Mastering Physics CH 10 HW College Physics I LCCC

5/6/2016
Ch10HW
Ch10HW
Due:9:30amonMonday,April18,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
PSS10.1ConservationofMechanicalEnergy
LearningGoal:
TopracticeProblemSolvingStrategy10.1forconservationofmechanicalenergyproblems.
Tarzan,inonetree,sightsJaneinanothertree.Hegrabstheendofavinewithlength20mthatmakesanangleof45 withthevertical,stepsoffhistree
limb,andswingsdownandthenuptoJanesopenarms.Whenhearrives,hisvinemakesanangleof30 withthevertical.Determinewhetherhegiveshera
tenderembraceorknocksheroffherlimbbycalculatingTarzansspeedjustbeforehereachesJane.Youcanignoreairresistanceandthemassofthevine.
PROBLEMSOLVINGSTRATEGY10.1Conservationofmechanicalenergy
MODEL: Chooseasystemwithoutfrictionorotherlossesofmechanicalenergy.
VISUALIZE: Drawabeforeandafterpictorialrepresentation.Definesymbolsthatwillbeusedintheproblem,listknownvalues,andidentifywhatyou'retryingto
find.
SOLVE: Themathematicalrepresentationisbasedonthelawofconservationofmechanicalenergy:
K f + Uf
= K i + Ui
ASSESS: Checkthatyourresulthasthecorrectunits,isreasonable,andanswersthequestion.
Model
Theproblemdoesnotinvolvefriction,noraretherelossesofmechanicalenergy,soconservationofmechanicalenergyapplies.ModelTarzanandthevineas
apendulum.
Visualize
PartA
Whichofthefollowingsketchescanbeusedindrawingabeforeandafterpictorialrepresentation?
ANSWER:
DiagramA
DiagramB
DiagramC
DiagramD
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4057476
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NotethateventhoughthetensionforceinthevinecausesthedirectionofTarzan'svelocitytochange,thisforcedoesnothaveacomponentinthe
directionofmotionanddoesnotchangeTarzan'sspeed.Sotensiondoesnotcauseanychangeinkineticenergy.
Now,completeyourbeforeandafterpictorialrepresentationbydefiningsymbolsfortheimportantvariables,suchasmass,speed,andposition.List
knownvalues.RecallthatyouaretryingtofindTarzan'sfinalspeed.Yourdiagramshouldlooklikethis:
Notethatinthediagramabove,acoordinatesystemwasprovidedinwhichthezeroheightwaschosentobeatthevine'spivotingpoint.Thisisthe
coordinatesystemusedintherestofthisproblemhowever,keepinmindthatthisisanarbitrarychoice.Inprinciple,youcanchoosethey = 0
heighttobewhereveryouwish.
Solve
PartB
WhatisTarzansspeedv f justbeforehereachesJane?
Expressyouranswerinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.FindexpressionsforTarzansinitialandfinalkineticenergies
LetTarzansinitialandfinalspeedsbev i andv f ,respectively.Letmandg beTarzan'smassandtheaccelerationduetogravity,respectively.
Entertwoexpressionsforhisinitialandfinalkineticenergies,Ki andKf ,respectively.RecallthatTarzansimplystepsoffthetreewithoutany
initialpush.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesg ,m,v i ,andv f .
ANSWER:
Ki
,Kf =
1
2
mv f
Hint2.FindexpressionsforTarzansinitialandfinalpotentialenergies
LetTarzansinitialandfinalspeedsbev i andv f ,respectively.Letmandg beTarzan'smassandtheaccelerationduetogravity,respectively.
UsingthecoordinatesystemshowninPartA,entertwoexpressionsforTarzansinitialandfinalpotentialenergies,Ui andUf ,respectively.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesg ,m,v i ,andv f .
Hint1.Righttriangles
Recallthatforarighttriangleasshowninthepicturebelow,thefollowingruleshold:
a = c cos and b = c sin .
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Hint2.FindTarzansinitialposition
UsingthecoordinatesystemshowninPartA,calculateTarzansinitialheightyi .
Expressyouranswerinmeters.
ANSWER:
y
= 14.1 m
Hint3.FindTarzansfinalposition
UsingthecoordinatesystemshowninPartA,calculateTarzansfinalheightyf .
Expressyouranswerinmeters.
ANSWER:
y
= 17.3 m
ANSWER:
Ui
,Uf =
mg20cos(
) , mg20cos(
ANSWER:
vf
= 7.9 m/s
Correct
Assess
PartC
Youcancheckifyourworkmakessensebycomparingyourresultswiththeresultsthatyouobtainusingthekinematicsequationsforfreefall.
Whatverticaldistanceydoesafreefallingparticletravelfromthemomentitstartstothemomentitreachesaspeedof7.9m/s ifitstartsfromrest?
Workoutyoursolutionusingoneoftheequationsforverticalmotionwithconstantacceleration,specifically,
2
2
v
= v + 2ay ,
f
i
wherev i andv f aretheparticlesinitialandfinalspeeds,respectively,anda istheparticlesacceleration.
Expressyouranswerinmeterstotwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
y
= 3.2 m
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YoucaneasilyverifythattheverticaldistancetraveledbythefreefallingparticleisthesameasthedifferenceinheightusedinPartBtocompute
howTarzansgravitationalenergychanges.So,yourresultfromPartBdoesmakesense!
PhETTutorial:EnergySkatePark
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandconservationofmechanicalenergyinvolvinggravitationalpotentialenergyandkineticenergy.
Forthisproblem,usethePhETsimulationEnergySkatePark.Thissimulationallowsyoutoexplorethemotionandenergeticsofaskaterridingalongatrack.
