Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

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Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics

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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com

Three-dimensional quasi-static interfacial crack growth simulations in

thermo-mechanical environment by coupled FE-EFG approach
a
b
c

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Buddha Nagar, India
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Patna, Patna, India
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee, Roorkee, India

PR

Himanshu Pathak a, Akhilendra Singh b, Indra Vir Singh c,

ABSTRACT

Article history:
Received 28 April 2016
Received in revised form 26 July 2016
Accepted 2 August 2016
Available online xxx

This paper presents the three-dimensional interfacial crack growth simulations using coupled finite element and element
free Galerkin (FE-EFG) approach under mechanical and thermo-elastic loading. Extrinsic partition of unity (PU) enrichment technique has been employed to model a crack in the domain. Crack face and crack front have been modelled by
Heaviside and asymptotic branch enrichment functions respectively whereas a material interface has been modelled by a
signed distance function. Modified domain based interaction integral approach has been employed to evaluate the individual stress intensity factors. Standard Paris law of fatigue crack growth has been employed for the life prediction of interfacial cracked geometries. Several interfacial fatigue crack growth problems have been solved by the coupled EF-EFG
approach.

Keywords:
Three-dimensional interfacial crack
growth
Coupled FE-EFG approach
Stress intensity factors
Thermo-elastic loading

1. Introduction

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ARTICLE INFO

fatigue testing of polymer bi-material interfaces under thermo-mechanical load. Pippan and Riemelmoser [60] investigated the plastic
deformation of a crack perpendicular to the material interface under
cyclic mechanical loading. Milan and Bowen [40] predicted the fatigue crack growth of a crack perpendicular to bi-material interface,
and concluded that the elastic-plastic mismatch significantly affects
the fatigue crack growth resistance. Chen et al. [20] modelled the interface failure in hip-implants by finite element approach to predict the
fatigue crack growth using elasto-plastic fracture mechanics. Sukumar et al. [72] developed partition of unity (PU) enrichment technique to model interfacial crack problems. They concluded that the
twelve enrichment functions can accurately capture the oscillatory singular stress at the interfacial crack tip. Rakin et al. [67] investigated
the effect of thermal residual stress in bi-layered structures. Drai et
al. [22] performed the finite element analysis to understand the behaviour of interface cracks in ceramic-metal assemblies under the effect of thermal residual stress. Khandelwal and Kishen [33] computed
the SIFs for an interface crack under thermal loading. Boutabout et
al. [16] studied the effect of thermal and mechanical loading on the
behaviour of sub-interface crack in the ceramic material. They used
finite element formulation to simulate the mixed-mode crack propagation near the interface. Ouinas et al. [49] implemented the finite
element method to understand the interaction effect of micro-cracks
on the major interfacial crack. Mrz and Daliski [42] proposed a
new criterion to determine the angle of crack propagation in bi-material structure under mixed-mode loading. They assumed that the
crack is tough enough to cross the interface during its growth. This
criterion accurately predicts the crack growth in the layered structures. Hu and Yao [30] proposed a new singular finite element to
accurately model the interfacial crack tip. This element does not require any post processing to calculate SIFs. Moslemian et al. [41]

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Dissimilar or layered materials such as ceramic-metal and composite-metal have been widely used in engineering applications for the
purpose of strengthening or lightening of the components. Many modern applications such as thermal barrier coatings of gas turbine engines and space shuttle thermal protection systems can be modelled
as layered materials. The structural performance of the layered materials depends on the mechanical properties and the fracture behaviour of the interface. Unlike the behaviour of homogeneous materials,
abrupt change in properties at the interface is the major source of failure in the layered materials [29]. The presence of flaws such as cracks
or pores can complicate the modelling of the layered materials [69].
These flaws must be taken into account to accurately know the behaviour of the layered materials.
To analyse the behaviour of the materials in the presence of cracks/
flaws, various novel computational techniques have been developed
in past two decades. These include meshfree/particle methods
[62,63,66,79,80,1,45],
extended
finite
element
method
[19,39,78,3537], extended isogeometric analysis [17,12,13,18] and
others [5,6,4,7,2,32,3].
Over the years, a significant amount of work has been reported on
interfacial cracks in two-dimensional domain. Ritchie [69] discussed
the crack growth criterion based on elastic mismatch and critical energy release rate for interfacial cracks. Olsson and Giannakopoulos
[47] developed a closed form solution for interfacial crack geometry
subjected to thermal loading. Gurumurthy et al. [27] performed the

Corresponding author.

