Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

Use of Remote Sensing to Assess the Environmental

Setting of the Territories-Zones of Mining Complex
Enterprises
G.V. Kalabin
Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources (RAS),
Kryukovsky tupik, 4, 111020, Moscow, Russia
kalabin.g@gmail.com
Abstract- The paper supports applicability of satellite imagery at
regional and local level for rapid quantitative assessment of
natural environment in zones of activity of mining complex
enterprises. Exacerbation of environmental problems during
mineral mining and processing associated with their scale and
geography of field distribution through the vast territory of our
country requires constant monitoring of natural environment
status, which necessitates engagement of space surveillance
nowadays. Remote sensing methods offer the most affordable
and prompt approach for acquisition of information on land
degradation. We quote and analyze the results of studies of the
natural environment status by the example of three mining
complex enterprises with different industrial infrastructure
located in different climatic conditions.
Keywords- Remote Sensing; Mining Complex; Technogenic
Load; Environmental Assessment; Vegetation Index; Soil
Phytotoxicity

I. INTRODUCTION
It is known that Russia has become a major resource and
raw power in the world from the middle of the past century
and it has enormous stocks of natural resources for industrial
use, including mineral ones. However, implemented
technologies of mineral mining and processing allow using
only pittance of valuable mineral mass extracted from the
bowels of the earth (generally about 5-8%). The rest is waste,
which becomes one of the most powerful forces of mantriggered environmental changes with accumulation and
storage. As a result, quality of natural environment has
considerably deteriorated in 50 mining regions of the country
in recent years. However, environmental issues are still
considered as external factors in relation to social and
economic sphere. Therefore, the country loses control over its
environmental future.
The problem is also compounded by the fact that there is
no effective system of environmental monitoring in the
country. The system has not been modernized since the 80-ies
and it does not allow an objective assessment of the
environment status at the regional and local level. This
requires extensive resources, and most importantly, long
period of observation. Methods of Remote Sensing (RS) of the
Earth, which are characterized by high rates of development
and rapid obtainment of practically meaningful results, may
become an alternative solution of the issue. The biggest
advantage of remote sensing is that it can detect spatial
patterns of landscape features, obtain information with
different temporal resolution and in any scale, perform
multiple analyses of explored territories and compare current
events with the past ones. In addition, and perhaps most

importantly, RS allows obtaining independent operational

real-time information.
The simplest spectral methods are methods for
determination of vegetation indices. Normalized Differential
Vegetation Index (NDVI) [1] from a large group of vegetation
indices is used most widely and it is calculated by the formula:
NDVI=(KSB4 - KSB3)/( KSB4+KSB3)
where KSB is coefficient of spectral brightness in the nearinfrared (IR) and red spectral channels.
Spectral properties of plants depend on properties of
leaves, their density and space orientation. Vegetation actively
absorbs light in the blue and red regions of the spectrum
having local maximum near 0.55 m, which defines green
color of plants. Fast increase of KSB of vegetation is
observed in the near-IR range. This is explained by the
peculiarities of the spectral properties of chlorophyll. The
subsequent run of a spectral curve in the infrared region is
defined by the presence of free water in plants. Modern means
of RS make it possible to identify different types of vegetation,
such as coniferous and deciduous trees, ground cover, etc.
using spectral characteristics. If a plant is under stress, its
spectral properties change. KSB growth is observed in the
visible and near-IR ranges [2], if vegetation is under stress
(chemical or water).
This method has become most common in the sphere of
environmental management for global assessments of land
cover of the Earth, as well as for solution of some practical
problems in agriculture (e.g., assessment of yield of various
crops, land desertification, soil erosion), forest science
(taxonomic measurements of forest quality, damage
assessment due to fires, etc.) [3]. Modern aerospace
techniques and technologies for monitoring of different
objects of oil and gas complex on land and water areas have
received considerable development in the works of State
Enterprise Scientific Center of Aerospace Monitoring
Aerospace [4-6]. However, it is used for the first time as
applied to the tasks of quantitative assessment of the
environment status under the influence of technogenic loads in
the area of activity of mining complex enterprises.
It is proposed to implement monitoring of land cover and
land use at regional and local level for the environmental
assessment of a particular production or a production complex.
To accomplish this, one shall determine dependence of NDVI
change trends with the magnitude of technogenic load on
source or multiple sources of environmental pollution in a
particular territory. Thus, it is possible to provide real-time