Startthesimulation.Whenyouclickthesimulationlink,youmaybeaskedwhethertorun,open,orsavethefile.Choosetorunoropenit.
Watchtheskaterskateupanddownthetrack.Youcanclickanddragtheskatertoanylocationandreleasetheskaterfromrest.
ClickontheEnergyvs.Positionbuttontoseeaplotofthekinetic,potential,thermal,andtotalenergiesasafunctionoftheskater'sposition.TryBarGraph
toseethesameinformationasabargraph.
Forthistutorial,youshouldhavetheCoefficientofFriction(undertheTrackFrictionbuttonatlowerright)setto"None,"whichmeansnothermalenergyis
generated.YoushouldalsodeselecttheThermalenergychoiceatbottomrightfromtheEnergyvs.Positionplot.
Playaroundwiththesimulation.Whenyouaredone,clickontheResetbuttonbeforeansweringthequestions.
PartA
ClickontheEnergyvs.Positionbutton,anddeselectallformsofenergyexceptkineticenergy.
Whereonthetrackistheskater'skineticenergythegreatest?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
ThekineticenergyofanobjectisgivenbyK = (1/2)mv 2 ,wheremisthemassoftheobjectandv isthespeedoftheobject.Thus,theskater
ismovingthefastestwheretheskater'skineticenergyisthegreatestandviceversa.
LookattheKineticEnergyvs.Positiongraph,andidentifythelocation(s)wheretheskater'skineticenergyreachesitsmaximumvalue.
ANSWER:
atitsmaximumvalueatthelowestpointofthetrack.
Theskater'skineticenergyis
thesameeverywhere.
atitsmaximumvalueatthelocationswheretheskaterturnsandgoesbackintheoppositedirection.
Correct
ThekineticenergyofanobjectisgivenbyK = (1/2)mv 2 ,wherev isthespeedoftheobjectandmisthemassoftheobject.Thus,theskater's
kineticenergyisgreatestatthelowestpointofthetrack,wheretheskaterismovingthefastest.
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PartB
ChangetheEnergyvs.Positiongraphtodisplayonlypotentialenergy.
Astheskaterisskatingbackandforth,wheredoestheskaterhavethemostpotentialenergy?
ThegravitationalpotentialenergyofanobjectisgivenbyU = mgy,whereyistheobject'sheightabovethepotentialenergyreference,whichis
currentlytheground.Thus,theskater'spotentialenergyisgreatestwheretheskateristhehighestabovethereferenceline.
LookatthePotentialEnergyvs.Positiongraph,andidentifythelocation(s)wheretheskater'spotentialenergyreachesitsmaximumvalue.
ANSWER:
thesameeverywhere.
Theskater'spotentialenergyis
atitsmaximumvalueatthelowestpointofthetrack.
atitsmaximumvalueatthelocationswheretheskaterturnsandgoesbackintheoppositedirection.
Correct
ThegravitationalpotentialenergyofanobjectisgivenbyU = mgy,whereyistheobject'sheightabovethepotentialenergyreference,whichis
currentlytheground.Thus,theskater'spotentialenergyisgreatestatthelocationswheretheskaterturnstogobackintheoppositedirection,where
theskateristhehighestabovethereferenceline.
Noticethattheskater'spotentialenergyisgreatestwherethekineticenergyisthelowest,andviceversa.
PartC
Becauseweareignoringfriction,nothermalenergyisgeneratedandthetotalenergyisthemechanicalenergy,thekineticenergyplusthepotential
energy:E = K + U .
DisplaythetotalenergyintheEnergyvs.Positiongraph.Astheskaterisskatingbackandforth,whichstatementbestdescribesthetotalenergy?
ANSWER:
Thetotalenergyis
smallestatthelocationswheretheskaterturnstogobackintheoppositedirectionandgreatestatthelowestpointofthetrack.
thesameatalllocationsofthetrack.
greatestatthelocationswheretheskaterturnsandgoesbackintheoppositedirectionandsmallestatthelowestpointofthetrack.
Correct
Themechanicalenergy(kineticpluspotential)isconserved.(Sincethereisnofriction,themechanicalenergyisequaltothetotalenergy.)Whenthe
kineticenergyisrelativelysmall,thepotentialenergyisrelativelylarge,andviceversa.
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PartD
Ignoringfriction,thetotalenergyoftheskaterisconserved.Thismeansthatthekineticpluspotentialenergyatonelocation,sayE1 = K1 + U1 ,must
beequaltothekineticpluspotentialenergyatadifferentlocation,sayE2 = K2 + U2 .Thisistheprincipleofconservationofenergyandcanbe
expressedasE1 = E2 .Sincetheenergyisconserved,thechangeinthekineticenergyisequaltothenegativeofthechangeinthepotentialenergy:
K2 K1 = (U2 U1 ), or K1 = U2 .
SelecttheShowGridoption.Then,pullthebottomofthetrackdownsuchthatitis1mabovetheground(clickanddragonthebluecircleonthebottom
ofthetrack).Confirmthatthemassoftheskaterissetto75.0kg (selectChooseSkatertoviewmass)andthattheaccelerationofgravityissetat
9.81N/kg .
Clearallplots,placetheskateronthetrack7mabovetheground,andlookattheresultingmotionandthegraphshowingtheenergetics.
Matchtheapproximatenumericalvaluesontheleftwiththeenergytypecategoriesontherighttocompletetheequations.
Dragtheappropriatenumericalvaluestotheirrespectivetargets.
ANSWER:
Correct
PartE
Basedonthepreviousquestion,whichstatementistrue?
