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2016 FA Step 1 Proposed Errata & Suggestions

Page
#
Chapter
Supporting
Reference(s)
Section
Fact Name
Ethics
Types of
medical errors
No reference have
60 Biochemistry Cellular
Cilia structure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilium
The cilia structure is positively updated High-yield addition to
in 2016 version. However I would
next year
recommend adding a figure to clarify
the structure of doublets and triplets
(in basal body). Additionally the cilia is
consisted of 9 doublet + 2 singlets (the
2 central microtubules are not
doublet). So 9+2 doublets as indicated
in the text is not precise. There is a
great figure in wikipedia.
60 Biochemistry Pathology
Cilia structure
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/primaryIn Kartagener syndrome, "female

ciliary-dyskinesiainfertility" is not a precise notion.
immotile-cilia-syndrome Female subfertility is a more correct
based on current evidence since
46 Behavioral
Science
Main Comment
Submission type
In latent error section under type of

Spelling/formatting
medical errors there is need of
grammatical correction of the line
"Occurs in processes indirect from
operator but impacts patient care".
Please notice the "indirect" word. This
should be "indirectly" and after impact
there can be written "Impact on patient
care"
Minor erratum
immotile-cilia-syndrome Female subfertility is a more correct

based on current evidence since
<50% of females with kartagener still
have normal fertility (so they are not
infertile). Please see UpToDate link,
section on fertility.
61 Biochemistry Molecular
Collagen
Sodiumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouabain
Ouabin, a plant toxin inhibiting NA-K- Clarification to current
potassium pump
ATPase, is derived from a plant known text
as "arrow-poison tree" since it was
used in Africa as a component of
arrow poison. I think it worth adding
the "arrow poison" in parentheses after
Ouabin. It will greatly help students to
remember the function of the
substance despite the odd name of
Ouabin!
Ehlers-Danlos
syndrome
63 Biochemistry Pathology
Menkes disease http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/menkesAn interesting fact that I learnt is the

High-yield addition to
syndrome
similarity of genetic defects in Menkes next year
Disease and Wilson's Disease (ATP7A
and ATP7B, respectively). I would
recommend adding a note to one of
these entities because both are
related to Copper problems and that
would help to remember the genes in
both of them by connecting the genetic
similarity and the metal ion involved.
68 Biochemistry Laboratory
Techniques
Gene
expression
modifications
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_knockdown
Add in the concept of knock-down (vs
knock-out) = expression of gene is
reduced.
70 Biochemistry Genetics
X-linked
recessive
disorders
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916377In 2016 edition Rett syndrome is

Major erratum
overview#a4,
added to X-linked Dominant examples.
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/rettAlthough the defective mutation is on
syndrome
the X-chromose, nearly all cases of
Rett syndrome are females and almost
all mutations are sporadic with very
low inheritance in families (although
some cases are inherited and
mosaicism also plays a role). Overall
it's not a good example of X-linked
dominant at all because one would
expect both males and females to be
affected with high rates of inheritance.
Please see Medscape and UpToDate
topics on Rett Syndrome.
Modes of
inheritance
mnemonic : GF BOLD
SHOW for X-linked
inheritance in page 72.
The Mnemonic for X-linked inheritance Mnemonic

is changed in the 2016 edition and
improved but I still think it's a very long
sentence to remember. I have used
my mnemonic that I think is easier to
remember and also relevant! I
recommend using "ex-GF BOLD
SHOW" as ex stands for X-linked and
in the same order of the current text:
G6PD def, Fabry, Brutons, Ocular
albinism, Lesch-Neyhan, Duchenne,
Syndrome Hunter, OTC def, WiskottAldrich. However the last W also helps
me to remember M for Menkes but it's
a bit of stretch ! Hope the mnemonic
helps! It is shorter and more relevant
and easier to remember.
77 Biochemistry Nutrition
Vitamin A
(retinol)
N/A
The existing mnemonic for vitamin A is Mnemonic

"Retinol is vitamin A, so think retin-A
(used topically for wrinkles and Acne)."
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1114004In the table for collagen types, I would High-yield addition to

overview#a5
recommend adding collagen type V
next year
because it's the most common
affected type in Ehlers-Danlos. It's
good to add a note that other types of
collagen also exist because the table
implies that there are only 4 types and
a couple of pages later Collagen type
V is mentioned as the most common
type in EDS.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1244/
Classic form has COL5A1 or COL5A2 High-yield addition to
mutations = collagen type V mutation next year
=> hypermobility of joint, widened
scars, hyperextensible skin.
10
next year
(retinol)
"Retinol is vitamin A, so think retin-A

(used topically for wrinkles and Acne)."
An improved mnemonic is "Retinol is
vitamin A, so think retin-A (used
topically for Aging and Acne)."
11
Vitamin B7
(biotin)
N/A
86 Biochemistry Metabolism
Universal
electron
acceptors
http://www.csun.edu/~jm77307/Fatty%20Acid%20Biosynthesis.pdf
As correctly mentioned in the text
NAPDH is mainly the product of HMP next year
shunt. However another high-yield
source for NAPH production during
lipid synthesis is the Citrate shuttle
and the Malic enzymes involved. I
would recommend adding this fact
either in page 86 or 101 in the lipid
metabolism section.
Pyruvate
dehydrogenase
complex
The Lovely Coenzymes I think the new mnemonic TLC For

Mnemonic
For Nerds. Page 87
Nancy is great. However I have used
mnemonic
another one that thought that might be
also useful and easy to remember. I
use "The Lovely Co-enzymes For
Nerds" ! Thiamin, Lipoid acid, Co-A,
FAD, NAD.
TCA cycle
(Krebs cycle)
http://www.valuemd.com/biochemistry.php
Can I Keep Selling Sex For Money
Mnemonic
Officer? C- Citrate; I-Isocitrate; KAlpha-Ketoglutarate, S-Succinyl CoA;
S-Succinate; F- Fumarate; M-Malate;
O-Oxaloacetate. This mnemmonic is
easier and more fun to remember than
the actual one.
Electron
Page 89 typo.
transport chain
and oxidative
phosphorylation
Vitamin A
(retinol)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_stellate_cell
Vitamin A is stored in Ito Cells in the
liver.
Sorbitol
FA 2016 p. 92 (just a
mnemonic)
I have a mnemonic to remember which Mnemonic

tissues have an insufficient amount of
sorbitol dehydrogenase and are thus
at risk for intracellular sorbitol
accumulation and osmotic damage, as
noted on p. 92 of the 2016 edition.
Sorbitol LRKS (lurks) in tissues that
dont have enough of the enzyme,
which are Lens, Retina, Kidney, and
Schwann cells. This mnemonic has
gotten me a few questions correct in Q
banks, so I thought it might be helpful
to share.
Urea cycle
One Can Consume

Amino Acids For Abrupt
Urination. mnemonic for
Urea cycle
Well honestly I don't like the current

Mnemonic
mnemonic for urea cycle! It's very hard
to remember and with big words! I
remember the same substances with
this mnemonic: One Can Consume
Amino Acid For Abrupt Urination! In
the same order as in the text:
Ornithine, Carbamoyl phosphate,
Citrulline, Aspartate,
Argininosuccinate, Fumarate,
Arginine, Urea. It contains Amino Acid
and Urination and makes sense to be
related to Urea cycle!
Alkaptonuria
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/941530I would recommend adding "ear lobe

clinical#b4
pigmentation" or "ear cartilage
discoloration" to alkaptonuria since it
seems to show up in questions as a
clue.
next year
Lysosomal
FA2016 pg.100
Mnemonic
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
The existing mnemonic for Vitamin B7 Mnemonic

(biotin) is "Avidin in egg whites avidly
binds biotin," with the "avid"s bolded in
red lettering. I recommend that you
also bold the "bi" in "binds" and
"biotin," to help students remember
that association. Remembering that
"avidin in egg whites avidly
binds...somethingorother" is less
useful.
I think there is a typographical error in Spelling/formatting

the figure. The substance should read
2,4 Dinitrophenol not "2,3". The text in
uncoupling agents is correct though as
2,4 DPG.
The letter G for Gaucher Disease can
Clarification to current
text
clue.
Lysosomal
storage
diseases
FA2016 pg.100
109 Microbiology
Basic
Bacteriology
Bacterial
taxonomy
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/mycoplasmaMycoplasma and ureaplasma are