Email address: ivsingh@gmail.com (I.V. Singh)

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2016.08.001
0167-8442/ 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

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curate tracking of crack front is not easy, and involves lot of complexities. Hence, this research work presents a simple and efficient coupled
FE-EFG approach to model interfacial crack growth under cyclic fatigue loading. In the coupled approach, a small discontinuous region
near the crack is modelled by EFG while the rest of the continuum region is modelled by FE. The EFG method is quite suitable for modelling a discontinuous region whereas FEM is preferred over EFG for
the modelling of homogeneous continuum region since FEM is computationally much more efficient than EFG. Discontinuities due to the
presence of crack and interface are captured through extrinsic partition
of unity (PU) enrichment. In PU enrichment, the standard field variable approximation (i.e. displacement) is enriched through PU. Heaviside step function [26] is used to model a crack, and a signed distance
enrichment function [71] is used for the modelling of the interface.
Stress field singularity at the crack front has been modelled by asymptotic crack front enrichment functions [26]. The SIFs of bi-material interface cracks are numerically evaluated using domain form of interaction integral approach. Level set functions [79] are used for tracking the growing cracks. Crack growth is modelled by successive linear
extensions of crack surface. A curve crack front (for arbitrary shape
crack) is modelled by dividing it into the finite number of spline curve
segments [52,54,57], and the enclosed area of these spline segments
represents a crack surface. In this approach, the crack is not considered a part of the mesh and its presence is ensured by level set and
enrichment functions. Thus, any regular or arbitrary crack front can be
easily modelled by this approach. The main objectives of the present
work are as follows,

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used finite element technique to simulate fatigue crack growth in

bi-layered plate. Mrz and Mrz [43] proposed modified M-K criterion to predict crack growth in bi-material and multi-material interfaces. The initial crack orientation was assumed perpendicular to material interface. Belhouari et al. [9] used FEM based numerical formulation to calculate the J-integral and plastic zone size at the crack
tip of ceramic/metal interface under mode-I and mixed mode loading
conditions. Beom et al. [11] investigated an interfacial kinked crack
in dissimilar anisotropic materials under anti-plane deformation. They
developed linear transformation method to evaluate SIFs at the interface of anisotropic bi-materials. Delette et al. [21] studied the effect of thermal residual stress on de-bonding of multi-layered structures under thermal and mechanical loading. They used energy release
rate and mode-mixity criterion for crack growth. Kornev et al. [34]
performed the elastic and plastic analysis of delamination in bi-layered structures. Pathak et al. [53,52,54,55] analysed the interfacial
crack growth behaviour in 2-D under mechanical and thermo-elastic
loading. They used extended finite element method (XFEM) and element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) for simulations. Pant et al. [50]
proposed an intrinsic enriched EFGM to simulate interface cracks.
They modelled the bi-material interface using a jump function. Bhattacharya et al. [15] performed the fatigue crack growth simulations of
the bi-layered FGMs by XFEM. Nasri et al. [44] used XFEM to study
interaction effect between two cracks in bi-material cracked plate. Lei
et al. [38] presented a transient dynamic interface crack analysis in
magneto-electro-elastic bi-materials by time domain BEM. Yu et al.
[76] presented the analysis of interfacial dynamic impermeable cracks
in dissimilar piezoelectric materials under coupled electromechanical
loading by extended finite element method. Bhardwaj et al. [14] presented stochastic fatigue crack growth simulation of an interface crack
in bi-layered FGM using extended isogeometric analysis.
Some studies on 3-D interfacial cracks are also reported in the literature. Ortiz and Cisilino [48] used boundary element method to model
3-D interfacial crack problems. Interaction integral approach was used
to obtain stress intensity factors (SIFs) along the crack front. Johnson and Qu [31] proposed a modified interaction integral approach to
calculate SIFs for 3-D curvilinear cracks in bi-material domain under
mechanical and thermal loading. Guz et al. [28] studied the effect of
harmonic loading on the SIFs distribution along the crack front for
a penny-shape interface crack in a bi-material domain. Thermal fracture behaviour of a bi-material domain was explored by Petrova and
Schmauder [58]. Piccolroaz et al. [59] simulated 3-D interfacial crack
growth under mode-III loading. Crack growth contours were obtained
with an assumption of weak interfacial bond between two dissimilar
materials.
On the basis of literature review, it has been noticed that many
studies have been performed on interfacial cracks in 2-D, and a very
limited work is reported on interfacial cracks in 3-D. So far, the coupled finite element and element free Galerkin (coupled FE-EFG) approach is used to study 2-D cracks in homogeneous and bi-materials
[10,73,68,61,65,75] and 3-D cracks in homogeneous material [56,57]
but no work has been reported on 3-D interfacial cracks growth using coupled approach. Therefore, in this work, coupled FE-EFG approach has been used to model 3-D interfacial crack growth under
thermo-mechanical loading. As such, the modelling of arbitrary shape
interfacial growth is quite challenging task in 3-D. Interface crack possesses logarithmic singularity at the crack tip which must be properly modelled for an accurate prediction of crack growth direction.
During crack propagation, crack front moves in arbitrary direction depending upon applied load and crack surface configuration. The ac