ANSWER:
equaltotheinitialpotentialenergy.
Thekineticenergyatthebottomoftherampis
equaltotheamountofpotentialenergylossingoingfromtheinitiallocationtothebottom.
equaltothetotalenergy.
Correct
Becausethetotalenergyisconserved,thekineticenergyatthebottomofthehillplusthepotentialenergyatthebottomofthehillmustequalthe
initialpotentialenergy(sincetheinitialkineticenergyiszero):Kbottom + Ubottom = Uinitial .Solvingforthekineticenergy,weget
Kbottom = Uinitial Ubottom ,or Kbottom = 5145J 735J = 4410J.Moregenerally,thechangeinthekineticenergyisequaltothenegativeof
thechangeinthepotentialenergy.
PartF
Iftheskaterstartedfromrest4mabovetheground(insteadof7m),whatwouldbethekineticenergyatthebottomoftheramp(whichisstill1mabove
theground)?
UsetheEnergyvs.PositiongraphlikeyoudidinPartD.
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ANSWER:
4410J
2940J
735J
2205J
Correct
Noticethattheskateronlydropsdown3m,ascomparedto6mforthecasewhentheskaterstarted7mabovetheground.Inthiscase,theskater
loseshalfasmuchpotentialenergyasinthepreviouscase,sothekineticenergyatthebottomisonlyhalfasmuchasthepreviouscase.
PartG
Onecommonapplicationofconservationofenergyinmechanicsistodeterminethespeedofanobject.Althoughthesimulationdoesntgivetheskater's
speed,youcancalculateitbecausetheskater'skineticenergyisknownatanylocationonthetrack.
Consideragainthecasewheretheskaterstarts7mabovethegroundandskatesdownthetrack.Whatistheskater'sspeedwhentheskaterisatthe
bottomofthetrack?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.
Hint1.Findthekineticenergyatthebottomofthetrack
Whatisthekineticenergyoftheskateratthebottomofthetrack?
ANSWER:
735J
4410J
2205J
5145J
Hint2.Findthespeedatthebottomofthetrack
BecauseK
= (1/2)mv
,thespeedisgivenby 2K/m .Whatisthespeedatthebottomofthetrack?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecondtotwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
11 m/s
ANSWER:
11 m/s
Correct
Fora75kg objecthavingapproximately4410J ofenergy,thespeedmustberoughly11m/s .
PartH
Whentheskaterstarts7mabovetheground,howdoesthespeedoftheskateratthebottomofthetrackcomparetothespeedoftheskateratthe
bottomwhentheskaterstarts4mabovetheground?
Hint1.Findthekineticenergyatthebottomofthetrack
Howmuchmorekineticenergydoestheskaterhaveatthebottomofthetrack?
ANSWER:
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thesameamount
twiceasmuch
fourtimesasmuch
Hint2.Findtheratioofthespeeds
Becausekineticenergyisproportionaltothesquareofthespeed,theratioofthekineticenergyisequaltotheratioofthespeedssquared:
2
K7m /K4m = (v 7m /v 4m ) .Whatistheratio v 7m /v 4m ofthespeeds?
Expressyouranswernumericallywithtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
v 7m /v 4m
= 1.4
ANSWER:
thesame.
Thespeedis
higher,butlessthantwiceasfast.
fourtimesasfast.
twiceasfast.
Correct
Thepersonwillhavetwiceasmuchkineticenergy.Becausekineticenergyisproportionaltothespeedsquared,theratioofthespeedsisequaltothe
squarerootoftheratioofthekineticenergies.Inthiscase,sincetheratioofthekineticenergiesis2,theratioofthespeedsisequaltothesquare
rootof2,orroughly1.4.
PartI
Changethepotentialenergyreferencelinetobe7mabovetheground(selectthePotentialEnergyReferenceoption,andclickanddragonthedashed
bluehorizontallinetothe7mgridline).Placetheskateronthetrack7mabovetheground,andlettheskatergo.
ANSWER:
equaltozero.
Thetotalenergyoftheskateris
lessthanzero.
greaterthanzero.
Correct
Initially,thekineticenergyiszerobecausetheskaterisatrestandthepotentialenergyiszerobecausetheskaterisstartingatthepotentialenergy
referenceline.Becauseenergyisconserved,theskater'stotalenergyremainszero.
PartJ
Atthebottomofthehill,howdoesthekineticenergycomparetothecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewasthegroundandtheskaterwasreleased
7mabovetheground?
ANSWER:
lessthanthecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewastheground.
Thekineticenergyis
greaterthanthecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewastheground.
thesameasthecasewhenthepotentialenergyreferencewastheground.
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Thekineticenergyatthebottomofthetrackisequaltotheamountofpotentialenergylostingoingfromtheinitialpositiontothebottom.Even
thoughthetotalenergyandinitialpotentialenergyaredifferentfromwhenthereferencewastheground,theskaterstilllosesthesameamountof
potentialenergyingoingfrom7mdowntothebottomofthetrack.Thus,whenapplyingconservationofenergy,anypotentialenergyreferencecan
beused!
PartK
ClickTracksintheupperleftcornerofthewindow,andselectDoubleWell(RollerCoaster).Then,clickanddragonthebluecirclestostretchand/or
bendthetracktomakeitlooklikethatshownbelow.
Iftheskaterstartsfromrestatposition1,rank,inincreasingorderfromleasttogreatest,thekineticenergyoftheskateratthefivepositionsshown.
