a ff airs of Savannah and composed of patriots
oppo sed to th e roya l government and wh o
after activ e hostilitie s were begun in the
South was appointed Commissary
General
t o th e troops o i Georgi a in July 1 77 7 and
soon t h ereafter was also appointed commis
sa ry to the Continental troops ; and wh en th e
British attacked Savannah in D ecember
1 7 7 8 S h e ftal l s n am e appears not only fore
m ost a mo ng the patriot defenders of that city
and as one w h o advanced considerable money
t o th e cause but a s o ne who was place d on
board th e priso n ships becau se o f his refus al
to ock to the royal standard I n 1 7 80 when
th e B ritish authorities passed the disqualify
ing act we nd the name o f Mo rdeca i Shef
tall near the head of the list with the most
prominent patriot names o f Georgia

Colonel Isaac Franks became aide de camp

,

'

J E W AS A

T HE

60

PATRI OT

Washington holding the rank o f colon el

on h is sta ff ; a nd this noted H ebre w served
w ith distinction throughout the war
Maj or Benj amin Nones a native of Bo r
deaux France who cam e to America in I 7 7 7
served on the sta ffs of both Lafayett e and
Washington H e entered service under Pu
l a ski as a private ; and as he writes Fought
in almo st every action which took place in
Carolina and in the disastrou s a ffair o f
S av annah shared the h a rdships of that san
H e became major of a legion
guina ry day
o f four hundred men attached to B aron d e
Ka lb s c o mmand and composed in part of
H ebre w s And when the brave D e Kalb fell
mortally wounded Major Nones Captai n
J a c ob de la M otta and Captain Jacob de
Leon carried their chief from the eld
Colonel D avid S Franks of M o ntreal
openly sympathized with and aided th e Amer
ic ans under General s Montgome ry and Ar
nold during their invasion o f Canada and was
forced to e e from Canada in I 7 7 6 when th e
to

J E WS I N A ME RICAN WARS
A me rcan

61

forces ab a ndoned the country Th e

nam e of David S Franks a ppeared on Gov
e rnor C a rleton s list of twenty nine persons
s ent to the British M inist ry early in 1 7 7 7
being th e principal p ersons settled in the
province w h o very zealously served the rebel s
in the winter of 1 77 5 - 1 7 7 6 a nd ed upon

their leaving it
F ra nks w h o left Canada
with the intention of j oining the America n
army a ltho ugh his cou rse in this m atter re
s ul te d in heavy pecuniary losses in his busi
ness a ff airs and also alienated him from his
fath er became aide de
camp to Arnold
the intrepid zealous and able soldier that
he was until j ealousy extrav a gance and
spite led him to take up the tra it or s rOl e
Franks ga ve testimony to M rs Arnold s in
nocence of all complicity in her husband s
tre a son
Suspicions were aroused against
Franks o n account of A rnold s treason ;
n evertheless after a searching inquiry into
his conduct he wa s not only ac quitted
but he was sent to E urope with impor
.

T HE

62

J EW

As

PATR I OT

tant d isp a tches to Jay and Franklin with in

s tru c tio ns to await their orders
In a letter
from Robert Morris to Franklin d a ted P hil
The bearer
a delphi a July 1 3 1 7 8 1 we read :
of the letter Majo r Franks formerly an aide
de camp to General Arnold and honorably
a cquitted of a l l c o nnection with him a fter a
full and imparti a l inquiry w ill be able to give
you our public news more particula rly than

I could relate them

P hilip Moses Russell in the spring of 1 7 7 5
enlisted as a surgeon s m ate under command
of General Lee After the British o ccupation
o f P hiladelphia in September
1 777
he b e
c a me su rgeo n s mate to Surgeon Norm an of
the Second Virginia Regiment Russell we nt
into winter quarters with the a rmy at Valley
Forge 1 7 7 71 77 8 Sickness forced him to
resign in August I 7 80 H e received a letter
o f commend ation from General Washington

for his a ssiduous and faithful a ttentions to

the sick a nd w o unded

Solomon Bush E manuel de la M otta B en
,

J E WS IN A M E RI C AN WARS

63

j a min E zekiel Jason Sampson S ol one l Jacob

d e la M otta Ascher Levy Nathaniel Levy
D avid H ays and his son J a cob Reuben E t
ting Jacob I Cohen Maj or Lewis Bush
A a ron B enjamin Jo seph Blo omeld M oses
Bloomeld I s aa c I srael a nd B enj a min
M oses are the n am es of a fe w o f the other
Jews who distinguished themselves upon the
battle - e l d s of the Revolution
The commemoration of the rst battle e l d
o f the Revolutionary War was made po ssibl e
t hrough a Je w U pon le ar ning that Amos
Lawrence of B oston h ad pledged himself to
give
to complete the Bunker Hill
m o nu m e nt if any other person could be found
to give a like amount Judah Touro of N e w
O rleans who came to the aid of Andrew
Jackson during the memorable defen se of
th a t city immediately sent a check for th e
amount I n the History o f the Bunker H ill
M onument which w as publish ed by George
Washington Warren appears the following
tribut e to Judah Touro :
H e was one of
,

T HE

64

J E W AS

A PATR I OT

that smallest of all cl a sses in to which man

kind can be dividedo f m en who accumulate
wealth without ever doing a wrong t aking an
or making an enemy ; who b e
a dvantage
come rich without being avariciou s wh o deny
themselves the comforts of life that they may
acquire the m eans o f promoting th e comfort
and elevating the condition o f their fellow

men
At a dinner given at Faneuil Hall on
June I 7 1 843 to celeb ra te the completion of
th e monument the two great benefactors o f
the association were remembered by th e fol
lowing toasts :
,

A m o s and J ud ah , v e ne rat e d nam e s ,

P at ri arc h and P roph e t p re ss th e i r e q u al c l aims ;

L ik e g e ne ro us c o u rs e r s ru n ni ng ne c k and ne c k ,
E ac h

k by givi ng it a c h e c k
C h risti an and J e w th e y c arry out one pl an
Fo r th o ugh o f di ff e re nt faiths e ac h is i n h e art
a

ids

th e w o r

MA N

TH E

M E ! I C A N WA R

At the tim e of the M exican War in 1 846

the Jewish population was perhaps
Genera l David de Leon twic e took the
,

J E WS I N A ME R ICAN WARS

65

of

commanding o fcers who had been

o r dis a bled by wounds
and twice re
c e iv e d th e thanks of the U nited St a tes Con
gress for his gallantry and ability Surgeon
General M oses Albert Levy Colonel Leon
D yer qu a rtermaster
gener a l under Gene ral
Wineld Scott Lieuten a nt H enry Seeligson
who w as sent fo r by General Taylor and by
h im complimented for his conspicuous b ra
very at M onterey M ajor Alfred M ordec ai
Sergeant Jacob D avis Sergeant Samuel
H enry an d Corporal Jacob H irs c h b o rn a re
a few o f the sons of I sra el w h o l eft v aluable
evidences o f their patriotism in the Mexican
War
pl a ce
killed

IN

TH E

R E GU LA R

RMY

AND

N AV

From the earliest perio d of the republic to

th e present tim e the J e w has been a c o ns p ic
u o u s gure in our r egular army and navy ;
and in every branch of the service he h a s
m a d e a n hono rable record
M ajo r Alfred Mordecai is a recognized au
,

J E W AS A

T HE

66

PATRIOT

th o rity

in the military world in th e eld of

scientic resea rch a nd in the pr a ctical ap p l i
c a tion of mech a nical deductio n to war us es
His son and namesake has been an instructor
at West P oint Commodore U riah P hillips
Levy a t the time of his death 1 862 was th e
highest ranking o fcer (ag o fcer) in o ur
navy a nd upon his tombstone at Cypress
Hill s is recorded this fact
H e was th e
father o f the l aw for the abolition of the b ar
b a rous practice o f corporal punishm e nt in th e

United States navy

,

I N TH E C I VI

L WA R

In the Civil War the part the Jews took is

so conspicuou s th a t it is di fcult to pick out
t h e most prominent men in the conict
Mayer Asch Nathan D M enken and Louis
H Maye r served on the st a ff of General
P ope Mayer serving also wi th Generals
Rosecrans and Grant Dr M orris J Asch
served on the st aff of Genera l Sheridan
Maj or Lully who during the H ungarian Rev
,

J E WS IN A ME RI C AN WARS

67

served on Kos s uth s sta ff rendered

valuab l e service under the direction of the
Secretary of War Captain D essauer killed
at Chan cellorsville and Newman Borchard
served on the sta ff of Genera l Howard Max
C o rnh e im and M S z e gl e y served on the sta ff
o f General Sigel
Jewish staff o f cers in the Confederate
army and navy a re equally conspicuous
showing the spirit of Hebrew loyalty to
conviction ; for it should always b e re
membered that whil e the Je w s of the North
outnumbered the Je w s of the South they
w ere for th e most part immigrants of a recent
date while th e Southern Jews were either na
tiv e s o r citizens o f long inuential standing
and therefore more interested in the outcome
of the conict M r Wolf tells us that North
Carolina sent six Cohen brothers South
Carolina ve Moses brothers ; Georgia
Raphael Moses and his th r ee sons ; while yet
another Moses brother came from Alabam a ;
Arkansas furnished three Cohen brothers ;
o l ution

THE

68

J EW AS

PATRI O T

Virginia sent out three Levy brothers ;

Louisi a n a s muster-rol l s also contain three
brothers of the sam e name ; w hile still an
other trio o f Goldsmiths went forth from th e
South two from Geo rgi a a nd one from South
Carolina M ississippi provided ve Jonas
brothers E dward ghting in th e Fiftieth Il
l in oi s again st his four Confederate brothers
o ne o f whom w as Benjamin F Jonas former
United States Senator from Louisiana
O n the U nion S ide New York alone fur
nis h e d
soldiers among them the ve
Wenk brothers Colonel Simon Levy and his
thre e sonsCapt ain Benjamin C Lieutenant
Alfr ed and Captain Ferdin a nd former regis
ter of New York City The Feder brothers
From O hio
als o came from New York
which fu r ni shed the next largest quota
in the War for the Union w e have th e three
Ko ch brothers ; while P ennsylvania which
sent 5 2 7 Heb rews also sent three Jewish
brothers E manuel Thu s fourteen Jewish
f a milies sent 5 3 m en to both armies ; and ac

J E WS

IN

A M ER I C AN WAR S

69

cording to the Hon Simon Wolf

Jewish soldiers served in the Union and
Confederate armies during the Civil War
although there w ere only
Jews in the
country at th a t time
Among the H ebre w o fcers in th e Union
army who achieved high distinction I may
m ention Frederick K ne e r a n a tive of
H unga ry who attained the highest rank
r each ed by a ny H ebrew during the Civil War
H e enlisted as a private in the Seventy ninth
Indiana Volunteer Infantry and fought his
way u p to th e colonelcy of his regiment soo n
rising to the rank of brigadier general and
the n brevet maj or-general for meritoriou s
s er vices at th e battl e of Chick a mauga H e
fought gallantly in all the principal battles of
th e Army of th e Cumberland under General s
Rosecran s Thoma s an d Grant a nd took part
in all the conict s o f Sherman s march to the
.

sea

Sol omon colonel of the E ighty

s e cond Illinois V olunteer Infantry fought at
E dwa rd 5

TH E

70

JEW A S A

PAT RI O T

Ch a tta noo g a Lo okout Mount a in Mission

ary Ridge Chancellorsville Gettysburg and
throughout a l l the c a mpaign in the South
general
w est and w as brev e tted brigadier
H e was for four years go vernor of Washing
to n Te rritory by the a ppointment o i P resi
d ent Grant
Leopold Blumenberg a B altimor e mer
chant a native of Frankfort o n the O der
decorated for m eritoriou s s ervice rende red
the P russia n a rmy in the P russian -Danish war
of 1 848 ab a ndoned hi s busine s s when Fort
Sumter wa s red upon and helped to o r
ganiz e the Fifth Regiment Ma ryland I u f an
try oi which he w as appointed major His
regi ment was engaged in th e battle of A ntie
tam under him as colonel H e w as brevetted
brigadier general and died in 1 87 6 the result
of the wound that he h ad receiv e d at Anti c
,

ta m

J Joachim s e n helped to organize th e

Fifty ninth N ew Yo r k Volunteer Regiment
a nd went to the front with it a s lieutenant
P hilip

J E WS IN A M ER IC AN WAR S

7:

colonel A fal l from his horse disqualied

him fo r military duty H e re ndered great ser
vice s w hile s tationed at Fortress Monroe as
United States p aymaster and for his a ssist
ance to General B F Butler at New O rleans
Governor Fenton of N ew York in ack nowl
e dg me nt of his eminent services
appointed
him brevet brigadier general
Colonel M arcu s M Spiegel of the O ne
H undred a nd Twentieth O hio Infa ntry w h o
died before h e could receive the pro motion to
a brigadier-generalship fo r which his s u
p erior o i c e rs recommended him for bravery
a t Vick s burg and Sn a ggy P oint ; Max E in
stein colonel o f the Twenty seventh Regi
m ent of P ennsylvania Volunteers ; Colonel
M ax Fre edma n o f the Fifth P ennsylv ania
Cav a lry ; Lieutenant Colonel Israel M oses of
Sickels Brigade ; I saac M oses adjutant -gen
eral of the Third Army Corps of the Army o f
the P otomac ; Colonel H A Seligson of Ver
mont ; Lieutenant Colonel Leopold C N e w
man to w hose dying b ed President Lincol n
.

J EW A S A

T HE

72

PATRI OT

brought his commission promoting him to

the r a nk of b rig a die r gener al Colonel Ansel
Hamberg of th e Twel fth P ennsylvania I n
fantry ; Abraham Hart briga de adj utant
gene ra l o i th e Seventy third P ennsylv a nia In
fantry ; E lias Leon Hyneman of the Fifth
P ennsylvania Cavalry ; Captain Joseph B
Gre e nh u t of Illinois who o w ns the control
ling interest in the Siegel Cooper C o ; Lieu
tenant Max S a chs who was killed at Bowling
Green ; Colonel H N ewbold o f the Four
te e nth I owa killed at Red River ; Adolph A
M eyer inspector -gener a l by special appoint
ment of P resident Lincoln transferred from
New M exico to P ennsylvania ; D avid Man
heim colonel First Nev a d a C avalry ; H erman
B endell surgeon E ighty sixth N ew York In
fantry br e vetted lieutenant col on el for meri
t o rio u s and honorable conduct ; Adjutant
Abraham Cohn of N e w Hampshire ; Captain
A Goldman of Maine ; Sergeant Leopold
Karp e l l e s
of Massachusetts ; Se rgeant
M ajo r Al exande r M Appel of I owa ; D avid
-

J E WS I N A M E R I C A N WARS

73

A Br a nski H enry H ell er Abraham Gum

w alt and Is aa c Gans o f O hio a re a few o f
the Jews who distinguished themselves upon
the battl e - e l d s of the War for the Union
Maj or Gene ral O 0 Howard after speak
ing o f one o f his Jewish sta ff o fcers as being

o f the bravest and best

and of another
kille d a t Chancellorsville as being a tru e

frien d and a brave o f cer and highly prais

ing two Jewish brigadier generals said : I n
t rin s i c a l l y there are no more p a triotic men to
b e found in the co untry than those wh o claim
to b e of Hebrew descent and who served with
me in p a r a llel command or directly under my

instructions
.

J E WS

M E RI C A N
M O V E M E NT

A N D TH E A

A N TI

S LA VE RY

In the political movements for th e abolition

o f slavery th e Jews took a leading part in
cr e ating public opinion As early as 1 8 5 3 a
fugitive n egro arrested by a United States
m arshal was liberated by a crowd of citizens
,

J E W AS

T HE

74

PAT R I OT

led by Michael Greenbaum ; and on the eve

ning of th e s ame day a big meeting w a s held
to ratify that ac t The rst o fcial call to or
g aniz e the abolition movement was S igned by
George Schneider Adolph Loeb Julius
Rosenthal Leopold Mayer and a cigar
de a ler n a med Hanson four Jews among
the ve leaders of the Ge rman population o f
Chic a go in a great politic al movement
I n the column s of the N ew Yo rk Tribune
Mich a el He il p rin who had previou s to his
coming to Ame rica S h own his love o f liberty
as a member o f K o ss uth s civil sta ff during
the Hunga rian Revolution vigorously exon
e rate d the
O ld Testament from favoring
slavery D r E dward Moritz of the Ph il ade l
phia Demolzrat; Rabbi S a muel M Isaacs as
preacher and editor of the J ew is h Mess enge r
Rabbi Liebman Adler in D etroit ; D r Hor
witz in Clevel and ; a nd D r Fel sentha l in
Chicago were sowing the seed s o f liberty
Rabbi Sob ato M o rais on a ccount o f his
a ntisl a very sentiments was elected a n hono
,

J EWS I N A ME RICAN WA RS

75

r a ry member of the U nion League Club of

P hiladelphia an honor shared with Rev Dr
David E inhorn who in 1 8 5 6 came to pro
slavery B a ltimore from Aust ri a where his
temple had been closed against him by the
imperial government on account of his al
l e g e d revolutionary utter a nces
From th e
sacred desk of th e Har Sinai Congregation
with ery eloquence a n d in his S inai a Ger
man monthly in un a nswerable arguments
D r E inhor n poured forth shot and shell from
th e O ld Test a ment a rmory into the r a nks of
t he advocates of slavery and the time serving
attitud e of the churches until driven out of
the city and his return p rohibited und er mar
ti al law
D r E inhorn in B altimore and later in P hil
ad elphia did as much a s any man of his day
t o cre a t e the public sentiment which shivered
that colossal iniquity In New York Judge
P hilip J Joac h im s e n as Assistant U nited
States District Atto r ney vigorously p rose
M oritz P inner
c u t e d certain slave deal ers
,

THE

76

J E W AS A

PATR I OT

on January 1 1 8 5 9 began the issue o f an

abolitionist paper the Kans as P os t at Kansas
City As delegate to the N a tional Rep ub
lican Convention he with other Jews lik e
Judge D itte nh o e fe r of N ew York worked
ea rnestly a mong the Germans for the nomi
nation o i Abraham Lincoln
,

TH E

S PA N I S H

M E R I C A N WA R

Th e Je w is h Year Book for 1 90 1 has had th e

records of the War D ep a rtment searched
and publishes th e names of over
Jewish
soldiers who served in the American armies
during the w ar with Sp ain The rst man to
volunteer was a Jew and the rst American
to be killed in battl e was a Jew So eager
were the Jews to prove their loyalty to the
U nited States that
Jews o f New York
o ffe red thei r se rvices to the Governor
th ro u gh N a th a n Stra us a nd as ch aplain of
the Ninth Regiment N G N Y I can
t e stify to the eagerness with which the Jews
,

J EWS IN A M E RI CAN WARS

77

cam e to e nlist and demonstrate their patriot

i s m wh en War was declared
A c a reful p e
r usal o f th e rolls by States as published in the
J ew is h Year Book ought to b e su fcient evi
d en ce to refute the as se rtion m a de by cert a in
u ninform ed and p erj udi c e d persons that th e
Jewish peopl e were not patriotic Americans
The slu r upon the p atriotism of the Jew can
not hol d up its head in the presence of the
re cords of the War Depa rtment which rati
e d more than
furlo ughs which were
grant ed to such soldiers as desired to cele
brate Ro sh H as h anah and Yom Kippur at
hom e

Wh en war was declared Captain A W

M urray says
the Je w ish press throughout
th e co untry reminded their people of the
wanton persecutio n o f the H ebrews by Spain
covering many years They had been driven
f rom th eir country and dep rived of their prop
unj ust Spaniards The
e rty by th e cruel
young H ebrew m en did not requi re u rging
Th eir love for Ame r ica alone was enough and
.