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Coupled FE-EFG approach has been extended to simulate three-dimensional interfacial fatigue crack growth problems.
A small region near the interface and crack has been modelled by
extrinsic enriched EFG whereas the rest of domain is modelled by
FE.
The issue of Kronecker delta property in EFG is eliminated by FE,
and essential boundary conditions at the domain boundary are directly imposed at FE nodes.
Remeshing issue near the crack surface is resolved by EFG.
Extrinsic PU enrichment technique is employed to model interface
and crack.
Interfacial crack growth has been modelled including all issues like
logarithmic singularity, material discontinuity and crack kinking
criterion.
Only four enrichment functions are used to model a crack front
which results in huge saving of computational time without compromising on the accuracy of the solution.
An arbitrary shape crack front is modelled by spline segments to
improve the efficiency of the solution.

A generalized Matlab code has been written using Paris law to

compute the fatigue life. In order to check the robustness and accuracy
of the coupled approach, initially a benchmark interfacial centre crack
problem has been solved. The results obtained by coupled FE-EFG approach are compared with the existing reference solution [48].
2. Problem formulations
In this work, weak form of the governing equations has been used
to evaluate the numerical results. This section describes the strong
and weak forms of thermo-elasticity. The discrete equations are derived for three-dimensional interfacial crack problems in the following
sub-sections.

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

(3b)

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Consider a three-dimensional bi-material domain ( ) with

thermo-mechanical boundary conditions at , , and as shown
in Fig. 1. The boundary conditions like displacement, temperature,
heat flux and traction are imposed on the boundaries , ,
and
. Crack surfaces ( ) are assumed to be traction free. The equilibrium
equation and boundary conditions for quasi-static linear thermo-elastic problem can be described as,

2.1. Thermo-elastic equations

Incorporating the effect of thermal boundary condition, Eq. (3b) becomes,

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(1a)

(1b)

(3c)

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The discrete equations are obtained by introducing the displacement

and temperature approximation, weight and shape functions in Eqs.
(3a) and (3b).

(2)

(4b)

2.2. Approximation for displacement and temperature

In this work, extrinsic PU enriched approximation scheme is used
to capture the discontinuity due to the presence of interfacial crack. In
order to model a three-dimensional geometry with a crack and material interface, the displacement approximation [26] can be written as,

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In the above governing equations, q is heat flux, Q is heat source, k is

thermal conductivity, T is temperature field, is reference temperature, is the Cauchy stress tensor, C is the isotropic fourth order tensor, b is body force, u represents the displacement field, is the coefficient of thermal expansion, I is the identity second-order tensor and
is the symmetric gradient operator on a vector field. Steady state
heat conduction equation is solved without heat generation and then
elastic equilibrium equations are solved under thermos-elastic loading.
Weak form of governing equations (1) can be written as,

(4a)

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(3a)

Fig. 1. Domain with interfacial crack as discontinuity.

(5)
Two types of thermal boundary conditions namely thermal shock and
adiabatic have been considered. In case of thermal shock, uniform
temperature gradient is applied to whole the geometry. Thermal shock
induces discontinuity in displacement field across the crack surface
and jump in strain field across the material interface. Thus, Eq. (5)
has been used to approximate displacement field in interfacial thermal
shock problems whereas for the adiabatic interfacial crack problems,
displacement and temperature fields become discontinuous across the
crack surface and strain field possesses discontinuity along the material interface. Heat flux and stress fields are singular at the crack
front [70,23,77]. Heaviside step function is used to capture temperature jump. The near-tip enrichment is obtained by considering the
leading term of the asymptotic expansion of the temperature field. The
temperature and heat flux asymptotic fields for an adiabatic crack can
be written as,

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

(6b)

(10)

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The displacement field for above adiabatic crack can be approximated

by Eq. (5) and discontinuity in temperature field can be captured by
the following equation,

bi-material interface crack by using only four enrichment functions

[74,50,53,55]. In post processing, domain form of interaction integral
approach has been used to extract individual SIFs. In this approach,
logarithmic singularity based auxiliary field equations were used to
extract mixed mode SIFs in interfacial crack problems. These auxiliary field equations are based on bi-material constant along with Dundurs parameter [25]. This approach saves the computational time without compromising on the accuracy of the solution. The enrichment
functions obtained from Westergaards solution [8] for displacement
field are used to capture the singularity at the crack tip.

