RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

STUDY PROGRAM: COMPUTER SCIENCE

COMPUTER SCIENCE FACULTY, UNIVERSITY OF
INDONESIA

Ania%Murni/ZainalA.Hasibuan
(ania%/zhasibua@cs.ui.ac.id)

SessionObjec%ves
Tounderstandhowtosearchrelevantliteratures.
Tounderstandtheobjec%vesofreviewing
literatures
Tounderstandtheprocessesofreviewing
literatures.
Tounderstandthecomponentsofliteraturetobe
reviewed.
Tounderstandthestateoftheartliteratures
relatedtotheproblemstatement.

Topic in the Mind Map

State General Problem
Conduct Literature
Search
State Specific Problem
Design Methodology
Gather Data
Analyze Data
Report Results
Refine Hypotheses

OverviewPreviousSessions
Thestatementofgeneralproblem(s)asthe
basistondrelatedliteratures.
Atthisstate,thenatureoftheproblem(s)s%ll
shakyandblurred.

Reviewingliteratureswillenhancethe
statementoftheproblem(s).
Literaturesreviewedhavetohavelogical
connec%ontotheproblemsstatement.

Findingandreviewingrelatedliteraturesare
anartaswellascien%cacts.

What is A Literature Review?

(source

University Library, University of California)

It is a surveys of scholarly articles, books

and other sources (e.g. dissertations, journal,
conference proceedings) relevant to a
particular issue, area of research, or theory

Textbook, magazine, Bulletin are not suggested

It is providing a description, summary, and

critical evaluation of each work (each
research article)
The purpose is to offer an overview of
significant literatures published on a topic
(overview the state-of-the-art).

Deni%on(Source:Wikipedia)..
ALiteraturereviewisabodyoftextthataimstoreviewthe
cri%calpointsofcurrentknowledgeonapar%culartopic.
MostoPenassociatedwithscienceorientedliterature,
suchasathesis,theliteraturereviewusuallyprecedesa
researchproposal,methodologyandresultssec%on.
Itsul%mategoalistobringthereaderuptodatewith
currentliteratureonatopicandformsthebasisforanother
goal,suchasthejus%ca%onforfutureresearchinthe
area.
Agoodliteraturereviewischaracterizedby:alogicalow
ofideas;currentandrelevantreferenceswithconsistent,
appropriatereferencingstyle;properuseofterminalogy;
andanunbiasedandcomprehensiveviewoftheprevious
researchonthetopic.

Deni%on
AccordingtoCooper(1988)"aliteraturereviewuses
asitsdatabasereportsofprimaryororiginal
scholarship,anddoesnotreportnewprimary
scholarshipitself.
Theprimaryreportsusedintheliteraturemaybe
verbal,butinthevastmajorityofcasesreportsare
wriZendocuments.
Thetypesofscholarshipmaybeempirical,
theore%cal,cri%cal/analy%c,ormethodologicalin
nature.Aliteraturereviewseekstodescribe,
summarize,evaluate,clarifyand/orintegratethe
contentofprimaryreports".

HowtoFindRelevantLiteratures?
Searchwiththekeywordoftheresesearchtopic.
Usebroaderkeyword(term)ifthedocumentsretrieved
arefewornone.
Usenarrowerkeywordifthedocumentsretrievedaretoo
much.
Usesynonimorrelatedtermstoenhancethesearch
EmployBooleanoperator:AND,OR,NOTtocontrolthe
search

Pickthemostrecentandrelatedar%cletostartwith.
Startlookforanotherrelatedar%clesthrough:
Newsearchtermsfoundintherelatedar%cles
Listofreferencesinthechosenar%cle

TheObjec%vesofReviewingLiteratures?
(sourceUniversityLibrary,UniversityofCalifornia)

Placeeachwork(researchar%cle)inthecontextofits
contribu%ontotheunderstandingofthesubjectunder
review
Describetherela%onshipofeachworktotheothersunder
considera%on
Iden%fynewwaystointerpret,andshedlightonanygaps
in,previousresearch
Resolveconictsamongstseeminglycontradictoryprevious
studies
Iden%fyareasofpriorscholarshiptopreventduplica%onof
eort
Pointthewayforwardforfurtherresearch
Placeone'soriginalwork(inthecaseofthesesor
disserta%ons)inthecontextofexis%ngliterature

Whydoingaliteraturereview?

