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Keep verb tenses consistent,

unless meaning clearly dictates


Indicates either Continued action or
Continued eect of a completed
action

Present Perfect

Past of the Past - Refers to earlier


action in the past

Verb tense
Past Perfect

No need if the sequence is already


obvious
Move tense back 1 sequence
(Present to past ...)

Reporting verb

Unlikely or Unreal conditions


Usually after if, as if, as though

Hypothetical Subjunctive

Basic form is equivalent to Simple


Past

Subjunctive Mood

Used with certain Bossy verb such


as REQUIRE or PROPOSE

4. Verb Tense, Mood and Voice


Command Subjunctive

Adjectives and Adverbs

Structure

Don't use SHOULD in If ... Then ...


Active vs Passive

Misplaced Modifiers

Modified noun not appear

Dangling Modifiers

Cannot modify nouns in 's

If Past perfect, Then conditional


perfect

Never use WOULD in If clause

Noun and Modifier should TOUCH


each other
Next to dierent nouns

If Hypothetical Subjunctive, Then


Conditional

Case that never happened

Adv: Anything but noun/ pronoun

Adv + Adj + Noun

If Present, Then Can or May

Unlikely case (in the Future)

Adj: Modify noun/ pronoun

Passive voice is sometimes correct

Comparable sentence parts must


be structually and logically similar

Error

X AND Y
BOTH X AND Y

Which

X OR Y

Things, NOT people


Can be dropped when modified
noun is the object of the modifying
clause

That

People

Who

EITHER X OR Y
Noun Modifiers

Parallel Markers

NOT X BUT Y

1. Modifiers

NOT ONLY X BUT ALSO Y


X RATHER THAN Y

Relative Pronoun

People
Can be dropped when modified
noun is the object of the modifying
clause

FROM X TO Y

Spot Parallel Markers and Parallel


Elements

Whom

AND is the MOST important marker


Noun

Where

A place, not "metaphorical"

Adjectives

In Which

Verbs

When
No need to obey TOUCH rule

Parallel Elements

Verb Modifier

Infinitives
Participles

Refer to the preceding noun

Which

NEVER refer to an entire clause

Prepositional Phrase

Verbs and their subjects

Subordinate Clause

Which vs PP-ing
Flexible

Entire clause

Logical parallel FIRST

-ING

Structurally parallel SECOND

Result of the main clause

Superficial vs Actual Parallelism

Don't assume that all verbs and


verbal forms in a sentence must be
parallel

Word that take places of a noun


Antecedent must exist and fuction
as a noun

is

5. Parallelism

Antecedent & pronoun must make


sense together

are
appear

Antecedent must be unambiguous

Express what the subject is, not


what the subject does

Antecedent & pronoun must agree


in number

MUST refer to an ANTECEDENT in


the sentence

Pronoun shows a tendency to refer


to nouns in the same case

become
represent

Definition

Linking Verbs

seem

Sentence Correction

taste

It
Its
They

Avoid Passive voice if it is wordy

GMAT prefers Brevity and Simplicity

Possessive ('s)

Non essential information

If Present, Then Future

In the future

Some uncertainty

Adj + Adj + Noun

Bossy Verb + THAT + subject +


Command Subjunctive (without to)

If Present, Then Present

No uncertainty

If ... Then ...

Treat linking verbs as Parallel


marker

2. Pronoun

Deadly 5

Make the subject and object


parallel

Them

Followed by nouns, pronouns, or


noun phrases

Their
Like is a preposition

Subject Pronoun
Object Pronoun

Case

Preposition (appearing with a noun)


As

Conjunction (appearing with a


clause)

Indicate a new copy

Those

This; These

Demonstrative Pronoun

Comparisons

Do not use in place of nouns


(unless modified)

Comparisons must be logically


parallel
Two items being compared must be
logically comparable

both exist
make sense together

Comparisons must have similar


grammatical structure

S-V MUST

Compares two things

agree in number
Comparative form

Prepositional phrases
Other modifiers

Things to eliminate/ skip


General
Use structure to decide

MEMORIZE the expressions in the


Idiom List

A and B is PLURAL
And vs Additive phrases

Agree in number with the noun


nearest to the verb
Almost always SINGULAR
SINGULAR
Either SINGULAR/ PLURAL
Look at the Of-phrase followed

Either ... or ...


Neither ... nor ...

Always use Than with a compartive


form

Expressions that have unique forms

Subordinate clauses

A, additive phrase (as well as, in


addition to ...) B, SINGULAR

SPOT the suspect idiomatic


expression

6. Idioms
SPOT - EXTRACT - REPLACE

3. Subject Verb Agreement

EXTRACT the various forms of the


idiom
REPLACE the corrected idiom in
the sentence and confirm that it
works

Collective noun
Indefinite Pronoun

Grammar

SANAM (Some, Any, None, All,


More/ Most)

General level

Meaning
Concision

Each following a subject has NO


bearing in the verb form
SINGULAR
PLURAL
Flip the word so that the subject
precedes the verb

NEVER put a clause or a


prepositional phrase after LIKE

Like vs As

Possessive Pronouns
That

"Be" to "Were"

Subject Verb Agreement

The number of ...

Paralleism

Major types of Errors

Pronouns

A number of ...
Specific level

Inversion

Modifiers
Verb tense, mood and voice
Comparisons
Idioms
Correct setence always contains at
least 1 Main Clause
Fragment

Setences that lack main clauses

Run-on Setence
7. Odds and Ends
Connecting words

Coordinating conjunction

A setence in which a comma joins


two main clauses
But, and, yet ...

One connecting word at once


Note
Minor types of Errors

Sensible connecting word


DO NOT use a comma to connect
two related main clauses, use
semicolon
Comma (,)

Connecting punctuations

Colon (:)
Dash (--)
Semicolon (;)

However, therefore, in addition

Countable vs uncountable things


Quantity

Words used to relate two things vs


3 things
Use GREATER THAN, not MORE
THAN to make a comparison

Between
Among

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