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Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

Objects of our research are: CJSC Karabashmed

(Chelyabinsk region), JSC Kombinat Severonikel
(Murmansk region) and Mining and processing complex
(MPC) Vostok-2, part of JSC Primorsky GOK (Primorsky
region), located in different climatic zones - moderate South,
far North and Far East, respectively, with different production
infrastructure (Table ).

monitoring of the dynamics of change in environmental

setting. Since the state of vegetation and biomass volume are
determined by the quality of soils, we consider it necessary to
compare changes in vegetation index with estimated soil
phytotoxicity in the area of activity of enterprises of the
natural resource complex at different distances from the
source of contamination.

TABLE I EMISSIONS OF OJSC PLANT NORTHNICKEL IN THE ATMOSPHERE, TONS / YEAR

Indicators

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

Total Emissions,

248.3

213.0

107.8

117.7

95.5

52.4

48.3

41.5

44.4

40.0

so2

232.5

198.9

97.6

110

88.3

45.3

43.5

37.5

40.3

35.9

substances,

15.8

14.1

10.2

7.7

7.2

7.1

4.8

4.0

4.1

4.1

Including Nickel

2.7

2.68

1.96

1.36

1.34

1.25

0.8

0.7

0.45

0.49

Including

Activities of the first two plants, including pyrometallurgy,

associated with mining and processing of ores containing
highly toxic (first and second class of danger) heavy metals
(Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Ni, Co, etc.), are characterized by long-term
and
excessively
high
technogenic
loads on
the
environment. Worldwide
activities
of
mining
and
metallurgical plants producing nonferrous metals are
associated with extreme negative impact on the environment,
where huge amounts of gases (SO2, CO, NOx, etc.) and liquid
waste are discharged into the atmosphere in addition to dust
containing heavy metals (solid waste). Two above-mentioned
plants are not the exception. Negative effects of impact of
high technological loads were found in all ecosystems [7,
8]. Technogenic load significantly decreased on these plants
during last 10 years due to various reasons, which allowed us
to estimate the response of vegetation on the territory of plant
location.
Mining operations are performed in close-circuit mine
workings during underground mining and they partly change
state of lithosphere in the area of mining. In this regard,
underground mining doesnt cause serious adverse effects on
the state of the environment as a local source of disturbance of
the environment. However, the degree of environmental risk is
mainly determined by the infrastructure and technologies of
surface facilities and structures defining local variability of
natural components (biological communities).
Mining and processing complex (MPC) Vostok-2 has
just the same industrial infrastructure characteristic of mining
enterprises: underground mine, processing plant and storage
of plant rejects (tailings). To deliver ore to the plant, heavyduty diesel transport, which is a linear source of pollution, is
used. Fixed mine air emissions into the atmosphere are
effected by a mining fan after its cleaning from inorganic
dust. In addition, crushing work of processing plant and local
boiler plant operating on heavy fuel oil are also sources of air
pollution. Ore and plant rejects are low toxic and belong to the
third class of danger. On this basis, using our methodology [9]
of a qualitative assessment of the environment status, we can
evaluate technogenic load existing here as local and
insignificant, since environmental risk does not exceed 0.25,
as shown in Table , Position 4 [9]. Comparison of risks as
such and determination of risk priorities means their ranking,
but it does not address issues of acceptability of risk,
necessary and specific forms of its control. All this becomes

clear during the subsequent stages of risk management

procedure. To accomplish this, one shall have a quantitative
estimate of the environment status in the study area.
TABLE SCALE OF ASSESSMENT OF TOXICITY OF PODZOLIC SOILS

Soil

(Ca+Mg)/Cu

(Ca+Mg)/Ni

Non-toxic

30

20

Slightly Toxic

10-29

5-19

Highly Toxic

Threshold Value

10

II.