THE

78

J E W AS

A PAT RI OT

they ocked to the standard of liberty th e

Stars and Stripes

It is a matter of histo r y that they fought
as bravely before Manila and Santiago de
Cuba as they did at Leipsic and Waterloo ;
under Kossuth and Garibaldi ; before Sebas
topol Sadowa and Sedan The rst man to
fall in the attack o n Manila w a s Sergeant
Maurice Ju sth of the First California Vol un
t eers (which regiment numbered 1 00 Jews)
Theodore Roosevelt the intrepid l eader of
the Rough Riders decl a red that in that brave
regiment which h as challenged the admira
tion of the world th e most a stonishing cour
age was displ ayed by th e seven Jewish Rough
Riders one o f who m became a lieutenant
The Astor Battery numbered ten Jews
Fifteen Jews
a mong their ninety nine men
went down to death in the Maine de
stroyed in the h a rbor o f Havana ; and there
was no t an engagement during the war with
Spain in which Hebrews did not take part
Many J e wish names app ear on th e list of
,

J E WS IN A ME RICAN WA RS

79

kill ed a nd wounded while th e much -maligne d

Ru ssian Jews furnished more tha n double
their share of volunteers
Commander
Adolp h Marix of the navy a H ebrew was
Judge Advocate of the Main e D isaster Board
and many cases could be cite d
o f I nquiry
where Americans of Hebrew extraction per
formed gal l ant and m eritorious service under
the ag in P orto Rico Cuba and in the
P hilippines
,

ew s

as

Sol die r s in the A rm ie s

f E u rope

L ov e

th e y d w e ll
d w e ll in it
and l o v e of th e
m ak e th e p at i o ts Wh e re w e re su c h J e w ish p at ri ots
m ad e ? N am e th e co u nt ri e s of the O l d World w hi c h
d u ri ng t h e e ight e e n c e ntu r i e s th a t th e J e w s d w e lt
d e arly l o v e d th e m s ac re dly p rot ec t e d
a m o n g th e m
th e i r rights p rom ot e d th e i r g o od rul e d th e m w ith j ust
l aw s m ad e no disti nc ti on b e tw e e n th e m and th e i r c iti
z e ns of o th e
fa iths imp o s e d n o bu rd e n s o m e duty up o n
th e m and c o ns c i e nti o usly st o v e to fu rth e r th e p e ac e
a nd g o od w ill b e t w e e n th e i r J e w ish and non-J e w ish
p e opl e Te ll m e I p ray y ou w h e th e r th e t re atm e nt th e
w orld ac c o rd e d to th e Je w to th e h om e l e ss and fri e nd
l e ss nd to th w e ary and i nno ntly su ffe ri n g fugitiv e
w as o f a natu re t o m ak e his h e a rt a nd s o ul a nd mi n d
al l a gl ow w ith th e m o st p a ssi o nat e p at ri otism ?
N am e
I p ray y ou th e c ou nt ry th at h as e v e r m ad e p at ri o ts o f
p e o pl e w h o m it l o w e re d to th e lth o f th e e arth from
w h o m it t ore e v e ry hum an r ight up on w h o m it visit e d
b arb aro us c ru e lti e s fro m w h os e c ont ac t it sh ru nk as if
th e y w e re th e sta lki ng p e stil e nce w h o m it h at e d w ith
th e h at re d o f a d e vil and w h o m it p e rs e c ut e d w ith th e
D e ny th e m th e right of
re l e ntl e ss w ra th of a e nd
iti e nship t re at th e m as c h att e ls of th e stat e e nac t
e sp e c i ally d e g ra di ng l aw s fo r th e m imp o s e humili ati ng
bu rd e ns up on th e m p rohibit th e m all i nt e rc ou rs e w ith
th i r C h risti an fe ll ow m e n re fus e th e m j usti c e p ro te c
ti o n forbid th e m e nt ranc e to the s e ats of l e arni ng d e ny
th e m th e right of fo ll ow i ng any of th e high e r v ocati ons
o f li fe c o mp e l th e m t o pu r su e th e m o st c ont e mptibl e
t rad e s b rand t h e m publi c ly by c o mp e lli n g th e m to
w e ar th e d e g radi ng g ab e rdi ne m ak e th e m th e t arg e t
o f th e p e opl e s j e e r s and d e risi on and abus e
d o this
t re at th at p e o pl e as th e O l d World h as t rea t e d th e J e w s
du ri ng th e e ight e e n c e ntu ri e s an d th e n t ll m e h ow
m any p at ri ots su c h t re atm e nt h as rip e ne d
J O SE PH
of

p eo

pl e

for th e c o u nt ry in w hi c h
c ou nt ry fo r th e p e o pl e th a t

,
,

ce

'

KRA US KO P F

C HA P T E R I I I
J EWS

A S S O L D IE RS I N THE A RMI E S
O F E U RO P E

G O L D WI N S MI TH some years ago wrote :

The Jews have now been every where made
v oters ; t o make them patriots whil e they re
main genuin e Jews is b e y ond the legislator s

power
U ntil v e ry r e c ently during the present cen
tury the Jews were rarely ever permitted the
opportunity o f ghting for their country ; but
wh eneve r they have been allowed to enter the
lists th ey h ave proved that the contumel y
heap e d upon t h em h as not quenched their
man h oo d Wh at spiritual courage it required
fo r th e w h ol e r a c e t o survive at all durin g f
teen centuries o f the most relentle s s and dia
bol ical p ers ecution and burn ings at the sta k e

83

34

T HE

J EW

AS

PAT RI OT

w hich

might have been avoided by the S impl e

act of b aptism ! I wish that every American
c ould read the stories of the ol d E uropean
E x cluded from civic privileges
Ghettos
and fro m political o fce ; not admitted into
any military organiz a tion ; denied the power
to own any real estate ; shut o u t from all
trades and industrial branches so that Mo ses
M endelssohn a hund red ye a rs ago pithily
responded to th e reproach
O ur hands are
bound and w e are blamed for not using
th em
forced to pay liberally for the
privilege of residence in the city and as their
proximity to a church was looked upon
as a contamination and a desecration com
p e ll e d to huddl e together in a street set
a side for them ; S hut up like m a rked creatures
in a p en ; shut o ff from conversation w ith
others as though their touch was unholy and
their presence a curse ; locked in every night
so that all intercours e between them and the
Christians might be impossible in thes e
prison like tenements for well -nigh four hun
.

J E WS AS SOLDI E RS IN

E U RO P E 8 5

dred yea rs their bodie s and minds were

stunted They wer e fo rbidden not only to
live in the locality which they might prefer
but denied the S idewalk in the daytime they
had to take to the middle o f the street they
had to remove their hats to every passer -b y
who would cal l out Jew make your bow
they were d enied even fresh a ir a right not
denied to the beastsfo r in Frankfort the
Jews w ere not p ermitted even to walk in the
square s surrounded with trees and owers :
t hey might walk in the path leading to them
O ne general rul e w a s :
No Jew allowed o n

a green spot
The public squares o f the
city they dared not wa lk upon If a Je w
p r e sumed to walk upon any o f these for
h id d e n places passe r s b y would sn atch their
h a ts f rom their heads The only day the Jews
w ere tolerat ed even on th e side of the space
o n which the City Hall stood wa s on New
Year s D ay when they came to the City Hall
with their gift of ne spi ces which they we r e
expected to give to every councilma n to e x
,

86

J EW A S A

TH E

PAT RI O T

press their all egiance to th e city fath ers and

convey their gratitude for the privilege of
living in th e worst spot in the city This was
the only o cca sion when the Jew dared to
enter the City H all from the front ; if at any
other time he had any bu siness he had to
come in through the back door ; and when
the town council showed themselves power
le ss to guard the Jews their protection re
verted to the E mperor and they became his
private property
What was tru e o f Frankfort was true of
P rague D urin g the Crusade s mobs fell upo n
th e Jewish comm u nities dragged them to
baptism carnage and plunder fell u p on those
who resisted The story is the same all o ver
E urope
Read the awful scenes enacted and
h
e
t
will
be
thrilled
with
admiration
for
o
u
y
const a ncy heroism and bravery which the
hundred s of thousands of Jews endured in th e
dark years and centuries in which they with
stood ho rrors which ma k e our blood chill to
think of
.

J E WS AS S O L D I E RS I N E U RO P E

87

I n Rom e where the Jews lived only o n suf

fe ranc e o ne o f the greatest indignities to
which they were subj ected was their c omp ul
s ory participatio n in the races on the Corso a t
th e Carnival and amid the gibes and j eers of
the attendants Je w s were forced to race with
asses bu ffalo es and Barbary horses Russia s
treat ment of the Jew is the fo ulest stain o n
her blotched esc utcheon
Can th e Jew b e a patriot ? Let a Jew D r
Krau skopf an swer :
Ask E gypt Babylon
Syria Rom e an d listen to their accounts of
Jewish patriotism ; seek o ut among the na
tions of the earth another people that
though but small in numbers dares to strug
gl e for a national existence for political inde
a rms
against
a
whole
world
in
n
c
e
n
d
e
e
p
and though a thou sand times d efeated
though a thou sand times crushed to earth
t ho u gh su ffering as no other natio n b efore or
since was e ver called upon to su ffer t h ough
driven from their native soil though made to
pin e in a thou sand dungeons and made to
,

'

THE

88

J E W AS A

PATR I OT

furnish m u rderous sport to the wil d beasts o f

a thou sa nd Colosseums though mad e to fur
nish food for th e ames of a thousand pyres
a nd st akes to a ppe a se
th e appetites o f a
thou s a nd bloodthirsty mobs still refuses to
surrender still struggles o n fo r national exist
ence for politic a l independence ; nd such a
nation outsid e the Jewish p eopl e and we
s hall relinquish forever any claim o f patriot
ism for the Jew s Find a mo re passionate a
mo re fervent pat r iotism th a n tha t which
breathes through th e Lamentations o f Jere
mi a h than th a t which silenced the harps and
songs of Jude a s c aptive sons an d d a ughters
by the streams of Babylon than that which
m a kes Isra el w ish th a t their right hand should
wither a t thei r side and their tongue cleave
to th e roo f of their mou th if ever they S houl d
fo r get Jeru s al em ; th a t makes the orthodox
piou s Je w wish even t o day after eigh
t een centuries o f e x pulsio n t o be buried with
his he a d turned to w ard Jerusalem and if p o s
sibl e to have a pillow lled with P al e s tin
,

J E WS AS S O L D I E RS IN E U RO P E

39

ian sand under his he a d ; that leads him to

tu rn his face in prayer tow a rd Jerusalem
that m a ke s him repeat at each anniv er s a ry of
the D eliverance from E gyptian B ondage the
profoundest longing o f his heart that the
coming year might nd him resto r ed in Jeru
sal em ; nd a love of fatherland a patriot
ism equal to this and never a word S hall w e

again breathe about the J e wish patriotism

,

NO

R EFU GE

B UT T H E

G RAV E

In the Middl e Ages the Jews had no refuge

but the grave You can hardly expect a race
to love a country in whic h they we re o p
pressed robb ed and murdered And yet in
those benighted ages th e Je w s were not want
ing in patriotism in those countries where the
governments occ a sionally treated them as
hu m a n beings
In th e Spanish battles th ey fought as
b ravest knights Fo rty thou sand were a r
while he had as
rayed against Alphonso VI
many Jews ghtin g o n his side They also
.

T HE

90

J EW A S A

PATRI OT

fought valiantly fo r Alphonso VI I I A l

pho u so ! of Castile rewarded them en mass e
for their assistance against Seville and gave
them when the enemy s land was divided a
village which was called A l dea de l os J i i de os
They fo ught heroically for D on P edro even
after the Black P rince had fo rsaken him de
fending B u rgos to the last man s aying

that Go d wo uld never have it that they

should deny obedience to their natural lord
D on P edro or to his r ightful successor
a constancy that the prudent king D on E n
rico very mu c h esteemed saying :
Such
vassal s as those were by kings and great
men worthy of much account seeing they
h eld greater respect to the delity they owed
to their king although conqu ered and dead
t han to th e present fortune o f the con

And awhile afte r receiving very

que ro r
h onorable conditions they gave themselves
ov e r and D on E n rico recognized publicly
their patriotism
King P hilip th e Handsom e of France is
.

J E WS

AS

SO L D I E RS

IN

E U RO PE 9 1

said to have h ad
Jews in h is ar my in
his e xpedition (1 2 97) against Count Guy o f
Fland ers w h o had renoun c ed his allegian c e
to him
,

N otwithst a nding the light of the Reforma

tion pillages and expulsions o f the Jews con
tinue d to be th e order of the day
But always
and e verywhere where the Jew fo und a friend
in his country the country found a friend in
him H istory doe s not tell the story of braver
d efen s e than that of the P olish territory a
mighty struggle maintained by Jews during
t he o nslaught of the Cossacks into Poland
during th e Thirty Years War
A writ er in the Je wish World points to
P ragu e as holding th e oldest Jewish milita ry
record for in th e Alten Synagogu e is still
s hown
th e much -worn ag of Ferdinand
I I I given the Jews in 1 648 fo r their co ura
g eo ns defe nse o f P rague against the Swedes
Th e Jews were permitted to serve in the Aus
t rian army as far back a s 1 7 8 1 and amongst
th e Au strian s who served in th e international
!

J E W AS A

TH E

92

PATR I OT

the rst decade of the century was

E m a nuel E ppinger who received decorations
from th e hands of two emperors A record
o f 1 866
m entions the bravery o f M oses
Weber wh o after completing service volu m
teered and fou ght at Skalitz A comrade
P u ch re in e r was wounded in both legs
Web er amid a ra in of bullets drew him o ut
o f th e lines and throwing him over his shoul
ders carried him to the rear and then re
turned to th e battle where the o fcers being
shot down he gallantly took command of his
company I n 1 893 there were
Jewish
p riv a tes and
Jewish o fcers in the Aus
per
tro H ungarian army a gure equal to
cent o f the total force H ein rich P orges a
Jewish colo nel o f the standing infantry was
recently raised to the rank of general -maj or
a nd entrusted with the responsible post of
commanding the impo rtant fortress of Prz e
mys l in Galicia
At the same time a Jew was
appointed director-general o f the army med
ical departm entth e highest military m edical
of

war

J E WS AS SO L D I E RS IN E U RO P E

93

pos itio n in Austria Colonel E dward von

Sc h weitzer comm a ndant of the 2 6th Regi
m ent o f I nfantry is o n e of Austria s m ost dis
ting uis h e d o fcers who was received at St
P etersburg in audience with th e Tsar who
decorated him with a high order
Of
the numerou s famous Jewish o fcers in
the Hapsburg mon a rchy I will mention
o n ly one more name that of th e former com
mandant of militia at the Brii nn garrison
Colonel Alexander von E isz This o fcer a
fa vorite of Kaiser F ranz
Joseph distinguished
himself s o greatly in the various campaigns
he has gone through th a t his breast is thickly
covered wit h orders o f th e highest rank Be
sides the large golden medal for valor and
several other insignia he possesses also the
Russian O rder o f the Crown O n o ne oc
casion he was to have received the Marie
Th eresa Cross given only for most distin
Not mor e than six soldier s
g uis h e d b rave ry
in Austria at present po ssess this the high est
military d ecoration
But Q u een Marie
.

J E W AS

T HE

94

A PAT R I OT

Theresa inserted in t he statutes founding the

O rder a clau se that it should be bestowed on
Christians alone ; and for this reason v on E is z
did not receive it H e was told that if h e al
lowed himself to b e baptized he w oul d obtai n
it but this sugge s tion he promptly refused to
follo w
Th e Fra nco Prussian War was of course
the great E uropean war in which mo st Jews
w ere engaged and where they showed t h eir
love of the Fatherland in an unexampled de

gre e P hillipson in his M emoirs has col

l e c te d a list of
Jewish soldiers in this
war and this list did not include the reports
from the largest Jewish communities Berlin
Breslau P osen and Frankfort
Germany had already in 1 866 in the war
with Austria
Jews who s aw active ser
vice and a large number of these were
promoted for bravery and good conduct ; but
in 1 870
Jews took part
7 1 no l ess than
in th e variou s battles
These represented
Jewish congregations Ten per cent
,

J E WS AS SO LDI E R S I N

E U RO P E 9 5

be accur a te 448 were wounded or

killed and 3 7 3 received the I ron Cro ss or
decoration s equal in importance to the medal

o r,

to

E Q UA L R I GH TS M A K E G OO D

C I TI Z

EN S

Cr emieux said :
If yo u persecute yo u
make slaves ; only by declaring equal rights

for all will you m a k e good citizens

King
Frederick William I I I had no soo ner given
the Jews of P ru ssi a equality with their Chris
tian fellow citiz ens in 1 8 1 2 th a n they r e
sp onded readily to the summons of their
king
A ccording to the P russian
M ilitary
Gazette of 1 843 there served in the cam
- 1
i
1
1
a
n
of
8
s
p g
3 4 ou t o f the then small
Je w ish popul a tion 2 63 volunteers and 80 reg
I n 1 8 1 5 when the P russian army h ad
u l a rs
its fullest strength and the Jewish soldiers
w ere more numerous Hardenberg the Prus
sian Chancellor in a letter to Count von
Grote dated J a nu a ry 4th gave the Jews the
,

followi ng testimony

J E W AS A

T HE

96

PATR I OT

The history of o u r l a te wa r with France

shows already that the Jews have by their
faithful allegi a nce to th e state conferring
equ al rights On them proved worthy o f it
The young men of the Jewish faith were the
milita ry comrades of their Christian fello w
citizens o f whom we can present instances of
true hero is m and glorious bra ving of the dan
gers of war The rest o f the Jewish in b a h
ita nts especially the l a dies vied w ith the

Christians in al l kinds of p a triotic s a crices

And what reward did the Je w s receive for
their s a crices to the country ? They were
d enied public employment
They could not
get appointments as teachers serve as j urors
nor practice law unless they submitted to bap
tis m They were no t even a llowed to be drug
gists I n the newly won French p rovinces
the sam e law s were m a de to apply
At F rank fo rt o n the Main the Je w s in an
address published in 1 83 2 made the following
compl aint :
In th e war called by them !the despots !
,

J E WS AS SO L D I E RS IN

E U RO P E 97

the war o f independence we too h a ve borne

arms Before that war we of Frankfort as
everywhere els e in Germany where the
Frenc h l aw was ruling enjoyed equ al rights
wit h our Christian fellow citizens W hen w e
returned fro m the battl e e l ds however w e
met our fathers and brothers whom we had
left as free c itize ns a gain as serfs and such we
have been until t o d a y They have assumed
over u s the right of the past viz to diminish
o ur population as they do not let us contract
m ore than fteen m a rriages a year though
we number ve thousand They now adva nce
against us that we cam e fro m the O rient and
were strangers in the l a nd and th a t we con
s id e re d even our Christian countrymen a s
such H oweve r t his is our creed this the
doctrine inherited fro m o ur fathers :
When
God created the world he created man and
woman not ma ster an d slave Jews a nd
BOrne wrote in
Christian s rich and poo r

After th e overthrow of Napo leon

18 19 :
th e Jewish liberties we re here a nd there d e
,

T HE

98

J E W AS

A PAT R I O T

cried a s pernicious to the st a te The Jews

were also suspected of being friendly to the
French dominion Thei r peculiarities were
such th a t their haters would no t tolerate
the m as citizens O nly Germans such as
according to Tacitu s came forth from the
woods with red hair a nd light blue eyes were
in their o pinion entitled to civil rights
whereas the dark-complexioned Jews con
t ras t e d to o disagreeably with them
Their participation in th e war for inde p e n
dence availed the Jews nothing Th e M ili
ta ry Gazette h a s put their number enlisted
from 1 8 1 4 to 1 842 at
The Con stituent Assembly a t Berlin in
1 848 had d eclared all civil and political rights
independent o f any religious denomination
w hereby the Jews als o gained their liberties
But a reaction set in and once more they had
to ght for their liberties I t w a s not until
1 869 that th e l aw of the N orth German Con
federacy delivered them from the mediaeval
P olitic al
yoke th ey had so long borne
.

J E WS AS S O L D I E RS IN E U RO P E

99

equality is sanctioned by law but is still far

fro m being an accompl ished fact
,

Fo ur thousand seven hundred and three

Jews o f Germany h ave been traced by name
and a ddress who served against Fr ance in
1 8 7 0
7 1 and 4 1 1 wer e decorated for distin
The re are in the Germ a n
g u is h e d gallant ry
army to d ay over
Jews Germans have
no right to ask
Are there any Jewish

o fcers ? since Jewish subj ects of Germ any

are refu sed the right o f h a ving their services
in the army rewarded in the same m anner a s
t heir Christi a n comr a des
If the principle
prevailed in th e Germ a n army E qu al rights

for all w e would undoubtedly nd as m a ny

qu a lied O fcers of the Jewish faith as exist
in the other E uropean count ries
Can the J e w be a patriot ? M oses M en
d e l s s oh n the illustriou s philosopher to whose
hospitabl e hom e ocked Nicol a i Lessing
Goeth e Herder Wiel and Hemmin gs Abt
M oritz Camp etc o ne of the greatest
thinkers S ince Socra tes any nation s orna
,

J E W AS

T HE

1 00

ment

A PATR I OT

merely tolerated as the Shop

B ernhard his
ma n
o f a B erlin merchant
coreligionist and whose name was struck by
Frederick the Great from the lis t of can
didate s for membership in th e Academy of
Berlin ; a nd yet no German ev e r pl e aded with
intenser patriotism than did this eminent
Je w ish genius for the emanci p ation of Ger
man literature and thou ght fro m the yoke of
French dilettanteism H e cries out with in

dignation :
Werden denn die D eutschen
niemals ihren E igner erkennen ? Wollen sie
e w ig ihr Gold fii r d as F litt e rg o l d ihrer Nach
barn umtauschen ?
H eine was despised in
the land of his birth becaus e h e w a s a Jew ;
yet the despised an d exiled Jew sheds
tears of homesickness and sorrow when
thinking o f Germany his beloved Father
l a nd whose lite rature he had s o nobly
enriched And though for twenty- ve years
resident in P aris and thoroughly in sym
p athy with everythin g French he never for
got that he was a German and never lost his
,

w as

J E WS AS SOLDI E RS IN

E U RO P E

10 1

love fo r the fatherland as these well kno w n

lines testify :
-

G e rm an p oe t
O f g o o dly Ge r m an fam e ,
I

Wh e re th e i r b e st nam e s are sp ok e n
M y own th e y are su re to nam e

Bismarck had Jewish blood in his veins

His mother s fa the r Anastasius M enken one
o f the favorite bureaucr a t s of Frederick the
G reat was of H ebrew parentage
The He
brew banker o i B erlin Baron v o n Bl e ic hroe
der was Bism a rck s most trusted cond ant
I ndeed while in o ffi ce he was so dispos ed
towards th e Jews that h e even discussed the
advis ability of marrying his sons to Jewesses
o n the grou n d that it would not only bring
money into the family a gain but like w ise im
prove morally and physically the Bismarck
breed
The late Count von Blumenthal one of the
most distinguished stra te gists o f modern Ger
many was by birth and by inherited genius
a Jew
He wa s o n the general staff of
.

