JournalofModernMathematicsFrontier,Volume42015www.sjmmf.

org
10.14355/jmmf.2015.04.001

DynamicalBehavioroftheSolutionsona
ClassofNicholsonsBlowfliesModelswith
MultipleDelays
ChunhuaFeng
DepartmentofMathematicsandComputerScience,AlabamaStateUniversity,Montgomery,USA,36104
cfeng@alasu.edu

Abstract
This paper is concerned with a class of the generalized Nicholsons blowflies model with patch structure and multiple time
delays,whichisdefinedonthenonnegativefunctionspace.Underproperrestrictiveconditions,somecriteriatoguaranteethe
existenceofoscillatorysolutionsareestablished.Computersimulationillustratestheeffectofourresult.
Keywords
GeneralizedNicholsonsblowfliesmodel;Timedelays;Oscillation

Introduction
InordertodescribethedynamicsofNicholsonsblowflies,Gurneyetal.[1]proposedamathematicalmodelas
(1)
VariousNicholsonsblowfliesmodelshaveattractedmoreattentionandhavebeenextensivelyinvestigatedsince
then.Manygoodresultssuchaspermanence,oscillation,localandglobalstability,periodicsolutionsandalmost
periodicsolutionsforvariousmodelshavebeenreported[214].Forexample,Lietal.[2]consideredthedynamic
behaviourofthefollowingNicholsonsblowfliesmodelwithmultipledelaysas

(2)

Long [3] has studied the problem of positive almost periodic solutions for the generalized Nicholsons blowflies
modelwithalinearharvestingtermandmultipletimevaryingdelaysas

(3)

LiuhasinvestigatedtheglobalstabilityofpositiveequilibriumforaclassofthegeneralizedNicholsonsblowflies
modelwithpatchstructureandmultipletimevaryingdelaysasfollows[4]:

Under the restrictive conditions

1,2, , .(4)

,
,

0,

, e,

, by using Lyapunovs functional

method, theauthor established newsufficient conditions ensuring theglobal stability ofpositive equilibrium of
system(4)withsomesuitableinitialconditions.Inthispaper,weconsiderthefollowinggeneralizedNicholsons
blowfliesmodelwithpatchstructure,multipletimedelaysandconstantharvestingterm:

1,2, , .(5)

where
0,
0,
0 (
1,2, , ,
1,2, , ) and R. Due to biological significance, we restrict our

0
attention to positive solutions of system (5). The initial condition associated with system (5) is
(
1,2, , ) for
,0 ,
max
. Under some assumptions, we discuss the stability and
,
oscillatorybehaviourofthesolutionsforsystem(5).Forthestabilityofpositiveequilibriumof(5),ourrestrictive
condition is different from Lius
. Especially for
1,our result is an answer for the open

www.sjmmf.orgJournalofModernMathematicsFrontier,Volume42015

problem(7)in[5].
Preliminaries
,

Forconvenience,weshallset

,,

,,

,and

,,

. Then

system(5)canberewrittenasamatrixform

Weadoptthefollowingnormsofvectorsandmatrix:
lim

of the matrix is defined by

| .Since

|,

1,2, , n , where

ProofAnequilibriumpoint

,,

0,0, ,0 .Assumethat

,,

Notingthatthefunction

0, thisimpliesthat

,,

isanotherequilibriumpointofsystem(6),thenwehave

,where liesbetween and .Sinceforany

0 (

1,2, ,

,,

. Assume that

0 holds. Thus

,from(6)wehave
|

Let

0 wehave

,andsystem(6)hasauniqueequilibriumpoint.

Proof Noting that the inequality

0and

. Assumethatforany ,

(7)

Lemma 2 If is a nonsingular matrix, the characteristic values of matrix are

/e,where
max
. Thenthesolutionsofsystem(6)arebounded.

Since

max

ofsystem(6)isthesolutionofthefollowingalgebraicequation

where

0 is any constant. Then system(6)hasauniqueequilibrium.

.Themeasure

isaconstant.

Lemma1If isanonsingularmatrix,thecharacteristicvaluesofmatrix are

0

max

, which for the chosen norms reduces to

areconstants,then

(6)

|.Fromthedefinitionof

1,2, , .(9)

wehave
.(10)

From
equationsweget

we know that

. According to the comparison theorem of differential

, whichimpliesthatallsolutionsofsystem(6)arebounded.