Rankfromsmallesttolargest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
ANSWER:
Correct
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
AGirlonaTrampoline
Agirlofmassm1 = 60.0kilogramsspringsfromatrampolinewithaninitialupwardvelocityofv i
abovethetrampoline,thegirlgrabsaboxofmassm2 = 15.0kilograms.
g = 9.80
meterspersecond.Atheighth
= 8.00
meters
= 2.00
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Forthisproblem,useg
duetogravity.
meterspersecondpersecondforthemagnitudeoftheacceleration
= 9.80
PartA
Whatisthespeedv bef ore ofthegirlimmediatelybeforeshegrabsthebox?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecond.
Useconservationofenergy.FindtheinitialkineticenergyKi ofthegirlassheleavesthetrampoline.Thenfindhergravitationalpotentialenergy
Ubef ore justbeforeshegrabsthebox(defineherinitialpotentialenergytobezero).Accordingtotheprincipleofconservationofenergy,
Ki = Ubef ore + Kbef ore .Onceyouhave Kbef ore ,usethedefinitionoftranslationalkineticenergytofindthegirl'sspeed v bef ore .
Hint2.Initialkineticenergy
Whatisthegirl'sinitialkineticenergyKi assheleavesthetrampoline?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinjoules.
ANSWER:
Ki
= 1920 J
Hint3.Potentialenergyatheighth
Whatisthegirl'sgravitationalpotentialenergyUbef ore immediatelybeforeshegrabsthebox?
ANSWER:
Ubef ore
= 1180 J
ANSWER:
v bef ore
= 4.98 m/s
Correct
PartB
Whatisthespeedv af ter ofthegirlimmediatelyaftershegrabsthebox?
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeterspersecond.
Thinkoftheprocessofgrabbingtheboxasacollision.Thoughthegirlandtheboxdon'tcollideassuch,anyinteractionbetweentwoobjectsthat
takesplaceextremelyfastcanbethoughtofasacollision.Tofindthevelocityatalatertime,whichofthefollowingprinciplescouldyouuse?
ANSWER:
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conservationofmomentumalone
conservationofenergyalone
bothconservationofmomentumandconservationofenergy
Newton'ssecondlaw
Hint2.Totalinitialmomentum
Whatisthetotalmomentumbeforethecollision?
Answerinkilogrammeterspersecond.
ANSWER:
p
bef ore
= 299 kg m/s
ANSWER:
v af ter
= 3.98 m/s
Correct
PartC
Isthis"collision"elasticorinelastic?
Hint1.Definitionofaninelasticcollision
Iftwoobjectsmovetogetherwiththesamevelocityafteracollision,thecollisionissaidtobeinelastic.
ANSWER:
elastic
inelastic
Correct
Ininelasticcollisions,someofthesystem'skineticenergyislost.Inthiscasethekineticenergylostisconvertedtoheatenergyinthegirl'smuscles
asshegrabsthebox,andsoundenergy.
PartD
Whatisthemaximumheighth max thatthegirl(withbox)reaches?Measureh max withrespecttothetopofthetrampoline.
Expressyouranswernumericallyinmeters.
Useconservationofenergy.FromPartByouknowthevelocityofthegirl/boxsystemjustafterthegirlgrabsthebox.Therefore,youcancompute
thekineticenergyKaf ter ofthegirl/boxsystemjustafterthecollision.YoucanalsocomputethegravitationalpotentialenergyUaf ter ofthegirl/box
systematthispoint.Thesumofthesetwoquantitiesmustequalthegravitationalpotentialenergyofthegirl/boxsystemattheheighth max (where
theirvelocity,andthereforekineticenergy,willbezero).
Hint2.FindingUaf ter
Whatisthegirl/boxsystem'sgravitationalpotentialenergyUaf ter immediatelyaftershegrabsthebox?
ANSWER:
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Uaf ter
= 1470 J
Hint3.FindingK af ter
Whatisthegirl/boxsystem'skineticenergyKaf ter immediatelyaftershegrabsthebox?
ANSWER:
Kaf ter
= 594 J
ANSWER:
h max
= 2.81 m
Correct
LooptheLoop
Arollercoastercarmaybeapproximatedbyablockofmassm.Thecar,whichstartsfromrest,is
releasedataheighth abovethegroundandslidesalongafrictionlesstrack.Thecarencountersa
loopofradiusR,asshown.Assumethattheinitialheighth isgreatenoughsothatthecarnever
losescontactwiththetrack.
PartA
Findanexpressionforthekineticenergyofthecaratthetopoftheloop.
Expressthekineticenergyintermsofm,g ,h ,andR.
Hint1.Findthepotentialenergyatthetopoftheloop
Whatisthepotentialenergyofthecarwhenitisatthetopoftheloop?Definethegravitationalpotentialenergytobezeroath
= 0
ExpressyouranswerintermsofRandothergivenquantities.
ANSWER:
Utop
mg(2R)
ANSWER:
K
mgh mg2R
Correct
PartB
h
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Findtheminimuminitialheighth atwhichthecarcanbereleasedthatstillallowsthecartostayincontactwiththetrackatthetopoftheloop.
ExpresstheminimumheightintermsofR.
Hint1.Howtoapproachthispart
Meaningof"stayincontact"
Forthecartojuststayincontactthroughtheloop,withoutfalling,thenormalforcethatactsonthecarwhenit'satthetopoftheloopmustbezero
(i.e.,N = 0).
Findthevelocityatthetopsuchthattheremainingforceonthecari.e.itsweightprovidesthenecessarycentripetalacceleration.Ifthevelocity
wereanygreater,youwouldadditionallyrequiresomeforcefromthetracktoprovidethenecessarycentripetalacceleration.Ifthevelocitywereany
less,thecarwouldfalloffthetrack.