J E W AS A

TH E

19 2

PATR I O T

General von Bonin in the Schleswig Holstein

H e soon beca m e famou s for brilliant
a rmy
capabilities and was rapidly promoted viz :
general staff o fcer of the Mobile D ivision in
the E l ectorate of H esse ; m ajo r in the grand
gener al sta ff ; adjutant o f P rince Frederick
Charles one of the great commanders o f th e
Fra nco -Germ a n War ; colonel in comm and of
a regiment a nd chief of the sta ff of the Third
Army Corps I n 1 864 he was promoted to be
m aj or-gene ral In th e Aust ri a n Wa r of 1 866
he was chief of the gen eral sta ff o f the Second
Army of the Crown P rinc e In the Franco
German War he was in supreme command o f
the Third Army H e was made a count in
1 88 3 and a e l d marshal in 1 888
Several
times h e was intrusted with important mis
sions to E ngland and his deco ra tions were
numerou s including the O rdre P our l e
M rite one of the rarest distinctions in the
army
Colonel v on Mossl e r Aide
de Camp of E m
p e ro rWill iam is a Jew both by birth and faith
-

E U RO PE

J E WS AS S OLDI E RS I N

103

Colon el von Mos s l e r commands the fa vorite

regim ent of H ussars of E mperor William and
he was ennobled by the latter in 1 890 His
father s family name was Mo ses
In th e H ung a ri a n Revolution there were no
less than
I sra elite s As by magic they
were drawn toward Kossuth who preached
liberty and equ ality and at whose hands they
exp ected redemption fro m civil and political
degradation
Th e rst soldiers that stormed P levn a were
Roumanian Je w s a nd the generals on both
S ides were Jews In the l a st war between
Tu r key and Greece Giusepp e Misan a Jew
!
received the rst wound
.

go ne o n re c o rd as s ayi ng
th at th e re is not one o f his J e w ish subj e c ts up on w h o m
Wh e n th e w ar w ith
h e can fail to re ly in tim e of w ar
Gre e c e b ro k e o ut J e w s fro m al l ov e r th e Tu rkish
E mpi e v o lu nt e e re d th e i r s e rvi c e s as th e y did in th e
Fo rty J e w ish s oldi e r s w e e re w a rd e d
w ar w ith R ussi a
by t he S ultan w ith m e dals in sp e c ial re c o gniti on o f
th e i r gall ant ry on th e e ld du ri ng th e Gra c o-Tu rkish
War
!

Th e S ult an

of

Tu rk e y h as

T HE

1 04

J EW AS A

I N TH E I TA

LI A N

PATRI OT

RMY

The Jews were rst p ermitted to enter th e

Italian army in 1 848 and immediately 2 3 5
volunteered whil e the year following ve
Je w s fell in the d efense o f Rom e against the
French
There were Italian Jews in the
Crime a n War and 2 5 0 wer e ghting a s
volunteers in 1 8 5 9 and a large number were
decorated O f the
Jews in Italy in
1 866 there w ere 3 8 0 who took to arms
A
few of these Italian Je w ish soldiers had re
markabl e careers Th e comm a ndant at th e
fortress of Turin Lieutenant -General Gui
seppe O ttol e nghi was trained in the military
profession He wa s wounded in 1 860 at the
siege o f Gaete and though wounded he re
c e iv e d
the silver medal for hunting the
brigand ba nd of Mal a carne out of Basilicata
In 1 866 h e received the then highest medal
the Cro s s of S a voy and represented Ital y in
the commission which demarcated the fro n
tiers o i Turkey and M ontenegro Colonel
,

E U RO PE

J E WS AS SO LDI E RS IN
E nrico

105

Gua stall a who st a rt ed as a volunteer

in 1 848 w as a friend of Mazzini and j oined
Garibal di ; after bein g laid up for a month
from a w ound received at V o turno he re
turned to his regiment and fought at Como
B rescia Lon ato S a lo and D e s e rz ana in 1 886
In Italy
per cent of all Italian Jews are
in the a rmy again st
of all Italians And
o u t o f every ve Jews serving in the Italian
army on e is an o fcer aga inst one in twelve
in the It a li a n army as a w hole
,

J EWS

I N THE

R O U MA N IA N
A RM I ES

AND

RU SS I A N

No Jewish soldier in the Roumanian army

can be promoted to a commission however
brave and loy a l he m ay be E ven if he enlists
for a second term of service he does not like
oth ers w h o d o so earn a pension thereby
An army surgeon if h e be a Jew only r anks
a s a common soldier whereas his professional
inferiors rank as o f cers No J ews are ad
m itte d into th e military schools and how
,

1 06

THE

J EW

AS

PAT RI OT

ever high the scholastic or university dis tinc

tions and grades o f a Jew he has to serve as a
ranke r for three ye a rs inste a d o f b ei ng l et
o ff as a
volontaire with o ne year s service
Such is the treatment accorded to the
Jews belonging to the a ctive a rmy and re
serves o i the Roumanian State
The re are at le a st
Jews in the Ru s
sian army in active se r vice ; and under the
most a dverse circumstances w e he a r o c
casi onal ly o f a Jew even in the Russian army
a chieving
distinctio n like th e l a te P rof
Schapiro who took an honorabl e part in the
Russo Turkish War in 1 87 1 and so distin
g uis h e d himself in the medic al service of the
army th a t he w as a ppointed assistant p ro fe s
sor at th e St P etersburg M ilitary M edic al
Ac a demy H e became there very popular as
a l ecturer and wrote extensively on scientic
Subj ects
In 1 898 he was reward ed with the
title o f professora very r a re honor fo r a Jew
in Russi a The gener al w h o conqu ered the
Central Asian province s which belon g to Ru s
,

J E WS A S S O L D I E R S I N
s ia

E U R O PE

: 97

was a Jew by birth A Jewish soldier of

the Russian E leventh Infantry Regiment re
c e ntl y arrived in London after nine month s
service with the Russi a n troops in China H e
e stimates that there were about
Jews
amongst the Russian soldiers
His o wn
brigade contained about 5 80 Jews 1 8 of
who m were killed in di ff erent engagements
b esides a number wounded
.

TH E

J EWS

IN

F RA N C E

The year 1 7 93 guara nteed to the Jews of

France equality with French citizens but as
the D reyfu s a ffair shows the liberty of and
j ustice to the J e w have not even yet passed
from the statute into reality Still in spite of
all the Jews of Franc e rallied with equal
promptness under the banner o f the empire
and the republic when the safety o f their
country was imperilled Ho w did the Jews in
P aris behave themselves in the midst of the
excesses that characterized the Reign of
Terror ? They did not signalize their eman
,

T HE

108

J E W AS

A PAT R I OT

c ip atio n

by a ny o f t h ose excesses of which the

revolutionary period w as fruitful If they
gured whenever they might proclaim their
aspirations towards liberty they were never
see n where such aspirations assumed a vio
lent and irregular character I n 1 790 a Jew
Ravel de Terney served with honor in the
Nati o nal Guard where he co mmanded the
fourth division I n 1 7 9 1 D ael de Tacin bour
geo fs was a mong the fourteen electors
chosen by the se ction o f the Temple for the
department of Paris and B erthe P ere was
among the 3 3 electors in the Q uatre -Na
tion s I n 1 7 92 two Jews named B erthe wer e
captains o ne in the First Legion the other in
the Second Legion o f the National Guard
The Ravel de Tacin mentioned above al so
fullled th e functions of Assessor to Justice
of the P eace in the Section of the Temple as
did Jacobs a j eweller in the Sectio n o f
Thermes de Julien The succeeding years
saw an incre a se of Jewish Assessors to magi s
trates and of electors I n 1 794 Fribourg was
.

J E WS AS S OL D I E RS IN

E U RO PE

109

a Lieutenant of the Gendarmes ; and a certain

Jacob Commissary o f P olice for the S e ction
of La R union
a very careful w riter has
po inted ou t that whil e thus occupying impor
tant positions in the militia the municipal
bo die s and the magistrates not a singl e one
gured among th e m embers of the Commit
tee of P ublic Safety or of the Revolutionary
Tribu nal
There w a s only o ne exception to the gen
eral goo d behavior of the Jews E ight Je w s
w ere implic a ted in an a c t of theft of an ag
c
T
a
character
of
them
were
r
v
t
d
w
o
e
a
a
g
tuall y guilty and expi a ted their crime one
(a native of London ) by death the other by
eighteen years imprisonment But on the
whole th e conduct o f the Jews during the
Revolution was irreproachable ; when the
country was in danger they wer e to be seen in
th e path of honor and of military gl ory shed
ding their blood in th e l egitimate defense o f
their country s frontiers and a ttracting by
t heir bravery the admiration even of their
,

T HE

n o

J E W AS A

PATR I OT

enemies When tranquillity was restored

they were the rst to devote themselves to in
du s try contributing by their a ctivity toward
the e ffacement of the sanguinary period and
seeking by the dignity of their lives to over

come the mo st hostile opinions

E ven Napoleon whose marshals Soult
N e y a nd M assen a (w hose re al n a me was
Man a sseh ) were Je w s
the l a st n amed being
o ne of Napoleon s principal generals and by

him surn a med

the child of victory did
not reg a rd the Jews as citizens until 1 806 He

then d eclared :
The Je w s are not in the
same category w ith the Ch ristians W e have
to j udge th em by the politica l not the civil
right for they are no citizens
H e had
ho w ever the e arnest desire to m ake ci tizens
of them Fo r this pur p ose h e call ed together
a number of Jewish de p utie s in 1 806 charg
ing them to state and explain truly the ob
s tac l e s
if there were any to Jewish citizen
ship emanating from their religion O ne of
the questions put to that body was
DO the
.

J E WS A S SO LDI E RS I N

E U RO PE

1 11

Jews born in France and considered by the

law as her citiz e ns regard this country as
theirs even s o far as to be obliged to defend

her ?
They solemnly answered :
P eopl e
wh o choose for themselves a Fath erland liv
ing therein since many c e nturies and who
e ven under oppressive laws felt such an at
tac h me nt to it that they did rather forego the
enjoyment of civil liberties than quit it such
cannot but think themselves Fren chmen in
France and the obligation to defend her is to
them an honorable and a precious one
Love of country is such a natural and pro
foun d senti m ent among the Jews and so cor
respondent to their religious belief that a
French Jew wo uld think himself a stranger in
E nglish territory even in his intercourse with
coreligionists the same being tru e of E nglish
Jews in France
This sentiment prevail s a mong them in
such a m easure th a t in the late wars one coul d
fre quently s e e French Jews ght with erce
animo sity against the Jews in the hostile
,

T HE

1 12

J E W AS A

PAT RIOT

ranks Many of them are now bese t with

scars as the gloriou s marks o f their patrioti c
devotion and others have been praised and
distinguished for their bravery on th e el d of

honor
Th e French records for th e same period s
are not wanting in picturesque elem e nts
Jean Louis May and Simon M ayer w h o both
took part in Napoleo n s Sanhedrin se rved in
the earlier cam p aigns The former receive d
the Legion o f Honor and the latter became
a n inspector o f the conscript elections
In
1 8 08 Napoleon had 7 97 Jews in his army o f
men This is a large proportion mor e
th a n ten in a thou sand B ut the French
record is exceptionally goo d for I 82 1 a Je w
Baron Woolf held the rank of general Th e
records o f twenty-four French Jewish o fcers
who served in the Cri m ean campaign are
given in an interesting German wo rk
The

Jew s as Soldiers Fourteen of them received

di fferent grades of the Legion of H onor one
being decorated by Napoleon in priso n
.

J E WS AS S O L D I E RS I N E U RO P E
THE

DR E Y F U S

1 13

FFA I R

The vil e men w h o concoct e d th e o dius con

s p irac y against D reyfus could nd no fault in
thi s patriot except th a t he was a Jew and
therefore certain to b e condemned without
evidence ; and the mo re they lied perj ured
and forged the more they convinced th e
world of th e absolute innocence of D reyfus
Th e thousands marching down th e streets
of Paris screaming D own with th e Jews !
scattering handbills a l l over the city c ursing
the Jew asking the p eople to buy nothing of
a Je w and why ? Th e J e ws though number
ing o nly
in all France have come to
th e top in many professions ; they posses s
more w e alth th a n their N on-Jewish neighbors
d rive th e b e st horses and inhabit the most
spl endid mansions Thi s is at the bottom of
the present Anti -Semitic agitation in France
and stirring at th e bottom behind the army
are th e cl ergy who caused this outbreak o f
barbaro u s fer oci ty in a supposed civilized
,

JEW A S A

THE

1 14

PATRI OT

community The Jew is persecuted in France

s imply becau se he is a Jew
D reyfus according to th e provision o f the
Frenc h army law wa s assigned for duty on
th e gene ral st a ff b ecause he display e d the
greatest prociency during his course of
study at the Military College Dreyfus was
th e rst Jew so honored but not the rst
Jewish o fcer in the French army I n 1 895
there were in the active a rmy 9 colonels
9 lieutenant colonels 46 maj ors 90 captains
89 lieutenants and 1 04 sub -lieutenants who
were Jews This is j ust ten times as many as
the proportion betwe e n J ewish and Gentile
Frenchmen would sho w to be owing to their
country Among the Jewish generals in the
French army may be named Generals See
Bris ac
Lambert A l sare s Abraham Fri
bourg and the present General of Brigade
and P resident o f the Committee o f E xperts
o n Firing at Versailles Samu el P aul N a qu e t
L oro que
D uring th e past year or s o some
interesting military appointments a ffecting
,

J E WS AS SOLDI E RS I N

E U RO PE

1 15

Jews have bee n gazetted M D ul aure ns chief

of a squadron o f artillery has been appointed
chief of th e sta ff of the governor of Toul M
Achill e See chief of a squadron on the retired
list gover nment c ommissary at the court
m artial in Amiens h as b e en given a similar
post at th e second court -martial of P aris ;
an d First Lieutenant Raymond Weill of
t h e Fifth Regiment o f E ngineers at Ver
sailles has been promoted captain of e n
g ine e rs at Brest M Abra ha m B ergel a mer
chant of Marseilles has been appointed com
mander of the Sp a nish O rder o f I sa bell a the
Catholic The grade of commander in the
Legion of Honor has been conferred on
M Arthur Thiel commissioner general for
Sweden at the P aris E xhibition
A writer in Pears on s Weekly describes a n
e x cited Anti -Semitic demonstration which
took place in P aris as an outcom e of the
D reyfus a ffair when a corporal was seen
B efore he could
c oming in their direction
p a ss them by he was seized and with cries o f
.

T HE

1 16

J E W AS A

P AT R I OT

Long live the Army ! raised him shoulder

high a nd with further cries for the army and
vociferations against the J e ws carried him
to the end o f the thoroughfare H ere it w as
suddenly discovere d that the corporal himself
was a Jew and th e disgu sted Anti -Semites
pl a ced him upon his legs and left him as
quickly as they could
,

B L U E-B L OO D E D J EWS

French hostilities against the Jews will

never ta k e foothold among the nobility The
masses united by the greed for wealth may
display a craze fo r annihilating the Jewish
peopl e ; but in the veins o f the nobility o f
France ows a goodly portion of Jewish
blood I n fact aristocracy all ove r the world
The I nternational has
h as H ebrew a fliation
published some very interesting facts on this
subj ect :
The rst H ebrew to be ennobled in France
w as a man nam ed Simon Marc h a ul t who re
c e iv e d an heredita ry title from the Valois King
.

J E WS AS SO LDI E RS IN

E U RO PE

1 17

Charl es V I To day there is scarcely a single

family o f the old French a ristocracy either in
th e Faubourg St Germain at P aris or in the
provinces which d o es not include members of
the predestine d race among its more or les s
r emote ancestors
Indeed many of th e bea r
e rs of the grand e st and most illustrious names
i n France have e ither Jewish mothers o r
w ives
The D u k e of Gramont is married to
the daughter of one o f the Frankfort Roths
c hilds
the P rince d e Wagram to another
w hile the D uke of Richelieu s mother is a
d aughter o f the H ebrew banker M ichael
H ein e o f N e w O rl e ans and Paris The D uke
o f Levis -M irepoix claims to be abl e t o trace
his geneal ogical descent in direct line from
the founder of the Je w ish tribe of Levi and
a mong his family pictu res there is one re p re
senting th e Virgin Ma ry in th e act of a d
d ressing a former D uk e of Levis -Mirepoix
P ray put yo u r hat on
w ith th e w or d s
Th e lat e M arqui s de M ore s the heir
c ous in
o f the D uk e o f V allambrosa was married to
-

J E W AS A

T HE

1 18

PAT RI OT

the d aughter of a Germ a n I sraelite b a nk er e s

ta b lis h e d in N ew York and was dependent
on his father ih l aw s S hekels for his mainte
n a nce The D uchess d e Rivoli is a daughter
and
o f th e H ebrew banker Charles H eine
th e a dopted child of th e well -known Jewish
p hilanthropist the l a te Mme Furtard o o f
P aris
The P rinces P oniatowski are the
gra ndchildren of a Jewess nam ed Z oe M os
selman wh o as Comtesse Le Ho n acquired
much notoriety of a disagreeabl e character at
P aris durin g the early days of th e third
Napoleon s reign The grand o ld ducal house
o f P olignac ha s likewise among its members
an I sraelite in the person of P rincess Alp
house d e P olignac who was th e daughter o f
the Hebrew nancier Mires The latter it
may b e remembered playe d an important rOl e
under Napoleon I I I

In th e s ame way th e d ucal h ou s e of

No a illes which dates back to the rst c ru
sades included among its most popular mem
b e r s th e younger daughter of a H ebrew liquo r
,

'

J E WS AS SO LDI E RS I N
dealer

of

E U RO PE

1 19

Moscow Lachmann by name In

1 86 8 s h e married the M arquis de Noailles
n ow
French ambassador at Berlin and
b rother o f the l a te duke and before her death
she gured with m uch brilliancy and clat as
French ambassadre ss at W a shington Con
s ta ntino p l e and Rome
The hei r and younger broth er o f the fat
and good humored D uke of M a ssa is wedded
to a Jewish lady of th e name of Coppens w ho
is a s much famed fo r the b eauty of her voice
as h er husband for his talent as a dra matist
The young D uchess de Maille is o f Hebre w
d escent a s is also th e e normou sly wealthy
Comte de C re ff ul h e who i s married to th e
charming P rincess de Chimay so noted at
The
P a ris for h er Wagnerian enthusia sm
D uch e ss of Fitz James whose husband like
wise bears the titles o f D uke of Berwick and
D uke o f Liriaand who is descended from
th e illegitimate son o f King James I I of E ng
land and o f Arabella Churchill sist e r of the
rst Duke o f Marlboroughis of H ebrew
,

1 20

THE

J E W AS A

PATR I OT

parentage So too is the mother of the

p resent little Duke o f D e c az e s who married
o ne o f the daughters o f M r Singer of sewing
m achine fame
The youn g D u k e of Bris sac is th e son of a
lady o f H ebrew parentage wh o now bears
the name of Vicomtesse de Tre d e rn The
viscounte ss is famou s not only as possessing
t h e n e st amateur c ontralto voice in P aris
but als o in connection with the valuable s up
p ort w hich she gave to General B oulanger
He r s ister is the wife of the ol d est son and
h eir of the D uke o f B roglie
Th e D uchess d e Castries sister-in-law of
th e late Marshal Mac M a h on and who since
the d eath of h e r rst husban d has m arried
Viscount E mmanu el d Harcourt a m ember
o f the ducal hou s e of that name is the daugh
te r of th e e normou sly wealth y Austro -Jewish

banker Baron Sina

,

J E WS AS SO LDI E RS IN
THE

O n th e 3 I s t

E U RO PE

12 1

J E WS O F E N GLA N D
of

August 1 2 90 E dward I
banished all the Jews numbering
from E ngland ; they w ere pitilessly driven
fro m a country inhabited by their a uces
t ors as far back as the eighth century
You could hardly expect them to love
E n gland ; and yet no sooner had favor
able legislation restored them to citizenship
than they proved their love of country The
compl ete emancip a tion o f the Jews in
land was not brought about until 1 8 5 8 when
P arliam ent resolve d to admit Je w s without
the obligation t o subscribe the o a th on th e

faith of a tru e Christian Then their practical

persecution was ended For as Macaulay
said P ersecution it is to inict penalties on

account o f religious opinions D own to this

time many e minent lawyers and judge s
d oubted w hethe r a Jew could lawfully hol d
real estat e in E ngland Forty two years have
e laps e d since th e E nglish Jew s were full y
.

J E W AS

TH E

: 22

A PATR I OT

emancip a ted M a caulay champion o f h u

manity who did so mu ch to remove their dis
a bilities d ecl a red it w as unfair
till we have
t ried the exp eriment whether by m aking
E nglishmen o f them they will not become

members o f the community

The Jewish r a ce has produc ed a major
general Albert Gol ds mid who had two
horses shot under him at Waterlo o and two
lieutenant generals Sir Jacob Adolphus and
Sir D avid ! imines while Sir Alexander
S h ornb e rg distinguished himself in th e British
n a vy M ore than nin e hundred Jews have
taken part in the Boer campaign and in p ro
portion to their number in the empi re they
h a ve borne much more th a n thei r share in
their contribution to the ghting forces in the
present war with the Boers M ajor
General
Sir William P enn Symons killed in the South
African war was by descent an d faith a Je w
and named after a Q uaker
Colonel A E W Gol d s mid chief of
to General Kelly Kenny at Alder
s taff
.

