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q = Pitch of convolutions, cm
r = Plastic strain ratio = w / t
S1 = Bellows tangent circumferential membrane stress, N/cm2
S11 = Collar circumferential membrane stress, N/cm2
S2 = Bellows circumferential membrane stress, N/cm2
S3 = Bellows meridional membrane stress due to pressure, N/cm2
S4 = Bellows meridional bending stress due to pressure, N/cm2
S5 = Bellows meridional membrane stress due to deflection, N/cm2
S6 = Bellows meridional bending stress due to deflection, N/cm2
St1, St2, St3 = Stress cycles
Sy = Yield strength of material, N/cm2
T = Design temperature, 0C
t = Thickness of material, cm
tc = Collar thickness, cm
tp = Thickness after thinning = t
Db
Dm
Basic research is like shooting an arrow into the air and, where it lands, painting a target.
Homer Adkins
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