Usetheabovedescribedconditiontofindthevelocityandthentheresultfromtheaboveparttofindtherequiredheight.
Hint2.Accelerationatthetopoftheloop
Assumingthatthespeedofthecaratthetopoftheloopisv top ,andthatthecarstaysonthetrack,findtheaccelerationofthecar.Takethe
positiveydirectiontobeupward.
Expressyouranswerintermsofv top andanyotherquantitiesgivenintheproblemintroduction.
ANSWER:
a top
v top
Hint3.Normalforceatthetopoftheloop
Supposethecarstaysonthetrackandhasspeedv top atthetopoftheloop.UseNewton's2ndlawtofindanexpressionforN ,themagnitudeof
thenormalforcethattheloopexertsonthecarwhenthecarisatthetopoftheloop.
Expressyouranswerintermsofm,g ,R,andv top .
Hint1.Findthesumofforcesatthetopoftheloop
Findthesumoftheforcesactingonthecaratthetopoftheloop.Rememberthatthepositiveydirectionisupward.
ExpressyouranswerintermsofN ,m,andg .
ANSWER:
F top
N mg
ANSWER:
m(
v top
R
g)
Hint4.Solvingforh
Therequirementtostayincontactresultsinanexpressionforv 2top intermsofRandg .Substitutethisintoyourexpressionforkineticenergy,
foundinPartA,todeterminearelationbetweenh andR.
ANSWER:
h min
2.5R
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Forh
> 2.5 R
Forh
< R
ForR
thecarwillstillcompletetheloop,thoughitwillrequiresomenormalreactionevenattheverytop.
thecarwilljustoscillate.Doyouseethis?
,thecartwilllosecontactwiththetrackatsomeearlierpoint.Thatiswhyrollercoastersmusthavealotofsafetyfeatures.If
< h < 2.5 R
youlike,youcancheckthattheangleatwhichthecartlosescontactwiththetrackisgivenby = arcsin(
2
3
h
R
1)) .Where istheangle
measuredcounterclockwisefromthehorizontalpositivexaxis,wheretheoriginofthexaxisisatthecenteroftheloop.
Problem10.11
A20kg childisonaswingthathangsfrom4.0mlongchains.
PartA
Whatishermaximumspeedifsheswingsouttoa43 angle?
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
v
= 4.6
m
s
Correct
Problem10.15
A61kg studentisstandingatopaspringinanelevatorthatisacceleratingupwardat3.2m/s 2 .Thespringconstantis2100N/m .
PartA
Byhowmuchisthespringcompressed?
ANSWER:
y
= 0.38m
Correct
Problem10.17
A5.3kg masshangingfromaspringscaleisslowlyloweredontoaverticalspring,asshowninthefigure.
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PartA
Whatdoesthespringscalereadjustbeforethemasstouchesthelowerspring?
ANSWER:
F
= 52N
Correct
PartB
Thescalereads17Nwhenthelowerspringhasbeencompressedby2.0cm.Whatisthevalueofthespringconstantforthelowerspring?
ANSWER:
k
= 1700 N
m
Correct
PartC
Atwhatcompressionlengthwillthescalereadzero?
ANSWER:
y
= 3.0cm
Correct
VideoTutor:ChinBasher?
First,launchthevideobelow.Youwillbeaskedtouseyourknowledgeofphysicstopredicttheoutcomeofanexperiment.Then,closethevideowindowand
answerthequestionatright.Youcanwatchthevideoagainatanypoint.
PartA
SupposeourexperimenterrepeatshisexperimentonaplanetmoremassivethanEarth,wheretheaccelerationduetogravityisg = 30m/s 2 .Whenhe
releasestheballfromchinheightwithoutgivingitapush,howwilltheball'sbehaviordifferfromitsbehavioronEarth?Ignorefrictionandairresistance.
(Selectallthatapply.)
Toanswerthisquestion,youmustevaluatehowachangeing affectsthependulumstrajectory(choicesAandB),period(choicesCandD),and
mass(choiceE).
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Trajectory:Here,thekeyisenergyconservation.Thinkabouthowkineticandpotentialenergyinterchangeasapendulumswings.Forthependulum
toreturntoapositionhigherthanitsstartingpoint,thesystemofthependulumandplanetwouldhavetogainmechanicalenergy.Wherewouldthat
energycomefrom?(ThesameargumentappliestochoiceB.)
Period:Youcananswerthisquestionbyseeingwhethertheequationfortheperiodofapendulumincludesg .Oryoucanusereasoning.Agreater
downwardaccelerationg willcausethependulumtoreachthebottomofitsswingmorequickly.Whatdoesthatsayaboutthependulumstotal
period?
Mass:Thependulumwillweighmoreonthemassiveplanet.Willithavemoremass?
ANSWER:
Itsmasswillbegreater.
Itwillstopwellshortofhisface.
Itwilltakemoretimetoreturntothepointfromwhichitwasreleased.
Itwilltakelesstimetoreturntothepointfromwhichitwasreleased.
Itwillsmashhisface.
Correct
Thependulumwillswingbackandforthmorequickly(withashorterperiod)becauseitisoscillatinginastrongergravitationalfieldthanthatonEarth.
Problem10.20
Astudentplacesher300g physicsbookonafrictionlesstable.Shepushesthebookagainstaspring,compressingthespringby9.70cm,thenreleasesthe
book.
PartA
Whatisthebook'sspeedasitslidesaway?Thespringconstantis1750N/m .
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
7.41
m
s
Correct
Problem10.28
PartA
Whatisthemaximumspeedofa2.80g particlethatoscillatesbetweenx =
2.0 mm
andx =
8.0 mm
inthefigure?