J E WS A S SO L D I E RS I N

E U RO PE

1 23

s hot and of th e Sixth Division under th e

sam e general which cornered C ro nj e at P aa r
d e b urg where two shots wounded his horse
a third smashed his water-bottle and a fourth
penetrated into his saddleb ag and after o r
ganiz ing transport columns became c omman
dant at Naaupoort and l a ter o n I nspector of
the We stern S ection of the Lines o f Gommu
nic atio n is a Je w ; Colonel Harris w h o com
mand e d that regim e nt of crack shots the
Kimberley Ries is also a Jew Lieutenant
F N Raphael of the First South Lancashire
Regiment killed at Spio n Kop while trying to
rescue o ne o f his own men a private soldier
w h o had been badly wo unded was likewise a
Jew M aj or W D Karri-D a vis of the I m
p erial Light Horse and his partner Woods
W Samson both Jews were kept in jail by
the Boer authorities for a long time because
they refused to give their parole not to ght ;
and when they nally got into the ghting
ranks at th eir own expens e raised and
equipp ed the Imperial Light Horse Karri
,

W
E
J

T HE

: 24

AS

A PAT RI OT

D avis was b a dly wounded at Ladysmith and

se v en other Jews ghting with him were
killed th ere H e was one o f th e rst to enter
Johannesburg and the rst to rid e into M afe
king Have y ou not r e ad the thrilling story
o f Lieutenant Clive B ehrens who j ust after
his marriage to E velina Rothschild went to
th e front with his corps th e Royal Horse Ar
tillery ? Mrs B ehrens is th e only daughter
o f Lord Rothschild head of the great house
o f bank e rs director of w e alth e stimated at
two billions ; but with no thought of the
p ower o f her fortune M rs B ehrens mad e no
attempt to protect her hu sband with her mil
lions from th e bullets of th e B oers and made
h erself a sister in s elf s acric e and suspense
t o th e wife o f the poor private o f the Briti s h
a rmy
Alfre d B rown (ex -captain in the First
Royal Fusiliers Volunteers and briga de s ig
n alling o f cer in General Trotter s s ta ff) who
w as residing in Johannesbu rg at the o utbreak
.
o f ho stilities j oined Th orneyc roft s Mounted
,

J E WS

AS

E U RO PE

SOLDI E RS I N

12 5

Infa ntry Captain B rown was wounded in th e

rst e ngagement on the Moor River and re
j oined his regiment after recovery A recur
rence o f the lameness necessitated a further
rest however and o n recovery a gain Captain
B rown o nce more p r esented himself at the
front Th e commanding ofcer would not
s an ctio n his rej oining till his he a lth was fully
r e stored
Major Karri D avis (who though
an Au stralian has long been a resident in the
Transvaal ) had conferred on him by the King
th e decoration of Comp a nion of the O rde r o f
the Bath and that of Companion o f th e O rder
o f St M ichael and St George on Lieutenant
Colonel D avid Harris V D of th e Kimber
l ey To w n Guard Both o fcers were men
tio n e d in Lord Roberts desp a tches as d e se rv
in g recognitio n for their services in connec
tio n with th e war Captain J W Cohen o f
th e Th irteenth Middlesex Volunteer Ries
equip pe d by him and his father at their ex
pens e ; Capt a in E C Arnold Seventh Bat
t a lion Royal Fusiliers who on the outbreak
.

TH E

1 26

JEW A S A

PATRI OT

war volunteered fo r service and wh o h as

been comm a nding the D et a il s of the M iddl e
sex Regiment at Woolwich Acting Adj utant
o f the n e w Third and Fourth Batt a lions of
the M iddlesex Regiment ; Captain Robinson
and Captain Barrett o f the Welsh Yeomanry ;
Ca ptain Frie l and e r of Kitc hener s Fighting
Scouts ; Serge ant Alfred A Asher Serge a nt
M ichael Asher and P rivate H enry Asher wh o
h ave the u nique distinction of being th e only
three brothers (Jews ) serving in one regi
ment viz th e M iddlesex Yeomanry ; Major
S Wei! Imperial Transport Service men
t io n e d
for meritorious service in Lord
Roberts
honors d espatch
Captain E S
D Goldschmidt Lieutenant -Colonel F P
Lo usada and Captain Claude L Marks are
only a few o f the twenty-two captains forty
lieutenants sixty two second lieutenants b e
sides medical o f cers nurses and 900 pri
v ate s in E ngland s South African War
P erhap s no more striking te stimony to the
prominent part borne in the war no t only by
of

J E WS A S SO L D I E R S IN E U RO P E
E nglish

: 2

and South African Jews but by their

brethren in all parts of the empire ma y be
gathere d from th e j est genera lly current in
N ew South Wales w here the contingent of
ghting m en sent to the fro nt are humorously
referred to as Cohentingents The Jews all
over the e mpire arose one in he a rt and in
t e re s t with the Imperi a l people a mong whom
their lot w as cast indistinguishable in aims
and character from t he r a ce with whom their
fortun es were united ; and by S haring with
E ngland s b r avest and b est the danger and
the glory of war they triumphantly repu
cannot b e
diat e d th e charge that the Jews

patriots while they remain genuine Jews

,

h e art and h and

0 M oth e r E ngl and
A nd th e y b oth are thi ne to day
Thi ne fo r li fe and thi ne for d e ath y e a fo r e v e r !
Wilt th ou tak e th e m as w e giv e th e m fre e ly gl adly
E ngl and ? s ay !
For th e

J e w h as

And yet such is the ignoran c e o f the

patriotism of the Je w th a t while hundreds o f
Jews in E ngl a nd a nd the Colonies were mak
,

J E W AS A

TH E

1 28

PATRI OT

ing contributions to t he national d efens e

an d volunteering for and dying in South
Africa in defense of the Fatherland even
while all this was going on about six months
a go a well known E nglishman supporting
the action of the mobs in attacking th e Jews
in Whitechapel had this to say :
Rac e
riots are deplorabl e but there is undoubtedly
cau se for feeling against the J ews j ust at this
p eriod o f E n gland s trials
The Jews make money here in London
They share o ur pro sperity and do not share
o ur dangers
A Je w will cheerfully take a
contract to supply th e British a rmy in Africa
at a prot What Jew would take up a gun o r
a sword on behalf o f the nation that shelters
him ? What Je w has gur ed in E ngland s

wars ?
O ne would think that the facts mentioned
w hich speak volumes fo r the patriotism o f
the Jew and serve as an obj ect l esson to the
world of the success which w aits upon a
policy of wise toleration and j ustice would
,

J E WS AS SOLDI E RS I N

E U RO PE

1 29

make such Anti -Semites blush if shame were

not d ead
The eight millions o f Jews in E urope fur
n ish about
m en to the war strength
o f E urop e an armies ; that is to say the pro
portion o f Jews among the s oldiers of E urope
i s great e r th an that of an y other race
,

The

ew

in

Pol itic s

In th e N i ne te e nth C e nt u ry

C HA PTE R IV
TH E J E W I N P O L ITI C S
I N T HE

NIN

ET EEN TH

E N TURY

E V E N in Anti -Semitic Germany we nd the

,

Jew in politics takes front rank Ferdinand

Lassall e the founder of the German Soci a l
D emocracy the darling of the German work
ing classes j urist economist ora tor philo s
opher and poet made Socialism a force in
E urop ean politics ; and when he died in a
duel in 1 86 3 at the age of thirty eight Bis
marck and he were considered the tw o fore
mo st m en of the Fatherland
E dward Lasker anot h er idol o f the Ger
man working people w a s born in Jarocin in
P osen P ru ssian P oland O ctober 1 4 1 82 9
H e b ecam e known as a stat esman by his
.

1 33

TH E

1 34

J EW

PAT R I OT

AS

wo rk on the constitutional history of P russia

as a member of the P ru ssi a n Chamber and
subsequently o f the North Germ a n and Ger
man Imperial Parliament He w as o ne of
the founde rs o f the National Liberal Party
although on more than one occasion he voted
with the P rogressive Pa rty He was a mem
ber o f his political party ju st so long as it up
held j ustice H e w a s a prom oter of the union
o f the Southern and Northern States of Ger
many H e was for yea r s the acknowledged
leader in the Reichstag He wa s for a long
time a powerful supporter of Bismarck until
th e latter s administ ra tion introduced a bill
w hich aimed to limit the freedom of speech in
Thenceforth Lasker became
P arliament
Bismarck s decid ed antagonist
I n 1 848 H err J M a nnheimer was elected
t o the P residency o f the Austrian Diet The
famou s Gabriel Kiesser the same year was
elected Minister o f St a te to the P rince Pro
tector of Germany John of Au stria
Ludwig Bamberger for many years a
,

THE

J E W IN

PO L I T I C S

1 35

member o f the Reichst a g and author of a

number o f works on history a nd political
economy was one of the ma kers o f modern
Ge r m a ny H e w as at one time one of the
le a ders of the National Liber a l P a rty and an
adversary of th e late P rince Bismarck In
the revolution of 1 848 he becam e one of the
leaders o f the popular movement and took
a n active pa r t in the insurrection of 1 84
9 th e
obj ect of which was the est ablishment of
a constitutional government for Rhenish
Bavaria
He eventu a lly sought refuge in
S w itzerland and during his a bsence he w as
sentenced to death by the Bavarian Assizes
E stablishing himself in P aris he was enga ged
in the banking business fro m 1 8 5 3 to 1 867
H e retu rned to his n a tive town a fter the
amnesty decree which followed th e Austro
P ru ssian war of 1 866 permitted him to do so
At
a nd was elected to the Reichstag in 1 87 1
the outbreak o f the war between France and
P russia h e devoted himself to th e defense of
German national interests and on account of
,

T HE

1 36

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

his ability a s a j ourn alist a nd long fa mili a rity

with the a ffa irs of France he w as a ssigned by
P r ince Bism a rck to the genera l st a ff and l a ter
to the sta ff of the Governor of Alsace in
order to a ssist the latter in the political ad
ministr ation of th a t province
I n th e Reichstag Herr Bamberger b ecame
o n e of the chiefs of the National Liberal P arty
and assumed an import a nt pl a ce as a nancial
o rator Later he distinguished himself in the
ranks of the P rogre ssive P arty as one of the
advers a ries of Bism a rck
D r Wilhelm Cahn P rivy Councilor of
Legatio n was recently at his own request
relieved of his post a s o n e of the l ega l advisers
of the Minist ry for Foreign A ff airs He was
the only Je w in the Imp erial Chancellery and
was publicly commended by Bismarck for
h aving refused to a bj ure his religion in order
to ga in a dvancement At th e time of the out
bre ak o f the Franco German War Dr C ahn
was in P aris as Councilor of the Bavarian
Legation h e remained there throughout the
,

TH E

J E W IN

P OLITICS

1 37

war under the protection of the Swis s Leg a

tion and h e did not le a ve his post even in the
terrible days o f the Commune
Max Hirsch Anton Ree Ludwig L Ow e
Leopold So nne man Max Kayser and E
Singer have fearlessly e x pressed their opin
ions in t h e German Reichstag
,

Mo ses Go d e fro i the Dutch advocate in

1 860 wa s appointed Minister of Ju stice by the
King o f Holl and
A Jew who has had much inuence on the
e ducational progres s of D enmark is H erman
Trier who w a s recently cho sen to the o fce
o f Sp eaker of the D anish House o f Commons
His parents were of German descent but he
himsel f is thoroughly Danish H e is a warm
advocate of wood workin g a s a par t o f th e
curriculum and it was through his e fforts that
th i s Important mechanical study h as become
part o f th e programm e o f mo st of the Boys
Schools in D enmark
The Sultan has recently promoted to th e
grad e of General of D ivision Vice
Admiral
,

T HE

138

J E W AS A

PATRI O T

Dr I s aa c M olho P ash a Sanitary Insp ector o f

the Imp erial Navy D r P asha is a brother of
Daoud E ffendi M olho First D ragoman of
the Imperial P alace
The King of Greece has conferred the in
s ignia of the Saviour o n Robert E ffendi Mis
rahi D irector of P olitical A ffairs for th e
Vilayet and D epartment of Adrianopl e In
the disch a rge of his delicate functions Robert
E ff endi Misrahi has dis p layed a far
seeing
mind qu i ck to grasp the most complicated
questions which excellent qualities have
gained for him repeated marks o f Imperial
favo r a s well as decoration s from several
foreign governments
,

J EWS

I N I TA

LIA N

O L I TI C S

It is not much more than sixty

seven years
since the Jews w ere pe rmitted any liberties in
I taly Yet under the most adverse circum
stances I saa c P esaro Maurogo nato became

an athlete in parli a ment a ry deb a te

He
18 17
w a s born in Venice N ovember 1 5
.

T HE

J EW IN

POLITICS

1 39

After having achieved great success as a

lawyer he turned his attention to politics
I n 1 848 h e became P o stmaster General of
Venice and in 1 849 M inister of Finance and
Commerce In the disch arge of his duties in
the latter o f ce his bu siness qualities were so
conspicuously manifested that after the fall of
the P rovisional Government and the return
o f the Au strians to Veni c e o n e of the a uth ori
ties nding th e o f ce s o skillfully conducted
and every payment carefully accounted for

exclaimed :
I neve r would have thought
that thes e republican rebels could be so
honest
When Venice bec a me a part of the
kingdom of Italy in 1 860 Mauro gonato was
elected a deputy to P arliament a position
which he lled so agreeably that for many
years h e ranked among the life senators o f
his native country In this connection we
must mention D r M a nin (1 804
the
Italian patriot a nd d efender of Venice
O nly since th e establishment of the King
do m u nder Victor E mmanuel I I have Italian
.

THE

1 40

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

born Je w s enjoyed equ al civil and political

rights with their fellow countrymen Yet the
people w h o w ere considered the lowest h ave
by their talents and char a cter reached with
astounding rapidity the highest roun d in the
l a dde r of politica l fam e
The brilliant s e rvices o f Signor Luigi Luz
z atti
in more than one Cabinet o f rec ent
When polit
y e a rs have no t b een fo rgotten
ic al events caused a change of government
the rst ministry formed in the reign of King
Victor E mmanuel contained another Jew
Signor Leone Wol l e mb o rg who was given
the o fce o f Minister of Finance a post fo r
which he wa s wel l tted by his past e x p e
rie nc e
acquire d while Under Se cretary of
Stat e for the Treasury in the Sirocco Minis
try Signor Wol l e mb o rg who is of German
extraction was bo rn at Padua in 1 8 5 9 and
took his degree in Laws in 1 87 8 H e has sat
in three P arliaments as member for Cit
tad e ll a and is extremely popular among the
working cla sses having been like Signor
.

TH E

L uzzatti

J E W IN

PO LITICS

14 1

o ne o f

the earliest advocates of co

operative s o cieties After holding this port
folio for a few months Signor Wo l l e mb org
resigned wh e n insur m ountabl e di fculties
p resented themselves to his wide re a ching
scheme fo r t he reform of taxation Some of
his coll eagu es in the cabinet were opposed
to h is plan and when Signor Woll e m b o rg
saw that his scheme could not be realized
rather than a gree to the obj ections of his fel
l o w ministers he laid down the reins of o f ce
Cavaliere d e P olacco Councilor to the
I talian E mbassy in P a ris h as recently been
appointed Minister P lenipotentiary for Italy
in Bulgaria M a ny ye a rs ago It aly set the
e xampl e of giving po sts to Jews in the dip
l o m at ic service when it appointed the l a te
Signor I sacco Artour as Minister to D en
mark Within recent years another Jew Sig
nor Segre has been Itali a n Minister at Lima
eru
Count
who
H
i
e r s c h e l di Mine rb i
P
)
(
w a s u ntil a year or two a go Councilo r of the
Italia n E mbassy in London more than once
,

J E W AS

TH E

142

A PATR I O T

discharged the functions of Ambassador dur

ing the absence of his chief from E ngland
O ne of the most illustriou s careers in
Italian politics came to a clo se at Rome a
short time since by the death o f Sena tor
A rto m In 1 8 5 5 he received an appointment
at the M inistry for Foreign A ffairs The
fa mou s stat esm a n Count Cavour r e cognized
his profound genius ; a nd in 1 8 5 8 he ap
pointed A rtom to his private Cabinet H e was
successively S ecretary of Legatio n a t P a ris
M inister Plenipotentiary to Cop enhagen and
Chief of the P rivate Cabinet o f th e Minister
for Foreign A ffai rs Count Giuseppe P asolini
In 1 86 5 A rto m wa s sent to P aris as Italian
P lenipotenti ary at the Monetary Conference ;
a nd in 1 866 h e together w ith General M en a
brea took part in the peace negotiations at
Vienn a H e visited Vienn a again in 1 87 0
o n a diplomatic mission ; and
in th e same
year he was appointed by the Mar quis Vis
cinti Venosta to the responsible post o f Gen
e ral Secretary at the M inistry for Foreign
.

THE

J EW I N

PO LITIC S

143

A ff airs a post subsequently held by another

Jew Signor Giacomo Mal v ano
H e con
tinu e d in this o f ce until 1 87 6 in which
ye a r he was created a Senato r of the King
dom Signor A rto m soon became one of the
princip a l authorities in that branch of the
Legislature on nance and foreign politics
and his abilities we r e recognized by his elec
tio n to important o fces in the Senate I t is
needless to multiply instances ; in municipal
and national a ffairs the Jews are everywhere
recognized as a mong the rst citizens of the
kingdom
,

TH E

J EWS

IN

F R E N C H P O LI TI C S

France was the rst o f all countries to

grant to the Jews civil a nd political rights at
the tim e of the great revolution in 1 7 93 The
Jewish religion is one of the three religion s
recognized in France and supported by the
State b eing on the same footing with
Cath olicism and P rotest a ntism Since 1 793
Jews in France are both electors and e l igi
.

J E W AS A

TH E

1 44

PATR I O T

bles and no o fce whatever has been clo sed

t o them I n the forties there was a Jewish
M inister of Fin ance the fa mou s Go udc h a ux
E ven so learned a man o f a ffairs a s Arch
bishop Ireland at th e time of the D reyfu s
a ff a ir w a s quoted in a n interview a s s a ying
that all French Hebrews are recent immi
grants ih France Bordeaux Avignon and
Nimes h a ve had Jewish com m unities for cen
t u rie s ; and many of t h e Jews of Fr a nce are of
better French stock than som e o f the great
families which have pl ayed a prominent part
in history like th e De Broglies w ho c a me
from P iedmont ; the Ma cMah ons who were
I rish ; like the p eople o f Al sace -Lorraine who
belon ged to F ra n ce only S ince 1 648 a nd like
Bonaparte or Buon aparte the name o f the
family which has given to modern France its
imperial dynasty who were I talians
There died in P a ris about two years a g o
o ne of th e highest Magistrates o f the Court
o f Cassation M B e dav rid e s a Jew whose a n
c e s try coul d be traced back to a n ol d family
,

T HE
of

P r o vence

J E W IN

PO L I TI C S

145

U ntil D rumo nt published his

viol ent boo k in 1 886 there was no Jew
bait
ing worth mentioning in France O nly once
before in the nineteenth century had the
Jews been attacked when To us s e ne l in 1 846

published The Jews Kings of the Century

We have a l re a dy referred to the fact how
commonly th e Je w s are mixed up w ith the
names of the ol d nobility in France When
French nobles have been unabl e to nd
Ameri c an hei r esses who were fools enough
to supp ort them they have married rich
Jewesses
After th e war o f 1 870 E ugene Manuel a
d istinguished university professor a nd a Je w
pr ov e d himself next to P a ul D ro ul d e as a
p a triot Tyrt ae us
I n politics the Jews in F ra nce h a ve been
powerful o u t of a l l pro portion to their num
bers There are only
Jews in F ra nce
to day and it is simply a stonishing h o w many
ministe r s their r a ce has furnished to Fra nce
I s a ac Adolph e Cremieux (1 7 96
.

TH E

1 46

J E W AS A

PAT R I OT

whose eloquence and thorough legal knowl

e dge soon brought him to public not i ce b e
came a member of the Ch am b er of D eputies
in 1 84 2 H e encouraged the Revolution of
1 848 and advised Louis P hilippe to quit
F rance U nde r the P rovisional Government
h e held the important o fce of M inister o f
Justice Afte r the sur rende r of Napol eon
I I I a t Sed a n h e a ga in bec a me M inister of
Justice His own donation toward the pay
m ent of the w ar debt to Germany w as one
hundred thous a nd francs Afte r serving faith
fully in the National Assembly the land of
his birth made him a life senator
Achille Fo ul d (1 800
under the presi
den e y of Louis Napoleon was four times
M inister o f Fin ance His dis a gr eem ent with
the P resident l ed him twice to retire from
o fce but he was each tim e reappointed In
1 852
he w as made Senator a nd M inister of
State and w a s cre a ted a Commander of the
Legion of Honor
The great ultra liberal
Gambetta (1 8 3 8
was of Genoese
,

T HE

J E W IN

PO LITI C S

I 47

Jewish descent D avid Reynal of Bordeaux

becam e Senator a nd u nder Ferry and C a s
simir P erier Minister o f P ublic Works a nd
M inister of the Interiorthe real ruler of th e
French Republic ninety years after th e
emancipation of th e Je w s ; E B Mill a nd
Senator and M inister of P ublic Works under
Goblet ; Jules Simon Minister of E ducation
an d Religion under Thiers Camille See the
su ccessful champion of femal e educ ation ;
L o c k roy heir and rel ative of Victor Hugo
Secretary of th e Navy during a recent minis
try ; M N aqu e t friend and adviser of Boul a n
ger are a few of the Je w s who have distin
themselves
in
French
politics
h
u
i
e
d
s
g
.

E N GL I S H J EWS

IN

P O L ITI C S

The rst gleam o f hope for civil and relig

iou s liberty in E ngland was the r epe a l o f the
Test and Corporation Acts in 1 82 8 This rst
d ecisive move in th e right direction was re
c e iv e d w ith exult a tion by Roman C a tholics
Christian dissenters and B ritish Jews But
.

148

T HE

J E W AS

A PATR I OT

the clause O n the true faith o f a Christia n

appended to th e O ath of Abj uration a claus e
intend ed a s a prot e ction against any ment al
reservation on the part o f Roman Catholics
to j urisdiction in E ngland although not ih
tended to a ffect Jews Jew-b aiters used this
unintentional claus e in the ne w declaration
as a b a r to the Jews admission to P arliament
to o fces u nder the crown a nd al l municipal
and corporation o f ces Many attempts were
made to relieve the Jews from the political
and civil disabilities from which they wer e
then su ff ering I n 1 83 5 D avid Sal omons
was elected Sheri ff of London and M iddlesex ;
and to enable him to serve the o fce without
subscribing to the declaration O n the true

faith o f a Christian a bill was passed entitled

The Sheriff s D e claration Act

In the
same year M r Salomons was e lected Alder
man o i the Ward of Aldgate ; but being
unabl e to take the Abjuration O a th h e could
not accept the o f ce which was declared
vacant and a Christian el ect ed
Vario us
,

TH E

J EW I N

PO L I TI C S

149

mancipation bill s were p l aced before Parlia

ment but fa iled to remove th e disabilities
which then a ffected the Jews in E ngland so
that th e e ffo rts of th e friends of equal rights
were directed toward removing the disabili
ties gradually by su ccessive e fforts In 1 83 7
Moses Monte ore was elected Sheri ff of Lon
don and Middlesex and received the honor
o f knighthood fro m Q ueen Victo ria upon her
rst visit to London In the same year D avid
Salomons was defeated in the Borough of
Shoreham this bein g the rst attempt of any
Jew to enter P arliament
I n 1 844 D avid
Salomon s was for th e seco nd time elected an
alderman for th e City of London but w as
again prevent ed from accepting the o fce
becau se h e could not subscribe to the oath
which he was bound to take I n this same
year B ritish Jews were relieved from the oh
ligation to subscribe to the oath O n the

faith o f a true Christian upon being elected

to municipal o fce s
In 1 846 Sir M oses
Monte ore and Baron Antho ny de Rothschild
e

T HE

1 50

J E W AS

A PATR I OT

w ere m a de b a ronets of th e U nited Kingdom

of Gre a t Britain and I reland I n 1 847 B a ron
Lionel d e Ro thschild was sent to P arliament
by the Liberal electors of London but unabl e
to take the oath
O n the faith of a tru e Chris

tian he w as not permitted to take his seat

Th e contrast between P arliament and the peo
ple wa s proven by Baron Rothschild s re el ec
tion fo r the City of London in the years 1 849
1 8 5 2 and 1 8 5 7
In 1 85 1 Alderman Salomons
was returned to Parliament a s a member for
Greenwich H e insisted on taking the oath
upon the Old Testament and omitting the
declaration
O n the faith of a true Chris

tian concluded with So help me God !

