Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
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Truck Technology:
The Professor
The professor explains
everything about trucks in a
way thats easy to understand.
He says: Everything youre going
to learn is vital for your work, so I
hope youll pay close attention.
The Assistant
The assistant sees considers
everything from your point of
view and supplements the
professors explanations.
She says: I have a lot to learn, so
Im studying hard.
Canter
Canter explains Mitsubishi
Fuso technologies.
He says: I hope youll do your
best to understand the
technologies used in trucks like
me.
3
4
5
6
7
8
CHECK SHEET
INDEX
The Salesman
The salesman wants
to be a great
success with
customers.
He says: Technical
things are hard for me
to understand, but Im
doing my best.
Introduction
Truck body
(produced by specialist body maker)
Chassis
(produced by Mitsubishi Fuso)
Cab-over-engine type
Cab-behind
Cab
The cab can be either of two types: a cab-over-engine type,
which is mounted above the engine, or a cab-behind-engine type,
which has the engine mounted in front of it.
The cab-over-engine type is more easily affected by engine noise
and vibration because of its position above the engine,
but liquid-filled rubber parts and springs are located between the cab
and frame to ensure good ride comfort. In Japan,
which has regulations on overall vehicle lengths, the cab-over-engine type
which permits more space to be used for the load bed, is more popula
Headlamps
Mitsubishi Fuso trucks have discharge headlamps.
These headlamps have projector lenses,
which help realize long illumination distances,
and they produce light by means of discharge tubes,
which have about twice the brightness and three times
the service life of conventional halogen bulbs.
ssis?
Propeller shaft
The propeller shaft transmits power from the output side
of the transmission to the reduction and differential gear.
Frame: The frame consists of two side rails and a number of crossmembers.
From above, it looks like a ladder. The body is mounted on the frame.
Crossmember
Side rail
?
?
Customer:
The clutch seems to be slipping.
Salesman:
I dont know what you mean. Help!
See
The clutch, transmission, and reduction and differential gear are together known
as the driveline. All of the items in the driveline are essential for propulsion of the
truck. The engines power is transmitted from the clutch to the transmission and is
transmitted from there by the propeller shaft to the reduction and differential gear,
which transmits it to the wheels.
The term 4x4 (or four by four) indicates the total number of
wheels and the number of wheels that are driven by engine
power. In other words, it shows that a vehicle has four wheels
and that all four wheels are driven by engine power.
The clutch is located between the engine and transmission. It is used to make and
break (as necessary) the flow of power from the engine toward the wheels. The
clutch is used to interrupt the flow of power when the engine is being started, when
gear changes are performed using the transmission, and when the brakes are used
to stop the vehicle. At other times (for example, when the vehicle is driven away
from a standing start), the clutch is used to smoothly transmit power toward the
wheels.
E
What is clutch
slippage?
Clutch disc
Flywheel
Diaphragm-spring type
Most current clutches are of the diaphragm-spring type,
in which clutch engagement is achieved by the pushing
force of a diaphragm spring (a disc-shaped spring).
When the clutch pedal is depressed, the diaphragm
spring is pushed back to disengage the clutch.
[Merits]
The required pedal effort can be made low.
The spring applies pressure uniformly to the disc.
The number of parts is small; the structure is simple.
Since the spring is disc-shaped, it does not deform
when subjected to strong centrifugal force at high
speeds of rotation; its good balance permits
consistent clutch performance.
Dia
ap
Flywheel
Clutch disc
Flywheel
(Clutch engaged)
(Clutch disengaged)
Coil-spring type
Truck clutches are and have been most often of the
coil-spring type. With this type of clutch, engagement is
achieved using the pushing force of a coil spring (also
called a pressure spring). When the clutch pedal is
depressed, a release lever is pushed to disengage the
clutch.
[Merits]
The force that pushes the clutch disc is extremely
great.
Mitsubishi Fuso trucks offer the benefits of both of the types described above. It is usual for
coil-spring clutches to be used in some heavy-duty trucks and for diaphragm-spring
clutches, which have a lighter pedal action and better balance, to be used in other trucks.
With the Super Great (a heavy-duty truck with extremely high engine power), however, a
diaphragm-type clutch is combined with a special device that enables the diaphragm spring
to produce more pushing force than a coil spring.
Whats the
3 transmission?