ANSWER:
v max
= 53.5
m
s
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Correct
Problem10.31
Ball1,withamassof150g andtravelingat12.0m/s ,collidesheadonwithball2,whichhasamassof330g andisinitiallyatrest.
PartA
Whatarethefinalvelocitiesofeachballifthecollisionisperfectlyelastic?
ANSWER:
(v f x )
= 4.50
m
s
Correct
PartB
ANSWER:
(v f x )
= 7.50
m
s
Correct
PartC
Whatarethefinalvelocitiesofeachballifthecollisionisperfectlyinelastic?
ANSWER:
(v f x )
= 3.75 m
s
Correct
PartD
ANSWER:
(v f x )
= 3.75
m
s
Correct
BallisticPendulum
Inaballisticpendulumanobjectofmassmisfiredwithaninitialspeedv 0 atapendulumbob.ThebobhasamassM ,whichissuspendedbyarodoflength
L andnegligiblemass.Afterthecollision,thependulumandobjectsticktogetherandswingtoamaximumangulardisplacement asshown.
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PartA
Findanexpressionforv 0 ,theinitialspeedofthefiredobject.
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm,M ,L,and andtheaccelerationduetogravity,g .
Therearetwodistinctphysicalprocessesatworkintheballisticpendulum.Youmusttreatthecollisionandthefollowingswingastwoseparate
events.Identifywhichphysicallaworprincipleappliestoeachevent,writeanexpressiontodescribethecollision,writeanexpressiontodescribe
theswing,andthenrelatethetwoexpressionstofindv 0 .
Hint2.Determinewhichphysicallawsandprinciplesapply
Whichofthefollowingphysicallawsorprinciplescanbestbeusedtoanalyzethecollisionbetweentheobjectandthependulumbob?Whichcan
bestbeusedtoanalyzetheresultingswing?
A.Newton'sfirstlaw
B.Newton'ssecondlaw
C.Newton'sthirdlaw
D.Conservationofmechanicalenergy
E.Conservationofmomentum
Entertheletterscorrespondingtothecorrectanswer,withaletterfirstforthecollisionandthenasecondletterfortheswingseparatedby
acomma.
ANSWER:
E,D
Hint3.Describethecollision
Composeanexpressionthatdescribesthecollisionbetweentheobjectandthependulumbob.Putthisexpressionintheformv 0
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm,M ,v 0 ,v ,L,and andtheaccelerationduetogravity,g .
Hint1.Identifythetypeofcollision
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Isthecollisionbetweentheobjectandthependulumbobanelasticorinelasticcollision?
ANSWER:
elastic
inelastic
Hint2.Findthemomentumbeforethecollision
Composeanexpressionforp bef ore ,themomentumoftheobjectandpendulumbobbeforethecollisionwhentheobjectmoveswithspeed
v0 .
Hint1.Momentum
Themomentumofanobjectofmassmmovingwithspeedv isgivenbymv .
ANSWER:
p
bef ore
mv 0
Hint3.Findthemomentumafterthecollision
Composeanexpressionforp af ter ,themomentumoftheobjectandpendulumbobafterthecollisionwhentheymovewithspeedv .
ANSWER:
p
af ter
(m + M )v
ANSWER:
v0
m+M
m
Hint4.Describetheswing
Composeanexpressionthatdescribesthemotionoftheobjectandthependulumbobafterthecollision.Putthisexpressionintheformv
Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm,M ,v 0 ,v ,L,and andtheaccelerationduetogravityg .
Hint1.Identifytheenergyatthebottomoftheswing
WhatisthemechanicalenergyEbottom oftheobjectandpendulumbobjustafterthecollisionbutwhiletheyarestilllocatedatthebottom
oftheswing?Assumethattheheightofthependulumbobandobjectiszeroatthislocation.
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Hint1.Mechanicalenergy
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisthetotalkineticandgravitationalpotentialenergyofthesystem.ThekineticenergyK ofan
objectofmassmmovingwithspeedv is
K=
1
2
mv
ThegravitationalpotentialenergyU ofanobjectofmassmaheightyabovesomereferencepointis
.
U = mgy
Hint2.Findthegravitationalpotentialenergyatthebottomoftheswing
WhatisthegravitationalpotentialenergyUbottom oftheobjectandpendulumbobatthebottomoftheswing?Keepinmindthatthe
heightofthependulumbobandobjectiszeroatthislocation.
ANSWER:
Ubottom = mgL
Ubottom = 0
Ubottom = mgL
Hint3.Findthekineticenergyatthebottomoftheswing
WhatisthekineticenergyKbottom oftheobjectandpendulumbobatthebottomoftheswing?
ANSWER:
Kbottom
1
2
(m + M )v
ANSWER:
Ebottom
1
2
(m + M )v
Hint2.Identifytheenergyatthetopoftheswing
WhatisthemechanicalenergyEtop oftheobjectandpendulumbobatthetopoftheswingwhenithasreacheditsmaximumangular
displacement?
Hint1.Mechanicalenergy
Themechanicalenergyofasystemisthetotalkineticandgravitationalpotentialenergyofthesystem.ThekineticenergyK ofan
objectofmassmmovingwithspeedv is
K=
1
2
mv
ThegravitationalpotentialenergyU ofanobjectofmassmaheightyabovesomereferencepointis
U = mgy
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.
U = mgy
Hint2.Findtheheightatthetopoftheswing
Whatistheheighth oftheobjectandpendulumbobatthetopoftheswing,whentheyhavereachedtheirmaximumdisplacement?