Main Result
Theorem 1 Suppose that system (6) has a unique equilibrium. Let the characteristic values of matrix be
, , , .If
0
1,2, , ,thentheuniqueequilibriumisstable.

, , , is an equilibrium point of system (6). Let
Suppose that
needtoconsiderthestabilityofthetrivialsolutionforthefollowingsystem:

. Then we only

(11)
Firstweconsiderthelinearpartofsystem(11).Let
0

characteristicvalueofmatrix satisfying
0

bethefundamentalsolutionof
1,2, ,

.Sinceeach

wehavefrom(11)
ds(12)

JournalofModernMathematicsFrontier,Volume42015www.sjmmf.org

Notingthat

0 ,thus

0 +

ds

0 +

ds (13)

BytheGronwallBellmaninequality,weget

ds

0 (14)

Since 0
0,thus
0as t ,which means that the trivial solution of (11) is stable, implying that the
uniqueequilibriumpointofsystem(6)isstable.
Theorem 2 Suppose that system (6) has a unique equilibrium. Let the characteristic values of matrix A be
, , , . If there is at least one
0, 1,2, , ,then the unique equilibrium is unstable. System (6)
generatesanoscillatorysolution.
We only need to prove the trivial solution of system (11) is unstable. Linearized system (11) around zero
pointweget
(15)
Thecharacteristicequationofsystem(15)correspondingto

isthefollowing:

(16)

EvenifEq.(16)isatranscendentalequation,obviouslythereexistsapositivesolution
0since
0and
0,which indicates that the trivial solution of system (15) is unstable, implying that the trivial solution of
system (11) is unstable. This again indicates that the unique equilibrium point of system (6) is unstable. The
instabilitycombiningtheuniquenessoftheequilibriumpointwillforcesystemtogenerateanoscillatorysolution.

Theorem3Let =min ,

}.Assumethatsystem(6)hasauniqueequilibrium.Ifthefollowinginequalityholds
(

>1(17)

Thentheuniqueequilibriumpointisunstable.System(6)generatesanoscillatorysolution.
Firstweconsiderthecase

,1

(1
|

).Since

0, fromsystem(15)wehave

|(18)

hence
(19)

where

|.Considerthescalardelaydifferentialequation
(20)

Thecharacteristicequationassociatedwith(20)givenby

(21)

If the trivial solution of (15) is stable, then (21) will have a real negative root

| |

| . By using inequality

0 , one can get 1

| |

0.From (21) we have

|

| | |

|
|

|
.The last inequality contradicts (17). So the trivial solution of (15) is unstable for
. It is
( ) |
known that in a delayed system, delay increasing does not change the instability of the solution. Hence for any

,thetrivialsolutionofsystem(11)isunstable,implyingthatsystem(6)generatesanoscillatorysolution.

Considerthefollowingillustrativefourpatchesstructuremodel

www.sjmmf.orgJournalofModernMathematicsFrontier,Volume42015

1.2
2.1
1.2
1.6

1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2

1.5
1.8
1.6
1.4

0.4
0.8
0.4
0.8

.
.
.
.

1.6
0.9
0.6
0.8

1.5
1.8
1.2
1.5

.
.
.
.

0.9,
0.5,
(22)
0.6,
1.3.

3.6,
3.2,
3.3,
3.5 , the four eigenvalues of matrix A are
When we select
0.1300, 3.2463, 5.1481, 4.6756,respectively.BasedonTheorem1,thesolutionsareconvergent(seeFig.1A).
2.8,theotherparametersarekeptinthesystem,weseethat
3.1,
2.8,
However,wechange
|
|
)
1.9253 1.AccordingtoTheorem3,thereisanoscillatorysolution(seeFig.1B).
0.4,and(

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JournalofModernMathematicsFrontier,Volume42015www.sjmmf.org

Chunhua Feng received his Ph. D. degree in Applied Mathematics from Beijing Institute of Technology, China (2001). He is
currentlyanAssistantProfessorofMathematicsatAlabamaStateUniversity,USA.HeisareviewerforAmericanMathematical
Reviews. He is a member of the editorial board for the American Research Journal of Mathematics and a member of review
board for the American Scholarly Research Association. He has had more than 60 papers published in various international
journalsasbothauthorandcoauthor.Hiscurrentresearchinterestsincludeperiodicandalmostperiodicsolutionsoftimedelay
systems,stabilityandoscillationofrecurrentneuralnetworks,andmathematicalbiology.