Major erratum
pneumoniae-infection- listed in the Gram Positive column of
in-adults?
this table, but they belong in the Gram
source=search_result&search=mycoplasma&selectedTitle=1~110#H325624843
Negative column.
and
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/mycoplasmahominis-andureaplasmaurealyticum-infections?
source=preview&language=enUS&anchor=H35510070&selectedTitle=1~31#H35510070
110 Microbiology
Basic
Bacteriology
Stains
N/A
123 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Nocardia vs
Actinomyces
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16582679
In the column under Nocardia this line Clarification to current
"Causes pulmonary infections in
text
immunocompromised (can mimic TB
but with PPD); cutaneous infections
after trauma in immunocompetent"
should be clarified more by putting
"Patients" or "Hosts" after
immunocompromised and
immunocompetent word.
132 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Zoonotic
bacteria
N/A
133 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Bacterial
endocarditis
Refer epidemiology
The most common cause of culture
section :
negative endocarditis may not be Q
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/epidemiologyfever. The local prevalence of the
microbiology-andpathogen varies geographically. The
diagnosis-of-culturestudy that claims c. Burnetii as the
negative-endocarditis? most common cause, was done in
source=outline_link&view=text&anchor=H4#H4
southern France, where the incidence
of Q fever is very high.
146 Microbiology
Virology
Viral vaccines
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child( No booster needed for live

Minor erratum
adolescent.html
attenuated vaccines ). this is not right
as all live vaccines need a second or a
third dose or a booster .
147 Microbiology
Virology
Viral replication
N/A
Remember that poxvirus is the

exception to the "all DNA viruses
replicate in the nucleus" with the
mnemonic "Think outside of the pox!"
(sounds like box, see?)
150 Microbiology
Virology
HSV
identification
N/A
The existing mnemonic for HSV

Mnemonic
identification is "Tzanck heavens I do
not have herpes," with Tzanck
emphasized. I recommend that this be
amended so that the "he" in "heaven"
and "herpes" is also
emphasized/bolded, to help the
student establish the connection
between Tzanck and herpes.
151 Microbiology
Virology
RNA viruses
N/A
Mnemonic that ties together the

existing information in the Delta virus
category: *D*elta virus: H*D*V is a
*d*efective virus that requires the
presence of HBV to repro*d*uce.
Mnemonic
151 Microbiology
Virology
RNA viruses
Mnemonic only, no
references available
Please consider this mnemonic, to

replace PERCH for PICORNA
Mnemonic
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
The letter G for Gaucher Disease can Mnemonic

be written in bold/different color to help
remind of both the deficient enzyme
(Glucocerebrosidase) and the
accumulating substance
(Glucocerebroside), which both start
with the letter G as well.
The existing mnemonic for gram

Mnemonic
negative bacteria is "These Microbes
May Lack Real Color," but it can be
expanded to "These Little Microbes
May Unfortunately Lack Real Color,
But Are Everywhere," for Treponema,
Leptospira, Mycobacteria,
Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Legionella,
Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Bartonella,
Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia (i.e. the new
mnemonic would include all of the
examples given in this section of the
text).
A mnemonic to remember that fleas

Mnemonic
transmit Rickettsia typhi is to think of it
as "Rickettsia ty*phlea*".
Minor erratum
Mnemonic
151 Microbiology
Virology
RNA viruses
Mnemonic only, no
references available
154 Microbiology
Parasitology
Cestodes
(tapeworms)
http://web.stanford.edu/group/parasites/ParaSites2001/taeniasis/saginata3.html
The picture for Taenia Solium does not Clarification to current
clearly depict hooks. This is a
text
distinguishing difference between T.
solium and T. Sagniata (hookless)
155 Microbiology
Virology
Rabies virus
N/A
160 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Gram-negative
lab algorithm
http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/labThe book states that N. meningitidis is Major erratum

manual/chpt07-ida maltose fermenter. This is incorrect.
characterizationPer the CDC website "Neisseria spp.
nm.html
produce acid from carbohydrates by
oxidation, not fermentation. N.
meningitidis oxidizes glucose and
maltose, but not lactose or sucrose."
Since N. meningitidis oxidizes but
does not ferment maltose, I would
suggest that it be changed to N.
meningitidis oxidizes maltose and
glucose while N. gonorrhoeae oxidizes
glucose only.
180 Microbiology
Antimicrobials Pyrazinamide
Add that pyrazinamide resistance is
due to decreased pyrazinamidase
activity.
next year
186 Microbiology
Antimicrobials HIV therapy
http://www.merriamA word is misspelled: "preferrably"

webster.com/dictionary/preferably
should be spelled "preferably" in the
line that reads "2 NRTIs and
preferrably an integrase inhibitor."
Spelling/formatting
186 Microbiology
Antimicrobials HIV therapy
Personal mnemonic
A mnemonic to remind of the

mechanism of action of Maraviroc is:
(MaraviROC puts a ROCK on CCR-5,
blocking its interaction with gp120).
Mnemonic
200 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Important
cytokines
N/A
The existing mnemonic for IL8 being a Mnemonic

chemotactic factor for neutrophils is
the worst mnemonic I've ever come
across: "Clean up on aisle 8." While
it's clever that "aisle" and "IL" sound
like the same word, there's nothing to
help us remember that we're talking
about 8, and not 9, or 12, or 5, etc. I
propose an improved mnemonic: "IL*8* goes with n*oo*trophils." Get it?
The oo looks like an 8 on its side?
Okay, so it's maybe not the best
mnemonic either, but "Clean up on
aisle *can't remember what number*"
is certainly worse.
200 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Important
cytokines
N/A
The existing mnemonic for IL-10 is

Mnemonic
"TGF- and IL-*10* both at*ten*uate
the immune response." Can this
mnemonic be updated to also
emphasize the "" and the "b" in the
word "both" so that it helps the reader
remember that TGF- is part of this
mnemonic? "TGF-** and IL-10 *b*oth
at*ten*uate the immune response."
201 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Interferon- and Nil. Just

-
formatting/organising
existing content in the
sections described.
201 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Respiratory
burst (oxidative
burst)
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
Please consider this mnemonic, to

replace PERCH for PICORNA
VIRUSES :- PEECORnA - Polio,
Entrovirus, Echovirus, COxsakie,
Rhinovirus, hepatitis A
Emphasize that infection more

commonly comes from raccoon, bat,
and skunk bites by highlighting *Ra*,
*b*, and *s* in RaBieS and Raccoon,
Bat, and Skunk.
Page 201 has a section on interferon

alpha and beta. Page 187 also has a
similar section, on interferons. Wht
cant we have both cubbed for better
reading?
Mnemonic
Mnemonic
next year
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronicFA2016 says "Phagocytes of patients Major erratum

granulomatouswith CGD can utilize H2O2 generated
disease-pathogenesis- by invading organisms and convert it
clinical-manifestations- to ROS. Patients are at increased risk
and-diagnosis?
for infection by catalase positive
source=preview&search=%2Fcontents%2Fsearch&anchor=H39#H16
species (eg, S aureus, Aspergillus)
capable of neutralizing their own
H2O2, leaving phagocytes without
ROS for fighting infections." However,
UpToDate says "It was thought that
H2O2, leaving phagocytes without

ROS for fighting infections." However,
UpToDate says "It was thought that
CGD phagocytes could use the
hydrogen peroxide produced by
catalase-negative microbes to
generate reactive oxidants, thereby
bypassing the intrinsic CGD defect.
However, the majority of pathogens in
general are catalase positive, and only
a few cause infections in CGD,
suggesting that catalase production
alone is insufficient for pathogenicity.
Furthermore, targeted deletion of the
catalase gene in Aspergillus nidulans
and Staphylococcus aureus did not
affect virulence in animal models of
CGD, indicating that microbial catalase
is not a significant virulence factor for
CGD infections."
41
202 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Cell surface
proteins
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinicalFA2016 lists CXCR4 and CCR5 as

Minor erratum
trials-of-hivbeing cell surface proteins on cytotoxic
antiretroviral-therapyT cells (CD8+ T cells). It would be
agents-in-advancedbetter to list them as being cell surface
stages-ofproteins on Helper T cells (CD4+ Th
development?
cells), since the major clinical
source=machineLearning&search=cxcr4&selectedTitle=1~46&sectionRank=1&anchor=H13#H9
relevance of CXCR4/CCR5 is that
they're the co-receptors used for HIV
to enter and infect CD4+ Th cells.
208 Immunology
Immune
Responses
T cell
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1547969In autosomal dominant hyper IgE

overview#a5
syndrome (Job Syndrome). Normally text
STAT3 gene is responsible for two
functions: 1- Th17 Differentiation. 2Production of IL-10. So a mutation in
STAT3 will lead to : 1- Deficiency in
Th17 (Th17 produce IL-17 which
recruit neutophils). so, there will be
impaired recruitment. 2- Decreased IL10 production will increase production
of other cytokines like IL-4,IL-5 (IL-4
will lead to increase IgE production, IL5 will lead to eosinophilia) .
210 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Infections in
N/A
immunodeficiency
Mnemonic for bacterial infections in