(6a)

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where R and are polar coordinates of evaluation point from crack

front in the local crack front coordinate system as shown in Fig. 2 [57].
2.3. Coupled FE-EFG approach

The FEM faces serious limitation in simulating fracture mechanics

problems whereas the EFGM deals fairly well with these problems.
In case of three-dimensional problems, computational time becomes
a crucial factor thus it is not advisable to use EFG in the entire domain. Hence, coupled FE-EFG approach has been used in this work.
In coupled approach, a small region near the crack is modelled by EFG
whereas the rest of the domain is modelled by the FE. The EFGM is
used near the crack surface as it is capable of accurately solving crack
morphology based on nodal approximation. Following are the major
advantages of coupled FE-EFG method,

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(6c)

In case of 3-D crack growth, the computational time becomes a

critical issue. Although, EFG shows good convergence but requires
huge computational time. Therefore, it is advantageous to use EFG
(meshfree) near the crack region and FE for rest of the geometry. This not only ensures the accurate modelling of the 3-D crack
growth but also reduces the computational time.
The region near the crack is modelled by meshfree method, thus
remeshing or conformal mesh is not needed for crack growth simulation.
The proper imposition of essential boundary condition is difficult
in standard EFG as MLS approximation used in EFG does not satisfy the Kronecker delta function property. In coupled approach, the
boundary is modelled by FE interpolation functions which satisfy
Kronecker delta property. As a consequence, the essential boundary
conditions can be directly imposed over the boundaries.

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In the above equations,

and
are approximated values
of displacement and temperature respectively over the domain. In
above approximation, the material interface is modelled by level set
function
[72], crack is modelled by Heaviside function
, and
crack tip is modelled by four crack tip asymptotic function
.
and are the field variables for the continuous part of EFG solution, are the additional degrees of freedom (DOFs) associated with
Heaviside function
, are the additional DOFs associated with
level set enrichment function
and are additional DOFs stands
for asymptotic enrichment functions. Heaviside function used for the
modelling of discontinuities in displacement and temperature fields, is
written as,

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(7)

where is the closest point of projection of x (evaluation point) on

the crack surface, and n is the normal to the crack plane.
Level set approach is used to capture the weak discontinuity, which
arise due to the material interface within the element. An enrichment
function for the material interface is defined as,

(8)

where
is the signed distance function, and
the level set function, which is defined as,

is

(9)

Crack tip enrichment functions are used to model the singularity

at the crack tip. In literature, twelve enrichment functions [72] were
used to model interfacial crack tips, but it is also possible to model a

Fig. 2. Local coordinate system at crack front.

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

Large deformation or moving boundary problem can be effectively

solved by coupled FE-EFG approach with coarser mesh since meshfree (EFG) methods can easily simulate large deformation problems. The localized region near the moving boundaries can be effectively modelled by EFG method, and rest of the geometry can be
modelled by FEM due to its high computational efficiency.

Therefore, a coupled shape function in transition region can be written

as,

A typical coupled FE-EFG computational domain with enriched

nodes is shown in Fig. 3. A ramp function is utilized in the transition/
interface elements. The shape function for transition element is constructed from FE, EFG, and ramp shape function, which satisfies consistency condition, and ensures the convergence [57]. Thus, approximation of primary variable in transition region is defined through FE
shape function, EFG shape function and ramp function. The coupling
of FE-EFG would exploit the merits of each method and would avoid
their deficiencies. In order to maintain the consistency in the interface
region, the displacement approximation [10] is given by,

In general, shape function for entire computational domain is summarised as,

,
and
are the FE and EFG approximations and
is the ramp function defined as the sum of the FE shape functions associated with interface element nodes on the EFG boundary.

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where
is FE shape function,
is standard EFG shape function and
is coupled FE-EFG shape function.
This coupled approach uses two different approximations within
the domain. In FE and EFG transition region, an effective mathematical treatment is required to maintain consistency and continuity of
the primary variable. Thus, a ramp function is used in the transition
region to maintain the consistency. The displacement (primary variable) approximation in the EFG domain needs to be defined in such
a way that crack growth always lies in the EFG region. In case of
3-D crack growth modelling, computational time is a critical issue. Although, EFG shows better convergence but its use in the entire domain
requires huge CPU time. Therefore, it is advantageous to use EFG
(meshfree) in the selected region near the crack and FEM in rest of the
domain. This ensures accurate modelling of the 3-D crack growth in
the optimum time.

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where

(16)

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(11)

(15)

(12)

After substituting the displacement approximation in Eq. (11), the approximation in transition element is given by

2.4. Crack growth

A bi-material body consists of an interfacial edge crack, centre

crack or arbitrary spline shape cracks is considered for the crack
growth simulation. The crack growth simulations of are performed under constant amplitude cyclic loading. The body consisting of an interfacial embedded arbitrary shape spline crack, edge or centre crack
is taken for the simulation. The domain form of interaction integral
approach is used for the calculation of mixed-mode SIFs. A hollow
cuboid domain as shown in Fig. 4 has been created to calculate individual SIFs. The interaction integral is related with SIFs (KI, KII and
KIII) by the following relation [46],

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(13)

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(14)

Fig. 3. FE, EFG and interface region with enriched nodes.