OBJECTS AND METHODS OF RESEARCH

A. CJSC Karabashmed
CJSC Karabashmed, assignee of Karabash copper plant,
is currently the oldest of the existing businesses that make up
copper complex of our country. The enterprise was launched
in 1910 on the basis of the existing copper-pyrite ores, which
were worked out using underground methods. In 1933, a
processing plant was built. The initial capacity of the
enterprise was 8 thousand tons per year and by 1975 it had
reached 60-65 thousand tons of blister copper per year [9,
10]. The last mine, recovering local ores, was closed in
1991. One of the main consequences of the technological
backwardness of the enterprise was its high environmental
hazard. Sulfur dioxide was dumped untreated directly into the
atmosphere. The maximum volume of emission was observed
in 1965-1988, when the plant annually threw 162-164
thousand tons of pollutants. Since launch, the plant has
produced 30 million tons of metallurgical slag; large storages
of tailings, rock damps and metallurgical slag have been
formed [10, 11]. All this led to a significant damage of
vegetation and formation of large disturbed territories around
the source of contamination (Fig. 1). In 2005, Phase I
modernization of the enterprise was completed, which allowed
significant reduction of technologic load on the environment
[12].

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Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

Currently, the plantan industrial site of JSC Kola

Mining Company processes converter matte, a more
environmentally friendly intermediate product, which allowed
further to reduce SO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Due to
the complex events at the plant, technogenic load had declined
5 folds already by 2000 (Table ), which led to a significant
improvement in air and surface water quality
indices. Concentration of heavy metals in the lake Imandra
decreased more than 10 times by 2007 compared to the 1980ies [14].

Fig. 1 Areas of damaged vegetation under the influence of technogenic load

of CJSC Karabashmed, marked using statistical approach

B. JSC Kombinat Severonikel

JSC Kombinat Severonikel is the history of commercial
development of sulfide ore deposits of Monchepluton, which
were worked out by opencast method, beginning from
1930. Copper-nickel plant Severonikel came into service in
1938 and first commercial firing of nickel was obtained the
following year. In 1950, design capacity for the production of
cathode nickel was reached and production of nickel of the
highest quality and metal nickel was launched [13]. This
industrial infrastructure existed until 1969. Then, mining of
local ore was stopped due to the depletion of own mineral
resources and raw materials for metallurgical processing were
received from Norilsk. Maximum level of emissions into the
atmosphere (more than 232.5 thousand tons / year) was
observed for sulfur dioxide in 1990, for heavy metals (more
than 12 thousand tons / year) in 1986-1987. Fig. 2 shows
space image of the territory of Monchegorsk (left) and Khibin
(right) mountain massifs, separated by the lake Imandra
(center). Dark purple coloration characterizes local areas,
where there is no vegetation, both due to natural conditions mountain plateaus, and due to industrial pollution - industrial
site of the plant, and also due to fires in coniferous forests.

C. JSC Primorsky GOK

JSC Primorsky GOK is one of the largest enterprises for
mining and processing of tungsten and copper ore Vostok-2,
which was commissioned in 1965, is located in the north of
Primorye Region, in Krasnoarmeysk district. In the same year,
construction of a permanent settlement was started in the 7 km
distance from the mine site of GOK. The upper part of the
field-dump stocks in elevations of 900-720 m was worked out
in the open pit in 1969-1987. From 2004 up to the present day,
ore is mined by underground mining in a volume of 300
thousand tons of ore per year. Mined ore is transported to the
processing plant by dumping trucks BelAZ. Ore processing
is carried out using flotation technology. Tailings of the plant
are subject to decontamination and they are sent to tailings
storage. Water returns to the production cycle after
conditioning. In addition to ore, the processing plant recycles
part of refinement tailings (1.6 million tons) [15].
For a comparative assessment of the impact of mining
complex enterprises with different industrial infrastructure on
the environment in the absence of an effective system of
environmental monitoring at local and regional level, we will
use our proposed method of quantitative assessment of its
condition, integrating biota responses to man-made, including
technogenic, loads, that differ in magnitude, in real time [16].
We use remote sensing capabilities combined with ground
measurements for real-time monitoring of the environment
status. As an integral marker of environment ecodynamics for
the areas, where industrial enterprises are located, normalized
differential vegetation index NDVI (aerospace measurements)
is taken both integrally for the study area, and for individual
zones formed around the source of contamination. As a
control, we used indicator of the degree of soil phytotoxicity
(field measurements)ratio of exchange calcium and
magnesium content (mg / kg) to the content of heavy metals in
soil (mg / kg) [17]. Developed scale allows evaluating the
degree of contamination of podzolic soils by metals and their
possible flow into plants in quantities exceeding permissible
limits (Table ).
NDVI measurements were conducted at all three sites
using the same method on data of the natural resource satellite
system EOS. Measurements from Terra satellite (MODIS
spectroradiometer) were used to obtain maximum time series,
which allowed obtaining data regarding vegetation index from
2000. Standard product of MODIS / Terra Vegetation Indices
16-day L3 Global 250 m SIN Grid V005, that is maps in the
sinusoidal projection representing a 16-day composite
vegetation index (NDVI) with a resolution on the ground in
250 m, was obtained from the archives.