About the transmission
The transmission combines gears with differing numbers of teeth to change the
torque and speed of the engine power while transmitting the power to the propeller
shaft. There are two transmission types: manual and automatic. With a manual
transmission, the driver manually uses the transmission to change gears. With an
automatic transmission, the transmission automatically performs gear changes as
the vehicle is driven.
The role of the transmission
A vehicle must allow itself to be driven in a wide range of ways. (For example, it must allow itself to be driven away from a
standing start, driven at various speeds, and reversed.) Consequently, the transmission allows the engines characteristics to
be exploited effectively under widely varying driving conditions. Consider a bicycle that has selectable gears. The rider selects
gears in order to lighten the pedal action on uphill roads and to be able to ride fast on level roads. The transmission of a motor
vehicle is basically the same as the gears of the bicycle. It allows gears (actually combinations of gears) to be selected in order,
for example, to realize lots of power for standing starts and on uphill roads and to enable the truck to be driven fast on long
downhill slopes. The terms 1st, 2nd, and 3rd (or low, second, and third) refer to the combinations of gears.
Precise gear changes are necessary with a truck that carries heavy cargo.
For this reason, some Mitsubishi Fuso Super Great models have a 16-gear (or 16-speed) transmission.
Gear ratios
The gear ratio is the ratio between the speed of the engine and the
speed of the propeller shaft. For forward motion, 1st gear has the
highest gear ratio and 2nd and 3rd gears have smaller ratios in that
order.
NOTE
Even if two engines have identical performance, the torque
reaching the wheels can be very different depending on the
transmission gear ratios and the final reduction ratio (see page 14).
A vehicles power performance does not depend on the engine
alone. The transmission gear ratios and the final reduction ratio
must also be taken into account when vehicles are compared.
Torque
Speed
High
Low
Low
High
Reversing a
vehicle
sed
urn
Small force
<Backward>
<Forward>
Manual transmissions have been made in different types that bring together their internal gears using
different methods. The synchromesh type is used in todays vehicles.
<Evolution of transmissions>
Sliding-mesh type
This is the most elementary type of transmission. With this type, gears that are turning are directly
brought together. Smoothly meshing gears is not easy for the driver. A grinding sound can occur when
gears hit each other.
Clutch disc
Countershaft
Constant-mesh type
The constant-mesh type is an improvement upon the sliding-mesh type.
The upper gears and lower gears are constantly meshed but turn freely
(not transmitting power) until a sliding gear is meshed.
Clutch disc
Sliding gear
ist?
Synchromesh type
The synchromesh type is the most common type today.
Whereas the constant-mesh type involves directly
meshing a sliding gear, the synchromesh type contains
synchronizer rings (conical clutches) that equalize the
speeds of gears before meshing the gears. Since the
gears are turning at the same speed when they mesh,
the meshing takes place smoothly.
A : Synchronizer ring
(2) Synchronization
When the gearshift lever is moved, gear B moves sideways. A
metal fitting on the inside of gear B (the black part in the figure)
moves sideways together with it, pushing gear A against gear
4 . At this time, gear B is still not meshed with gear A . Owing
to friction that occurs between gear A and gear 4 , gears 4 ,
A , B , and C then gradually start turning together. Thus, the
friction has a synchronizing effect.
B
A
4
C
B
A
4
C
Fluid coupling
Torque converter
In the fluid coupling described above, rotation of the
engine-side impeller causes fluid to hit the other
(impeller, thereby causing it to turn such that power is
transmitted. Fluid that has hit the driveshaft-side
impeller is then forcefully thrown back toward the
engine-side impeller, assisting its rotation and thereby
boosting the torque. The torque-boosting function is
provided by the torque converter.
Torque converter
[Merits]
Since the engines power is transmitted by fluid, there is no need for the driver to engage and disengage a
clutch. Also, standing starts and later acceleration are smooth and occur without any risk of an engine stall.
[Demerits]
Since the engines power is transmitted by fluid, fuel economy and acceleration are slightly inferior to those
occurring with a manual transmission. Also, the mechanism is relatively complex, heavy, and costly.
10
mission?