(17)
where is bi-material constant,
and
are equivalent Youngs
modulus and shear modulus respectively. Special auxiliary field equations for an interfacial crack problems are presented in Appendix A.

(18)

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crack may kink [29] into anyone of the bulk materials depending upon
the loading, boundary condition and material properties. Crack kinking behaviour has been studied for two dissimilar bulk materials without considering the effect of interface material. The kinking criterion
[29] to select a particular bulk material is given as,

(24)

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where
is the energy release rate of a crack at kinked position,
is the energy release rate for crack advance along its interface,
is the critical energy release rate of the bulk material in which
the crack kinks in, and
is referred as the interface toughness.
This kinking criterion has been modified in terms of SIFs. Depending
on crack growth direction ( ), the following expression can be written,

Fig. 4. Hollow cuboidal J-domain.

In above equation,
are obtained using Eq. (22). Interface is assumed stronger than both the bulk materials. Therefore, a crack kinks
in any one of the base material based on the modified criterion. Two
ratios Z1 and Z2 are defined as,

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(19)

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The values of SIFs obtained through numerical simulations are used to

predict the direction and length of the crack growth increment. In general, the crack growth path is curved, but it can be modelled by small
size linear increments [24] of the crack front. The range of SIFs for
constant amplitude cyclic load is defined as,
(22)

where
and
are the values of equivalent SIFs corresponding to maximum (
or
) and minimum (
or
) applied loads. The equivalent SIFs for maximum and minimum applied
load can be calculated by following expression,

(23)

The crack growth direction has been obtained using maximum

principal stress criterion which assumes that a crack grows in a direction perpendicular to the maximum principal stress. In the present
work, it is assumed that the interface toughness is relatively high so

(26)

where 1 and 2 represents material l and material 2 respectively. If

, the crack kinks towards the first material at angle
otherwise it propagates in the second material at
. Standard Paris
law [51] has been used to predict the fatigue life at each crack growth
step,
(21)

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(20)

(25)

(27)

where is the crack length, is the number of loading cycles, and

are the material constants. After determining the direction of the
crack increment, the crack length, crack front nodes and split nodes
are updated and modified by the level set function.
3. Numerical results and discussion
In order to check the accuracy, initially a benchmark interfacial
static crack problem has been solved by the coupled FE-EFG approach and the results are compared with the available boundary
element solution [48]. Further, three problems i.e. interfacial edge
crack, interfacial centre crack and interfacial arbitrary shape crack
have been analysed. The crack growth contours have been obtained
under cyclic mechanical, cyclic thermal shock and cyclic adiabatic
thermal loads. In case of cyclic mechanical load, the top face of the
domain is subjected to cyclic traction whereas the bottom face is fixed.
In case of thermal shock load, uniform temperature change is imposed throughout the domain whereas top and bottom surfaces are
constrained whereas in case of adiabatic load [70,23,77], the crack surfaces are assumed to be thermally insulated, and a specific temperature is imposed on top and bottom faces of the body. The adiabatic

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

Table 1
Material properties.
Parameter

Numerical value

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Elastic modulus of soft material

Elastic modulus of stiff material
Poissons ratio for soft material
Poissons ratio for stiff material
Thermal expansion coefficient of soft material
Thermal expansion coefficient of stiff
material
Thermal conductivity of soft material
Thermal conductivity of stiff material
Fracture toughness of soft material

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Fracture toughness of stiff material

Paris constant of soft material

Paris constant of stiff material

Paris exponent of soft material

Paris exponent of stiff material

3
3

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problem is decoupled into thermal and elastic problems. First, the