KeepinmindthatthependulumhasalengthLandswingsthroughanangle .
ExpressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesLand .
ANSWER:
h
L(1 cos())
Hint3.Findthegravitationalpotentialenergyatthetopoftheswing
WhatisthegravitationalpotentialenergyUtop oftheobjectandpendulumbobatthetopoftheswing?
ANSWER:
Utop
(m + M )gL(1 cos())
Hint4.Findthekineticenergyatthetopoftheswing
WhatisthekineticenergyKtop oftheobjectandpendulumbobatthetopoftheswing?
ANSWER:
K top =
K top =
K top =
1
2
1
2
1
2
mv
mv
2
0
2
(m + M )v
Ktop = 0
ANSWER:
Etop
(m + M )gL(1 cos())
ANSWER:
v
2gL(1 cos())
Hint5.Relatingthetwophysicalprocesses
Byapplyingconservationofmomentumtothecollision,youfoundanexpressionforv 0 :
(
)
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v0 = (
m+M
m
)v
Byapplyingconservationofmechanicalenergytotheswing,youfoundanexpressionforv :
v = 2gL[1 cos()]
Combinethesetwoexpressionintojustoneexpressionforv 0 .
ANSWER:
v0
m+M
m
( 2gL(1 cos) )
Correct
TheballisticpendulumwasinventedduringtheNapoleonicWarstoaidetheBritishNavyinmakingbettercannons.Ithassincebeenusedby
ballisticianstomeasurethevelocityofabulletasitleavesthebarrelofagun.InPartByouwilluseyourexpressionforv 0 tocomparetheinitial
speedsofbulletsfiredfrom9.0mm and.44caliberhandguns.
PartB
Anexperimentisdonetocomparetheinitialspeedofbulletsfiredfromdifferenthandguns:a9.0mm anda.44caliber.Thegunsarefiredintoa10kg
pendulumboboflengthL.Assumethatthe9.0mm bullethasamassof6.0g andthe.44caliberbullethasamassof12g .Ifthe9.0mm bullet
causesthependulumtoswingtoamaximumangulardisplacementof4.3 andthe.44caliberbulletcausesadisplacementof10.1 ,findtheratioofthe
initialspeedofthe9.0mm bullettothespeedofthe.44caliberbullet,(v 0 ) 9.0 /(v 0 ) 44 .
Expressyouranswernumerically.
UseyourexpressionfromPartAtosetuptheratio(v 0 ) 9.0 /(v 0 ) 44 .Trytocancelasmanytermsaspossiblebeforeplugginginyournumbersto
solveforanumericanswer.
ANSWER:
(v 0 )
9.0
/(v 0 )
44
= 0.85
Correct
PoliceofficersintheUnitedStatescommonlycarry9.0mm handgunsbecausetheyareeasiertohandle,havingashorterbarrelthantypical.44
caliberguns.Notonlydoesthe.44caliberbullethavemoremassthanthe9.0mm one,itspassagethroughalongergunbarrelmeansthatitalso
movesfasterasitleavesthebarrel,whichmakesthe.44caliberMagnumaparticularlypowerfulhandgun.A.44caliberbulletcantravelatspeeds
over1000miles per hour (1600kilometers per hour ).
Problem10.43
Apackageofmassmisreleasedfromrestatawarehouseloadingdockandslidesdowntheh =2.4mhigh,frictionlesschutetoawaitingtruck.
Unfortunately,thetruckdriverwentonabreakwithouthavingremovedthepreviouspackage,ofmass2m ,fromthebottomofthechute.
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PartA
Supposethepackagessticktogether.Whatistheircommonspeedafterthecollision?
ANSWER:
v
= 2.3
m
s
Correct
PartB
Supposethecollisionbetweenthepackagesisperfectlyelastic.Towhatheightdoesthepackageofmassmrebound?
ANSWER:
h
= 27cm
Correct
Problem10.74
Theairtrackcartsinthefigureareslidingtotherightat1.0m/s .Thespringbetweenthemhasa
springconstantof100N/m andiscompressed4.5cm.Thecartsslidepastaflamethatburns
throughthestringholdingthemtogether.
PartA
Whatisthespeedof100g cart?
ANSWER:
v1
m
= 0.23 s
Correct
PartB
Whatisthedirectionofthemotionof100g cart?
ANSWER:
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Totheright
Totheleft
Correct
PartC
Whatisthespeedof300g cart?
ANSWER:
v2
m
= 1.4 s
Correct
PartD
Whatisthedirectionofthemotionof300g cart?
ANSWER:
Totheleft
Totheright
Correct
ARelationBetweenMomentumandKineticEnergy
PartA
Acardinal(Richmondenacardinalis)ofmass3.50102kg andabaseballofmass0.143kg havethesamekineticenergy.Whatistheratioofthe
cardinal'smagnitudep c ofmomentumtothemagnitudep b ofthebaseball'smomentum?
Recallthatthekineticenergyofanobject(ofmassmandspeedv )isgivenbyK =
1
2
mv
,andthemagnitudeofthemomentumbyp
= mv
Combiningtheseequationsintoasingleexpressioncanthenbeusedtoeliminatev ,givinganexpressionofthekineticenergyintermsofthe
momentuminsteadofthevelocity.Wecanthenusethisrelation,alongwiththeassumptions,tofindtheratioofthemomentap c /p b intermsof
themasses.
Hint2.Findarelationshipbetweenkineticenergyandmomentum
SelectthegeneralexpressionforthekineticenergyK ofanobjectwithmassmandmomentump .