INOMAT
(fuzzy-logic-controlled mechanical-type automatic transmission)
The INOMAT is basically a manual transmission that is automatically
controlled by a computer. Unlike a regular automatic transmission, it does
not use fluid to transmit power. Consequently, it has higher transmission
efficiency. And since a computer optimally selects gears to suit driving
conditions, the drivers physical burden is lessened and fuel economy is,
regardless of the drivers skill, enhanced.
INOMAT
The clutch pedal is used for a standing start.
Subsequently, the computer effects control, so the
transmission gives relaxing automatic operation.
Computer
INOMAT
Three pedals
Clutch pedal
INOMAT II
All transmission operation from starting to stopping is
automatically controlled by the computer, so there is no
clutch pedal.
Manual transmission
Two pedals
11
What is overdrive?
About overdrive
What is overrunning?
Unless the vehicle speed is kept under control when a
vehicle is driven down a steep hill, the vehicle speed
and engine speed can continue to increase such that
the engines maximum speed is exceeded and the
engine emits a severe noise. This condition is known
as overrunning. Overrunning (and engine damage)
can also occur if a gear change is made from 5th to
3rd while the vehicle is moving at high speed. For
every gearshift, a limit on the initial vehicle speed is
specified. The limits must be observed.
Transmission shapes
Box-type case
Transmission
Cylinder-type case
12
What is a power
7 takeoff (PTO)?
About PTOs
A PTO is a device that allows power to be taken from a special-purpose vehicles engine or transmission to
drive equipment that is mounted on the vehicle. There are three types of PTO: transmission PTO; flywheel
PTO; and full-power PTO. Any type of PTO is only optionally available for all chassis types with some
exceptions.
Transmission PTO
A transmission PTO is mounted on the left-hand side of
the transmission. A PTO control lever, which acts
through a control device, allows the takeoff of power to
be turned ON and OFF. This type of PTO is used
mainly while the vehicle is stationary.
[Features]
Low cost; easy installation
[Applications]
Dump trucks; tank lorries, vacuum trucks, garbage
collection trucks; simple crane trucks; ladder (highelevation working platform) trucks
Flywheel PTO
A flywheel PTO is mounted in the top of the engines
flywheel housing. (See page 21 of the Engine section.)
Since power is taken directly from the engine, vehiclemounted equipment can, provided the engine is
running, be driven whether the vehicle is stationary or
moving. When ON-OFF control over the PTO is
needed, an electromagnetic clutch is used.
[Features]
Power is taken directly from the engine. This kind of
PTO can be used on only a limited number of vehicle
types.
[Applications]
Cement mixer trucks, garbage collection trucks
Full-power PTO
A full power PTO can be either of two kinds. One kind
(used on heavy-, medium-, and light-duty trucks) is
located between the clutch housing and transmission.
The other kind (used on light-duty trucks) is located at
the back of the transmission. A full-power PTO uses all
of the engines power, so can be used while the vehicle
is stationary.
[Features]
100% of the engines power is used. However, this kind
of PTO is costly and can be used on only a limited
number of vehicle types.
[Applications]
Fire engines and sludge suction (pumping) vehicles
13
Engine
Engine
Clutch
Clutch
ion
Engine
Clutch
Transmission
n
onal.
A PTO is opti
What is a
8 reduction gear?
About reduction gears
The reduction gear turns the power from the propeller shaft
through an angle of 90 and transmits it to the rear axle
shafts. It also effects a speed reduction and a torque
increase. Since it effects the final speed reduction, it is also
known as a final reduction gear unit and its reduction ratio
is known as the final reduction ratio.
r shaft
on pinion
Hypoid gears
The axis of the reduction pinion and the axis of the
ring gear are offset from each other, and the degree of
curvature of the teeth is great. Gears of this type are
widely used today.
[Merits]
A low center of gravity promotes stability. The tooth-totooth contact areas are large, so meshing is firm and
quiet.
Reduction pinion
Ring gear
Ring gear
Reduction pinion
14
What is a differential
9 gear?
About differential gears
<Negotiating a curve>
When more resistance acts on one wheel than on the
other (on a curve, for example), the central gear in
the illustration (representing the differential pinions)
turns, causing the wheel that is subjected to less
resistance to turn faster and further.
15
How is a truck
steered?
The steering system
Customer:
How does power steering lighten the
steering wheel?
Salesman:
I dont know. Help!
See page 18.
16
The steering gearbox makes the steering wheel feel light to turn and boosts the force that is transmitted from
the steering wheel. There are two types of steering gearbox: the ball-and-nut type and the rack-and-pinion
type.