steady state heat conduction equation is solved for the unknown temperature field, then this solution is used as a thermal load input for
the elastic problem. Extrinsic partition of unity enrichments have been
used to capture the strong (crack) and weak (bi-material interface) discontinuities. Heaviside and crack front enrichment functions are used
for the modelling of the crack whereas a signed distance function is
used for the modelling of bi-material interface. The adiabatic crack
[70,23,77] contains the discontinuity in both displacement and temperature fields across the crack surface, thus both temperature and displacement fields are enriched.
The entire problem domain is divided into two parts: EFG domain
and FE domain. The EFG has been used near the crack surface as it
is capable of accurately solving the crack morphology based on nodal
approximation whereas rest of the domain is modelled by standard FE.
A ramp function is utilized in the transition/interface elements. Extrinsic partition of unity (PU) enrichment is used in EFG region to capture the geometric discontinuities. FE region is discretized by the eight
node brick elements and EFG region is approximated by uniformly
distributed nodes. In EFG region, a uniform nodal distribution i.e.
nodes have been created along width, height and thickness directions. In FE domain, the eight node Lagrangian type shape
functions are used for the approximation of the displacement field.
Interface/transition region is approximated by a ramp function. The
shape function for transition element is constructed from FE, EFG and
ramp shape functions, and satisfies the consistency requirement and
ensures solution convergence. A brick shape background cell has been
created for the numerical integration of weak form. A characterised
integration scheme [64] has been used to evaluate the integration over
discontinuous integration cell. Two-point Gauss quadrature has been
used in FE integration cell and four-point standard Gauss quadrature
has been used in integration cell associated with FE-EFG transition region. The integration cell intersected by material interface and crack
surface is sub-divided into multiple tetrahedrons. Three-point quadrature scheme has been used in these tetrahedrons. Integration cell associated with crack front are also sub-divided into multiple tetrahedrons,
and nine-point quadrature is used in these tetrahedrons. Four-point
Gauss quadrature is used in the cells associated with blending elements [57]. The SIFs have been evaluated using domain based interaction integral approach. In this approach, a contour integral is expressed
in terms of volume integral over a finite domain surrounding the crack
front. Auxiliary field (with logarithmic singularity) are used to extract
mixed mode SIFs. Standard Paris model is used for the prediction of
fatigue life. A generalized code has been developed to obtain the numerical results. The material properties used in the present simulations
are tabulated in Table 1. The results are presented in the form of fatigue life and crack growth profile.

3.1. Static interfacial centre crack

To check the accuracy of the coupled approach, a static interfacial

centre crack lying in a cuboid has been solved by coupled FE-EFG approach under mechanical loading as shown in Fig. 5. The SIFs are obtained by coupled approach for a modulus ratio of
. From
the normalized SIFs
plot shown in Fig. 6, it is concluded
that crack induces all three modes of SIFs (KI, KII and KIII) whose values are in good agreement with the reference solution [48]. In the SIFs
plots near the free surface, the amplitude of all three modes increase
and matches well with the reference solution [48].

Fig. 5. Interfacial centre crack body under mechanical load.

3.2. Interfacial edge, center and arbitrary shape crack growth

In this section, three interfacial cracks (edge, centre and arbitrary
shape) have been solved under cyclic mechanical and cyclic thermal
loading. The numerical results are presented in form of fatigue life and
crack growth contours.
3.2.1. Mechanical loading
Two interfacial edge and centre crack problems are solved under cyclic mechanical loading. These problems are solved by EFGM,
XFEM and coupled FE-EFG approach. The results obtained in terms
of fatigue cycles are compared with each other to check the accuracy
of the coupled approach. The dimensions of the domain (cuboid) are
taken as
for the simulations. The cuboid

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3.2.2. Thermo-elastic loading

In this sub-section, two interfacial (edge and centre) crack growth
problems are simulated under cyclic thermo-elastic loading. Two
types of thermal loads namely shock and adiabatic have been applied to get the numerical solutions. A bi-material body of size
with an interfacial crack is considered
for the simulation.

of
= 22.52 C and minimum shock load of
= 0 C. All DOFs
associated with the top and bottom faces are constrained which induces the thermo-elastic stress in the cracked geometry. The fatigue
life obtained by Paris law under thermal shock load is presented in Fig.
12 for the interfacial edge and interfacial centre cracks. The fatigue
life of the interfacial edge and centre crack are found as 9308 cycles
and 22,956 cycles respectively.

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containing either an interfacial edge crack of length, a = 20 mm or

an interfacial centre crack of length, 2a = 20 mm is solved under
cyclic tensile loads as shown in Fig. 7. A constant cyclic load of
and
is applied at the top surface
whereas all degrees of freedom associated with the bottom surface are
constrained. The crack growth profile obtained by coupled approach at
critical crack length is presented in Fig. 8 for an interfacial edge crack
and in Fig. 9 for an interfacial centre crack. From these plots, it is observed that the crack kinks gradually towards the weak material. At
each step of crack growth, the SIFs have been evaluated at midpoint
of the crack front along the thickness. These values of SIFs are further
used for evaluating the fatigue life. The fatigue life obtained by coupled approach for interfacial edge and centre cracks is shown in Fig.
10 and Table 2. These simulations show that fatigue cycles obtained
by EFGM, XFEM and coupled FE-EFG are in good agreement with
each other.

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Fig. 6. A comparison of normalized SIFs with reference solution along an interfacial

crack front.