Mnemonic
patients with decreased granulocytes:
"Granny, Please Start Buying New
Socks." (Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
Staphylococcus, Burkholderia cepacia,
Nocardia, Serratia)
210 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Infections in
N/A
immunodeficiency
The text states that B-cell deficiencies Mnemonic

tend to produce recurrent bacterial
infections - Recommend emphasizing
the B in B-cell and bacterial.
214 Immunology
Pharmacology Therapeutic
antibodies
First aid ... Hematology Add "Gastric Cancer" in the clinical

and oncology
use of Trastuzumab, in addition to
chapter/Pharmacology. Breast Cancer.
230 Pathology
Neoplasia
N/A
In order to be consistent with the

Spelling/formatting
"Oncogenes" fact, I would recommend
reformatting the "Tumor suppressor
genes" fact so that columns 2 and 3
are switched (eg, "Gene Product" as
column 2 and "Associated Condition"
as column 3).
Personal mnemonic
The drugs with a low therapeutic index Mnemonic

(Warfarin, Theophylline, Digoxin and
Lithium), can be remembered by the
following mnemonic: (Watchout These
Drugs are Lethal), where each capital
letter stands for one of the drug
names.
42
43
44
45
46
Tumor
suppressor
genes
47
240 Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics

Therapeutic
&
index
Pharmacodynamics
48
49
50
next year
242 Pharmacology Autonomic

Drugs
G-proteinlinked http://www.adrenoceptor.com/betaintro.htm
Remove increased lipolysis from 1 & Minor erratum
2nd
2. Rather it is only a function of 3
messengers
receptors. [attached images from
Katzung Pharmacology]
242 Pharmacology Autonomic

Drugs
G-proteinlinked https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscarinic_acetylcholine_receptor_M3
For M3 receptors add " insulin
2nd
secretion". Question on Uworld tested next year
messengers
this concept (with a supporting chart).
254 Pharmacology Toxicities and Drug reactions
Personal mnemonic
Drugs that cause disulfiram-like
Mnemonic
254 Pharmacology Toxicities and Drug reactions

Side Effects
multiorgan
Personal mnemonic
Drugs that cause disulfiram-like

reaction, and therefore shouldn't be
taken with alcohol (Sulfonylureas,
Procarbazine, Cephalosporins,
Griseofulvin and Metronidazole), can
be remembered by the mnemonic
(Sorry Pals, Cant Go Mingle).
268 CardiovascularPhysiology
Resistance,
pressure, flow
Costanzo, pg 121
Removal of organs in parallel

Major erratum
arrangement (eg nephrectomy) should
result in an INCREASE in TPR and
DECREASE in CO. The book has it
listed the opposite way (decreased
TPR and increased CO).
Pressurevolume loops
and cardiac
cycle
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/examinationUnder x-descent, its printed as

Minor erratum
of-the-jugular-venous- "prominent in tricuspid insufficiency."
pulse#H9
Its prominent in cardiac tamponade,
and absent in Tricuspid regurgitationas
(As printed in the earlier line in the
book).
Auscultation of
the heart
www.firstaidteam.com
Heart murmurs
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_stenosis
Under Systolic Heart murmur section Spelling/formatting
;
there is a clarification needed for
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Heart%20Disease/HD004.htm
descriptive part of Aortic stenosis. This
line "LV >> aortic pressure during
systole" should replaced by "LV
pressure>> aortic pressure during
systole". Eventhough it is understood
but this should be clarified by putting
"Pressure" following LV.
Atrial natriuretic http://www.cvphysiology.com/BloodPressure/BP017.htm

Atrial natriuretic peptide and brain
peptide
natriuretic peptide can be summarize
by a flow chart attached with the
submission
Atrial natriuretic http://www.uptodate.com/contents/usePlease add the drug sacubitril

peptide
of-angiotensin-ii(ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTORnext year
receptor-blocker-andNEPRILYSIN INHIBITOR) under the
neprilysin-inhibitor-indescription of ANP, its extensively
heart-failure-withused now. Also, under the BNP
reduced-ejectionsection (below the quoted section)
fraction#H866463489
please include the drug Nesiritide
and
(BNP anologue) and add descriptions
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/nesiritideof its use in heart failure.
in-the-treatment-ofacute-decompensatedheart-failure?
source=search_result&search=nesiritide&selectedTitle=4%7E22
311 Endocrine
Physiology
Antidiuretic
hormone
Kaplan usmle step 1

physiology book
Section X, Chapter 3,
page 269 and 271
311 Endocrine
Physiology
Appetite
regulation
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endocannabinoid_system
In Endocannabinoids description part
and
of appetite regulation clarification to
Endocannabinoids action on its
receptor to increase appetite should
be more clarified like how the hedonic
system work to increase the appetite.
312 Endocrine
Physiology
Adrenal steroids
and congenital
adrenal
hyperplasias
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steroidogenic_acute_regulatory_protein
steroidogenic acute regulatory protein High-yield addition to
(StAR) is the rate-limiting step in the
next year
Kaplan usmle step 1
production of steroid hormones which
book 2013-2014
should be added in the biosynthesis
version, section,chapter pathway of setoids and it is very high
4, P-280
yield as it translocate cholesterol from
cytosol to mitochondria and
Angiotensin II and K+ Act to increase
Aldosterone by stimulating this StAR.
And mutation in its gene may lead to
lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
On the right side of the heart

auscultation image, the T in Tricuspid
stenosis is bolded for no apparent
reason. It's not part of a mnemonic or
anything.
Mnemonic
Spelling/formatting
next year
ADH regulation has its strong

influence from plasma osmolarity (1% next year
change stimulates it) and hypovolemia
also stimulates but 10-15% change is
required to stimulate ADH release.So
#Plasma osmolarity should be
mentioned as major regulator. # And
also please mention ADH release is
directly related Plasma osmolarity and
indirectly related to blood volume
text
And mutation in its gene may lead to

lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
314 Endocrine
Physiology
Parathyroid
hormone
The book says RANK-L (receptor
activator of NH-B ligand. RANK-L is
known as the Receptor Activator of
Nuclear Factor (NF)-B ligand. Not
NH-B ligand.
315 Endocrine
Physiology
Thyroid
hormones
(T3/T4)
Reference 1:
In the steps of Thyroid Hormone
Major erratum
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid#/media/File:Thyroid_hormone_synthesis.png
synthesis coupling reaction by the
reference 2: Physiology Thyroid peroxidase occur before the
(Linda S. Costanzo,),
step of endocytosis in the follicular
5th edition, chapter:
lumen (not within cell as given in the
Endocrine, page
figure). After endocytosis, next step -->
number 408-409
Hydrolysis occur by lysosomal
engyme. Basically after endocytosis
Thyroglobulin droplets fuse with
lysosomal membranes. Lysosomal
proteases then hydrolyze peptide
bonds to release T4, T3, MIT, and DIT
from thyroglobulin. T4 and T3 are
transported across the basal
membrane into nearby capillaries to
be delivered to the systemic
circulation. MIT and DIT remain in the
follicular cell and are recycled into the
synthesis of new thyroglobulin. So this
should be corrected. i have given few
references below. thanks
315 Endocrine
Physiology
Thyroid
hormones
(T3/T4)
Mnemonic, Ref N/A
332 Endocrine
Pathology
Carcinoid
syndrome
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/image?
Carcinoids in the gut, commonly arise, Mnemonic
imageKey=ENDO%2F56015&topicKey=ONC%2F2527&rank=1%7E12&source=see_link&search=carcinoid+
in places you can pass AAIR.
(Appendix, ascending colon, Ileum,
Rectum)
334 Endocrine
Pharmacology Diabetes
mellitus drugs
61
62
63
64
65
Regarding the current mnemonic, "T3 Mnemonic

functions - 4 B's" ; why not change that
to 5 B's by adding in "BLOOD
SUGARS" as the 5th B? (Increases
gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis and
lipolysis)
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/metforminPlease include the mechanism of

in-the-treatment-ofaction of metformin under its
next year
adults-with-type-2pharmacology (this is already in the
diabetes-mellitus?
question banks) Metformin suppresses
source=outline_link&view=text&anchor=H2#H2
gluconeogenesis by inhibiting a
specific mitochondrial isoform of
glycerophosphate dehydrogenase
(mGPD), an enzyme responsible for
converting glycerophosphate to
dihydroxyacetone phosphate, thereby
preventing glycerol from contributing
to the gluconeogenic pathway [14,15].
339 GastrointestinalAnatomy
Pancreas and
spleen
embryology
UW,Question ID:438
Portosystemic
anastomoses
http://www.firstaidteam.com/
In the chart on this page, under the
Spelling/formatting
Portal <-> Systemic header, the items
listed have inconsistent use of periods.
The first and third rows have no period
at the end, while the second one does.
Portosystemic
anastomoses
FA 2015 image that is

over the text on the
same page (i.e., page
348)
site 1: Esophagus listen the

Major erratum
anastomosis as: Left gastric (Portal) to
esophageal (systemic) . It should said
esophageal (portal) to azygous
(systemic). Just for completeness this
listed information is entirely portal (i.e.,
Left gastric vein > esophageal veins).
The diagram above lists it correctly.
Portosystemic
anastomoses
image on 344
above pec line > venous drainage >