Ball-and-nut type
Numerous steel balls are enclosed between the contact
faces of a worm shaft (part of the steering shaft) and a
ball nut. The balls transmit the rotation of the steering
shaft to the ball nut. Their rolling action keeps friction
low, thereby allowing the steering wheel to be turned
with little effort. This type of steering gearbox is
characterized by light steering action and high
durability.
Steering shaft
Worm shaft
Ball nut
Rack-and-pinion type
A pinion gear is attached to the end of the steering
shaft and is meshed with a rack gear. Rotation of the
pinion gear causes the rack gear to move sideways. By
means of tie rods, the rack gears sideways movement
causes changes in the directions in which the wheels
point. This type of steering gear is structurally simple
and compact. It tends to transmit shock from the road
surface to the steering wheel, but it gives sharp
directional response to turning of the steering wheel.
Sector shaft
Pitman arm
Steering gearbox
Steering shaft
Rack gear
Pinion gear
Tie rod
17
What is power
2 steering?
About power steering
A power steering system is a steering system in which a booster
uses hydraulic pressure to reduce the effort needed to turn the
steering wheel. Typically, the hydraulic pressure is produced by a
dedicated oil pump that is driven by engine power. The oil circulates
back to the oil pump.
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18
Carrying
Turning
Running
Stopping
The principle of brake operation
A trucks brakes operate on basically the same
principle as a bicycles brakes: They use friction to stop
the wheels from turning. With a bicycle, the friction is
produced by rubber blocks that are pressed against the
wheel rims. With trucks, however, the usual
arrangement involves drums and brake shoes. The
shoes have friction material on them. When the brakes
are applied, the friction material is pressed firmly
against the drums to produce friction that stops the
wheels from turning.
Brake shoe
Drum
19
Hydraulic brakes
With a bicycle, the strength of the riders hands is sufficient to apply the brakes. With a truck, however, much
greater force is needed. For this reason, hydraulic brakes are generally used on trucks.
The operating principle of hydraulic brakes is as follows: When the brake pedal is depressed, a piston is
pushed, causing the pressure of brake fluid in a master cylinder to increase. The pressurized fluid flows
through brake pipes and acts upon wheel cylinders (one for each wheel). In each of the wheel cylinders, the
pressure pushes a piston that, in turn, pushes the brake shoes against the drum.
Master cylinder
Master Vac
(See page 22.
eel cylinder
If a brake pipe becomes holed and brake fluid leaks out, the brakes served by that pipe can stop working.
Consequently, the hydraulic brakes on a truck are divided into two circuits: one circuit for the front wheels and
one circuit for the rear wheels. If one circuit suffers a fluid leak, the other circuit still enables safe brake
application.
Tandem master cylinder
This kind of master cylinder is internally divided into
two parts that independently produce hydraulic
pressure for the front brakes and rear brakes,
respectively.
Brake chamber
Mitsubishi Fuso uses wedgetype brakes, which give good
responsiveness.
In a wedge-type brake, the
hydraulically pushed wedge
acts directly upon the brake
shoes, meaning that energy
losses are not great.
(Wedge-type brake)
20
In addition to hydraulic brakes, the types of braking system that are used on
trucks are air-over-hydraulic brakes (these combine pneumatic and hydraulic
functions) and full air brakes.
Air-over-hydraulic brakes
In an air-over-hydraulic braking system, a brake
valve of the kind used for air brakes is combined
with Air Masters (brake boosters using
compressed air). (See page 22.) Compressed air
from an air tank is controlled by a brake valve that
is directly linked to the brake pedal. The air controls
the Air Masters. The brakes beyond the Air Masters
are the same as those of a hydraulic braking
system. Compared with hydraulic braking systems,
air-over-hydraulic braking systems give a lighter
pedal action. Consequently, they are used on
large-sized buses and medium-duty trucks.
Air tank
or
Compressor
Air tank
Brake chamber
Brake chambers
A brake chamber works using the force of
compressed air. There is one brake
chamber just inside each wheel. A
pushrod that emerges from each brake
chamber mechanically pushes the brake
shoes.