3.2.2.1. Thermal shock

In thermal shock load, a uniform temperature change is imposed
on the entire domain. Top and bottom surfaces are constrained which
results in the thermal stress. Body with an edge crack of length,
and centre crack of length,
have been considered for the simulation as shown in Fig. 11. In order to compare the effect of mechanical and thermal loads, both mechanical and
thermo-elastic problems are solved by coupled approach. Equivalent
to cyclic mechanical load, thermal shock load has been calculated by
, which results in the maximum thermal shock load

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3.2.2.2. Adiabatic crack

This sub-section describes the fatigue crack growth simulations of
the interfacial crack problems under adiabatic thermal loading. The
adiabatic problem is decoupled into thermal and structural problems.
First, a heat equation is solved for temperature distribution, and this
temperature profile is used as load input for the structural problem. In
adiabatic case, the crack surfaces are assumed to be thermally insulated. A specific temperature is imposed on the top and bottom faces
of the domain whereas all vertical faces are made thermally insulated.
Both displacement and temperature fields are discontinuous across
the crack surface. Heaviside function is used to capture the discontinuities in both temperature and displacement fields. The interfacial

Fig. 7. Domain with interfacial edge and centre cracks under mechanical load.

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Fig. 8. Crack growth contour for an interfacial edge crack under cyclic mechanical load (a) domain with crack (b) magnified view of crack growth.

Fig. 9. Crack growth contour for an interfacial centre crack under cyclic mechanical load (a) domain with crack (b) magnified view of crack growth.

edge crack and centre crack problems are simulated by coupled approach under adiabatic thermal load. A body with an interfacial edge
crack of length,
and centre crack of length,
have been taken for the simulations as shown in Fig. 13. A constant
cyclic heat flux has been applied across the crack surface. The top
and bottom faces of interfacial (edge and centre) crack domain are
specified as
and
respectively for maximum cyclic thermal load whereas these specified temperatures become zero for minimum thermal load. In addition to this, the crack
is kept thermally insulated (adiabatic) which creates discontinuity in
the temperature field. Fig. 14 shows a comparison of fatigue life for
interfacial edge and interfacial centre cracks under cyclic adiabatic
thermal load. The fatigue life is found to be 3962 cycles for an inter

facial edge crack whereas the fatigue life is found as 10,391 cycles for
an interfacial centre crack.
3.2.3. Arbitrary shape interfacial crack growth
In this section, arbitrary spline shape crack lying at the interface of
the domain has been simulated by coupled FE-EFG approach. Crack
front has been created by taking 26 arbitrary points at the interface,
which are joined together by splines to form a closed arbitrary shape
crack. The surface enclosed by the arbitrary splines is divided into triangles using Delaunay triangulation scheme. A constant cyclic traction of
and
is applied at the top face
of the domain, whereas the bottom face is constrained in z-direction
as shown in Fig. 15. For SIFs computation, J-domain has been cre

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

case of cyclic thermal shock loading whereas in the case of adiabatic

crack, top and bottom faces of the cracked geometry are specified with
and
respectively. The problems along
with boundary conditions are shown in Figs. 18 and 19. In order to
obtain the crack growth profile,
has been calculated at all J-domain locations. The crack increments are given at all selected J-domain points along the crack front. The crack growth direction has been
predicted by modified crack kinking criterion i.e. Eq. (26). During
each step of crack growth, the crack growth direction is calculated,
and crack increment is given along the predicted direction. The new
positions of all points are found after each crack growth step, and are
joined together by the curve to obtain a new crack front. The crack
growth profile and fatigue life obtained for cyclic mechanical load are
presented in Figs. 20 and 21 respectively. From crack growth profile, it is seen that the arbitrary shape crack gradually achieves circular shape and move towards soft material (bottom side). Crack growth
contours and fatigue life are presented in Figs. 22 and 23 respectively
under thermal shock load. Thus, it is noticed that the thermal shock
load exhibits more fatigue life as compared to equivalent mechanical
load. Crack growth simulations are also performed for cyclic adiabatic
load. Crack growth contours and fatigue cycle are shown in Figs. 24
and 25 respectively. During crack growth, crack surface propagates towards the bottom side of the cuboid.

Table 2
Fatigue failure life for interfacial cracks under cyclic mechanical load.
Interfacial crack

Edge crack
Centre crack

Fatigue failure life (no. of cycles)

EFGM

XFEM

Coupled FE-EFG

3934
14,039

3877
13,938

3829
13,477

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Fig. 10. A comparison of fatigue life for interfacial edge and centre cracks under mechanical load.