Minor erratum
IMV > splenic vein (which joins SMV)
> making portal system (inferior
mesenteric vein joins the splenic vein
which connects with SMA to make
portal vein [image on page 344 shows
it correctly]
Liver tissue
architecture
not needed
Addition of some histology images to

the empty portion of the page could
benefit us.
66
67
68
69
70
text
Annular pancreas can lead to bilious

vomiting
Major erratum
next year
benefit us.
Hernias
https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/12/flashcards/518012/png/picture1jpgHesselbach triangle is listed with

14179C9580171036EBA.png
bullets of the 3 bordering structures.
next year
Add the anatomical position for clarity
(especially since the lateral border of
rectus abdominis could be mistaken
as the lateral border in an exam [high
tension] setting. (i.e., 'lateral, medial,
inferior' or 'superolateral, inferolateral,
medial'. See attached image (only a
conceptual demonstration).
Hernias
not needed
351 GastrointestinalPhysiology
Gastrointestinal FA2016 pg.351

secretory
products
The letter B in Bicarbonate can written Mnemonic

in bold/different color to remind that it
is secreted by Brunner glands (which
also start with the letter B).
366 GastrointestinalPathology
Cirrhosis and
portal
hypertension
No reference
Functional Liver markers: Prothrombin Clarification to current

should be Prothrombin time
text
No reference
Somatostatin and Prostaglandins

Ginot G1
71
72
73
74
75
374 GastrointestinalPharmacology Acid

suppression
therapy
should read "Hesselbach". To the left

side with image has a type: says "
(Hesse bach)"
Spelling/formatting
Spelling/formatting
385 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Thrombogenesis https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RistocetinIn the entry for Ristocetin it say"

Minor erratum
induced_platelet_aggregation
Ristocetin activates vWF to bind GpIb.
Failure of agglutination with ristocetin
assay occurs in von Willebrand
disease and Bernard-Soulier
syndrome." it should say
AGGREGATION .. you guys already
made the correction on page 398.
388 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Microcytic (MCV www.firstaidteam.com

< 80 fL),
hypochromic
anemia
391 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Nonhemolytic,
normocytic
anemia
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/anemiaIn the "Anemia of chronic disease"

Major erratum
of-chronic-diseasetreatment section, it says that EPO is
inflammation?
used in chronic kidney disease only.
source=machineLearning&search=anemia+of+chronic+disease&selectedTitle=1~118&sectionRank=2&anch
Treatment should really say "Treat the
underlying disease. Use EPO in
patients with chronic kidney disease or
in the absence of a successful primary
treatment."
402 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Leukemias
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/acuteAcute myelogenous leukemia is

myeloid-leukemia-aml- misspelled as "Acute myelogenous
treatment-in-adultsleukemiaa"
beyond-the-basics
402 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Leukemias
N/A
404 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Chronic
Pathoma myeloproliferative Fundamentals of
disorders
pathology White Blood
Cell Disorders page 59
405 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pharmacology Direct thrombin

inhibitors
Mnemonic, Ref N/A
Pharmacology Heparin
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/209585MINOR ERROR IN LISTING Vit K

overview#showall
dep. Factors: "Proteins C and S have
shorter half-lives than clotting factors
II,***[ VI,]-->CORRECT TO VII*** IX,
and X..."
Minor erratum
83
405 Hematology
and
Oncology
407 Hematology
and
Pharmacology Direct factor Xa

inhibitors
personal mnemonic
Mnemonic
84
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
The capitalization of the notes for the Spelling/formatting

alpha thalassemias is inconsistent.
After the part that says "4 allele
deletion: " the next letter is capitalized.
In contrast, there's no capitalization for
the 3, 2, or 1 allele deletion
descriptions.
Spelling/formatting
For remembering symptoms and stain Mnemonic

of hairy cell leukemia I recommend
one of the following: Hairy LAP is a
TRAP, Dry TAP ! or simply: LAP TRAP
dry TAP! LAP: is lymphadenopathy
(and also splenomegaly), TRAP is the
stain (tatrate-resistant acid
phosphatase), Dry TAP for bone
marrow.
Essential thrombocytopenia is the only High-yield addition to
myeloproliferative disorder with no
next year
increased risk of hyperuricemia or
gout. Because platelets lack nucleus.
Mnemonic to remember that the drugs Mnemonic
act to inhibit thrombin (Factor II) :
Lep(I)*rud(I)*n (II); Argatro(two)ban,
(Bi)valrudin =2, Da(bi)gatrin =2
Api(xa-ban), Rivaro(xa-ban), Api and

Rivaro Ban Xa from working.
84
407 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pharmacology Direct factor Xa

inhibitors
personal mnemonic
85
407 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pharmacology Glycoprotein
Mnemonic
IIb/IIIa inhibitors
Api(xa-ban), Rivaro(xa-ban), Api and

Rivaro Ban Xa from working.
Mnemonic
GPIIb /IIIa Inhibitors : Abciximab,

epti*FIB*atide, tiro*FIB*an GPIIb/IIa is
a receptor for *FIB*rinogen and vWF
Mnemonic
437 Musculoskeletal,
Anatomy and
Skin, and
Physiology
Connective
Tissue
NEW FACT or
TOPIC
455 Neurology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Neurotransmittershttp://ac.elsSerotonin is decreased, not increased Major erratum

cdn.com/S0166432814004860/1in Parkinson disease
s2.0S0166432814004860main.pdf?
_tid=1f53439e-ae5c11e5-bdf700000aacb361&acdnat=1451414819_aabaad63b1be311c384a13ac6d69789f
478 Neurology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Cranial nerve
and vessel
pathways
http://www.uptodate.com.huaryu.kl.oakland.edu/contents/thirdPicture for CN V1 (Ophthalmic) has an Minor erratum

cranial-nervearrow entering Foramen Rotundum.
oculomotor-nerveWhen V1 should be through the
palsy-in-adults?
superior orbital fissure.
source=search_result&search=superior+orbital+fissure&selectedTitle=1~150
480 Neurology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Facial nerve
lesions
none
487 Neurology
Ophthalmology Pupillary control http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3588138/

In this figure the the temporal portions Clarification to current
of each retina are show projecting to
text
the lateral geniculate nucleus but not
to the pretectal nuclei. The temporal
portions of each retina should also
directly project to the pretectal nuclei
to participate in the pupillary reflex.
500 Neurology
Pharmacology Epilepsy drugs
http://www.uptodate.com.proxy.library.stonybrook.edu/contents/phenytoinI spell Phenytoin as "Phen-Na+-toin" in Mnemonic

drug-information?
order to remember that the medication
source=search_result&search=phenytoin&selectedTitle=1~150#F209550
inactivates sodium (Na+) channels.
504 Neurology
Pharmacology Parkinson
disease drugs
FA2015 pg 501,
Katzung's Basic and
Clinical pharmacology
(13E) pg 477
532 Renal
Anatomy
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1294744There is almost no information

overview#a5
regarding apocrine glands and eccrine next year
sweat glands in the whole book.
Although they usually show up in
questions and both the physiology and
their innervation seems to be high
yield. Maybe page 437 or somewhere
in Skin anatomy would be a good
place to insert it. I have added these
lines to my book: 1.Apocrine glands:
axilla,areola, genitals, anus; active
after puberty. oily and viscid
secretions. stimulated by circulating
cathecolamines. 2. Eccrine sweat
glands: throughout the skin,
thermoregulatory, most numerous on
palms and soles. watery secretion.
Direct sympathetic autonomic
innervation via cholinergic receptors.
The lower motor neuron lesion title

says "Lower motor neuron lesiona".
Please remove the a.
Spelling/formatting
(centrally) Tolcapone blocks