21
Since a truck carries heavy cargo and moves at high speeds, appropriately great force is needed to slow and
stop it. And given that the driver applies the brakes hundreds of times each day, a trucks brakes must be
easy for the driver to apply. Otherwise, the driver would, particularly on long journeys, become fatigued.
A brake booster is used to meet the need for a light pedal action and strong braking force. By realizing ample
braking force with a low level of pedal effort, a brake booster keeps driver fatigue low. A brake booster works
using the difference between the atmospheric pressure and a pressure produced by a vacuum pump or an air
compressor. Lets look at the different types of brake booster.
Master Vac
A master Vac uses vacuum pressure. It is built into
the master cylinder. Engine power is used to
maintain a vacuum in chamber A and chamber B of
the Master Vac.
When the brake pedal is depressed, atmospheric
pressure enters chamber B and moves the large
piston inside it, thereby pushing the piston of the
master cylinder to create high hydraulic pressure.
Master Vacs are used in passenger cars and in
Canter trucks.
Power piston
Air Master
An Air Master works using the force of compressed
air. The brake pedal itself forms a valve mechanism.
When the pedal is depressed, compressed air from
an air tank acts directly upon the power piston in the
Air Master. (The compressed air is produced by a
compressor.) As a brake booster, an Air Master has
greater capacity than a Master Vac. Air Masters are
used mainly on medium-duty trucks.
Master Vac
Master cylinder
Tandem master cylinder
Air master
22
Drum brakes
With a drum brake, a drum rotates with the wheel. Shoes, which are lined with friction material, are pressed
against the inside surface of the drum to stop the wheels rotation. To achieve good effectiveness, there are
various shoe mounting arrangements.
Leading/trailing-shoe brake
The shoes are arranged such that, as
the drum rotates, one of the shoes is
pulled against it for good effectiveness.
The shoe that is pulled against the
drum is called the leading shoe. The
other shoe is, by contrast, pushed
away from the drum, meaning that its
effectiveness is not great. This shoe is
called the trailing shoe. A brake with its
shoes arranged in this manner is called
a leading/trailing-shoe brake.
Two-leading-shoe brake
In this kind of brake, both shoes are
arranged such that they acts as leading
shoes for great effectiveness.
Dual-two-leading-shoe brake
With a two-leading-shoe brake, both
shoes act as leading shoes when the
vehicle is moving forward but not when
the vehicle is moving backward. A
dual-two-leading-shoe brake is
designed such that both shoes act as
leading shoes whether the vehicle is
moving forward or backward.
g shoe
Leading sh
Disc brakes
Drum brakes tend to become too hot internally and
consequently ineffective if they are used continuously
and excessively. Disc brakes were conceived to avoid
this shortcoming. With a disc brake, a disc rotates with
the wheel and is squeezed from both sides by pads to
stop the wheels rotation. Unlike the friction
components of a drum brake, the disc is exposed to the
air, meaning that heat escapes easily. Braking
performance is therefore consistent.
Disc
Pad
Caliper
Pad
23
Engine braking
If the accelerator pedal is released while a vehicle
is being driven, the vehicle slows down owing to
resistance caused by the engine. The effect that
causes the resistance is called engine braking.
Lock brake
A lock brake is a device used for safety on a
vehicle (for example, a crane or cement mixer) that
is used for work while stationary. It is used together
with the parking brake. Whereas the parking brake
acts upon two wheels, the lock brake directly acts
upon all of the wheels to hold the vehicle
stationary.
Exhaust brake
An exhaust brake is basically a valve in the
exhaust pipe. When the valve is closed, it restricts
the flow of exhaust gases, thereby slowing the
engine. The result is more powerful engine braking.
Other brakes
24
NOTE
An ABS is intended only to supplement normal brake application. Even in a vehicle that has an
ABS, it is essential to decelerate adequately when approaching curves. The ABS will not
compensate for excessively uncontrolled driving.
Radial tires
A radial tire is a tire in which cloth threads (ply cords)
run radially inside the rubber. The most notable benefit
of radial tires is good grip (and accordingly good
stability) on the road surface even on curves. A steelbelted radial tire is a radial tire in which a steel belt is
added under the tread for reinforcement.
[Merits]
Structurally sturdy
Effective in improving fuel economy
Radial tire
Bias tires
A bias tire is a tire in which cloth threads (ply cords) run
diagonally (at a bias angle to the direction of travel)
inside the rubber. Bias tires are inferior to radial tires in
terms of grip on the road surface, but they are relatively
inexpensive and quiet.