H e took his se a t voted and spoke three times
o n the very question of his right to remain in
the House but he was compelled to with
draw A h action was brought against him to
rec over from him th ree penalties of ve hun
dred pounds for sitting and speaking three
times and voting in three divisions in the
H ouse of Com m on s without having taken th e
.

T HE

J E W IN

PO L I TI C S

51

oath The aff a ir led to long lega l proceedings

before the Court of E xchequer III 1 8 5 5 Mr
Salomons was elect ed Lord M ayo r of L o n
do n becoming not only the rst Je w ish Lord
Mayor but the rst Jewish member of th e
P rivy Council
I n 1 8 5 7 Baron Lionel d e
Rothschild h aving resigned his seat in the
House of Commons was a g ain re elected
The Liberal electo r s of London w ere deter
mined never to ceas e el ecting a Jew to P ar
l iam e nt until thei r e fforts w e r e crowned with
having him seated Through all these years
bills removing the dis a bilities of the Jews
passed the House of Commons and were as
regularl y rej ected by the Hous e of Lords I n
1 8 5 8 a new o a th s bill applying only to Jews
was carried in the Hou se of Common s and
referred to the Hous e of Lords and was
passed with certain amendments which were
not approved by the House o f Commons A
c onference o f both H ou ses w a s consequently
a ppointed and Baron Lionel de Rothsch il d
To
s nam ed to serve on the committee
wa
.

T HE

1 52

J E W AS A

PAT RI OT

t he surp ris e of his brothe r Lords the E a rl

o f Luc a n g a ve notice th a t he w oul d introduce
a bill a uthorizing either Hou se o f Parliament
to admit Jews by resolution without the
obligation to subsc ribe to th e w ords O n th e

f aith o f a true Christi a n

This bill a fterward
passed the Hou se of Lords on the 1 6th of
July 1 85 8 and the Hous e o f Commons on
th e 2 1 s t of the same month a nd on the 2 3 d
it received royal assent ; and Baron de R oths
child t o ok his seat in the Hou se o f Com
mons on the 2 6th o f July The year follow
ing M r Alderman Salomons was for the
second time returned to P arliament and given
his s eat In this year Benj a min P hillips was
elected Sheri ff of London and M iddlesex In
1 8 60 Sir Francis Gol d s mid Bar t
Q C was
retu rned for Reading
From this time ou
ward Jews becam e conspicuous in E nglish
politics In 1 864 Mr John Simon was made
a sergeant at law
he being the rst Je w to
receive th a t ancient l egal r ank I n this s a me
year S ir B enj amin P hillips was elected Lord
,

THE

J E W IN

PO L I T I C S

53

M ayor of London ; a nd for the creditable

manner in which he lle d this o fce he re
c e iv e d from H er Maj esty the honor of knight
hood o n the recommendation o f the then
P remier the E arl of D erby
Since then the
following distinguished men have served in
P a rli a m e nt : Sir Francis Gol d s m id Baron
M eyer de Rothschild M r Nathaniel de
Rothschild M r F r ederick de Gol ds mid Mr
Joseph de Aguilar Samuda Sir George Jessel
Sir John Simon Sir Nathaniel Meyer de
R oth schild M r Julian Gol ds m id Mr Saul
I s aa c M r Arthur Cohen Baron H enry de
Worms M r Sydney Woolf B a ro n Ferdinand
de Rothschild the H on Walter Lionel de
Rothschild w h o wa s elected without opposi
tion to succeed his uncle the l a te Baron
J a mes de R o thschild Sir E dward Sasson who
is al so a major in th e Duke o f Camb ridge s
Hu ssars Yeom a nry Sir Samu el M ontagu and
Mr Stu a rt M ontagu Samuel Mr Harry
Simon Samuel M r B enjamin L Cohen a nd
Capt H erbert M Jessel
.

THE

1 54

J E W AS A

PAT RI OT

Th e remarkabl e ris e of the Britis h Jew in

politics reached its highest point in B enj a min
D israeli (1 805
E arl of Be a c o n s e l d
P remier of Great Britain who without help
o r friends pu shed his way up th rough the
middle cl a sses up through th e upper classes
until h e swayed the sceptre o f E ngland for
twenty v e years and b ecame one o f the con
trolling powers in E u rope a n a ffairs Sco ffed
ridiculed rebu ffed hissed from the House of

Commons h e simply said

The time will

come w hen you will hear m e

After three
defe a t s in P a rli a ment ary elections he was not
the least daunt ed for he knew his day would
come Lord M elbourne the g re a t P rime
Minister wh en the young man w as intro
d u ce d to him asked h im what he wished to

be
was his
P rime Minister o f E ngland
When a n aristocrat oppos
a ud a cious reply
ing h im for P a rliament loftily declared that
he Stood on his fa mily n ame and broa d

acres
Disra eli r eplied
I stand on my

head
Im a gine E ngland s surprise with her
,

T HE

J E W IN

P O L I TI C S

55

contempt for sel f-made men to se e this m a n

sprung from a hated and persecuted ra ce
vi rtually her ruler
The lat e Lord Herschel ! chairman of the
Anglo American Joint High Commissioners
from Great Brit a in twice Lord High Ch a n
c e l l o r du ring the Gl a dstonian ministries and
former Chancellor of the London University
w ho se death at Washington D C M a rch I
1 899 c a u sed such profound sorrow th e Su
prem e Co u rt of the United States adj ourning
for a day as a mark of respect and who a few
days b efore his de a th w as complimented with
a seat on that high bencha compliment
which had been extended only once pre
v io u s ly in the instance of the then Lord Chief
Ju stice of E nglandwas of Jewish descent
George Faud e l -P hillips the fourth of his faith
w h o became Lord Mayor of London ; Sir
Joseph Wol ff D rummond the E nglish Minis
ter to Turkey ; Sir O tto Ja ffe former Lord
Mayor o f B elfast ; and Mr Louis S Cohen
L ord Mayor o f Liverpool are only a fe w
,

T HE

1 56

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

among scores of distinguished Jews in th e

m unicipal and national politics of E ngland in
o u r day
That the Jews are gaining political power
in E ngland was recently evidenced by the fact
that for the rst time in E ngland s history
the p ro clamation of the sovereign at the
m eeting o f the P rivy Council was signed by
Jews viz : Lord P irbright Sir George Fau
dell P hillips and Sir M a rcu s Samuel
The lat e Sir Julius Vogel the former
P remier and Agent -General o f N e w Z ealand
w as in a small way the D I s rae l i o f the island
colony
H e to gether with me n like Sir
S a ul S a mu el and Sir Julian Solomon of N e w
South Wales and Maurice Salom of South
Austral ia has helped to maintain th e pres
tige of the Jews in the politics of th e island
continent The new men like Isaac A Isaacs
o f Victoria are worthy of the older o nes and
they are doing goo d work
.

J E W IN

T HE

TH E

J EW I N

P O L I TI C S

1 57

M E RI C A N P O L I TI C S

P erhaps

the rst Jew elected to o fce in

this country w as Colonel Frederick P hillips
o f Westchester County w h o w a s elected to
t h e General Assembly o f N e w York
On
September 2 3 1 7 3 7 the General Assembly
resolved th a t Jews could neith er vote for rep
r e s e ntativ e s nor be admitted as witnesses
Colonel P hillips wa s denied his seat
,

J EWI S H

O N G R E SS M E N

I srael Jacobs was the rst Hebrew member

of Congress from P ennsylv a ni a 1 7 9 1 to 1 793
Michael W Ash was a member o f Congress
from P ennsylvania 1 83 5 to 1 83 7 D a vid S
K a u ffman after s erving as speaker of the
Texas Assembly represented his State in
Congress from 1 847 to 1 8 5 7 In 1 845 Le w is
C Levin was sent to Con gress from Phil ad e l
phia and was twice re elected
M eyer
Strous e was Congressm a n from P ennsylvani a
1 84 8 to 1 8 5 2
a n d P hilip P hillips from Ala
.

THE

1 53

bam a

J E W AS

B Hart of
N e w Yo rk w a s elected to Congress in 1 8 5 7 ;
after serving his rst term he was made Sur
H enry M
v e y o r o f the P ort of New York
P hillips of P hiladelphia in his d ay o ne o f the
best constitut ional lawyers in th e country
was elected to Congress in 1 8 5 6 Leonard
M eye r s of P hiladelphi a repres ented the
Third District from 1 863 to 1 87 5 M eye r
Strou se of P ottsville P enn sylvania served in
Congr ess from 1 863 to 1 867 ; E dwin E in
stein of N ew York City from 1 87 6
78
I sidor Straus one of N ew York City s publi c
wa s sent to Congress in
Spirited citi zens
Among other
1 8 92 declining a re -election
Jewish Congressm en may be named Leo
pold Morse of Boston ; Nathan Fra nk of
St Louis ; Adolph M eyer of Louisiana ; Jef
fe rs o n M L e v y Mitc h e ll May and Lucius M
Littau e r of N ew York ; Julius K a hn of San
Fra nc isco and l a st but not least I sidor Ray
ner of Baltimore the present Attorney
General of Maryland and counsel for Rear
,

1 85 3

to

A PAT RI OT

1 85 5

E manuel

,,

J E W IN

THE

POLITICS

1 59

Admir l Schl ey whose three hours speech

at the clos e of the investiga tion made him

nationally fa mous as an orator the mingled

i rony invective lively humo r and passionat e
app e al recalling the fervid p eriods of Henry
Calhoun and Clay
,

I N TH E

U N I TE D S TA T ES S E N ATE

Judah P Be nj amin w h o de c lined P resident

P ie r ce s o ffer o f a judgeship of the Sup r eme
Court b ench o n account of his e x tensive pri
vat e business but who in 1 8 5 2 was chosen
U nited St a tes Sen a tor fro m Louisiana was
the ablest lega l a dvoc a te slave ry ever had
O n one occasion he appeared a gainst Daniel
Webster in the U nited St a tes Supreme Court
Webster talked for three hours a nd made one
of his nest e fforts
Then came Benj amin a little weazened
dried-u p m an with a thin and hollow voice
when th e
an d t a lked for twenty minutes
Chief Justice turned to his colle agues and
Great heavens ! that littl e man
w hispered :
.

1 60

T HE

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

has stated Webster o u t o f court in twenty

minutes
O n his withdra w al from the U nited States
Senate on February 4 1 8 60 he w as at once
appointed Attorney General in th e P rovi
s i o na l
government of the Southern Con
fed eracy I n the follo w ing Au gust he w as
appointed Acting Secretary of War ; s ubs e
qu ently he bec a m e Secretary o f State which
po sition he held u ntil the downfall of the
So uthern Confederacy H e was in truth the
bra ins of the Sou thern Confederacy
When Richmond fell B enjamin ed with
other m embers of th e Cabinet
H e was
separ a ted from them and esc aped from the
e ast co a st o f Florida to the B a hamas in a n
open boat From there he made his way to
Nassau reachin g Liverpool in 1 8 65 H e had
littl e money He w a s fty-v e years ol d H e
entered Lincoln s Inn as a student having
previou sly devoted him self to E ngl ish law
In the followin g summer he was called to the
.

b ar

J EW I N

THE

PO LI TI C S

16 1

Londo n refused to notice him He tu rn ed

to j ournalis m to make a living His Treatise

o n the L aw of Sale of P erson a l P rope rty
is
to this day th e authority on the subj ect in
E nglish l aw
Then the fam e and practice of
B enj a min gre w rapidly H e w as r ecognized
a t the time of his death as the leader of the
E nglish bar a nd one of th e great legal minds
of the world When failing health compelled
him to reti r e in 1 883 a great banquet was
given to him in th e hall of th e Inner Templ e
in Lo ndon where gathered all the foremost
men in E ngl a nda tribut e such as few men
have ever received
O th er Je w ish U nited States Senators have
been David L Yulee of Florid a ; B F Jonas
from Louisiana ; and at present Joseph
Simon of O r egon
Jo seph Seligm a n d eclined for p ersonal
reasons the Secretaryship of the Treasury in
P resident Grant s c a binet a n d Isidor St ra us
d eclined the P ostm a ster Generalship in P resi
dent Cleveland s cabinet
.

J E W AS A

T HE

16 2

PATRI OT

JEWI S H J UD GE S

The followi ng are some of the Hebrews

who have held important j udgeships : M oses
Levy whose a dmission to the Bar o f P h il ade l
phia date s as far back as March 1 9 1 7 7 8 after
occupying variou s o f ces became P residi ng
Judge of the District Court for the City and

County of P hiladelphia
Ma y er I saac
Franks has been mentio ned as a j udge of the
Supreme Court of P ennsylvania but the ex
a ct time when he served c a nnot be de
Franklin J Moses (1 804
t ermine d
7 7 ) was
Chief Justice o f the Supreme Court o f Cali
fo rmi a in 1 8 5 1 Among the Supreme Court
j udges of N ew York we can recall Joseph E
N e w b urge r W N Cohen David L e v intritt
S a muel Greenbaum and Alfred Steckler
,

J EWI S H D I P L O M A TS
D uring the rst decade o f the present cen
tury Soloman B Nones w as Consul -General
to P ortugal P resident Madison appointed
.

J E W IN

THE

PO L I T I C S

16 3

Mord ecai M Noah Consul General to Tunis

Colonel M ax E instein was appointed by
P resident Lincoln Consul at Nuremberg
Germany
B F P e ix o tto was Consul at
Lyons during th e administrations of P resi
dents H a yes Ga reld a nd Arthu r M a rcus
O tte rbourg o f N ew York was th e rst
Ame ric a n H ebre w to occupy th e high o fce
of E nvoy E xtra ordin a ry a n d M inister P l e ni
potentiary to M exico
O scar Straus was
P resident Cl evel a nd s a nd P r esident Mc Kin
l ey s M inister to Turkey
Solomon Hi rsch
was P resident Harrison s Minister to Turkey
Rob ert E tting o f P hil a delphia r st c apt ain
of the Indep endent Blues in 1 7 98 w as ap
point ed by P resident Thom a s Je ff erson
United St a tes Marshal for the State of Mary
land in I80 1
By appointment of P resident P ierce I saac
P hillips was m a d e Gene ral Appra iser of the
P ort o f New York a position which he occ u
pied for fteen years Colonel Louis Fleisch
n er and E dward Hirsch h a v e been State
-

THE

1 64

J E W AS A

PAT RI OT

Treasurers of O regon E d w ard Kanter has

been St a te Tre a surer o f Michiga n Simo n
Wolf appointed by P resident Gra nt Recorder
o f Deeds for the District o f Columbia ; S W
Rosendale form erly Attorney-Gen e ral of
N ew Yo rk ; R andolp h Gugge nh e im e r ; J a cob
A Cantor P resident of the B orough of Man
hattan ; the Seligmans ; and Th eo W Myers
form erly Controller of the City of New York
these are only a few of hundreds of Jew s
who might b e named in every section of our
country whos e c ou ra geous a nd persistent
a d v ocacy of righteousness in politics have
made th e Jew a mighty power for goo d in
municip al State and nation al life
.

The N u m be r

ew s

() Ve r

the

Worl d

Wh e re are now th e great and fam ous m onarc hi e s

(E gypt A ssy ri a B abyl on S y ro M a c e d oni a and Rom e )
w hi c h i n t h e i r tu rn subdu e d and o pp re ss e d th e p e opl e
o f Go d ?
A re th e y no t v an ish e d as a d re am a nd no t
only th e i r p ow e r
but th e i v e ry nam e s l o st in th e
e arth ?
N ay not o nly nati ons h av e b e e n pu nish e d fo r
th e i r cru e lti e s to th e J e w s but divi ne v e nge anc e h ath
pu rsu e d e v e n si ngl e p e rs ons w h o ha v e b e e n th e i r
p e rs e c ut o s and opp re ss o rs B e sid e s m any i ndividu al
J ew ish o pp re ss ors w h o c am e to an u ntim e ly e nd may
b e nam e d A nti o c hus E p ip h ane s and He rod w h o aft e r
h avi ng b e c o m e i nt o l e rab l e to th e ms e lv e s and th e i r at
te ndants di e d in g re at ag ony ; N e bu c h ad ne zzar w h o
w as st r i c k e n w ith i ns an ity ; Fl a c c u s g ov e rnor of E gypt
w h o w as b anish e d and mu r d e re d ; a nd C aligu l a w h o
w as als o mu rd e re d in th e o w e r o f his a g e a ft e r a
w i c k e d sh ort re ig n
A nd if su c h h ath b e e n t h e fat al
e nd of th e e ne mi e s and opp re ss or s of th e J e w s l e t it
s e rv e as a w arni n g to all th o s e w h o at any tim e or
up on any o cc asi on are for raisi ng a c l am or and p e rs e
c ution a g a i nst th e m
B ish op N EWT O N D iss e rt ati ons
0
the Proph e c i e s
-

"

1 66

CHA PT E R V
TH E N U M B E R O F

J E WS

THE

WO RL D

O VE R

A U S R H U N GA R Y has
J e ws ;
Ge rmany
live in
o f whom
P ru ssia
I n the British E mpire there are
distributed as follows :
T

I A-

E ngl a nd

and Wales

Sco tland
Ireland
Austral a sia
Canada and B ritish Columbia
Barbadoes
Trinidad
Jamaica
India
Transvaal C olony
1 67 .

I
.

21

31
2 00

J E W AS A

T HE

168

PATR I O T

C ape Colon y
O r ange River Colony
Gibraltar
M alt a
Aden
Cypru s
H ong Kong
Straits Settlements
.

1 13

1 73

127
I 4S

535

Holland has
Jews o ne half o f who m
are to be found in Amsterdam ; France
of whom thre e
fourths live in P aris ;
Italy
of whom the m ajority inhabit
the northern a nd middl e portions O f the coun
try There a re
Je w s in Switzerland ;
in B elgium
D enmark
Swe
den and Norway
Luxemburg
Spain 402 ; and in P ortugal hardly any where
prior to the fte enth century there lived over
half a million Jews
In E astern E urope in addition to Rou
mania with
there are Turkey wit h
Greece
most o f them in
3
,

THE

NUMB E R

C orfu ;

1 69

J E WS

OF

Bulgaria
Servia
In
Asia the cradl e of their race w e nd in
Turkey in A sia I
P ersia 3
Russia 5 7 oo ooo mo re Jews than all the
rest of E urope together so that half of the
descendants of Abraham are still subj ect to
speci a l laws and denied the rights of citizen
s hip ; Turkestan an d Afgh anist a n
and
China 300
I n Africa where they had colonized before
the Christian era we nd in E gypt
Abyssinia (Falashas)
Tunis
Algeria
Morocco
I n other countries we nd in the Argentine
Republic
Costa Rica 3 5 ; Bosnia
He rzegovin a
M exico
C ura coa
P eru 489 ; Crete 7 2 6
8 3 1 ; Surinam
and Venezu ela 4 1 1
I n Jerus alem there are about
Jews ;
and while we hope for th e day when the Holy
Land will b e restored to the Jew we cannot
b elieve that Z ionism is the ultimate exalta
tion o f the Je w The whole of P al estine could
,

J EW AS

TH E

1 70

A PAT RI OT

not contain th e Jewish population of th e

w orld about
for it is no bigger
than Wale s P alestin e has very little to com
mend it to the Jew except its Biblica l asso
c ia tions
America and not P alestine is b e
coming th e J ewish M ecca America is the
Z io n from which will go forth the law
H e re
is liberty enlightening the world
The total Je w ish immigration to the United
States through the ports of New York P hil
a delphi a and B altimore from 1 88 1 to July 1
1 90 1 w a s
This does not t ake into
account immigration through Canada or at
ports other than those mentioned above The
immigra tion at the port of New York from
July I 1 899 to June 3 0 1 900 was as follows :
,

Au strians
Danes
D utch
E nglish
French
Germans

12 5

55
2 89

THE

N U MB E R O F J E WS

x7 1

Roumanians
Swed es
Turks
Norwegians
Total
At the port o f P hiladelphia the immigra
tion fo r the year ending November 1 1 900
was 3 87 0 aga inst 1 649 for the preceding
year
At the port o f Baltimore the immig ration
from July I 1 900 to June 3 0 1 901 was
,

1 3 43

At

the time of the Revolution the Jewish

population in th e U nited States was about
Mordeca i M Noah in 1 8 1 8 es
7 00 families
timated the Jewish population of th e U nited
States a s
a fter the Revolution m a ny
returned to E ngland others went to the West
Indies Isaac Harby in 1 82 6 estimated that
,

T HE

1 72

J E W AS

A PATR I OT

there were not over

Jews in the United
States The Am erican Almanac in 1 840
gives th e number as
w hile M A B erk

in his Histo ry of the Jews published in

1 8 48
puts d own
a s the number of
Jews in the United States
residing in
N ew York and
in P hil a delphia
Throughout the p eriod of the Napoleonic
wars many o bstacles hindered the departure
o f the German Jews and for a time afterward
in view of the great political concessions
which they gained from the German rulers in
return for their valor and heroic s a crices of
life and substance for the Fatherland there
wa s little immigration It was not until the
beginning of steam navigation on the Atlan
tic that any considerable Jewish immigration
was made to this co untry
At the time of the Civil War there were
about
Jews in the United States In
September 1 880 the Union of H ebrew C on
a s the number
gre gations published
of Jews then in the United States In 1 897
.