Minor erratum
conversion of dopamine to 3-MT (3Methyoxytyramine), not 3-OMD.
Peripheral COMT converts L-DOPA to
3-OMD, Central COMT converts
Dopamine to 3-MT. The diagram in
FA2015 illustrated this correctly
Kidney anatomy http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1948775In the image "Cross-section of kidney," Clarification to current

and glomerular overview#a1
it shows the renal vein behind the
text
structure
renal artery. According to my anatomy
atlas, the renal vein passes in front of
the renal artery. I would recommend
clarifying this image/fact.
581 Reproductive Physiology
Apgar score
587 Reproductive Pathology
Choriocarcinoma Robbins Pathology

Eighth edition p.1049
94
95
602 Reproductive Pharmacology Danazol
http://www.ohsu.edu/xd/health/services/doernbecher/researchAdd the fact that APGAR >= 7 is good, High-yield addition to

education/education/residency/upload/res_lounge_apgar4-6 = assist and stimulate, <4 needs
next year
scores-nejm-2001.pdf, resuscitation. If apgar < 4 there is
First aid 2015
increased risk for neuro problems
Ovarian choriocarcinomas are highly
Major erratum
malignant, metastasize widely, and are
much more resistant to chemotherapy
than their placental counterparts.
Placental choriocarcinoma is
chemosensitive however ovarian
choriocarcinoma is not.
http://reference.medscape.com/drug/danazolPlease add Pseudotumor cerebri and
choriocarcinoma is not.
602 Reproductive Pharmacology Danazol
http://reference.medscape.com/drug/danazolPlease add Pseudotumor cerebri and High-yield addition to

342756#4
thromboembolism to adverse effects of next year
Danazol as a high-yield information. In
page 471 Danazol is correctly
mentioned as a cause of Pseudotumor
cerebri. It's better to add this to page
602 to be consistent in the book.
602 Endocrine
Pharmacology Diabetes
mellitus drugs
mnemonic GLU-FLOW- For SGLT-2 inhibitors which are newer Mnemonic

zins increase flow of
drugs and work on kidney, I use the
glucose into urine.
"FLOW" part to identify them. e.g.
canagliFLOWzin, dapagliFLOWzin. I
would recommend highlighting this
part. Also the GLIFLOW part helps me
to remember that they cause GLUcose
to FLOW in the urine as their
mechanism of action. The prototype
"ca-NA-GLU-FLOW-zin" clearly
indicates that it works on "NA-GLU"
channel to increase the FLOW !
606 Respiratory
Anatomy
N/A
The text and the figure below don't go Minor erratum

well with each other. In the text it
reads "Saccular (weeks 26 - birth)" but
the Figure below shows it from weeks
24 - birth ; like wise the text reads "
Alveolar (weeks 32 - 8 years) but the
Figure below shows it from week 36 40 only. The alveolar arrow should be
extended till 8 years instead of ending
at 40 weeks.
646 Rapid
Review
Rapid Review Dosage

calculations
N/A
Missing letter: In the Rapid Review

Spelling/formatting
section on Equations, the Loading
Dose is abbreviated LD but the
Maintenance Dose is abbreviated D. It
should instead be abbreviated MD, for
consistency. Interestingly, on the
Kindle version, if you highlight the
equation, it shows that the "M" in MD
is actually there - It's just not visible
without highlighting, and not visible in
the print version.
700 Index
Index
Index
N/A
The Index lists an item called "CKK

Spelling/formatting
hormone" as being on page 319.
There's no mention of CKK hormone
on that page. I'm also pretty sure CKK
hormone is supposed to be CCK
hormone (cholecystokinin), but CCK
isn't mentioned on page 319 either.
700 Index
Clinical
Bacteriology
Lactosefermenting
enteric bacteria
First Aid 2015: 135,

698
TOC states that Citrobacter spp is

mentioned on page 126 in the
"Lactose-fermenting enteric bacteria
section." It is not mentioned in that
section. It was mentioned in that
section in FA15 but is no longer there
in FA16.
Spelling/formatting
612 Respiratory
Physiology
Oxygenhemoglobin
dissociation
curve
FA 2016
See attached picture
Mnemonic
187 Microbiology
Antimicrobials Hepatitis C
therapy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26704693
Sofosbuvir is used with Ledipasvir,
NOT Simeprevir
382 Hematology
and
Oncology
Physiology
Blood groups
UW Q ID: 8261
In blood type O plasma Anti-A and

Major erratum
Anti-B antibodies are IgG, not IgM.
(this is stated correctly on the same
page under ABO hemolytic disease of
the newborn)
Functional
organization of
a eukaryotic
gene
previous page (53)

states mRNA start
codon as AUG
Typo. Start codon listed as "ATG"

instead of AUG
Minor erratum
296 CardiovascularPathology
Vasculitides
Mnemonic suggestion
Please consider this mnemonic along

with the "CRASH and burn"
mnemonic. :- K*awasaki K*ills young
K*ids K*oronaries : Aneurysm >
Thrombosis/Rupture
Mnemonic
619 Respiratory
Restrictive lung
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/240556The examples of interstitial lung
96
97
Lung
development
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
Pathology
Major erratum
Major erratum
619 Respiratory
Pathology
Restrictive lung
disease
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/240556The examples of interstitial lung

Major erratum
workup#c11
disease are provided in the list and in
line 6 it indicates decreased
pulmonary diffusing capacity for this
category. Although true in most cases,
this is not the case in Goodpasture
Syndrome. Actually in Goodpasture
the diffusing capacity is INCREASED
and DLCO is higher than normal
(increased by 30 percent) because CO
is bound to hemoglobin tapped in
alveoli. It's a high-yield and
distinguishing characteristic in
Goodpasture and also has diagnostic
value. Please see Medscape topic for
Goodpasture Syndrome --> work-up -> pulmonary function testing.
390 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Macrocytic
(MCV > 100 fL)
anemia
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/anemiaDiamond-Blackfan anemia in age 390 Major erratum

in-children-due-tois wrongly put under megaloblastic
decreased-red-bloodaneia - It should be under noncell-production
megaloblastic anemia. On page 388 it
is correctly placed (diagram) under
non-megaloblastic anemia.
DNA replication
N/A
There are two spaces between the

words DNA and polymerase in the
header "(G) DNA polymerase III" but
only one space in "(H) DNA
polymerase I"
Spelling/formatting
"thrombomodulin" is missing a "t":

Replace "Thrombin-hrombomodulin
complex" with "Thrombinthrombomodulin complex" (Find it in
the protein C pathway)
Spelling/formatting
107
108
109
110
384 Hematology
and
Oncology
Physiology
Coagulation
cascade
components
Just a typo, no
reference needed.
391 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Nonhemolytic,
normocytic
anemia
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/inheritedAlthough Fanconi anemia is

aplastic-anemia-inconsidered a type of aplastic anemia, text
children-andit should not be under normocytic
adolescents
anemia. Most sources I've seen
(including UpToDate and even
Wikipedia) mention it as mainly a
macrocytic anemia. In fact macrocytic
anemia is usually the first detected
abnormality at birth. I suggest either
moving fanconi anemia to the
macrocytic anemia section (very
similar to Diamond-Blackfan) or
keeping it in the same place and
mentioning that it is not necessarily a
normocytic anemia to avoid confusion.
111
Immunohistochemical
N/A
stains for
intermediate
filaments
Emphasize the "me" in "Vimentin",

Mnemonic
"Mesenchymal", "endometrial
carcinoma" and "meningiomas" to help
students associate them with each
other. (There's an existing mnemonic
that highlights the "M" in "Desmin" and
"Muscle," which is arguably a weaker
mnemonic than the one I'm
suggesting.)
Vitamin B5
(pantothenic
acid)
N/A
Remember symptoms of Vitamin B5