[Merits]
Soft ride
[Demerits]
Inferior to radial tires in terms of tread durability
Bias tire
Tubeless tire
Tubeless tires
A tubeless tire does not suffer a sudden air leak when pierced
by, for example, a nail. Most radial tires and bias tires are
tubeless.
26
Tire terminology
(1) Bias tire
7.00 - 15 - 8PRLT
Section width
(7.00 inches
in this case)
Tire structure
(A - indicates
a bias tire.)
Rim diameter
(15 inches
in this case)
Tire strength
(ply rating
(8 in this case))
Tire application
(LT indicates light-duty
trucks. The code for a
truck/bus tire is TB,
but it is not usually written.)
Tire section
tion heig
height
7.00R15 - 8PRLT
Rim
m diame
diameter
Tire structure
(An R indicates a radial tire.)
Tire structure
(An R indicates
a radial tire.)
Aspect ratio
(80% in this case
[Aspect ratio = tire section height /
tire section width x 100 (%)])
Rim diameter
(17.5 inches
in this case)
27
Customer:
Leaf springs are used in suspension systems, arent they? I
know that making a leaf spring shorter makes it stiffer. But
whats the effect of putting leaf springs on top of each other?
Salesman:
I guess it makes them even stiffer?
Customer:
Are you sure?
Salesman:
Sorry, to be honest I dont really know. How embarrassing!
A vehicles suspension system locates springs between the frame and wheels. The
springs support the body while absorbing vibration from the road. The suspension system
thus promotes ride comfort and helps keep the tires positioned properly to grip the road
for handling stability.
Suspension systems can be broadly classified into two types: independent suspension, in
which the left and right wheels move independently of each other, and rigid-axle
suspension, in which the left and right wheels are linked by an axle.
<Rigid-axle suspension>
Resistance
<Independent suspension>
Stabilizer
Stabilizer
A stabilizer is a beam that suppresses the vehicles tendency to roll (tip sideways) when the
vehicle goes around corners. Stabilizers are widely used on front wheels to supplement the
suspension system.
There are various types of spring. They include leaf springs (these have been used since the time of
rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages); coil springs; torsion-bar springs (this type of spring works using
torsion on a steel bar); and air springs (these work using the elasticity of air).
Leaf spring
Trucks typically have leaf springs, which are inexpensive and durable. A leaf spring consists of several steel leaves placed on
top of one another for strength. It works using the elasticity of the steel. Leaf springs with longer and fewer leaves flex more
easily than leaf springs with shorter, more numerous leaves, thereby giving a softer ride. Leaf springs with shorter, more
numerous leaves give a harder ride. To meet different needs for ride comfort and cargo support, leaf springs are available with
various numbers and lengths of leaves.
Helper spring
A helper spring is a secondary spring that works to complement a main spring. If there were only a single spring for each wheel
and the springs stiffness were adjusted to the heaviest cargo the truck might carry, ride comfort would be poor even with the
truck unladen. If the trucks suspension is of a dual spring design consisting of main springs and helper springs, the frame is
suspended only through the main springs when the vehicle is lightly loaded and through both the main and helper springs when
the vehicle is heavily loaded. The problem of poor ride is thus resolved.
28
What suspension
1 spring types exist?
Suspension employing leaf springs
Trunnion-type suspension
Leaf spring
Tires
Torque rod
Trunnion base
Air spring
Trailing leaf
Air spring
<Shock absorbers>
When a suspension spring that does not have a shock
absorber is compressed, it reacts by extending. It then
reacts again by retracting, and so on; the extension and
retraction continue without soon settling. A shock
absorber is used to effectively damp the up and down
motion. Its damping action is produced by the
resistance that occurs as oil passes through small
holes in a piston.
29
Alternator
75D26R x 2
Performance rating
(a number indicating the batterys
performance for driving the starter
(the higher the number,
the higher the performance))
Width x height category
(All batteries in a given category have
the same width x height.)
Terminal polarity
position
(R indicates that
the + terminal is on
the right-hand side.)
Length
(nearest round number
(26cm in this case))
Number of batteries
(The number of batteries
determines the power supply
voltage. One battery is 12V.)