T HE

N U MB E R

OF

J EWS

173

S ul z

cc rding to the estima te o f D avid

berger our Jewish popul a tion was
while the A merican J ew is h Year Book for
1 90 1 gives
as the number distrib
u te d as follows :

Al a bama
Arizon a
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
North and South D a kot a
D el a ware
D istrict of Columbi a
Florida
Georgi a
H awaiian I slands
I daho
Illi nois
Indi a na
Iowa
Ka nsas

I
.

20

3 00

1 74

TH E

J E W AS A

Kentucky
Main e
Maryland
M a ss a chusetts
M ichigan
M innesota
Mississippi
M issouri
Montan a
N ebraska
Nevada
N e w Hampshire
New Jersey
New M exico
New York
North California
O hio
O klahoma
O regon
P ennsylvania
P orto Rico
Rhod e I sland
So uth Carolina

PAT RI OT
1

2 , 5 00

3 00

5 00

1 00

TH E

N U MB E R O F J EW S

17 5

Te nnessee
Texas
Utah
V ermont
V irginia
Washington
West V irginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
I n all the world there are probably 1
000 Jews
more than there w ere in
th e time of D avid Lord Beacons e l d has
wel l said :
The world has by this time dis
covered that it is impossible to destroy th e
Jews The attempt to extirpate them h as
b een made under the most favorabl e auspices
and on the largest scal e ; th e most consider
able means that m an could command have
bee n pertinaciously applied to this obj ect
for the longest perio d o f recorded time
E gyptian pharaohs Assy r i a n kings Roman
Scandinavian cru saders Gothic
e mper ors
,

THE

1 76

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

princes a nd holy inquisitors have alike d e

voted their energies to the fulllment of this
common purpose E xpatriation exile cap
tiv ity conscation to rture on the most in
g e nio us and m a ss a cre on the most extensive
scal e ; a curiou s system of degrading customs
and debasing law s which would have broken
the he a rt of a nothe r people h a ve been tried
and in vain Th e Jews after all this havoc
p rob a bly more numerous at this date th an
th ey were during the reign o f Solomon the
Wise are found in all lands and prospe ring in
most All which proves that it is in vain
for man to attempt to ba f e the inexorable
l aw o f Natu r e w hich has decreed that a s u
perior race s hall never b e destroye d or ab

s orbed by an inferior
v

The

Worl d s

Inde bte dne ss to

ew s

the

st atisti c s

stitute but
I t sugg e sts a ne bu
one per cent o f th e hum an rac e
l ous dim pu ff o f st ar dust l o st in th e bl aze of th e M ilky
Way P rop e rly th e Je w o ught h ard l y to b e h e ard o f;
but h e is h e ard of ha s al ways b e e n h e ard of He is as
p romi ne nt on th e pl ane t as any o th e r p e o pl e and his
c omm e rc i a l imp o t a n e is e x t rav a g antly o u t of p ro
p o rti o n to th e sm all ne ss o f his bulk H is c ont ributi ons
t o th e w o rld s list o f g re at na m e s in lit e ra tu re s c i e nc e
art musi c nanc e m e di c i ne a n d ab st rus e l e arn i ng are
als o aw ay ou t of p ro p orti on to th e w e ak ne ss of his
numb e rs
He h as m ad e a m arv e l o us ght in this w o rld
i n a ll th e a g e s ; an d h as d o n e it w ith his h ands ti e d
b e hi nd him He c o uld b e v ai n of hims e l f and b e
e x c us e d for it
Th e E gypti an th e B abyl on i an and th e
P e rsi an aro s e ll e d th e pl ane t w ith s ou nd and spl e nd or
th e n fad e d to dre ams tuff and p ass e d away ; th e Gre ek
and
a n d t h e Ro m an fo ll ow e d
and m ad e a v a st nois e
th e y are g one ; oth e r p e o pl e s h av e sp ru n g up and h e ld
th e i r t orc h high fo r a tim e but it bu rne d out and th e y
sit in t w ilight now o r h av e va nish e d T he Je w s aw
th e m all b e at th e m all and is now w h at h e al ways
w as e x hibiti ng no d e cad e nc e no in rm iti e s of age
no w e ak e ni n g of his p arts no sl ow i n g of his e nergi e s
n o dulli n g
mi nd A l l
of his
al e rt
and
agg re ssiv e
thi n gs are m ortal but th e J e w all oth e r forc e s pass
b ut h e re m ai ns Wh at is th e s e c re t of his imm ort ality ?
MA RK TWAI N C onc e rni ng th e J ew s
If t h e

are

ight

th e

J ew s

c on

1 78

C HA PTE R VI
THE

WO RL D S

I N D E B TE D N E SS TO

T HE

EE D O F

J E WS

KN OW

LED G E

O L IVER

W E N D EL L H O L M E S in his O ver
the Teacups s ays :
If the creeds o f m an
kind would try to understand each other b e
fo r e a ttempting mutual extermination they
would be sure to nd a m e a ning in beliefs

w hich are di fferent fro m their ow n

Chris
tians have many things in common with the
Jews
W e can readily agree with Lessing
when he makes th e Christi a n monk s ay to th e
Je w ish N a th an :
H eav e n bl e ss us !
T h at m ak e s m e t o y o u a C h r isti an
M ak e s y o u to m a J e w
,

I t w a s s a id of Sydney Smith th a t he would

not r e a d a book which he was to revie w
,

1 79

J E W AS A

THE

1 80

PAT R I OT

re ading it might prej udice his j udgment

When Charles Lamb was berating an enemy
some one said to him Why you don t know
him
Lamb replied I don t want to kno w

him for fear I should like him

Christians
and Jews make ignorance of each other a
cl a im for j udgment and seem to be afraid to
become acquainted fo r fear that they might
like each other
Few Christians kno w the relatively enor
mous part taken by the Jews emancipated
but a few decades in the civilization of
mankind Lord Be ac ons e l d when taunted
in the House of Lords for his Jewish extrac
tion exclaimed
I can well aff ord to be

called a Jew
When the modern Je w e n
lighten s himself upon the achievements o f his
race practices the virtues and avoids the
fa ults of his ancestors h e will prepare the w ay
for a gloriou s future for himself and his
descendants
When an impartial historia n shall write th e
w o nderful achievements o f the geniu se s of
.

I)

I ND E BT E DN E SS

To T HE

J E WS

I 81

the nineteenth century Je w ish n a mes will b e

found on every page and th e Jewish people
might w ell take to heart Goethe s tru e lines :
,

Willst du imm e r w e it e r s c h w e i fen ?

S i e h das Gut e li e gt s o nah

Long b efore Socrates t a ught philosophy

o r before H erodotu s wrote history I srael was
a n organized civilization
They had literature
b efore most nations had letters and art while
other nations knew only war and savagery

D raper quotes Cab a nis as saying that they

the Jews
were our factors and bankers

b efore we knew h ow to read

While the ancestors of E uropean kings and
nobles were reveling in co arseness or igno
ra ntl y bendin g their backs to the com mands
of their superiors th e Jews w ere the torch
bearers of th e world Talk about p edigree !
What are your Sons and D aughters o f the
R evolution o r yo u r So ns of th e Cru sad ers
c ompared t o the Levys So ns o f the Levites
Coh ens Kohns
and the num erou s C ah e ns
,

1 82

JEW

TH E

AS

PATRIOT

and C o e hns who se undisputed a ncestors a re

the Cohanim priests of the syn a gogue w h o
burned incense before Jehovah preparatory
t o going in the sh a de o f B a bel to discuss the
origin of the world with the augurs of Chaldea
a nd the magi of I ran
At a dinn er party two or three men got
into a some w hat tiresome t alk a bout the an
t iqu ity of thei r families
D israeli turned to a

f riend a nd sa id : Think of thes e fellows talk

ing about the antiquity of their families to me
to m e whose ancesto r was the a ccepted

lover o f the Q u een of Sheb a

It is related
th a t when Sir M oses Monte ore was taunted
by a politi c a l opponent with the memory of
Calvary and desc ribed as one w h o sprang
from the murderers who crucied th e world s
Redeemer the next morning the Jewish phi
l an th rop is t whom Christendom has learned
to hono r c alled upon his a ss ailant and
sho w ed him the record of his a ncestors which
had been kept fo r two thousand years and
w hich s h o We d th at their hom e had been in
,

IND E BT E DN E SS TO
Sp ain for
N a zareth

two

w as

N O AP

T HE

J E WS

1 83

hundred years before Jesus of

born !

O L O GY

EE D E D FO R

TH E

JEW

N o m an needs to apologize fo r belonging

to a race which has produced such poets as
Jehudah Halevi who se soul -stirring E legy

of Z ion a ccording to Schleiden has not been

surpassed in the w hole comp a ss o f religious
poetry M ilton s not excepted ; Heinrich
H ein e whom Mathew Arnold term ed the
most import a nt successor and continu ator o f
Go ethe in Goethe s most important line o f
a ctivity
and Holger D rac h mann the pres
ent -day Minnesinge r o f the North w h o
is rated by the greatest living Danish poet
Bj Orns o n as the greatest living lyric poet
Sc a ndin a vi a n or Danish a nd whom the critics
o f E urope pronounce a poet the equ al of
Byron in poetic instinct and comp arable to
Tennyson for splendor a nd facilit y of rhythm ;
such novelists a s Auerbach whose thrilling
de scriptions of German village life so remark
,

T HE

1 84

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

able fo r their philosophical reection and

poetic feeling have been translated into th e
p rin c ip a l l a ngu a ges of E urope ; Benj a min Dis
r a e li whose
Vivi a n Grey published when
the author was but twent y two yea rs of age
the originality vi rility and wit of which made
it the most celebrated book of the day in all
E urope ; A Bernstein the rst novelist to
popul arize science ; and I s r a el Z angwill born
in one of the poorest hovels o f the White
chapel Ghetto who at thirty eight years of
a g e st a nds ackno w ledged one of the fore
m ost w r iters and critics o f the day such lit
t e rat e urs of the essayist type as Ludwig
BOrn e Gabriel Rie s s e r and Karl Blind ; such
litera ry critics as I s a ac Disraeli Micha el Ber
na ys and George Brandes ; such antiquarians
a s M A Levy one o f the chief auth o rities in
a n c ient epigraphy J L Klein who has given
u s the most voluminous work in the drama
eve r w ritten ; and Solom on Schecht e r for
me r ly of the a ncient University of Camb ridge
and the University of London now of the
,

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

THE

J E WS

185

Jewish The ological Seminary in N ew York

the gre a t discoverer no t only of ancient
cities but of a ncient manuscripts and whose
universal acquaintance not only with Hebrew
but w ith universal literature has made him
for years the domina nt gure in the most bril
liant university circles such dramatists as
Abraham Mill aud Hal evy the composer s
nephew who in opera comedy and vaude
vill e p roved hims el f next to D E nn e ry an
oth er Jew the most prolic of French dram
atis ts ; Kalisch Jacobson Fulda and S chl e s
singer among the Germans ; Von Weilen and
Bii rg e r among the Austrians ; and Mordecai
M Noah Sydney Rosenfel d D avid Belasco
and M artha Morton among Americ a ns
such actors as Adolph Ritter von Sonnen
th a l the dram a tic idol of the Au strian
capital ; Ludwig Barnay the great German ;
and John Brah am whose dramatic geniu s
S uch
w a s equalled by his p eerless voice
whos e wonderful im
a ctresses as Rachel
ersonation
of
lofty
classical
heroines
ne
p
,

THE

1 86

J E W AS

A PATR I OT

deline a tion of the e rc e r emotions and

m a gnetism of gestu res a nd voice m a de
h e r the most r enowned a rtist of her day
a n d whose only r iv a l in E uropean fame is a n
othe r Je w ess Sar a Bernhardt the astonish
ing S ara apostrophized by E dmond Rostand
Q ueen of Attitude and P rincess of
as

Gestures
such singers as that original
genius P a uline Lucc a the tra nscendent ally
human
Caroline Go mp e rz B ettelheim the
famous Austrian court contralto and E mma
Ca l v Lilli Lehm a nn M elb a Patti Marcella
Sembrich and the D e Reszkes who have at
l east a few Jewish corpuscles in their veins ;
such musi c al geniuses a s M endelssohn
M eyerbeer Hal evy O ff enbach Goldm a rk
Straus s Mo s c h e l e s Co w en Benedict Costa
the D amro sch e s th e Strak o sc h e s Rubin
stein Rosenth al Jo a chim Jo s e ffy a nd Ho ff
mann such artists as Israels the delineator
of Dutch s h e r-life ; Solomon J Solomon
who st ands among the rst of E nglish artists ;
A Solomon once celebrated fo r his painting
,

T HE

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

J E WS

1 37

Waiting for the Verdict

S A Hart the
rst Jewish Royal Ac a demici a n ; the F rench
brothers Lehman E Levy H L Levy R
U lmann a nd J Worms ; the Germ a ns F E
M e ye rh e im and H einrich Schlessinger ; and
among Americans Constant M eyer H enry
Mo s sl e r Jacob H Lazarus a nd B en Aus

trian whose A D ay s Hunt an exquisite

gam e piece sold for $2 5 00 the largest sum
ever paid for a still life p a inting in Ame r ica
and whose latest triumph
A Golden Har

vest
a painting of seed co rn ag ainst a
weather stained old barn upon which it hangs
is natural enough to make a fa rmer lift his hat
and wipe his eyes such sculptors as Moses
a ve been exhibited
zekiel
whose
works
h
E
J
in all the art centers of E urope and Anto

Russia
s
greatest
sculptor
such phi
k al s k i
l o s op h e rs as P hilo o ne o f the orn aments of
the Hellenic lit era ture in the rst half of the
rst century A D ; M a imonides the most
p owerful light o f the middle ages the teacher
of Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas
.

J E W AS A

T HE

1 88

PATR I O T

the m a ster minds of the Roman C a tholic

Church ; Spinoza to whom Schleiermach er
gave the st ra nge but suggestive name God
intoxicated man
and Moses Mendelssohn
one of the pioneers of mode rn German clas
s ic al literature such historians as N eander
w hose o rigin al name was David M endel and
who se father was a Jewish peddler and E ders
heim whose Life of Christ is the gre atest and
most faithful represent a tion ever written de
fending the orth o dox dogma oi Jesus against
the theories of Str a uss ; G F H e rzbe rg the
German Greek historian ; S Rowanin the
historian of Venice and Hunga ry ; and Lud
wig Geiger the le a ding a uthority o n the
Renaissance S uch economis ts as Ricardo
Marx and Las salle and M de Bloch the
Ru ssian banker whose book on the cost of
modern w are fare has been transl a t ed into al l
E uropean langu ages and is believed to hav e
given the impetus to the Tsar for the c onv e n
tion of the P e a c e Conference at the H a gue ;
such original thinkers as Cesare Lombroso
,

TH E

I ND E BT E DN E SS TO
and

J E WS

1 89

M ax Nordau the apostles of the theory

o f degeneracy
who se arguments and sub
m itte d proofs have startled the world and al
re a dy ar e a ccepted as the new gospel whos e
light disclose s the hidden springs o f crime ;
such mathematicians as Sylvester the co
founde r with his friend C ayl e r of the modern
higher Algebra and Jacobi after whom cer
tain int r ic ate functions a re te rmed Jacobi a ns ;
such explore r s as E min Pa sha Gustav O p
p ert and E d Glaser ; such astronomers as the
H e r sch els Gold s chmidt the discove re r o f
more than fourteen asteroids between 1 8 5 2
and 1 86 1 and who pointed Out more th a n
stars t hat were wanting in the maps
o f the Academy at B erlin a nd W B eer the
composer M eyerb eer s brother a nd the rst

of
the
moon
such philologists
h
i
s
t
r
t
ra
og
oa
p
as Be nfe y who h olds the s a me position in
Germ a ny th a t Max Mii l l e r did in E ngland ;
O llendorf wh o invented the method by which
the modern l a ngu ages are taught ; Michael
Breal one of the l eading authorities on com
,

THE

1 90

J EW A S

PATRI OT

mythology and philology in France ;

the cl a ssic philologist M B ernh a rdy th e
famous historian of Greek and Roman liter
ature ; and Jules O p p e rt after Rawlinson th e
g re a test Assyriologist ;such higher critics
as Simon B en Lachish who appeared in the
middle of the third century as the rst higher
critic decla ring that Job was simply the prod
u e t of a nobl e po em and that the names of
angels were borrowed by the Jews from a
foreign people whil e they were in exile and
Abr a ham Ibn E z ra who in the twelfth cen
tury published a critical commentary on
I saiah which is up to date with Cheyne
B riggs and Abbott such physicians as
T raube a name in m edicine standing second
to none ; Valentine wh ose knife is still used
by specialists ; the Li e b re ich s one the in
mirror the other the dis
v e ntor of th e eye
covere r of chlora l hydr ate a s an an aesthetic
and hypnotic ; D r Koller th e discoverer o f
the u se o f coca ine ; Vircho w and Koch the
tuberculo sis specialists such botanists a s

p a rativ e

TH E

I N D E BT E D N ESS T O

J E WS

19 1

Co hn and P ringsh e im a mong the gre atest

names in German botany ; Bernstein Rosen
thal and Co hnh eim specialists in the physi
o logy o f th e nerves ; P J Reiss th e physicist
and rst Jew to enter th e Berlin Academy
and Semmelweis wh o rst discovered the true
cause of puerperal infection (child bed fever) ;
such j urists a s E dw a r d Ga ns the associa t e
o f H egel ; E dward Lasker who gave to the
world a n erudite wo rk o n the Constitutional
History of P russia ; and Judah P B enjamin
wh o after h aving a tt a ined eminence in the
United States Senate and as a Cabinet o fcer
in the Confederate Government resumed the
pra ctice of law in E ngland a nd w as ac k nowl
edge d by Sir H enry James and Sir Charles
Rus sel l the l eade r of th e E nglish bar at
the tim e of his de a th
such st a tesmen as
Cremieux Raynal and Mil l aud in Fra nce ;
L uzz atti the It a li a n M inister of Finance ; a nd
D israeli w h o pu shed his way up through th e
middle cl a sses up through the upper cl a sses
until h e stood self poised upon th e topmost
,

T HE

192

J EW A S

PATRI OT

round of political and social power forcing

his leadership upon that very party whose
prej udices were deepest a g ainst his hated
race an d for twenty years was o ne of the con
t ro l ling p o w e rs in E u rope a n a ff a i r s
To b e
long to such a race which has produced pro
p ortio nat e l y a greater number of gr e at men
than any other race of whom history bears
record any man ought to be proudpro ud
both to be called and to look like a Jew !
,

THE

JE W

IN

F I NA N C E

In nance the Jew has for four hundred

years been the factor that supplied the
n a tions of the e a rth with money
The
n a nci al system of the world its inv e n
tion s and perfection w e o w e to the Roths
childs who were the rst to make national
loans popular The Jew in n a nce is inv a
riab l y a creator and not a puller down
Many
o f th e great fortunes which have been made
notably in America have been made b y
.

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

THE

J E WS

1 93

wrecking railroads a nd other established and

incorporated industries The Jews with co m
p ara tiv e ly fe w exceptions made their money
a s manu facturers and merch ants P oli ako ff
the Russia n railway king ; the P ereres the
French ra ilw a y kings ; and th e Rothschild s
are among the few exceptions C apital and
J ew a re not synonymou s terms ; the le ading
S pirits o f the antagonistic forcescapital and
l a bo rare Jews
There a r e n anciers like
the Rothschilds and there are socialistic Jews
like Lass alle M arx and Singer The c api
tal is ts c a nnot curse the Jew s a nd the social
is ts cannot dynamite the Jew s without ab a n
donin g their very le a ders
Six hundred thousand Jews living in Africa
and Asia are poor Fou r and one half mil
lions who live in the east of E urope a re only
just raised above pauperism while a goodly
proportion are sunk below even that l evel
Among th e four millions of Russian Jews
l ike Gu ns b urg I seman
o nly a fe w n a mes
Kronenberg P o s nan s k i Bregman Z ucker
.

T HE

194

J E W AS A

PATRIOT

man the Z ab l u dow s k is Raffal ovitch Poli a

ko ff E p h rus s i B rodsky de Bloch and Roth
stein rise above the general l evel of har d
working poverty O n the Continent besides
the Rothschilds we nd not more th a n twenty
Jewish capitalists Among the more than
twelve hundred millionaires of N ew York
City there cannot be found more t han about
thirty of Jewish names a nd not over seventy
v e among th e four thousand millionaires in
the country at l arge Surely this is a small
proportion for s o gre a t a population
O riginally the Jews were an agricultural
people a nd thei r civil policy was framed spe
c ial l y for this state o f things
The sons o f
Shem built their rst cities remote from the
c hannels of trade while the race of H a m and
Japheth built upon the s eashore and the banks
of the great rivers B ut the misfortunes of
persecution made traders of them D enied
citizenship subj ect at any time to spoliation
a nd ex pulsion
their only possible chance o f
living was in tra fc in which they so on b e
,

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

THE

J E WS

19 5

came skilled They naturally foll owed the

great channel s of commerce the world over
Gentil e persecution kept them on the go
and to protect their pro perty a gainst Gentile
thieves th eir wealth had to be portable and
so th ey frequently turned it into j ewels b e
cause they could be most securely and most
s ecretly kept and in case o f ight most easily
removed ; this a c c ounts fo r thei r prominence
in the j ewelry business from early times and
hence too their introduction of bills of ex
change
P revented ih many countries from holding
land they h ad no inducement to settle in the
country Besides their religious enactments
require th a t the s a cred functions of public
worship b e performed in the presence of
not less than twelve m a les a bove the age o f
thirteen the minimum for a c o ngregation ;
this requires that at l e a st forty souls sh all
dwell within a ccessible d istance This may
e xpl a in the f a ct that so few Jews dwell in
small villages That the Jews tend tow ar d
.