Mnemonic
deficiency: DEAL (Dermatitis, Enteritis,
Adrenal insufficiency, aLopecia)
Functional
organization of
a eukaryotic
gene
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Start_codon;
The figure on page 54 shows that the Major erratum
start codon is ATG (ATG= start codon).
This an error. The start codon is
acutually AUG
Ovarian
neoplasms
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/254489Granulosa cell tumor: Does not

overview
produce progesterone (checked
multiple sources including Robbins,
and its isn't mentioned nor is it
relavent to the various presentations).
Replace with "Often produces
estrogen which presents with agerelated estrogenic effects.
Postmenopausal: endometrial
hyperplasia > uterine bleeding, breast
tenderness. Prepubertal: sexual
precocity." This would really ease the
memory of possible outcomes as it all
112
113
114
115
Minor erratum
precocity." This would really ease the

memory of possible outcomes as it all
roots from estrogenic effects based on
age. Aside from the fact I do not see
progesterone listed in literature, I feel
removing it is beneficial reguardless
for 2 reasons: it blurrs the rather clear
progression from hormone excess
leading to presentation & 2. 10-15%
lead to endometrial cancer which can
lead to androgens > masculinization
(testable) [more relavent addition than
progesterone]. Hope this helps, thank
you for your time and effort
FirstAidTeam.
115
Ovarian
neoplasms
http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorgctadult.html
Granulosa cell tumor: its is not
Minor erratum
eosinophilic fluid, rather it is
acidophilic fluid. Eosin stain is an
acidophilic stain that coined the name
eosinophil, due to its make up and
uptake. The material in these tumors is
not eosinophillic [as per Robbins, and
various other sources]. I noted that
Call-Exnar bodies were listed as
eosinophillic on wikipedia but that is
incorrect.
636 Rapid
Review
Rapid Review Ovarian

neoplasms
http://www.pathologyoutlines.com/topic/ovarytumorgctadult.html
Replace eosinophilic with acidophilic. Minor erratum
Granulosa cell tumor: its is not
eosinophilic fluid, rather it is
acidophilic fluid. Eosin stain is an
acidophilic stain that coined the name
eosinophil, due to its make up and
uptake. The material in these tumors is
not eosinophillic [as per Robbins, and
various other sources]. I noted that
Call-Exnar bodies were listed as
eosinophillic on wikipedia but that is
incorrect.
636 Rapid
Review
Rapid Review Lung cancer
First Aid 2016 page

620
For Ferruginous bodies: replace

"increase chance of mesothelioma"
text
with "increase chance of lung cancer".
The risk for bronchogenic carcinoma is
greater than mesothelioma as listed
on page 620. The top of the page also
makes a point say cancer and then
specifies the greater risk of
bronchogenic carcinoma with the
asbestosis sub-section.
638 Rapid
Review
Rapid Review Headaches
First Aid 2016
the text corresponding to Yellowish

CSF: replace "(eg, due to
subarachnoid hemorrhage)s" with "
(eg, due to subarachnoid
hemorrhages)" --latter parenthesis is
misplaced.
111 Microbiology
Basic
Bacteriology
Aerobes
Medical Microbiology
(Jawetz), 27th edition,
Chapter 11
I suggest also adding Bacillus to

Aerobe section. It's a high-yield
next year
characteristic of Bacillus and also a
distinguishing factor between Bacillus
and Clostridium (both spore-forming
gram positive bacilli, but the former
Aerobe and the latter Anaerobe). Also
it will help your mnemonic too! The
current one in "Nagging Pets Must
Breathe" and both M and B come from
Mycobacterium! You can simply add
Bacillus and relate the B to it! Could it
BE any better!?
502 Neurology
Pathology
Intravenous
anesthetics
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/109695Propofol is an antiemetic. It can be

Mnemonic
overview
Said that it PROP-of-FOL, Props you
up when you are Full, so that you don't
Vomit.
4443385Neurology
Pharmacology Intravenous
anesthetics
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2207448Baclofen is used for Back Spasm. Way Mnemonic

overview
to remember BAC-LOFEN = "BAC
SOFTEN". It relieves muscles spams
of lower back.
4443385Neurology
Pharmacology Baclofen
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2207448Baclofen is used for Back Spasm. One Mnemonic

overview
way to remember BAC-LOFEN =
"BAC SOFTEN". It relieves muscles
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
Spelling/formatting
overview
123
Cystic fibrosis
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/cysticI suggest adding ivafactor (a CFTR

fibrosis-overview-ofmodulator) to the treatment options of next year
the-treatment-of-lung- CF. Although it should be noted that
disease
only a small proportion of CF patients
that harbor a particular mutation
benefit from Ivafactor, but it's a
prototype of CFTR modulators and the
only drug that targets the underlying
problem in CF. However I don't know
how high-yield it is but I think it
definitely worth mentioning.
Summary of
pathways
This is a popular
Mnemonic
VOMIT pathway: Propionyl-CoA is

generated from 5 different
components: V-valine;O-Odd chain
carbon fatty acids;M-methionine; IIsoleucine; T-Theronine. I think that it
would be useful to include this
mnemonic for a better understanding
and memorization of the right lower
green quadrant of this figure.
Mnemonic
In the FSGS entry, there is an extra

period after "C1" in column 2, middle
sentence beginning with "IF-granular..."
Spelling/formatting
124
125
548 Renal
Pathology
Nephrotic
syndrome
www.firstaidteam.com
207 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Autoantibodies
UpToDate:
For consistency, since all other
Spelling/formatting
(http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinicalautoantibodies do not state
features-and-diagnosis- "antibodies" in their title, "Voltageof-lambert-eatongated calcium channel antibodies"
myasthenic-syndrome) should be changed to simply "Voltagegated calcium channel" because the
autoantibodies in Lambert Eaton are
to the channel and not to channel
antibodies, as the title makes it sound.
503 Neurology
Pharmacology Local
anesthetics
126
127
n/a
128
Mnemonic for local anesthetic side

Mnemonic
effects - MATCH M=methhemoglobin
A-arrthymia T=tension changes
(hypo/hypertension) C=cardiovasicular
toxicity h
Cell trafficking
COP II is anterograde movement,
Mnemonic
COP I is retrograde movement,
therefore a good mnemonic is "2 steps
FORWARD, 1 step BACK". COP 2
goes forward, COP 1 goes back
74 Pharmacology Cellular
Microtubule
Kinesin moves anterograde to
microtubule, or towards the cell
surface. Mnemonic: "Kinesin to the
Korners"
RNA
polymerases
FA2016page 54
IIIIII are numbered in the same

Spelling/formatting
order that their products are used in
protein synthesislarge ribosomal
RNAmRNAthen small
RNAsShould be changed to tRNA
not small RNA
First Aid 2016

Microbiology Systems
for newborn meningitis add Listeria

monocytogenes
129
130
131
132
way to remember BAC-LOFEN =

"BAC SOFTEN". It relieves muscles
spams of lower back.
642 Rapid
Review
Rapid Review Common

causes of
meningitis
Mnemonic
next year
Electron
Rhyme mnemonic for the order of the
transport chain
Electron Transport Chain. "1, 2,
and oxidative
Coenzyme Q. After 3, Cytochrome C"
phosphorylation
117 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Staphylococcus Medical Microbiology

aureus
Chapter 13
I suggest adding mannitol

fermentation to S.aureus
next year
characteristics since it's the only staph
fermenting mannitol and it's a highyield fact.
126 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Haemophilus
influenzae
Chapter 18
I think it worth mentioning the term

"satellite phenomenon" in parentheses text
in clarification of growth of H.influenza
in the presence of S.aureus (lines 1011 in fact H.influenza)
127 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Bordetella
pertussis
Chapter 18
Among virulence factors of

B.pertussis, three might be most
important: Pertussis toxin (classic AB
133
134
135
Mnemonic
text
Bacteriology
pertussis

Chapter 18
B.pertussis, three might be most

text
important: Pertussis toxin (classic AB
toxin, inhibits Gi, increase cAMP),
Adenylate cyclase toxin (increase
cAMP by mechanism similar to Edema
Factor of Bacillus anthraces) and
tracheal cytotoxin. Additionally it is
important to note that pertussis toxin
mediates the lymphocytosis and also
increased insulin secretion. So I think
it's better to correct the last line and
relate the lymphocytosis to pertussis
toxin rather than just "immune
response".
Clinical
Bacteriology
Rickettsial
diseases and
vector-borne
illness
Chapter 26
Both in pages 132 and 133 amniotic

fluid is mentioned as the source of
text
Coxiella infection. However, in addition
to amniotic fluid, other tissues might
be infected and handling of those
tissues might lead to infection in those
handling infected animal tissues (so a
male animal can also be infected and
infective!). Also sheep feces and urine
is an important source of soil
contamination in the US. So I would
recommend changing the transmission
to contaminated tissues (e.g amniotic
fluid) or feces. Also I don't know why
Coxiella is omitted from spore-forming
organisms in page 114 while in page
133 spores are mentioned (and it's
true that at least endospore-like
structures are involved in infectivity of
Coxiella)
Cirrhosis and
portal
hypertension
NA
Blue arrow (pointing to splenomegaly) Spelling/formatting

is difficult to see against the black
background. Suggest changing color
to yellow
Cirrhosis and
portal
hypertension
NA
Blue arrow (pointing to splenomegaly) Spelling/formatting