Toiden%fygapsintheliterature
Toavoidreinven%ngthewheel(attheveryleastthis
willsave%meanditcanstopyoufrommakingthe
samemistakesasothers)
Toiden%fymethodsthatcouldberelevanttoyour
project
Tocarryonfromwhereothershavealreadyreached
(reviewingtheeldallowsyoutobuildontheplacorm
ofexis%ngknowledgeandideas)
Toiden%fyotherpeopleworkinginthesameelds(a
researchernetworkisavaluableresource)
Toincreaseyourbreadthofknowledgeofyoursubject
area

Cont.Whydoingaliterature
review?
Toiden%fysimilarworksinyourarea
Toprovidetheintellectualcontextforyourown
work,enablingyoutoposi%onyourprojectrela%ve
tootherwork
Toiden%fyopposingviews
Toputyourworkintoperspec%ve
Todemonstratethatyoucanaccesspreviousworkin
anarea
Toiden%fyinforma%onandideasthatmaybe
relevanttoyourproject

StagesofLiteratureReviews

(sourceUniversity

Library,UniversityofCalifornia)

Problemformula%onwhichtopicoreldis
beingexaminedandwhatareissues?
Literaturesearchndingmaterialsrelevant
tothesubjectbeingexplored
Dataevalua%ondeterminingwhichliterature
makesasignicantcontribu%ontothe
understandingofthetopic
Analysisandinterpreta%ondiscussingthe
ndingsandconclusionsofper%nent
literature

ElementsofLiteraturetoReview
Anoverviewofthesubject,issueortheoryunder
considera%on,alongwiththeobjec%vesoftheliterature
review
Divisionofworksunderreviewintocategories(e.g.those
insupportofapar%cularposi%on,thoseagainst,and
thoseoeringalterna%vethesesen%rely)
Explana%onofhoweachworkissimilartoandhowit
variesfromtheothers
Conclusionsastowhichpiecesarebestconsideredin
theirargument,aremostconvincingoftheiropinions,
andmakethegreatestcontribu%ontotheunderstanding
anddevelopmentoftheirareaofresearch

How to Review Literatures?

Compare: try to find the similarities among literatures

Contrast: try to find the differences among literatures

Explain how each article differ to the others

Criticize: put your own opinion on what is written in

the literatures

Explain how each article similar to the others.

Criticize the strength and weakness of the research

Synthesize: combine several literatures into an idea

Summarize: restate the article with your own words in a
concise way

Examples
Comparing:Menurutpeneli%anyangdilakukanoleh

Andri(1999),kinerjaIRSdenganmenggunakanteknik
extendedBooleanlebihbaikdibandingmenggunakanteknik
Booleansaja.Halinisejalandenganhasilhasilpeneli%an
sebelumnyayangdilakukanolehSavoy(1995),Salton(1990),
dll.

Contras%ng:Hasilpeneli%anyangdilakukanolehSantoso
(2006)menunjukkanbahwagayabelajarkonstruk%flebih
adap%fterhadappenggunaanICT.Halinibertentangan
denganhasilpeneli%anlainnyayangmengatakanbahwagaya
posi%vistyanglebihadap%fterhadappenggunaanICT(YYYY,
98;XXXX,20010.

Examples
Cri%cize:MenurutHadi(2005)SistemInformasiUntukEkseku%f(EIS)

dapatmembantupimpinanmengambilkeputusanlebihakuratsekitar90%
dibanding%dakmenggunakanEIS,tetapi%dakdijelaskanberapabanyak
sampleEISyangdisurveidankategorikeputusanyangbagaimanayang
dijadikansebagaiacuan.