ANSWER:
1
2
pm
2
pm
p
m
1
2
p
m
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ANSWER:
pc
pb
= 0.495
Correct
PartB
Amanweighing690Nandawomanweighing500Nhavethesamemomentum.Whatistheratiooftheman'skineticenergyKm tothatofthewoman
Kw ?
Asinthepreviouspart,anexpressionforthemomentummustbefoundintermsofthekineticenergy.Thentheratioofthekineticenergies
Km /Kw mustbefoundintermsoftheweights,insteadofthemasses.
Hint2.Findarelationshipbetweenmomentumandkineticenergy
Selectthegeneralexpressionforthemomentump ofanobjectwithmassmandkineticenergyK .
ANSWER:
K
Km
2Km
Km
2Km
ANSWER:
Km
Kw
= 0.725
Correct
ConservationofEnergyRankingTask
Sixpendulumsofvariousmassesmarereleasedfromvariousheightsh aboveatabletop,asshowninthefiguresbelow.Allthependulumshavethesame
lengthandaremountedsuchthatattheverticalpositiontheirlowestpointsaretheheightofthetabletopandjustdonotstrikethetabletopwhenreleased.
Assumethatthesizeofeachbobisnegligible.
PartA
Rankeachpendulumonthebasisofitsinitialgravitationalpotentialenergy(beforebeingreleased)relativetothetabletop.
RankfromlargesttosmallestTorankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
Hint1.Gravitationalpotentialenergy
GravitationalpotentialenergyU isdefinedastheproductofthemassoftheobject,theaccelerationduetogravity,andtheheightoftheobject
aboveareferencelevel,summarizedas
.
U = mgh
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartB
Rankeachpendulumonthebasisofthemaximumkineticenergyitattainsafterrelease.
Hint1.Kineticenergy
Eachpendulumbeginsatrest(i.e.,kineticenergyofzero).Themaximumkineticenergyforapendulumwilloccurwhenitisatthelowestpointin
itsmotion.Atthispoint,allofthependulumswillbethesameheightabovethetabletop.Thekineticenergythenwillequalthechangeinpotential
energyfromtheinitialpointtothepointjustabovethetabletop.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartC
Rankeachpendulumonthebasisofitsmaximumspeed.
Hint1.Theroleofmass
Bothkineticenergyandgravitationalpotentialenergyareproportionaltomass.Thus,apendulumwithlargermasshasalargerpotentialenergy
uponrelease,andalargerkineticenergyatitslowestpoint.Sincethekineticenergyisequaltothechangeinpotentialenergy,youmaywritedown
theequationmgh =1 / 2 mv 2.Noticethatmassmaybecanceledfrombothsides.Thus,thefinalspeeddependsuponthechangeinheightbut
isindependentofmass.
Thesituationissimilartothatofanobjectinfreefall.Infreefall,althoughlargermassesareacteduponbyalargergravitationalforce,alarger
massalsohasmoreinertia.Thesetwoeffectscancelout.Allobjectsfallwiththesameacceleration,andthereforereachthesamevelocityafter
fallingequaldistances.
ANSWER:
Correct
ProjectileMotionandConservationofEnergyRankingTask
PartA
Sixbaseballthrowsareshownbelow.IneachcasethebaseballisthrownatthesameinitialspeedandfromthesameheightH abovetheground.
Assumethattheeffectsofairresistancearenegligible.Rankthesethrowsaccordingtothespeedofthebaseballtheinstantbeforeithitstheground.
Rankfromlargesttosmallest.Torankitemsasequivalent,overlapthem.
Althoughthissituationcanbeinvestigatedusingtheconceptsofprojectilemotion,theconservationofmechanicalenergyisabetterapproach.
Considertheinitialtotalenergy(kineticplusgravitationalpotential).Byconservationofenergy,thefinaltotalenergymustbeequaltotheinitialtotal
energy.Youcanusethefinalenergytodeterminethefinalspeedwhenitreachestheground.Notethatthelaunchangledoesnotaffecttheinitial
kineticorinitialgravitationalpotentialenergyoftheball.
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ANSWER:
Correct
Thisanswerisbestunderstoodintermsofconservationofenergy.Theinitialenergyoftheballisindependentofthedirectioninwhichitisthrown.
Theinitialandfinalpotentialenergiesoftheballarethesameregardlessofthetrajectory.Therefore,thefinalkineticenergy,andthereforethefinal
speed,oftheballmustbethesamenomatterinwhatdirectionitisthrown.
EnhancedEOC:Problem10.12
A1500kg cartravelingat11m/s suddenlyrunsoutofgaswhileapproachingthevalleyshowninthefigure.Thealertdriverimmediatelyputsthecarin
neutralsothatitwillroll.
Youmaywanttoreview(
pages251255).
Forhelpwithmathskills,youmaywanttoreview:
MathematicalExpressionsInvolvingSquares
Forgeneralproblemsolvingtipsandstrategiesforthistopic,youmaywanttoviewaVideoTutor
SolutionofCarrollingdownahill.
PartA
Whatwillbethecarsspeedasitcoastsintothegasstationontheothersideofthevalley?
ANSWER:
v
= 4.8
m
s
Correct
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ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis101%.
Youreceived101.93outofapossibletotalof101points.
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,thespeedisgivenby 2K/m .Whatisthespeedatthebottomofthetrack?

< h < 2.5 R

1)) .Where istheangle

Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm,M ,v 0 ,v ,L,and andtheaccelerationduetogravity,g .

Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm,M ,v 0 ,v ,L,and andtheaccelerationduetogravityg .

Expressyouranswerintermsofsomeorallofthevariablesm,M ,v 0 ,v ,L,and andtheaccelerationduetogravity,g .

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