is difficult to see against the black
background. Suggest changing color
to yellow
124 Microbiology
Clinical
Bacteriology
Primary and
secondary
tuberculosis
"Langerhans" giant cells is spelled
Robbins Pathological
incorrectly; the correct spelling is
Basis of Disease, 9e,
"Langhans"
pp. 98
137 Microbiology
Mycology
Opportunistic
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/215354I recommend adding the treatment of High-yield addition to
fungal infections treatment
cryptococcosis as a high-yield fact and next year
also to be consistent with other
entities. It seems to be the only one
that lack a line about treatment.
Treatment is with Amphotericin B +/Flucytosine followed by fluconazole
(CNS penetration) for at least 8-10
weeks.
136
133 Microbiology
137
138
139
140
141
142
563 Reproductive Development
Embryologic
derivatives
541 Renal
Physiology
Hormones
NA
acting on kidney
310 Endocrine
Physiology
Prolactin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FollicleOn the diagram: it lists FSH (above) + Minor erratum

stimulating_hormone#Effects_in_females;
LH (below) followed by an arrow >
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone
then depicts both leading to ovulation
(above) + spermatogenesis below.
Firstly, spermatogenesis should be
above for symmetry as it is due to FSH
and ovulation to LH. It could be
replaced with 2 individual arrows "FSH
> Spermatogenesis initiation, follical
growth" & "LH: testosterone, ovulation'
315 Endocrine
Physiology
Thyroid
hormones
(T3/T4)
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/125764Replace "decrease TBG in hepatic

overview
failure, steroids" with steroid use or
increased steroids. The following
sentence says pregnancy or OCP
'use'. Currently its unclear as even
hepatic failure that preceeds it is a
143
144
145
none
missing comma after retina under the

subheading "neuroectoderm"
Spelling/formatting
Spelling/formatting
Difficult to distinguish the colors used Spelling/formatting

for Angiotensin II and Aldosterone in
the diagram. Suggest changing one of
the colors to red
Spelling/formatting
'use'. Currently its unclear as even

hepatic failure that preceeds it is a
decrease in function.
316 Endocrine
Physiology
Signaling
pathways of
endocrine
hormones
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(punctuation)
in nonreceptor tyrosine kinase for the
examples of Immunomodulators, add
a colon after cytokines (ie. cytokines:
IL-2, IL-6, IFN). Grammatically
preferred for enumerating a list.
Spelling/formatting
145 Microbiology
Parasitology
Ectoparasites
See Page 132 FA2016

Zoonotic bacteria
(epidemic vs endemic
typhus, Louse vs Flea,
R.prowazekii vs R.
typhi)
In the Lice segment and disease

transmitted by lice, for Rickettsia
prowazekii please add "epidemic" to
typhus (should read "epidemic
typhus") to differentiate it from the
Flea-born disease from Rickettsia
typhi (endemic typhus). It would be
more precise and will avoid
misunderstanding this way.
text
145 Microbiology
Parasitology
Parasite hints
Chapter 46
I would recommend adding

Paragonimus westermani (lung fluke) next year
as a high-yield topic either to flukes or
to parasite hints. P.westermani is
unique in being a lung fluke that can
cause pulmonary nodules and
hemoptysis and mimic symptoms of
TB. People can get infected by eating
freshwater crab and the treatment is
Praziquantel like other flukes.
149 Microbiology
Virology
Herpesviruses
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/279269Please add hairy leukoplakia (in AIDS High-yield addition to

overview
patients, not precancerous) in
next year
associations of EBV. In the current text
only Burkitt and nasopharyngeal
carcinoma are mentioned.
498 Neurology
Pharmacology Glaucoma drugs www.firstaidteam.com
152 Microbiology
Virology
Rotavirus
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/visI suggest adding "increased risk for

statements/rotavirus.htmlintussusception" as a serious side
effect of Rotavirus vaccination. In fact
the vaccine is also contraindicated in
children with a history of
intussusception. Please see CDC
recommendation.
203 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Vaccination
https://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/Recommended_Immunizations_FS_en.pdf
MMR and Varicella are live vaccines
Major erratum
that should be given to HIV patients
with a CD4 >200.
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
186 (in Microbiology

2015
edition)
Antimicrobials Sulfonamides
153
155
Physiology
In the 2015 edition, on 186 it reads "

(Dapsone, used to treat lepromatous
leprosy, is a closely related..."
However, dapsone is used to treat
tuberculoid, not lepromatous, leprosy,
as is mentioned on 188 and 134 (all
pg #s from 2015 edition)
Minor erratum
next year
Major erratum
Chromatin
structure
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CpG_site#Methylation.2C_silencing.2C_cancer.2C_and_aging
Methylation of CpG sites within the
promoter of genes can lead to their
next year
silencing, a feature found in many
human cancers. In contrast,
hypomethylation of CpG sites is
associated with overexpression of
oncogenes within cancer cells.
Methylation levels are a highly
accurate biological clock (epigenetic
clock).
NEW FACT or
TOPIC
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional_sodium_excretion
For the FE ( Na +) formula, there is *
Major erratum
100 missing. The formula is used as a
percent in azotemia for consistency.
100% is not included in the FF
FORMULA even though it is commonly
given as a percent (eg FF= 20%) but
that is because fraction is in the name
hence it is not multiplied by 100. Also
for the same formula on page 535; FE
( Na+) there is an incorrect usage of
parenthesis ( GFR=Ucr/V/Pcr).
Parenthesis indicate multiplication in
mathematics hence its use is a
grammatical error and should be
154
535 Renal
No supporting
reference necessary;
this errata regards a
contradiction btw
different pages within
First Aid 2015.
Under the "a-agonist" section of

Glaucoma drugs, the phrase "[down
arrow] aqueous humor synthesis" has
been repeated twice in column 2
mathematics hence its use is a

grammatical error and should be
replaced with an asterisk*.
490 Neurology
Ophthalmology Internuclear
N/A
ophthalmoplegia
390 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Anemias
Diamond-Blackfan anemia is listed
under megaloblastic anemia on p.
390; this contradicts the chart on
p.388 which lists it under nonmegaloblastic anemia (which is
correct)
Major erratum
541 Renal
Physiology
Kidney
endocrine
functions
http://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drugCalciferol is misspelled as "caciferol".

9049/calciferoloral/details
Spelling/formatting
156
157
158
Osteoarthritis
https://www.uptodate.com/contents/synovialIn the image showing rheumatoid
Minor erratum
and rheumatoid pathology-inarthritic changes, the arrow for the
arthritis
rheumatoid-arthritis;
"pannus formation" points to the bone
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715itself. Pannus is tissue that attaches to
overview#showall
the articulate cartilage. Either the
arrow would need to be moved or, to
stick with the other lines in the image,
just switch the arrow to a dot, and it
will be indicating the correct location!
609 Respiratory
Anatomy
Lung relations
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1884995In the figure displaying the lobes and Clarification to current

overview#a2
fissures of the lungs, the location
text
where the oblique and horizontal
fissures intersect on the right lung is
not present. Nor is there mention of
the intersection in the text. First Aid
2016 then gives the impression that
they do not intersect. Since this
intersection is an important marker of
the middle lobe of the right lung, it
should be included in First Aid. I have
included a page from the 6th edition of
Netter's Atlas of Human Anatomy that
illustrates this intersection from the
posterior aspect, as well as a hyperlink
to MedScape which displays the
intersection from the lateral aspect of
the lung.
390 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Anemias
None
405 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pharmacology Warfarin
www.medscape.com/viewarticle/504601_2
Typo of Warfarin clotting factor
inhibition
528 Psychiatry
Pharmacology Monoamine
oxidase
inhibitors
First AId
403 Hematology
and
Oncology
Pathology
Langerhans cell https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S100_protein

"Cells express S-100 (mesodermal
histiocytosis
origin) and CD1a" S-100 is neural
crest cell origin and not mesodermal
origin
Section I
NEW FACT or
TOPIC
160
162
163
164
xxi
165
text
430 Musculoskeletal,
Pathology
Skin, and
Connective
Tissue
159
161
Current text states, "contralateral

CN III nucleus does not stimulate
medial rectus to fire." "Fire" could be
replaced with "contract" as the former
is typically associated with
neurons/action potentials and the
latter more specific to the action of
muscles.
Section I
Page 390 is inconsistent with page

Spelling/formatting
388. In the Anemia chart, under
Macrocytic anemias, DiamondBlackfan anemia is listed under nonmegaloblastic. However, on page 390,
DBA is listed under megaloblastic.
Minor erratum
A better mnemonic for the MAOI is the Mnemonic