TH E

1 96

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

l arge cities is not peculiar to them It is a

constant feature of modern statistics
Th e Je w is every w here pioneering and
building up st a tes
Commerce and the dif
fu sion oi civilization are most closel y allied
Follow all the tides o f modern civilization
and wherever you see the prosperous con
ditions of commerce yo u see civilization on
the boom Jewish commerce centered around
the great cities the world over and thu s
opened the gates for Christianity
The
ourishing trade of the Jews which made
Spain th e focus of mediae val culture fur
nis h e d not only the great discoverers with the
key to unlock th e new worlds with their in
exh a u stibl e treasures but exercis ed its in

Jewish com
u e nc e o n entire Christianity

merce
says Lecky in his
History of

Rationalism
liberated mankind from the
thraldom of th e Church giving the world the
much
needed l esson o f sound practical com

mon sense
The Jew we are told is only a middleman
.

I N D E BT E DN E SS To TH E

J E WS

1 97

M en cannot eat their own manufactures as

a general thingengines s hovels linens and
wool en s boots and gloves u seful as they are
in th eir way are failures as articles of diet
Th e m erchant o r even th e peddler who takes
t hese inedible things a n d disposes o f them is
as important a cogwheel in the machinery o f
society a s the r a il ro a d which takes the wheat
o r th e cotton the coal or the iron o re from
regions where it cannot b e worked up into
s hape and places them where the manufac
tory or the consumer awaits them
,

V
IK
.

E L O N G EVITY O F

TH E

J EWS

Q uakers who in th e simplicity of their

ordinary life may b e supposed to confor m
more closely to religious precepts than most
r eli gious bodies are the longest lived peopl e
Next to them come
o f whom we have record
the J e ws Th e average term o f life among
the Gentiles is twenty-six years Among the
Jews it is thi r ty-seven The life -insurance
who have made th e science o f
c ompanies
,

19 3

T HE

J EW AS A

PAT R I OT

statistics a profession a s th e basis of commer

c ia l comput a tion will tell you th a t the life o f
the average Jew is mo re than forty per cent
more valuable than that of any other people
e x cept Q uakers and preachers
A writer in the Wes tern Medical Review
declares th a t in spite of the social condition s
w hich surround the m a ss of the H eb rew p op u
lation of the world and especially in the
l a rge cities of America where they form a
la rge percentage of th e popul a tion the death
rate among the Jewish inhabitants is but littl e
over half o f th a t of th e a ve ra ge Americ a n
population P rofessor William Z Ripley in
his papers on the racial geography of E urope
in th e P opular S cience Monthly discu sses t h is
question very fully H e states th a t if tw o
gro ups of 1 00 infants each o ne Jewish and
one o f average American parentage b e born
upon the same day one half of the Jews w ill
not succumb to disease befo re the expiration
o f seventy -one years
According to Lombroso of
Jews
,

THE

IND E BT E DN E SS TO
born
whil e

J E WS

1 99

die before the ag e of seven years

4 5 3 Christi a ns mo re th a n twice as
many a re likely to die w ithin the s ame
period I n London a ccording to the testi
mony of Dr Behrend consumption is le ss
frequ ent among th e Jews in the most squalid
dens of Whitechapel th a n among the Ch ris
tians Alcoholism is very rare among Je w s
D uring the six years ending May 3 1 1 890
alcoholism caused in e a ch
persons of
each race in N e w York 3 1 deaths a nnually
a mong the I rish
1 0 among the Germ a ns 9
among the Am ericans 6 among the negroes
3 among the It a lians and only 1 among the
Jews (Russian and P olish )
Why are the Je w s so much less subj ect to
consumption choler a croup typhu s a nd
scrofula ? Since it is sometimes necessary to
kill a dozen hogs befo r e a sound p air O f lungs
can be found it does no t seem strange that
consumption is so prevalent among th e e ater s
Clo se investigatio ns h a ve disclosed
o f s w ine
the fact that n early one
half t he animal s
2 17

THE

200

J E W AS A

PATRI OT

killed are not kosher o r t t o be eaten O ur

w ay of killing me a t is through its pronene s s
to become tuberculou s perhap s the cause o f
mo r e diseas e than all other agencies com
.

b in e d

A LA

W-A B I D I N G

E O PLE

The Jews are a law abiding people Thirty

v e years ago the prisons h a rdly kn e w of the
existence of the Jew ; and while no race has a
monopoly o f virtu e o r a mono p oly o f vice the
Jews to
day notwithstanding the tremendo us
immigration in recent years have the best
r ecord of a n
y r a c e o r religio n in America
N ot more th a n one o r two Jews have been
hanged in America although I have kno wn
s everal whom a little h a nging might improve
When M ordecai M Noah on his accession to
the o f ce of Sheri ff of New York was taunted
with the remar k
P ity Christians have to
be hang ed by a Jew ! h e replie d P it y Chris
tians require hanging a t all !
M de Bloch has published a s eries of statis
-

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

T HE

J E WS

20 1

ti c s o n the Jews in Ru ssia

people
scattered amo ng ignora nt fanatical and
demoralized moujiks (peasants) who rob a nd
plunder at their will The schools are closed
against the Jews lucrative professions are for
bidden th em and they are huddled together
in the least productive provinces of the Tsar s
realm their only means of subsistence trading
wi th the ignorant masses ; yet as de Bloch
shows there is only o ne Jewish criminal to
every
individuals whereas among non
Jews the proportion is one to every 7 1 5 I n
the Pale the arre a rs of t axes are less than in
governm ents which are free from Jews and
in the twenty v e governments of the P ale
every year eight million roubles less are spent
in d rink a saving which enables the peasants
to improve their land and pay their taxes In
regard to trade Jews are mostly engaged in
p etty commerce Th e Jews in the Pal e who
carry on business for m mor e than half of the
t rading population but the total valu e of
their income is 43 6 million roubl e s agai nst
,

THE

29 2

J E W AS

A PATR I O T

489

million of the Christian minority The

g r eat maj ority of Jews are sm a ll retail
deal ers who earn from sixty to eighty kopeks
a day and in order to make this minute prot
they have to carry on business from twelve to
sixteen hours daily M d e Bloch estimates
the number of Jewish handicraftsmen in th e
P ale at
which is nearly eighty per
cent o f the entire number o f workingmen al
though they constitute only twenty per cent
o f the whole population
When I think of the tales tragedies and
tyrannies the Jews have endured in Russia
for over two hundred years I feel like bo wing
in rever ence before them especially when I
recall that within the p a st fty years in spite
o f the crimes and barbarities which stain th e
pages of Russian history this synagogue Je w
has produced an A ntok ol s k i w ho se ftieth
bi r thday was recently celebrated b v artists all
o ver the world an Anton Rubinstein in whom
the piano found its greatest master ; a Nato
witch editor of the m ost literary and inue n
.

TH E

IN D E BT E D N E S S TO

J E WS

203

tial Russian paper N ovos ti What scholar

has not heard o f the greatest Russian O rien
tal and E uropean linguists P ro fessor Kh w ol
s on and D r
Abraham Hark av i? O r what
man of a ff airs has not heard o f Sachs the
superintendent of th e Ru ssian railroads ; o r
d e Bloch alre a dy quoted the greatest au
th o rity on nance and economics in that
Slavonic empire ? What student o f medicine
has not heard of D r Haff kin who h as lately
drawn the world s attention to his medical
discoveries was rew arded with medals by
variou s sovereigns and who su ffered from
Russian tyranny in his younger days ?
.

THE

JE W

IN C

H A R ITY

I n charity S hine conspicuou sly not only

t h e nam es of Sir Moses Mo nt e o re and the
Baron and Baroness de Hirsch who se gener
o s ity while living made their names fragrant
thro ughout the world and the latte r when
dying left
to b e expended in
carrying on the va rious charities founded and
,

204

JEW

TH E

AS A

PATRI OT

fo s tered by the b a ron a nd baroness ; but if the

bigoted authorities of New Amsterdam who
ga ve their permi s sion to a fe w H ebrews to
settle in their city upon condition that they

should always support their o wn poor could

s e e how well they have kept the promise
made mo re th a n tw o hundred ye a rs ag o
those old burghers wo uld open their eyes in
surprise at the m a ny a nd magnicent b e ne v
olent institutions cove ring every conceiv able
case of need w hich testify to the inborn kind
ness of the H ebrew s h e a rt
The Je w s o f New York alo ne for their
twelve le a ding charitie s contribute upwards
of
a ye a r
J a cob H Schiff w h o has
been called by his business associates th e
white man of Wall Street ; Nathan Straus
who gives his charity with his principles al
D o not pauperize o r d e grade
ways in view :
thos e whom you benet D o not permit yo ur
generosity to low er them in their own estima
tion
and the b el oved M rs E sther Herm an
are only a few of the many Jews in N ew York
,

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

TH E

J E WS

2 05

we could name who are famed for their pra e

tical and constant philanthropy
And as I mingle with these peopl e and
breathe th e spirit that animates them and
feel their enthusia sm for humanity stirring my
own pul ses and see th at they are as intent as
Christians are to do all the good they can to
all the people th ey can in all the ways they
c a n I cannot help but feel that their Father
is o ur Father a nd th a t the spiritual Christ
the essential Christ must be their Lord as
w ell as ours ; and while having no sympathy
with those who would pro selyte them they
practice th e gospel of l o ve a s preached by
Christianity I can t ake the good Jew by the
hand with my h eart in it and call him
brother !
The almshouse has no need to provide for
the Je w I f one Jew gets into trouble all the
others stand by him The divorce court sel
dom hears of him H e is dome stic above all
men D runkenness is not a Jewish vice The
only occupation that doe s no t thrive amon g
.

TH E

2 06

J E W AS

A PATR I OT

the Je w s is that o f the s aloonkeeper To the

P otter s Field the Jew is absolutely unknown
With the Je w next to the respect for th e
living comes the veneration for the dead
.

J EWI S H WI T

AND

H UM O R

Now let us take a little mental rest by step

ping aside for a While from our seriou s dis
c a ssion and contemplate th e Jew as a wit and
humorist
Carlyle declared that the Jews had no
humor and showed no trace of it in any period
of their histo ry R en a n says very much the
same thing in his History of th e Semitic
L anguages
Dis ra eli s I x ion in H eaven
has been pronounced by many good j udges
o n e of the best piece s o f humor in the E nglish
language
Have you never read Ludovic
H al ev y s D ream of his friend Raoul who
married his friend Gaston s widow and the
widow s confusion when she found herself b e
tween her two husbands in the denite union
above in heaven ?a dream founded on the
.

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

TH E

J E WS

207

closing words of the o f ciating priest s a d

dress :
B e then united on e a rth until you

are denitely united in heaven

Are you fond o f hu mor and have never
r ead Saphir on M o ney ?

Wh a t is money ? M oney is a goodly lump

which the Lord God attaches to insignicant
people so as not to lose sight o f them in his
cre a tion as a good housekeepe r puts a big
label on a littl e key
Wh a t is money ? M oney is a gure which
grows in importance as there is a cipher at
tac h e d t o it
What is money ? Money is a metal heel
under the boots of littl e people to make the m
appear as t al l as others
What is money ? Money is an indemnity
which God gives to a cert a in number of p er
s ons o n condition that they will not m ake
bold to acquire any such goods a s Intellect

Geniu s
What is money ? Money is the mys te ri
o u s essence of a being which denes its ego

or

J E W AS

T HE

2 08

A PATR I O T

in the follow ing words : I f I were not what

I have I should not have what I am
But what is no money ? N O money ? N o
money ?
No -money is a thing o f which all pockets
are full
No -money is the alibi of a being which
should testify to our presence in this world
No money is a gentle invitation of n a ture
to incur debts and a peremptory command
not to pay them
N o -money is a n i rresistible inclination
to melancholy on the part of our purse
caused by hopeless l ove to an una tt a inable
obj ect
N o-money is an ex position of no money
at all a propo sition in ab stract philosophy a
t po sition for a minister o f nance and a
happy dis position fo r platonic l ove
No money is a vulgar ballad which com
mo n people sin g aloud o n the streets but the
more rened only hum between their lips
within doors

I N D E BT E D N ESS TO

T HE

J E WS

29 9

N o money is the w a tchword of extreme

radicalism and the art of making oneself pop

ul a r a t a low price
In Concerning a Coat Saphir writes :
There are coat artists in the world men
w h o have so long hung their coat according
to the wind th a t the order h as become r e
versed and the coat hangs its man in the
w ind
The expression D en M a ntel n a ch
dem Wind e hiing e n
O ne must hang
one s coat a ccording to the wind
is a lto
gether improper It ought to read as fol
lo w s : O ne should h a ng his co a t ih the wind
to s ee wh ere the w ind blows and then hang
himself according to the wind The co a t
mu st be stronge r than the m a n ; other w ise
the coat would remain hanging according to
the wind but not the ma n In re ality what is
m eant by the proverb O ne must hang one s
coat according to the wind is only th a t

o ne mu st h a ng himself a ccording to the

wind fo r man in his corporeality is only the
mantl e t hat envelops his soul a nd all the
-

J E W AS A

T HE

2 10

PATRI OT

good weak and curious souls a lw ays hang

their m a ntle a ccording to the wind
I h a ve kno w n men who h a d no coat at all
and yet were so skillful in hanging thei r coat
a ccording to the wind that they were at home
in all the co a t roles a nd were genuine chil
dren of Coat Fortune
O ther men are still more unhandy and
h a ng their co a t a c cording to the contrary
wind With these everything goes cont ra ry
fo r even if they themselves believe that they
t ake the co a t along in re ality it is the coa t
th a t t a kes them along

The r e are lots o f people who bec a use

they h a ng their co a t a ccording to the wind
hang their words in th e coat and hang aro und
every word every phra se a little ma ntle
which so b e mantl e s all their talking and their
doing that whatever they s ay is S poken in the
wind
There are many who o w e their happiest
hours to a co a t of mou rning ; many who c a rry
an aching heart under a com edian s cloak
,

TH E

IN D E BT E D N ESS TO

J E WS

211

There are p eople who under the cloak

o f s a nctimoniousness cover the cloven hoof ;
others again who under the clo ak of Christian
charity to on e s neighbor take away fro m
their neighbor his clo a k and c oat
I have known men who were very o ne
sided and yet carried their coat o n both sides ;
still another cl a ss of people hang their coats
a ccording to the wind only to display the fur
ring All this and more o f what still remains
in my co a t I thought a s I took it down again
fo r the rst time that fall ; I quickly involved
myself in it and muttered This is an in

volved a ffair

Literature hardly a ffords any p a ra ll el to

H einrich H eine s wit a nd humor :
The c ertic a te of baptism is the a dmis
sio n ticket to E uropean culture

B If I were of the tribe that gave birth

to our S a viour I should glory rather in th e
fa ct th a n b e ashamed o f it
.

T HE

2 12

J E W AS A

PATR I OT

A So would I if ou r Saviour were the

only o ffsp ring of the tribe ; but since then
there has been an issue of so many vulgar
dogs that acknowledgment of the relation

ship has become a r isky a ffair

.

Much praise is continually besto wed upon

the playwright who knows h ow to draw tears ;
but the most miserable onion has that coveted
gift and h e must share his laurels with that

interesting vegetables
,

Guizot

most prominent feature is his

pride I f he should ever see his Maker in
heaven he will com pliment him upon having

created him
s

Rothschil d too could build a Walhalla

if the fancy took hima P antheon of all

princes that went to him a borrowi ng

A story of M Ado l ph e D
French dramatist is excellent
.

E nne ry, the

T HE

IN D E BT E D N E SS TO

J E WS

of

O ne

2 13

his rivals once r emarked

This
D E nne ry is a true Jew ; that is w hy he never

produces a play without interest

Ah re
marked D E nne ry
what a goo d Christian

he must be !
Could anything be wittierfor a b anker
th a n th e following reply of Baro n Rothschild
told by Ars ene Houss aye ? O ne of his friends
a sort of banker cam e to borro w two thou

sand dollars
H ere it is sai d the Baron
but remember that as a rule I only l end to

crowned heads
Rothschild never dreamed
o f seeing his money again but wonderful to
relate at the end of a month the borrower
c a me back with his two thousand dollars
The Baron coul d scarcely believe his eyes ;
but h e foreboded that this was not the end
Sur e enough a month l at er the borrower re
appeared asking for th e loan of four thousand

doll a rs
N o no said the B a ron
yo u dis
appointed m e once by paying me that mon e y

I do no t want to be disappointed again

,

TH E

2 14

J E W AS A

PATRIOT

A man who w a s once ta lking with the late

Sir Mo ses M onte o re at a reception found
the co nvers a tion S O entertaining th a t he com
p l e te l y forgot th e race of his comp a nion and
made some uncomplimentary remark about
the Je w ish featu r es of a lady wh o was passing
by The mist a ke w a s no sooner made th a n it
was perceived Th e unhappy man began to
apologize profusely
I a sk a thousand p ar
dons I t was so stupid of m e to fo rget You
look a ngry enough to e at me I beg you not

t o devou r me
Sir replied Sir Moses

it is impossibl e My religion forbids

.

A very clever Chicago society lady who

rather h a ted th a t her ho stess h a d been the
o n e to give the function in M r Z angw ill s
honor made up her mind to let y a bit of her
wit at the di stinguished a uthor to prove to
those within hearing that at times his r e
partee might fail him So she a pproach e d
Z ang will and raising h er lorgnette surveyed
,

him

TH E

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

JE WS

21 5

Mr Z angw ill s a id she do y ou care for

pig s feet ?
Those around her held their breath
The author bit his lip A littl e snicker
passed through the group
Zangw e ll a dj usted his eyegla ss e s and loo k
ing down upon the woman replied with a
smile of singular sweetness :
Not p articu
l arl y mada m ; b ut I like pig s feet prepared
in any way or not prepare d at all better than

I like to ngue
.

A NTI -S

E M ITI SM

IN A

M ERI CA

I n America the Jew h a s a doub l e clai m

to recognition the cl aim o f the man under
the wide tolerance of the twentieth century
and the clai m of the American citizen under
the broad spirit of th e American Constitution
Has h e receive d the treatment he merits as a
man and th e rights he deserves as a citizen ?
H e is caricatured in the comic papers ; in our
social pro fessional and even political clubs
the Jew is blackballed The wealthy Jewish
,

2 16

J E W AS A

T HE

PATR I O T

merchant lo oking for a summer resort will b e

h a nded a circul a r bearing the foot-note
No

Jews t a k e n and I have seen many circulars

which added D ogs not allowed

Th e Jew
is exclu ded from society Hosts apologize for
the stranger by assuring yo u th at he is a

goo d fellow if he is a Jew

Mass meetings
h a ve recently been held in several cities for
th e purpose of protesting against the con
t inu a l ill -treatment and perse c ution to which
t he poor Jews in general and Jewis h peddlers
in particular are subj ected not only by th e
hoodlums but by the school c hildren Re
c e ntl y in D etroit th e Mayo r had to make a
special appeal to th e police to prevent vio
lence and inj ustice In Chicago Mayor Har
rison sent a request to the P resident of the
Board of E ducation the result of which was
that the Superintendent o f Schools issued in
s truc tions to the principals o f all the school s
to wa rn their p upils a gainst calling o ffensive
names th r owing stones o r otherwise inj ur
ing poor Jews Th ese in structions were car
,

I N D E BT E D N ESS

To T H E

J E WS

2 17

ried o ut by means of th e principal s Arch

bisho p F e e h an was also a pproached o n the
subj ect
I have seen Jewish children go home from
our public s chools in tears because of the o i
fensive names with which they were taunted
O utr a ge s are fr equently perpetrated upon
the Jews ou the east side of New York under
the very no ses o f the police outrages which
are a disgrace to th e M etropolis of the Re
public Ru ssian and Roumanian immigra nts
who are striving with might and main to earn
a livelihood in N ew York meet with a recep
tion from the denizen s of the streets not at all
creditabl e to th e citizens A writer in the
Mail and Express witnessed the following in
e ident :
He stoo d on the B roadway w a lk in front

Trinity
hurchyard
a Roumanian Jew
f
o
c
with collar buttons and shoe -laces to sell
Bi ff came a bundl e o f yellow slips thrown by
a mes s enger-b oy striking him in th e eye He
turned blin k ing with pain but h e could not
.

J E W AS A

TH E

2 18

PATRIOT

run after th e miscreant who with his fellows

in glee was dodg ing into the crowd
He
could le a ve neither his wares nor catch the
boys
This is something that happens every
d ay The lives of vendors on the streets are
m ade miserabl e by the sm a ll boy The police
man to o takes his share of fruit of the best
o n the stand al w ays
The small boy grabs
Both are thieves and work with impunity

O ut of some pity at the outrage and

mayb e curiosity a passer b y aske d the
peddler if his eye pained him badly It was
so inj ured as to b e bloodshot and the tears
streamed down the p oo r man s fa ce Some
collar-buttons were bought and the man for
He had been in America a year
g ot his pain
but was not a citizen a nd could not vote
How much did he make in a day ?
Fifty
cents S ometimes S ixty
Wife and children ?
In Roumania
The fellow was surp rised a t being spoken
,

IND E BT E D N E SS TO

T HE

J E WS

2 19

to but he was grateful There was a very

human look o f tha nks in his uninj ured eye

The other looked indign ant still

I t is not to th e credit of the rich and infi n
e ntial Jews of our cities that they do not seek
to right these wrongs heaped upon thei r
poorer brethren These toiling coreligionists
are worthy o f the inuence and assistance o f
their more fortunat e brethren The non
Jewish world has only contempt for the Je w
w h o does not seek to make the name of Je w
respected throughout every nook and corne r
o f the nation
The merchant who cheats his cre ditor or
rivals his comp etitor if he comes of Hebre w
blood has Jew ! hissed at him Judaism is
m a de responsible for every trick in trade
D o we not deriv e all o u r notions of integrity
from the Jew who rst ta ught the world

Thou shalt not steal a nd Thou shalt

not bear false witness
It is an ill bird that

foul s its o wn nest

It is just as un r e a so nable to use the wor d
,

TH E

2 20

J EW

AS

PATRI O T

Ya nkee for all that m eanness which it is

would cheat in the measurem e nt if
s aid
given the right to sell o ut the A tlantic O cean
by the pint a s to make of the word Jew a
verb to designate taking advantage in tra de
I have seen some m ean Yank ees wh o in the
words of another
with a jack-knife and a
pin e shingle could in two hours time whittle
th e smartest Jew in N ew York out of his

homestead in the Abra h amic Covenant But

t o despise all N ew E nglanders among whom
are th e largest -hearted and biggest -braine d
peopl e on e arth on account of th e proverbial
m eanness and trickery of some is certainl y
unreasonabl e prej u dice

In Marlowe s Je w of M alta Barabbas is

made to say :
,

S om e

Jew s

s om e C h rist ians are ;

But say th e t rib e th at I d e s c e nd e d of
We re al l in ge ne ral cast away for sin
S h all I b e t ri e d for th e i r trans gre ssi on?