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This work presents three-dimensional interfacial crack growth simulations using coupled FE-EFG approach under mechanical and
thermo-elastic loading. Extrinsic partition of unity enrichment is used
to capture the geometric discontinuities present in the domain. Heaviside and crack tip enrichment functions are used to model a crack
whereas a signed distance function is used to capture the discontinuity due to the presence of bi-material interface. A benchmark problem
has been solved to check accuracy of the coupled approach. In addition to this, interfacial edge, centre and arbitrary shape cracks are simulated under cyclic loading to predict the fatigue life of the interfacial cracked structures. On the basis of the present work, the following
conclusions are drawn,

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ated using 25 arbitrary points along the crack front as shown in Fig.
16. The SIFs are presented in Fig. 17 at the first step of crack growth.
Crack growth direction is evaluated from the values of SIFs. Due
to irregular shape of the crack front, the mode-I and mode-II SIFs
vary along the crack front, whereas mode-III SIF is found constant
(nearly zero) along the crack front. Both thermal shock and adiabatic
loads are imposed on the cracked geometry to predict the fatigue life
and crack growth contours. A maximum load of
and
minimum load of
has been applied over the domain in

4. Conclusions

Fig. 11. Domain with interfacial edge and centre cracks under cyclic thermal shock load.

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

11

Acknowledgement

The authors wish to thank the Department of Science and

Technology (DST), New Delhi, India for funding this research
through grant file no. YSS/2015/001385.

A.1. Homogeneous material

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Appendix A

Auxiliary field equations [8] for SIFs evaluation in homogeneous

cracked domain have been presented in this appendix. The auxiliary
field equations for each modes of failure are described in the following way,

Fig. 12. A comparison of fatigue life for interfacial edge and centre cracks under cyclic
thermal shock load.

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A.1.1. Mode I loading

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Coupled FE-EFG approach is found quite capable to solve 3-D interfacial crack growth problems under mechanical and thermo-elastic loading.
Arbitrary shape crack is efficiently simulated by the coupled
FE-EFG approach.
Only four crack front enrichment functions are sufficient to model
an interface crack in place of twelve crack front enrichment functions.
Fatigue life of an interfacial edge crack body is found small as compared to the interfacial centre crack body under same loading and
boundary conditions.
Crack gradually moves towards the weak material in case of interfacial crack growth simulations.
Thermal shock loading exhibits more fatigue life as compared to
equivalent mechanical load.

Fig. 13. Domain with interfacial edge and centre cracks under adiabatic loading conditions.

(A1)

(A2)

(A3)

(A4)

(A5)

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Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

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(A8)

(A9)

(A10)

(A11)

A.1.2. Mode II loading

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Fig. 14. A comparison of fatigue life for interfacial edge and centre cracks under adiabatic loading conditions.

(A12)

(A6)
Derivatives of displacement field may be defined as,

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(A7)

Fig. 15. Cuboid with an interfacial arbitrary shape crack under cyclic mechanical load.

(A13)

(A14)

13

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Fig. 16. J-domain position along the crack front.

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Fig. 18. Domain with an interfacial arbitrary shape crack under thermal shock load.

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Fig. 17. SIFs variation along J-domain position at initial load step.

(A15)

(A16)

(A17)

Fig. 19. Domain with an interfacial arbitrary shape crack under adiabatic thermal load.

Derivatives of displacement field may be defined as,

(A18)

(A19)

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Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

Fig. 20. Interfacial arbitrary shape crack growth under cyclic mechanical load.

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A.1.3. Mode III loading

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14

(A22)

(A23)

(A24)

(A25)

Fig. 21. Fatigue life of an interfacial arbitrary shape crack under mechanical load.

(A20)

(A21)

(A26)
where R and are polar co-ordinates of evaluation point from crack
front/tip in local co-ordinate system, is shear modulus, is Poisson
ratio and is Kolsov constant will be defined as,
(A27)
A.2. BI-Material
Auxiliary field equations for SIFs evaluation in bi-material interfacial cracked domain [72,48] may be defined in the following ways,

15

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Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

(A30)

(A31)

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Fig. 22. Interfacial arbitrary shape crack growth under cyclic thermal shock load.

(A32)

(A29)

In the defined expressions (j = 1, 2) represents the particular mate

Fig. 23. Fatigue life of an interfacial arbitrary shape crack under thermal shock load.

(A33)

(A28)
(A34)

(A35)

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

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Fig. 24. Interfacial arbitrary shape crack growth under adiabatic thermal load.

(A40)

(A41)

(A42)

(A43)

(A44)

(A45)

Fig. 25. Fatigue life of an interfacial arbitrary shape crack under adiabatic thermal load.

rial domain, other notations may be defined as,

(A46)

(A36)
(A47)

(A37)

(A48)

(A38)

(A39)

(A49)
Auxiliary derivative of displacement fields are defined as,

Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics xxx (2016) xxx-xxx

17

(A62)

(A50)

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(A63)

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(A51)

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(A52)

(A64)

(A65)

(A53)

(A66)

(A54)

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where other terms are defined as,

(A55)

(A67)

(A68)

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(A57)

(A58)

(A59)

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