Synthesize:MenurutHadi(2005)keberhasilansuatuSistemInformasi

UntukEkseku%f(EIS)sangatditentukanoleh%ngkatkeakuratanmenagkap
kebutuhanparaekseku%fsedangkanmenurutAmir(2006),EISsangat
ditentukanolehkejelasancorebisnisdariperusahaannya.Darikedua
pendapattersebut,dapatdikatakanbahwafaktor2penentukeberhasilan
EISantaralain:keakuratanmenangkapkebutuhanpimpinan,dankejelasan
corebisnisperusahaan

WheretoPlaceYourLiterature
Review?
Usually its placed at Chapter 2 of your
thesis or dissertation
A literature review may constitute an
essential chapter of a thesis or
dissertation
Literature review should logically
connected to research problems, research
methodology, analysis and conclusion.

GeongStarted

Likemanytasks,readingandstar%ngtowrite
reviewliteratureusuallyseemsworstbeforeyou
begin
Soyoushouldmakeastart
1. Firstmakeupanoutlinejustsitandtypepointsto
review
2. Organiza%on.Itisencouragingandhelpfultostartaling
system
3. Timetable.alistofdatesforwhenyouwillgivetherst
andseconddraPs
4. Itera%ve.itiseasier,however,toimprovesomethingthat
isalreadywriZenthantoproducetextfromnothing

PointstoConsiderWhenReviewing
aLiterature
(sourceUniversityLibrary,UniversityofCalifornia)

ProvenanceWhataretheauthor'screden%als?Arethe
author'sargumentssupportedbyevidence(e.g.primary
historicalmaterial,casestudies,narra%ves,sta%s%cs,recent
scien%cndings)?
Objec%vityIstheauthor'sperspec%veevenhandedor
prejudicial?Iscontrarydataconsideredoriscertainper%nent
informa%onignoredtoprovetheauthor'spoint?
PersuasivenessWhichoftheauthor'sthesesaremost/least
convincing?
ValueAretheauthor'sargumentsandconclusions
convincing?Doestheworkul%matelycontributeinany
signicantwaytoanunderstandingofthesubject?

PointstoDiscussinLiteratureReview:
Amongothers
Whatistheproblemandwhyisitimportant?
Istheproblemclearlydened?
Trytostatetheproblemassimplyasyoucan
Istheresearchmethodologywellstated?
Howsthedatabeingcreatedandmanipulated?
Isthemanipulateddatasucientlyinterpreted?
Whatisthecontribu%onofthestudy?
Istheconclusionrelatedtotheproblems?
Istheevidencesucientenoughtosupport
conclusion?
Etc.

ProblemStatementandBackground
Therstobviousthingwhicharesearchshould
containisastatementoftheproblemtobe
considered,inbothspecicandgeneralterms.
Thespecicproblemstatementmustdealwiththe
veryspecicissues.Forexample,theop%maliza%on
ofITinvestmentrelatedtothematurityof
organiza%on.
Thegeneralstatementshouldrelatetheproblemto
thelargercontextofthescienceandshowwhyitis
worthsolving.Forexample,ITinvestmentdeliverless
benetsthanexpected.

Par%alExampleofLiterature
Review
The Title of the article

Synthesize

C
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S
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a
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t
i
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C
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a
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e
Contrast

Benefits of Doing Literature Review

To avoid the ambiguity of research problems

To ensure the chosen research problems are
researchable
To depict the intellectual environment of the
research problems
To acknowledge the intellectual social network
related to the research problems

Example Mosaic of Related

Literatures to Research Topic on EGovernment
Environment
of
Organization
XYZ

IT trend and
Organization
Respond

E-Government
Case Study:
Organization
XYZ
Cases of E-Gov

Methodology,
Method, teknik
used for E-Gov

Industry,
policies,
economy
IT
Penetration
IT
Organization

Exercise
Determineageneralresearchproblem
Searchliteraturesrelatedtoresearchproblem
Evaluatedocumentsretrieved
Determinerelevantdocuments

Enhancegeneralresearchprobleminto
severalspecicresearchproblems(research
ques%ons)
Extendtheliteraturesearch
Formamosaicofbodyofliteraturesrelatedto
researchtopic.

TIP
If you dont
understand
something

ask
me!