All lifefrom fish to birds to

apple blossoms to human

childrenhad been "silenced"
by the insidious effects of DDT.

SOME WELL-PUBLICIZED
INCIDENTS FROM THE PAST
FEW DECADES

Bhopal Gas Tragedy

Methylamine (1) reacts with

phosgene (2) producing methyl
isocyanate (3) which reacts with 1naphthol (4) to yield carbaryl (5)

Reversible reaction of glutathione

with methyl isocyanate (MIC,)
allows the MIC to be transported
into the body
3

Cuyahoga River
River in the United States, located in Northeast Ohio,
so polluted that it "caught fire" in 1969.
The event helped to spur the environmental movement in the US.

Seveso disaster
An accidental release of chemicals, including dioxin, in Seveso, Italy,
Death of farm animals and long-term health problems for many local residents.
Highest known exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in
residential populations,

GREEN CHEMISTRY
PREVENTING POLLUTION
SUSTAINING THE EARTH

Risk due to a hazardous substance

Risk=f(Hazard, Exposure)

environmental laws attempt to control exposure

Controlling Exposure =
end of the pipe solution
7

Risk due to a hazardous substance

Risk=f(HAZARD, Exposure)
Eliminate the hazard, no need to worry about the
exposure!

The Need for Green Chemistry

Chemistry has improved our lives

Life expectancy increased from 47 years in 1900
to 75 years in 1990s
Pharmaceuticals, improved access to health care
Water purification systems
waste treatment
Food preservation
Improved packaging via polymers

The Need for Green Chemistry

Chemistry has improved our lives
Polymers
Stronger, lighter, longer lasting, more fuel efficient
vehicles
Insulation for homes
Pollution abatement, pollution control devices
Catalytic converter
Lasers, semiconductors, light emitting diodes

10

The major uses of GREEN CHEMISTRY

Energy
Global Change
Resource Depletion
Food Supply
Toxics in the Environment

11

Energy
The vast majority of the energy generated
in the world today is from non-renewable
sources that damage the environment.
Carbon dioxide

Depletion of Ozone layer

Effects of mining, drilling, etc
Toxics

12

Energy
Green Chemistry will be essential in

Developing the alternatives for energy

generation (photovoltaics, hydrogen, fuel
cells, biobased fuels, etc.)
Continue
the path toward energy
efficiency with catalysis and product
design at the forefront.

13

Global Change
Concerns
for
climate
change,
oceanic
temperature, stratospheric chemistry and global
distillation can be addressed through the
development and implementation of green
chemistry technologies.

14

Resource Depletion
Natural resources are being depleted at an
unsustainable rate.
Renewable resources can be made viable through
green chemistry.
Biomass
Nanoscience & technology
Solar
Carbon dioxide
Waste utilization

15

Food Supply
While

current food levels are sufficient,

distribution is inadequate
Agricultural methods are unsustainable
Future
food production intensity is
needed.
Green chemistry can address many food
supply issues

16

Food Supply
Green chemistry is developing:

Pesticides which only affect target

organisms and degrade to innocuous
by-products.
Fertilizers and fertilizer adjuvants that
are designed to minimize usage while
maximizing effectiveness.
Methods of using agricultural wastes
for beneficial and profitable uses.
17

Toxics in the Environment

Substances

that are toxic to humans, the biosphere and all

that sustains it, are currently still being released at a cost
of life, health and sustainability.
One of green chemistrys greatest strengths is the ability
to design for reduced hazard.

18

Paul Anastas and John Warner

The design of chemical products and processes that reduce or
eliminate the use and generation of hazardous substances.
They stressed the need for means to:
Reduce Waste
Reduce the consumption of resources
Reduce the consumption of energy
Since then, idea has grown beyond but inspiration remains the
same: preventing harm to people and environment rather than
cleaning up the mess afterwards.
19

Green Chemistry Is About...

Waste
Materials

Hazard
Risk

Energy
Cost
20

GREEN CHEMISTRY
Green Chemistry is the utilisation of a set of principles that reduces or
eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design,
manufacture and application of chemical products .

21

GREEN CHEMISTRY
Two considerations that dominated
green chemistry are:
Maximum atom utilization,
The minimum waste produced (E Factor).

22

Percentage yield
Actual yield
% yield =

x 100
Theoretical yield

Historical method for evaluating reaction efficiency.

Measures the proportion of the desired product
obtained compared to the theoretical maximum.
Gives no indication of the quantity of waste produced.
23

Atom economy
% atom utilization = MW of desired product x 100/ MW of (desired product
+ waste)
A measure of the proportion of reactant included in the final useful product.

A reaction may have a high percentage yield but a low percentage atom
economy, or vice versa.
24

High atom economy

All reactant atoms included in the desired product.

25

Low atom economy

Some reactant atoms not included in the desired product.

26

Atom economy

What is the percentage atom economy for the following reaction

for making hydrogen by reacting coal with steam?
C(s) +

2H2O(g) CO2(g)

+ 2H2(g)

12 g

2(2 + 16) g

[12 + (2 16)] g

2(2 1) g

12 g

36 g

44 g

4g

Total mass of reactants

Mass of desired product

= 12 + 36 = 48 g

=4g

27

Atom economy

% atom economy = mass of desired product 100

total mass of reactants

4 100
48

= 8.3%

This reaction route has a very low atom economy and is an inefficient

method of producing hydrogen.

28

Atom economy
CH3
H3C

acid

H3C

CH CH2

CH3

C6H12
Total mass of reactants
= [(6 12) + (12 1)]
= 84 g

CH3
C

H3C

C
CH3

C6H12
Mass of desired product
= [(6 12) + (12 1)]
= 84 g
29

Atom economy
% atom economy = mass of desired product 100/total mass of reactants
=

84 100/84

= 100%

This reaction route has a very high atom economy as all reactant atoms are
incorporated into the desired product.

30

E Factor
Is the actual amount of waste formed in the process, including
solvent losses, acids and bases used in work-up,process aids,
and,in principle,waste from energy production.

31

32

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

1. It is better to prevent waste than to
treat or clean up waste after it is
formed

Chemical
Process

33

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

2. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents,
separation agents, etc.) should be made
unnecessary wherever possible, and innocuous
when used

34

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

3. Energy requirements should be recognized for their
environmental impacts and should be minimized.
Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient
pressure and temperature

35

Heating
Cooling
Stirring
Distillation
Compression
Pumping
Separation

Energy Requirement
(electricity)

GLOBAL
WARMING

Burn fossil
fuel

CO2 to
atmosphere

36

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

4. A raw material of feedstock should be renewable rather
than depleting wherever technically and economically
practical
Non-renewable

Renewable

37

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

5. Synthetic methods should be designed to

maximize the incorporation of all materials used
in the process into the final product
6. Synthetic processes should avoid use and
generation of toxic and environmentally damaging
substances
7. Chemical products should be as effective as
possible but with minimum toxicity
38

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

8. Derivatization for blocking groups protection and
property modification should be avoided
9. Catalytic reagents should be used when possible
because of their specificity and minimum amounts
required
10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the
end of their lifetime they readily break down to harmless
products

39

Twelve Principles of Green Chemistry

11. The best analytical and monitoring capabilities should be
employed to allow real-time, in-process monitoring that
prevents formation of hazardous substances
12. Substances and forms of them used should be chosen to
avoid potentially harmful releases, fires, and explosions

40

Related Fields of Green chemistry

41