Th e man th at d eal e th r ight e ously sh all l iv e

are

w i ck e d

as

Nev e r was a truer word spo k en ; every Je w

THE

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

J E WS

has been made responsible for

th e

act s

22 1
of

every other Jew

Lord Macaulay has truly said
Th e Jew

is what we made him

Leroy-Beaulieu
forcibly says :
Th e ir virtues are their own
their vices are o ur making Their virtues are
the result of Judaic t eachin g ; their vices are
the results o f circumstances which we have

massed about their life

O r to use th e
words of the late Senator Vance :
I f the
Jew is a bad job in all honesty we should c o n
template him as the handiwork of our ow n

civilization
In one of the nest passages of Cumber

land s The Jew Sheva answers Sir Stephen

who cannot conceive that a Jew cannot lend
even a small sum without the desir e o f
.

d oubh ng :

What h as Sheva done to be called a vil

lain ? I am a Jew ; what then ? I s tha t a
reason non e of my tribe shoul d hav e a sense
o f pity ?
Y o u have no great deal of pity your
but I know many noble British m er
s elf
,

THE

222

J E W AS A

PATRIOT

chants that do abound in pity therefore I do

not a bu se your tribe

Th e prejudice that still exists against the
Jew must be traced to this as one of the le a d
ing c a uses O ne is mad e responsible for all
and all are made responsible for one Paul
a nd I sc a riot were both Jews a nd yet many a
Ch risti a n execrates the n ation from whom
t he betrayer of the M aster sprung and seems
to fo rget a ltogethe r that from the s a me
nation s p rang Pa ul the gre a t apostle
The teaching of the Bible can only pro duce
Why S hould not the Ten Command
good
ments promulgated th rough M oses have a s
po w erful and as pu rifying a grasp upon the
conscience o f the J e w as upon that of the
Gentile ? I s it fa ir to let prej udice against in
d iv idu al s de v elop into p r ej udice a gainst a race ?
Let the rep roach be cast where it belongs
upon the individu a l and not upon the race
Alexand r e D uma s said :
When I found out
that I w as black I determined to live so white

as to force men to look beneath my skin

,

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

TH E

J EWS

223

That ought to be the spirit and ambition of

every man who belongs to a persecuted race
I believe th at Jud a ism has a mission and if I
Heine
w ere a Jew I would be proud of it
said :
The history of the Jews is be a utiful ;
but our modern Jews are st anding in the light
of the ancient ones who certainly deserve to
be held in greater esteem than either Greek s
I believe if the race a s such w as
o r Rom a ns
extinct and a rumor got abroad that there
w as a specimen of th a t people living some
w here they would travel a hundred miles to
see that individu a l a nd sh ake h a nds with h im

and now they are shunning us ! But

people will not shun you if you are a good
Je w If I we re a Jew I would st a nd up for
my rights ; I would be neither uppish nor
iconocl a stic ; I would not sneer a t the syn a
gogue no r rej ect all the traditions and cus
toms o f Judaism ; I would not be close and
hard in business ; I would never t a ke adv an
tage in a bargain ; I would not higgle for the
lowest penny wh e n paying or the highest
.

2 24

T HE

JEW

As

PAT RI O T

when making a sale ; I would not p ay a min

imum o f wa ges and ex a ct the maximum of
work ; I would not be suspicious of any one s
honesty ; I would not be sm a ll-souled selsh
gra sping na r row spirited envious and j ea l

ous ; I would b e la rge hearted no bl e S pirited

gene rous to the very utmost of self s a cri c e
I would seek to h a ve my life o ne u naw e d
crystal to make weighty my inuence for
truth and nobleness I w ould in short make
the word Jew stand for all that is great good
and grand in cha racter
Judaism the mo ther o f Christianity is still
a living force and he is the b est Jew w hos e
heart beats with the pu rest pulse to w ards
God and ma n and not he whose head spins
the nest theological cobwebs

phyl ac t e ry nor stu b b orn t ast e no r

st at e d p ray e rs
Th at m ak e s us s ai nts : w e j udg e th e t re e by w h at it

b e ars

Tis not th e w is e

I n th eir de alings Jews are as hono ra bl e as

o ther m en
At a meeting in New York of
.

I N D EBTE D N ESS

To T H E

J E WS

225

the Association o f Credit M en a t which but

a few Jews were present the late Hon W il
liam L Strong former mayor of the city said :
I have lost less money selling goods to men
who were not worth anything tha n in selling
goods to we althy concern s I have a case in
mind of one w h o bega n buying on cr edit o f
me one case of goods In two years his credit
w ith u s amounted to
H e was a Je w
In sixteen years he divided
with his
p a rtner I am about o ne
fourth Jew myself
Tha t is I have mo r e faith in Jews p aying th a n
I have in Gentiles doing s o We have lost
four times with the l a tter to one of the
former ; and of Je w s who fail ed ten h a ve p a id
1 00 cents on the dollar to one of the Gen
tiles
This was no t said at a gathering of
Jews but given as a fact of valu e to be born e
in mind by credit men in arriving a t decisions
The social standa rds of the Jews are just
as low and just as n e as other people s in
c orrespondin g position
Money often get s
ahead of th e m a nne r s of Jew and Gentil e
,

H E J E W AS A PATR I O T

22 6

alike Where do you not nd the parv enu in

American society ? H ow m a ny p eople do
y ou kno w who h ave had two generations o f
continuou s wealth and the conditions of re
ned society ? I srael Z angw il l h as well said :

P ossibly some few Jews w ho have gained

m oney before they h a ve had tim e to gain cul
ture m ay be a little loud a nd a little u np l e as
ing to many gentl emanly Americans of the
s a me income B ut e x clusion ca rries wi th it
such tremendous d a ngers a nd such peril O f
resuscitating the old medi aeval savagery
which Americ a ns c a m e to overthrow th at
this deadly weapon of social e x c o mmunica
tion should be r esorted to only w heneve r any
other method fails And a s one w h o has
closely studied the Jewish character in its
sh a des as well as its lights a s one w h o h as
I can
a lw a ys written witho ut fear or favor
assure our squeamish and i mpatient Amer
ic an a ri s tocr a ts th a t the disappe a rance of any
u npleasant social t a ints in the Jew is only a
question of one generation
.

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

TH E

J E WS

2 27

Th e

most o ff ensive Je w w ho has made

money is humbly anxious for his children to
h ave bette r social advantages than he h a d
And from the strident and assertive Jews wh o
ha v e grown co ars e in the struggl e for exist
ence will come the quiet and cultivated ladies
an d gentlemen who will be an enormou s
fo rc e fo r good in the America of to -morrow
The same is true of Am ericans at large no t

merely Jews
.

TH E

S E M I TE

A NTI -

O WA RD

nti Semite is a co w ard The cry o f

the Jew -hater is the cry of the beaten man
The best man a s a rule w ins I f you w a nt to
know w h y the Jews win read the names pub
l is h e d annually o f the public school child r en
w h o have passed the examinations for e u
t ra nce to the subfres h m a n class of the Col
lege of the City o f N e w York There a re the
Cohens C o s ins k ys Levys Gre e nbau ms
S e s mo rs k ys Sha pi ros Fl eishers Bernsteins
Rosenbergs Goldsteins Ko p fs te ins Czar
Th e

TH E

228

J E W AS

A PAT R I OT

ther names of unmis tak

able Jewish families from Germ a ny and from
Rus s i a and very few names of children o f
American descent Fifty per cent of the
students in Columbia University are Jew s ;
they are bu s y qualifying themselves for suc
cess and while we are reviling the m they are
bro a dening their minds
With the exception of Russia the Jews
are
more h at ed in Austria th a n in a ny
other country on earth Although the
Jews form h a rdly ve per cent o f the
total population of th e Austrian Kingdom
they contribute more than nineteen p er
cent to the students a t th e Austrian univer
sities I n the Vienna University forty per
cent of th e stud ents are Jews and thirty per
cent of the te a chers are Je w s In the Buda
p est University a third of th e professors are
o f Jewish origin
I n th e classical and high
schools o f Hungary twenty per cent o f the
p upils are Jews although they constitute but
little more than four per cent of th e p op ul a
k o w s k is ,

a nd

IND E BT E DN E SS TO

T HE

J EW S

2 29

tion In the intermediate school s of Austria

- v e per cent
E
per
cent
are
Jews
ight
y
77
of the successful lawyers of B erli n are Jews
and the percentage is abo ut the same of the
great and lucrative business of all sort s in
Germany I n Germany the business is in the
hands of th e Jews ; th ey are pushing the
Christian to the wall therefore the Jew must
be ba nished O nly a decadent race need fear
the Jew and if the German or th e French
man is afraid o i him so m uch the w o rse for
the German o r the Frenchman
We hear this same cry in N e w York
Chicago P hiladelphia Baltimore and other
citiesthat the banks the newspapers the
theatres th e great mercantile and manufac
tu ring interests business of the high valu e
and the small are in the h an ds of the Je w
N ow why is th e Je w gettin g on ? I recently
spe nt a fe w days in som e libraries on the east
s ide
of
N e w Yorklibraries patronized
l argely by R ussian and P olish H eb rews Any
l ibrarian in the city will tell yo u that thes e
.

'

230

THE

JE W AS A

PATRI O T

young Jews are the most rem a rk able rea !

in the citythey re a d and d evour Ameri
history and biography philosophy
science There is little call for books in t
The desire a ppears to I) !
o wn language
le a ve foreign literature behind when the
country is abandoned E verywhere the
is disciplining his reasoning powers
learning how to do better work which insi
that success which clamor and co mp l air
neve r win It is not strange that the Je
w inning ; it were strange if he did not i
If the Jew continues as he h a s begun he
hold the future
,

'

THE

L OVE O F G O L D

The inordinat e love of gold is the sin of

day and one o f the grave perils o f o ur civi l
tion The jingle of coin is the snare o f
religious creeds and ra ces alike I f we l c
God as we love gold we should soon be 1i
into angelhood The a lmost frenzie d 5 1
to get mone y is never ceasing and to ob
.

I N D E BT E D N E S S TO

T HE

J E WS

23 1

it many a Christian imperils a like his body

and his soul ; and no matter ho w despicabl e
the m an m ay b e if he gets money by hook or
by crook and either of them is far from being
straight he will be idolized though mentally
decient vulgar in person, ugly in fe a tures
and coarse in language
Let us remember
this truth when we sit in j udgment upon the
Jewish peopl e
The love of money is the curse o f
Jew and Gentile alike Is not the Ch ris
tian to blame for the money lending ch ar
D id not the Chris
ac te ris tic s of the Jew ?
tian drive him from all other branches
of tra de with a price on his he a d and place
his home at the mercy of others ? I s it right
n ow to in sult his race a nd religion because o f
that fact in snee ringly calling him a Je w ?
Yo u can throw a stone into any of our Chris
ti a n churches and hit a Shylock The Jew
knows how to deal in money but the Chris
tian gave him the points in the game of usury
Yes Jews love mone y and so do Chris
,

J E W AS A

T HE

2 32

PATRI OT

ti a ns Look a t our American Congre ss and

our State legislatures and tell me if thos e
w h o sell their votes to the corporations for
class l egislation are Jews Are all who have
monopolized the lands watered the railroad
stocks and cornered the ho mes are they all
Jews ? Wh o owns the mortgage on your
house ? Nine times o ut of ten it is a Chris
tian Ask him to be l enient with you and he
will d emand his pound of esh and go o l d
Shylock one better by sucking the bloo d
along with it
Among Jews as among Christians there
are those who think more of the man with
bonds in his pockets than of th e man with
bonds o n his feet and hands Among Jews
and Christians alike y ou nd vulgar l oud
mouthed money-in ate d o ffensive snob s
who ll you with insu ff erable disgust
.

O UR D E B T

T O TH E

J EWS F O R

T HE

B I B LE

Th e Jew has given to th e world the knowl

edge o f the only true and living God He
.

I N D E BT E D N ESS

To T H E

J E WS

2 33

has given Moses who in the twelve Unit e d

States of I srael gave to th e world the rst
Republic and whose laws after thirty three
hundred years still form the basis of the civil
iz e d world s j urispr udence
Jesus the ide a l of the race ; Jesus who m

Spinoza called the symbol o f divine wis

dom
whom Kant and Jacobi held up as th e
symbol of ideal p erfection
of whom
Strauss said he remains the highest model

o f religion within our thoughts

a nd Renan

declared whatever w ill be the surprises of the

future Jesus will never be surp a ssed this
Jesus was a Jew D r Max Nordau voices
the more cultured Jewish sentiment of o ur

day concerning Christ when he says : Jesu s

is soul o f our soul even as he is esh o f o ur
esh Who then coul d think o f excluding
him from the people of I srael ? St P et e r will
rem ain the only Jew who has said of the Son

P utting
of D avid I know not the man
a side th e M essianic mission this man is o urs
H e honors our race and we claim him as we
,

J EW

THE

234

AS

PATR I OT

claim the Gospelsow e rs of Jewish litera

ture and only Jewish

O ur Bible the O ld as well as the N ew Tes
tament was written b y Je ws What would
the world have been without the Bible ? The
count rie s which are indisput a bly the foremost
and most enlightened among the nations are
Bibl e nations Where the Bibl e prevails in
t e ll ig e nc e rules
I n every country where the
Bible does no t rule you nd man in a s emi
b a rbarou s condition The most highly civil
iz e d and most intelligent p eople the mo st
j ust and reasonable laws humane and chari
table institutions are to be found only in those
countries where the Jewish Bible rules
Where there is no Bible t h ere is no libe rty
To it w e ow e more liberty and civilization
than to any source or power O urs is the
only ag th a t h as in r eality written upon it

Liberty Fraternity E quality

and this
great Republic was founded by Bible b e
l ie v e rs
This Book tr a nsl a te d 1 604- 1 1
spread through E ngland and inspired the re
,

'

IN D EB TED N E SS TO THE

J EWS

2 35

volt agai nst Ch a rles I in 1 642 Its To your

tents O Israel quick ened the P uritan s in to
action and its inspiration caused them to ride
into battl e singing its ps a lms I t was the
Bible which lifted the people of E urope into a
c ivilized condition and m a de nations of them
All the b e ne c e nt change s in the world have
occurred unde r the dominion of the Bible
The Reformationone o f the sublimest up
risings in th e w hol e history of the human
race which developed the hum a n mind
promoted civilization liberalized men de
stroye d in a m easure superstition r evolution
iz e d religious beliefs and changed th e forms
of governmentswas th e outgrowth of the
study of the Bible by Martin Luther under

Nichol a s de Lyra the Jew

S i Lyra non
.

lyrasset, Lutherns

non s al tass et

Liberty charity and brotherhood nd their

only place of a bode in Bibl e countries They
thrive upon the Bible Their sustenance is th e
Bible They worship at its august shrine and
,

2 39

T HE

J E W AS A

PAT RI OT

bow with imperi al gr a ndeur before its m aj es

tic throne
This Book which attends us in our sickness
and when the fever of the world is o n u s
tempers our grief to ner issues enable s
us with a bright eye and without fear to tak e
the death angel by th e hand to tread th e way
through the dark valley bidding farewell to
wife and bab es and hom e in the consol a tion
of meeting in gladness beyond th e to mb ; this
book on which men rest their dearest hopes
and which t ells u s of earthly duties and in
spires a s with heavenly rest and h eavenly
reunion for this B ook w e are indebted to
the Jews
.

PUBL IC ATIONS O F

THE BAKER

TAYLO R C O ,
.

Publ ishers

E A S T S EVENTE ENTH S T

33 3 7

WIT

Booksell ers,

and

A ND

WI SD OM

OF THE TA L MUD

Re v MA DI SON C PE TE RS
by Rev D r H PE RE I RA
.

With

NE W YORK

By

I ntrodu c ti on
12mo c l oth

an

MEN DE s

gi l t top ,

lmu

t u g t t b l e mass e s of
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ty
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v b t sl t d as a w h ol e
translations of p arts are rare and ye t it is a re pe rtory of pith y
t of qu ot ti ons that ou g ht to
sayi ng s and affords a r i c h h rv
For proof of this w e w ould re fe r
b e fami li ar b ut are not
th e re ad e r to Wit and Wi s d om of th e T l m ud
ew Yor k
d i s one of th e mos
n e a a
Th e Ta
o
e of i ts
e ca
l e ra u re i n th e w or
It h as ne e r e e n ran a
varie
of i ts di a e c s

es

'

Ohw chma n

b
ook
"

Th e

ke rs

wor

An

gol d

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tt

a.

!ford Ooura nt

tive

a rac
Sch ool

dis ti nctl y

is

val u ab l e

re fere nce

J our na l

book

It i s

a re p os

al l

lite rary

t aste

in th e

itory of anc ie nt

ch o ce

of

its

m t
y bl b k
h vi g dis h g

for

S h ow s j udgme nt and good

mate ri al " A me n ca n Hebrew

one

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It i s a
e r is to be
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e nj o a
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fe i c i a e d on a n
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Memp his Commerci al A pp ea l

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di

i ti gl y

tive re fe re nce book of apt qu otations D r Pe te rs

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tt

An a

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THE BA KER 6:
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-

1 7 th

TA YLO R C0 ,
.

S t. , Uni on S q

P UBL IS HE RS .

North , Ne w York .

THE NE! T GREAT

AWAKENING
By Re v

Strong, D D

Jos iah
mo cl oth

Ia

75

cents

This work

is e specially addressed to the minist ry of the

Regardl e ss of s c t it must intere st thinking
world
In it Dr Strong w orks
re ligi ous pe opl e e v e ry wh ere
on this theme :
There were gre at re li gi ous awakeni ngs in the sixt e enth
s eventeenth e ightee nth and nineteenth ce nturies In
each i nst ance the se great aw ake ni ngs cam e in connec
tion with the preaching of a negl ected scriptural truth
or t ruths w hich were p e culiarl y a d apt e d to the nee ds
of the time s
The beginning of th e t we ntieth ce ntury naturally suggests
to th e church s a new forw ard move me nt
Th e nee d
of a gre at religious awakeni ng is felt and preparati on for
it is being made When will it come ? The writer
thinks th t a study of the revivals of the past four
hundre d years j ustifi es the conclusion that the next great
awake ning w ill come whe n certain negl e cte d scriptural
truths pe culiarly adapte d to the nee ds of our times are
faithfully procl aim ed
The se t ruths he points out
e

ME N

YO UNG
By Re v
A u th or

Jos iah

Cou nt ry ,

"

Tw e nti eth -Ce ntu r

y C i ty ,

mo cloth

Ia

Re l ig i ou s
"
S oci a l B etter ment,

Ou r

f or

Strong, D D

n et

M ov eme nts

E xp a ns i on ,

75

e tc.

cen s

trong t akes up the profound changes which have

come about within the memory of living m n b oth in
the ph ysical w orld and in the world of ide as
He
shows what were the causes of these changes and
points out the results w hi ch have ow d from them
al ready together with establish e d tende nci es whi ch are
prophetic of future changes thus interpreting the time s
in whic h w e live
He disc usses the great s oci al l aws which must be obeye d
if social ills a e to cease and e nable s th e y oung man to
make a practi cal application of these laws to the solu
tion of his own pe rsonal problems su ch as the c hoice
of an occupation his e ducati on his re lation to athl e ti cs
personal expenditure and the like
In short th e b ook is a bri f and simpl philos ophy of life
intende d to h lp the young st r a saf and succ ssful
course amid the con i cting and p erpl exing currents of
mod rn changea w o k w hich al l persons e ngage d
an capacity with the guidance of youth w ould b e gl ad
y
to see in the hands of their ch arges

Dr S
.

ee

A New Il l ustrated Ed ition of

THE SALT BO !

HO USE

By

ane

de Fore s t She lton

mo cloth gilt tap ill ustrated net

eautifully illust rate d w ith s ix full -page d rawings by JOHN
HENDERSON Barr s of Phil adelphia
The s ucces s of Miss S helto n s book led th e
publishers to add to its literary charm some
sketches w hich greatly i ncre as e the Colonial
atmos phere of the b ook
From the very
fi rs t Miss Shelton s w ork w as received by
all st udents of C olonial history and l overs of
Colonial c ustoms w ith the w armest ap
proval
mention The style and man
De serve s more than
and pe aceful and the matt r
ne r of t
of the n
Wi th an almost breathless rev
So simpl e is the commentary so swee t and
e re nce
e ntl e its sli ghte st utte rance th at at tim es it re ach e s the

ighest art of expression Now York Public

ls full of atmosphere and reality and enlightene d wit
many graceful and humorous touches
Ia

'

'

t ining as well as faithful picture "

of e ightee nth
ce ntury life and w e heartily recommend it

An

e n erta

ing of this b ook is a pure de light

The re ad

Cbmcb

S tandard