24 35
(V A)
35: Current (amperes)
(the supply current at a given operating speed)
The alternator capacity (generating capacity) is determined taking into account the balance between charging
and discharging. If an electricity consumer is added to the vehicle, the alternator must be replaced with a
higher-capacity one.
30
How is a flat
1 battery dealt with?
31
Direct-injection
4M42 (T1)
Diesel engines
Direct-injection
4M50 (T4)
Direct-injection
4M42 (T2)
Direct-injection
4M50 (T5)
Direct-injection
4M50 (T3)
Diaphragmspring clutch
Rack-and-pinion
steering
Cab-over-engine
configuration
Vehicle-speed-sensitive
power steering
Halogen
headlamps
Discharge
headlamps
DX-specification,
pecification, 118kW or highe
higher
Custom
m vehicles
EZGO
Tandem master
cylinder
Independent
front suspension
Master Vac
32
Disc brakes
Two-leadingshoe brakes
in the Canter?
Five-speed
manual transmission
Six-speed
manual transmission
with overdrive
Synchromesh
transmission
Super Frame
Four-speed
automatic transmission
with torque
q converter
Reduction and
differential gear
INOMAT-II
(five-speed or six-speed)
Electromagnetic
retarder
LSD
Exhaust brake
Dual-two-leadingshoe brakes
ABS
ASR
gs
Battery
75D26R 2
55D26R 2
LSV
Air springs
Bias tires
(6.50-16-10 etc.)
432
434
632
33
Disc brakes
I understand
everything!
CHECK SHEET
Write the correct words in the parentheses (
).
<Engine>
1.
2.
3.
The up-down motion of an engines pistons is converted into rotational motion by the (
(
).
4.
When an explosion occurs in a cylinder, the force of the explosion pushes the piston. The force is then
transmitted by the (
) to the crankshaft, causing the crankshaft to turn.
5.
6.
7.
With a gasoline engine, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinders and compressed. With a
diesel engine, however, only (
) is drawn into the cylinders and compressed.
8.
If the compression ratio of a gasoline engine and that of a diesel engine are compared, it can be seen
that the compression ratio of the (
) engine is higher.
9.
) engine.
) compression (
) exhaust.
) and
) at a speed of 2,900
) type, precombustion-
11. A device that is attached to an engine and effects forced induction is called a (
12. An intercooler is used together with a (
). It cools (
increasing the (
) for more effective forced induction.
).
13. If air enters the fuel system of a diesel engine, the engine becomes unstartable, making it necessary to
perform (
).
14. The part of an injection pump that pushes fuel out is called a (
).
15. The device that stabilizes and controls the speed of a diesel engine is called a (
16. The fuel injection timing of a diesel engine is controlled by a (
17. An (
).
).
18. If the brakes are applied continuously, they can become so hot that the friction material on the brake
shoes gets burned and slippery. The brakes then become ineffective for stopping the vehicle. This
phenomenon is called (
).
19. In a water-cooled engine, coolant is continuously circulated around the cylinders. Coolant that has
become hot is cooled by the (
) before being recirculated for further use.
20. To ensure smooth engine operation, engines are supplied with lubricating (
frictional resistance low.
), which keeps
21. The device that charges a vehicles battery and generates electricity as the engine runs is called an
(
).
<Chassis>
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The transmission combines gears with different numbers of teeth, thereby changing the torque and
(
) as it transmits power.
6.
There are three types of meshing arrangement for the gears in transmissions. The most widely used one
is called (
).
7.
8.
A function that makes the propeller shaft turn faster than the engine is called (
9.
A device that takes engine power and allows it to be used to drive equipment that is mounted on a
vehicle is called a (
).
10. A (
).
).
) against the
) type.
).
11. A device that allows the left and right rear wheels to turn at different speeds is called a (
12. There are two types of steering gearbox: the (
) gear.
15. A brake that acts upon all of the wheels of, for example, a crane vehicle or cement-mixer vehicle while
the vehicle is stationary and the onboard equipment is operating is called a (
).
16. A suspension system includes springs, stabilizers, and shock absorbers. Among these items, the ones
that prevent unwanted sideways tipping of the body are the (
).
17. The type of suspension in which the left and right wheels are linked by an axle is called (
suspension.
18. (
19. A suspension spring absorbs vibration. Once it has started moving, it tends to continue oscillating up and
down for a while. A (
) is used to damp the oscillation.