: MAOri TRibe IS PHENomenally
SEcretive. = MAO, TRanycypromine,
ISocarboxazid, PHENelzine, and
SElegiline.It includes multiple letters of
each drug inside each word and is
less likely to cause confusion for
recall.
Minor erratum
http://www.usmle.org/pdfs/stepI couldn't find how to address the initial High-yield addition to

1/2015content_step1.pdf pages xx-xxi on "Selected USMLE
next year
Laboratory Values". In cerebrospinal
fluid values there is only Glucose (no
protein and opening pressure, two
very important values to remember). I
don't know if in the actual exam these
values are provided or not, but in the
official handout from USMLE website
values are provided or not, but in the

official handout from USMLE website
at least 6 values are included in CSF. I
would recommend at least adding
protein, cell count, and opening
pressure.
165 Microbiology
Miscellaneous ToRCHeS
infections
166
287 CardiovascularPathology
Ischemic heart
disease
manifestations
167
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/151907Under sudden cardiac death it would

Minor erratum
overview#a5
be better to have ventricular
tachycardia together with ventricular
fibrillation since VT is a more common
cause of SCD. (Rapid Review
Pathology, Gojan, 4th edition, page
250). The article on eMedicine does
not state whether VT or VF is more
common, but it mentions them both
equally. It would be better to have both
of the arrhythmias as examples.
182 Microbiology
Antimicrobials Cephalosporins http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1953067CeftriAXone and cefotAXime are good Mnemonic

(generations I- overview
for meningitis. "Like an AXe to the
V)
head"
185 Microbiology
Antimicrobials Oxazolidinones
168
169
FA
Biochemistry Metabolism
2015
pg
106107
not
170 sure
what
FA
2016
page
number
is
184 Microbiology
171
http://www.uptodate.com/contents/overviewRegarding TORCH infections (or

of-torch-infections
ToRCHeS) as indicated in the text,
next year
originally O was included as OTHERS
to cover some infections like HIV,
Parvovirus, VZV, etc. I have two
suggestions for this part. First please
add a note to CMV to indicate it's the
most common congenital viral infection
in the US since it would help students
to choose between the choices if the
most common is questioned (see
reference). Additionally VZV is an
important TORCH infection (originally
classified in O as others, but maybe
you can use H as Herpes Simplex and
include both HSV2 and HSV3/VZV in
it). In either was I suggest to add VZV
as an important TORCH infection with
classic skin lesions and symptoms of:
Cutaneous scars, which may be
depressed and pigmented in a
dermatomal distribution; Cataracts,
chorioretinitis, microphthalmos,
nystagmus; Hypoplastic limbs; Cortical
atrophy and seizures. (please be
advised that the symptoms are copied
from UpToDate, see reference).
Amino acid
derivatives
Antimicrobials Oseltamivir,
zanamivir
http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/34/5/695.full
Linezolid causes thrombocytopenia.
Mnemonic: Linezolid = Low Platelets
(L = L)
Mnemonic
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1200472Melanin should not be marked as a

Minor erratum
overview
derivative of DOPA. There are
conflicting sources that indicate that
melanin is derived from tyrosine by the
work of tyrosinase. This would also
have to be corrected in the
biochemical pathway diagram on pg
107 in FA 2015 under the section
"Catcholamine synthesis/catabolism
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1966844In clinical use I suggest adding "start

overview
within 48 hours of symptoms". It's an
important note.
text
Spelling/formatting
563 Reproductive Development
NEW FACT or
TOPIC
First Aid 2016
Resistance,
pressure, flow
http://www.cvphysiology.com/Hemodynamics/H005.htm
Removal of organs in parallel
arrangement will INCREASES TPR
and DECREASES CO. FA2016 p.268
says DECREASES TPR AND
INCREASES CO.
Major erratum
Pancreas and
spleen
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930411The text states "Annular pancreas clinical

ventral pancreatic bud abnormally
Minor erratum
172
173
Under "Embryologic Derivatives" -->

"Ectoderm" --> "Neuroectoderm"
There should be a comma after
"retina" right before "spinal cord".
Pancreas and
spleen
embryology
http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/930411The text states "Annular pancreas clinical

ventral pancreatic bud abnormally
encircles 2nd part of a duodenum;
forms a ring of pancreatic tissue that
may cause duodenal narrowing (A)
and nonbilious vomiting". However,
annular pancreas produces "bilious
vomiting" not "nonbilious vomiting"
268 Respiratory
Physiology
Resistance,
pressure, flow
USMLE Step 1
Physiology Kaplan
lecture notes
2013,Peripheral
Circulation,Page 94.
TPR increases in removal of an organ Minor erratum

in parallel arrangement.Here in the
book it is given TPR decreases.
Resistance,
pressure, flow
USMLE Step 1 Kaplan

Physiology
2013,Peripheral
Circulation,Page : 94.
TPR increases when an organ is

Minor erratum
removed in a parallel arrangement and
as TPR is inversely proportional to CO
it should decrease.In FA it is given the
other way around.
458 Neurology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Limbic system
N/A - Blue arrows

shown are difficult to
see on image
Change blue arrows to yellow (or

another bright color) in image that
points to region of amygdala, fornix,
mammillary bodies, and cingulate
gyrus.
Spelling/formatting
215 Immunology
Immune
Responses
Immunodeficiencies
USMLE World Qbank
partial albinism (oculocutaneous

albinism)
text
458 Neurology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Thalamus
N/A
Include abbreviation of nuclei in

parentheses (e.g. Ventral
posterolateral nucleus [VPL])
text
467 Neurology
Anatomy and
Physiology
Effects of
strokes
N/A
Include artery abbreviations in

parentheses (e.g. Middle cerebral
artery [MCA])
text
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
Minor erratum
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Bonus Study Stuff

Proposed Errata and Suggestions List of Submitted

2016 FA Step 1 Proposed Errata & Suggestions

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/primaryIn Kartagener syndrome, "female

In latent error section under type of

immotile-cilia-syndrome Female subfertility is a more correct

Menkes disease http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/condition/menkesAn interesting fact that I learnt is the

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/916377In 2016 edition Rett syndrome is

The Mnemonic for X-linked inheritance Mnemonic

The existing mnemonic for vitamin A is Mnemonic

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1114004In the table for collagen types, I would High-yield addition to

"Retinol is vitamin A, so think retin-A

The Lovely Coenzymes I think the new mnemonic TLC For

I have a mnemonic to remember which Mnemonic

One Can Consume

Well honestly I don't like the current

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/941530I would recommend adding "ear lobe

100 Biochemistry Metabolism

The existing mnemonic for Vitamin B7 Mnemonic

I think there is a typographical error in Spelling/formatting

The letter G for Gaucher Disease can

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/mycoplasmaMycoplasma and ureaplasma are

http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child( No booster needed for live

Remember that poxvirus is the

The existing mnemonic for HSV

Mnemonic that ties together the

Please consider this mnemonic, to

The letter G for Gaucher Disease can Mnemonic

The existing mnemonic for gram

A mnemonic to remember that fleas

http://www.cdc.gov/meningitis/labThe book states that N. meningitidis is Major erratum

Antimicrobials HIV therapy

http://www.merriamA word is misspelled: "preferrably"

Antimicrobials HIV therapy

A mnemonic to remind of the

The existing mnemonic for IL8 being a Mnemonic

The existing mnemonic for IL-10 is

Interferon- and Nil. Just

Please consider this mnemonic, to

Emphasize that infection more

Page 201 has a section on interferon

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/chronicFA2016 says "Phagocytes of patients Major erratum

H2O2, leaving phagocytes without

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/clinicalFA2016 lists CXCR4 and CCR5 as

http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1547969In autosomal dominant hyper IgE

Mnemonic for bacterial infections in

The text states that B-cell deficiencies Mnemonic

First aid ... Hematology Add "Gastric Cancer" in the clinical

In order to be consistent with the

The drugs with a low therapeutic index Mnemonic

240 Pharmacology Pharmacokinetics

242 Pharmacology Autonomic

242 Pharmacology Autonomic

254 Pharmacology Toxicities and Drug reactions

Drugs that cause disulfiram-like

254 Pharmacology Toxicities and Drug reactions

Drugs that cause disulfiram-like

Removal of organs in parallel

http://www.uptodate.com/contents/examinationUnder x-descent, its printed as

Atrial natriuretic http://www.cvphysiology.com/BloodPressure/BP017.htm

Atrial natriuretic http://www.uptodate.com/contents/usePlease add the drug sacubitril

Kaplan usmle step 1

On the right side of the heart