Fig. 2 16-day composite of vegetation index of the territory of location of JSC

Kombinat Severonikel (left fragment) and the territory of location of JSC
Apatit (right fragment). Time interval: July 27 August 11, 2000

To determine the boundaries of the impact of a particular

enterprise on the vegetation based on wind rose diagram,
zones of influence with center in the point of location of

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Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

the source of contamination are separated. Calculations of

statistical parameters of NDVI: average, standard deviation,
median and some others - are carried out for these areas.
According to the results of use of zonal method, it is
possible to implement statistical method based on statistics of
the background distribution of NDVI values. Region, where
influence of the enterprise is not felt, was taken as the
background. Further, average value and standard deviation of
vegetation index are calculated for the entire observation
period. The average value of NDVI is reduced by two
standard deviations and all values of vegetation index below
this threshold, with a probability of 95.0%, are considered as
abnormal (ecosystems experienced technogenic impact). On
this basis, areas with values of vegetation index below the
threshold were separated and changes in their area over time
were tracked.
Area of the territory of negative impact of enterprises on
the environment depends on many factors (climatic,
geographic,
industrial,
technological,
etc.). However,
according to the results of our studies [18, 19] this area does
not exceed 1000 sq. km. (30-35 30-35 km) under all
conditions and consists of impact, buffer and conditionally
background zones. The latter may vary in size for different
enterprises, depending on production capacity, the height of
the source of emissions of pollutants and their toxicity,
orographic terrain, wind rose, etc.
III. RESEARCH RESULTS
For the territory of location of CJSC Karabashmed, eight
years of observations from 2000 to 2008 were used and 13
composites were received for each year, starting from the day
81 and ending by the day 289, which covers the entire
growing season of vegetation in the study area; for JSC
Kombinat Severonikel, 10 years of observations from 2000
to 2010, during the whole growing season from May 24 to
September 20 and seven composites were received for each
year; for GOK Vostok-2, 10 years of observations from
2000 to 2010 for the period between March 21 and
September 30 and 6 composites were obtained for each year.

Fig. 4 presents analysis of seasonal changes in NDVI

within the impacted zone (0-5 km.) on the territory of location
of JSC Kombinat Severonikel. Obtained data show that the
selected time range of observations throughout the year
(between 81 and 273 day) characterizes the whole picture of
seasonal development of vegetation. At the same time, the
period of maximum development of the vegetation (between
113 and 257 days of the year) is the most sensitive to changes
in the vegetation index under the influence of technogenic
load, and the time interval from 129 to 193 days characterizes
the response of vegetation to the load during its development.

Fig. 4 Seasonal changes of vegetation index within the impacted zone 0-5 km

Analysis of combined diagrams of dynamics of pollution

emissions from JSC Kombinat Severonikel into the
atmosphere and long-term variations of vegetation index
averaged within the impacted zone (0-5 km) showed that
NDVI growth trend (red line) has been recorded against a
significant reduction of technogenic load (2000), which
indicates the beginning of the overgrowth of the
territory (Fig. 5), i.e. response of the biota with inertia in 5
years to reduction of technogenic load. Since 2005, its
fluctuation around the value of 29% determined by regional
weather conditions and instability of technological regime due
to variations in the quality of the feedstock has been recorded.

Fig. 3 shows obtained mean NDVI values for summer

period on the territory of location of Vostok-2
GOK. Analysis of the results shows that maximum NDVI
values are observed in summer season of the year. At the
same time, NDVI takes values from 0.87 to 0.92 during the
study period indicating absence of adverse environmental
impacts associated with activities of the enterprise.