20. Truck suspension works using either leaf springs or (
21. Tires can be broadly classified into (
).
).
23. A tires aspect ratio is expressed as follows: Tire section height x 100
(
)
24. When using booster cables to draw power from another vehicles battery, you must first connect the
(
) cable.
<Chassis>
1. four-cylinder
1. crossmembers
2. intake, power
2. propeller shaft
3. clutch disc
4. connecting rod
4. diaphragm-spring
5. 210PS, 154
5. speed
6. torque, 1765
6. synchromesh
7. air
7. torque converter
8. diesel
8. overdrive
9. direct-injection
10. OHC
11. turbocharger
11. differential
12. ball-and-nut
14. plunger
14. disc
15. governor
16. timer
16. stabilizers
17. rigid-axle
18. fade
18. independent
19. radiator
20. oil
21. alternator
ABS .................................................................[C] 25
Air cooling........................................................[E] 34
Air suspension.................................................[C] 29
Air-over-hydraulic brakes.................................[C] 21
Alternator.........................................................[E] 36
API ..................................................................[E] 33
ASR.................................................................[C] 25
Crankcase .......................................................[E] 20
Crossmember....................................................[C] 3
Block type........................................................[C] 27
Bore.................................................................[E] 20
Diaphragm-spring type......................................[C] 6
Braking system................................................[C] 19
Cab-behind-engine type....................................[C] 2
Cab-over-engine type........................................[C] 2
Caliper.............................................................[C] 23
Disc .................................................................[C] 23
Camshaft .........................................................[E] 21
Chassis .............................................................[C] 1
Clutch ............................................................[C] 2, 5
DPF .................................................................[E] 17
Driveline....................................................[E] 8/[C] 4
Heater plug......................................................[E] 19
Helper spring...................................................[C] 28
Horsepower .....................................................[E] 11
How to read alternator type indications...........[C] 30
EGR cooler......................................................[E] 17
Hydraulic brakes..............................................[C] 20
Engines displacement.....................................[E] 20
INOMAT...........................................................[C] 11
EZGO ..............................................................[C] 24
INOMAT II........................................................[C] 11
Intake manifold ................................................[E] 30
Flange joint........................................................[C] 3
Flash point.......................................................[E] 16
Flywheel..................................................[E] 21/[C] 5
Flywheel PTO..................................................[C] 13
Lead ................................................................[E] 27
Frame ................................................................[C] 3
Fuel filter..........................................................[E] 25
Lock brake.......................................................[C] 24
Lockup.............................................................[C] 25
LSD .................................................................[C] 15
Generator..............................................[E] 36/[C] 30
Rack gear........................................................[C] 17
Master cylinder................................................[C] 20
Radiator...........................................................[E] 34
Reduction gear............................................[C] 3, 14
Retarder ..........................................................[C] 24
Ribbed and lugged type ..................................[C] 27
SAE .................................................................[E] 33
Sector shaft .....................................................[C] 17
Service brakes.................................................[E] 31
OHC engine.....................................................[E] 21
OHV engine.....................................................[E] 21
Sliding-mesh type..............................................[C] 8
Overdrive.........................................................[C] 12
Overrunning ....................................................[C] 12
Stabilizer .........................................................[C] 28
Starter motor ...................................................[E] 36
Starter switch...................................................[E] 36
Pad .................................................................[C] 23
Steering gearbox.............................................[C] 16
Piston rings......................................................[E] 21
Pitman arm......................................................[C] 16
Stroke ..............................................................[E] 20
Suction hose....................................................[E] 25
Plunger barrel..................................................[E] 27
Swirl-chamber type..........................................[E] 19
Power ..............................................................[E] 11
Thermostat ......................................................[E] 35
V
Valve................................................................[E] 21
Vapor locking ...................................................[E] 31
Vehicle-speed-sensitive power steering ..........[C] 18
Viscosity categories (Engine oil) .....................[E] 33
V-type ..............................................................[E] 10
W
Water cooling...................................................[E] 34
Water jacket....................................................[E] 34
Water pump .....................................................[E] 35
Web joints .........................................................[C] 3
Wedge-type .....................................................[C] 20
Worm shaft......................................................[C] 17
Your name
Well do
ne
T-No. 04 - '05
www.mitsubishi-fuso.com