Fig. 5 Long-term variations of vegetation index averaged within the impacted

zone (0-5 km) at the territory of location of JSC Severonikel against
decrease of technogenic load

Fig. 3 Mean NDVI values for summer season on the territory of location of
Vostok-2 GOK (1-8 are numbers of valleys, isolated area around
the mine and settlement, 9 is the average for the rest of the area)

Thus, process of vegetation recovery stabilized at achieved

level of technogenic load equal to 35-40 thousand tons / year
(See Table ). In this case, as the results of field studies show
[20], phytotoxicity of soil as of 2007 has undergone changes:
soils of impacted zone (0-5 km) still remained in the group of
highly toxic, soils of buffer zone moved into the category of
slightly toxic, i.e. decreased their phytotoxicity. Established
dependencies confirm the data of space measurements,
according to which NDVI values have a steady growth trend
(Fig. 5).

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Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

process, have very high ash contents for upper soil layers (up
to 84-97%), i.e. contain many mineral compounds. The
organic matter in them is negligible. Humidity of samples is
also very low due to such low content of organic
matter. Content of calcium and magnesium exchange cations
in the samples of soil is low indicating weak buffering
capacity of soils. The amount of copper in the analyzed
samples of soil in the layer 0-10 cm is very high, exceeding
MPC of this element tenfold and even hundredfold.
Despite the fact that the region has conditions for selfrecovery of territory vegetation in general, water and soil
pollution remains highly toxic and it will remain so for a long
time without elimination of negative impact of technogenic
wastes accumulated in natural landscapes.

Fig. 6 Change of normalized vegetation index of NDVI against dynamics of

pollution emissions from CJSC Karabashmed into the atmosphere

Analysis of combined diagrams of dynamics of pollution

emissions from CJSC Karabashmed into the atmosphere and
long-term variations of vegetation index averaged within the
impacted zone (0-5 km) showed that after 9 years of the plant
standing idle and resumption of production of blister copper in
1998, NDVI systematically decreased with inertia in two years
up to 2005 (Fig. 6). After that, NDIV growth was recorded
against a significant reduction of technogenic load (2003),
which indicates the beginning of overgrowth of the
territory. In May 2007, there was an accident at the enterprise,
in the result of which emissions of highly toxic lead and
formaldehydes exceeded MPC 6 and 4 times, respectively,
which led to NDIV decrease in 2008. Weak intensity of
overgrowth of the territory is explained by high
concentrations of heavy metals in soils from the previous plant
activities, mainly of copper, zinc, lead, cadmium and
nickel. All investigated soils, disturbed by technogenic

To compare the degree of negative impact of enterprises

under investigation on the natural environment we will
tabulate all analyzed factors in Table , and the value of
normalized vegetation index (NDVI) as an integral result. In
addition, we will give values of specific emission of CO2 by
soil cover for each area of enterprise location, which
determines natural cycle of carbon [21]. Carbon cycle in
terrestrial ecosystems is determined by balance between
absorption of CO2 by terrestrial vegetation (to create organic
matter) and release of carbon dioxide during respiration of
soil. Biogeochemical cycles of other elements are associated
with carbon cycle, and through the greenhouse effect and state
of the atmosphere determining climate, hence, change of
productivity of natural and artificial ecosystems
[22]. Therefore, the higher specific emission of CO2 by soil
cover and the longer duration of growing season, the higher
bioproductivity of the territory, and as a result, the higher its
natural potential.

TABLE COMPARATIVE VALUES OF NORMALIZED VEGETATION INDEX ( NDVI) FOR MINING COMPLEX ENTERPRISES WITH DIFFERENT INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure
The Facility and
the Term

Production
The Produc

Initial

Current

of Exploitation

tivity Of
The Ore, T..
T / Year

CJSC "Karabakhco

Underground

pper" (Chelyabinsk

Mine, Procce

Metallurgi

Region)

sing Plant,

cal Plant

101 Years

N/A

Metallurgical

Emission C
Duration

O2 of Soil

NDVI,

of the

Climatic

of Vegetat

Kg/Ga/Vege

Initial Raw

Zone

ive Period

tation Perio

(2008-

2010)

Toxicability

Material

Soil [21]

, Days

[21] -

Highly Dang

Temperate S

erous (Cu,

outh

Pb,As, Cd,

Dernew
92

Podzols

2000-3000

27-38

900-1200

30-40

Au)

Plant
OJSC "NorthNickel"

Underground

(Murmansk Region

Mine, Procce

sing Plant

Metallurgi
cal Plant

Dangerous (
N/A

Ni, Cu, Co,

Far North

74

Podzols

Au)

71 Years
Undergro
MPP "East-2"

Open Pits,

(Primor-

Proccesing

Sky Region)

Plant

46 Years

und Mine,

Little Dange
300

Proccesin

Brownze

rous (W, Bi,

Ag, Au)

Far East

112

4000-6000

my
Mountain

g Plant

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Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

Analysis of the data from Table is as follows:

1. Biogenesis of soils on the territory of JSC Severonikel
is low, due to low biological activity of biological processes in
podzolic illuvial-humus-poor (glandular) soils [8], and a short
growing period (74 days) and low CO2 emissions by soil
cover (900-1200). In this regard, despite the fact that
technogenic load has decreased by 5 times over the last 7
years, the area is characterized by a low level of preserved
natural capacity, impaired by long-term technogenic loads
with dangerous toxicity. Therefore, this area is characterized
by low values of NDVI (30-40%).
2. Biogenesis of sod podzolic soils on the territory of
location of Karabashmed is high, climate of moderate South
provides a long growing season (117days) with high specific
emission of CO2. However, the area is characterized by a low
level of preserved natural capacity, impaired by long-term
(101 years) technogenic loads with a high hazardous
toxicity. Therefore, this area is also characterized by low
values of NDVI (27-38%) despite the fact that technogenic
load decreased by 20 times in 2005 due to the modernization
of production.
3. Mountain brown soils on the territory of location of
GOK Vostok-2 are characterized by very favorable
properties and have a high natural potential. Therefore, despite
the fact that a pine forest has been partially cut down during
the construction process on the territory of location of the
plant, there was a rapid change of timber stands: deciduous
forests appeared on the site of felling, which contributed to the
rapid recovery of the natural potential of the territory. Due to
small technogenic load and high level of natural potential, the
area is characterized by the maximum possible value of NDVI,
which is 87-95%.
IV. CONCLUSION
Research results given by the example of three mining
enterprises located in different climatic conditions with
different industrial infrastructure indicate the possibility of use
of the proposed methodology for solution of a number of
applied ecological issues, in particular ranking of enterprises
according to the degree of negative impact on the environment,
performance of independent evaluation of environmental
viability of modernization of any given production, forecast of
trends of the environment status considering existing
technogenic load and determination of the value of
permissible technogenic load.
In addition, there appears a possibility of prompt
monitoring of the dynamics of changes in environmental
conditions at specific territories of location of production
areas exerting negative impact on the environment in real time.

more powerful fuel and energy base and a developed

transportation system, large mining complexes (MC) are
formed, which leads to a synergistic effect of exposure to the
environment and greatly increases risk of degradation of
natural ecosystems in the region.
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[19]

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Journal of Mining World Express (MWE)

Kalabin Gennady Valerianovich was born on July 27
1937 in the Krasnodar region. He graduated from the
Moscow Institute of Nonferrous Metals and Gold
(1955-1961 years).From 1961 to 2000 he worked in the
Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences
(KSC RAS). Defended his dissertation in Moscow in
1986 and received his degree of doctor of technical
sciences in specialty "Protection and Safety." Received
the title of professor in the 1995 in the specialty "Environmental protection
and sustainable use of natural resources". Sphere of Scientific Knowledge environmental protection, preservation and rational wildlife management:
Ecologically balanced and safe functioning of large mining complexes (the
technogenic factor) in various climatic conditions (the natural factor),
Decoding of satellite images and assessment of the environmental condition
of location areas of large mining complexes.

He is the Russian naturalist, founder and director of Russia's first multidisciplinary Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems, RAS. He took
part in field works on the Kola Peninsula, in the Chelyabinsk region. The last
10 years working in Moscow. At the present time the chief researcher at the
Institute of Comprehensive Exploitation of Mineral Resources, RAS. He is
author and co-author of more than 218 published works, including seven
monographs, some of them: "Thermal aspects of the development of subsoil
resources," Leningrad, Nauka, 1988), "Technological ecodynamics provinces
of the North" (Apatity, RAS, Russia, 2000), "The Living Earth (Moscow,
VNIIgeosystem",2010).
Professor Kalabin member of two academies: the Academy of Natural
Sciences and Academy of Mining Sciences, Renowed Statesman Scientist of
Russian Federation.

MWE Volume 1, Issue 1 July 2012 PP. 1-7 http://www.vkingpub.com/mwe/ American V-King Scientific Publishing
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