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An approach for establishing key parameter system and evaluating the state of
transmission line
Ying-jie Yana, Ge-hao Shenga, Yu-feng Chenb, Xiu-chen Jianga, Zhi-hong Guob and Xiu-ming Dub
a
Department of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; bElectric Power Research Institute, Shandong Power
Supply Company of State Grid, Jinan, China
ARTICLE HISTORY
ABSTRACT
Transmission line is an important part of smart grid, evaluating the state of transmission line
effectively and comprehensively has a great significance to the grid. First, this paper collects
all basic parameters of transmission line through guidelines, standards, operation manuals and
related files from China State Grid. Then, we establish the key parameter system for condition
assessment using the principal components analysis (PCA) method based on the records
of faults, failure, maintenance and standard database. Then, the fuzzy theory is used for the
state evaluation by combining analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method and entropy weight
method in order to enhance the impact of the indicators changes in magnitude on the weights.
Finally, we verify the validity of the method by evaluating the condition of the known power
transmission line.
1.Introduction
Evaluating the state of transmission line effectively
and comprehensively can detect the existing defects
andsafety hazards in order to provide basis for maintenance decision-making and ensure the stable operation of power grid (Aggarwal, Johns, and Jayasinghe
2000; Wang, Cai, and Deng 2012). The main difficulties
for state evaluation lay on the following two aspects:
whether parameter system can represent the transmission line and whether the weight of each parameter is
close to the real situation.
The transmission lines are distributed over a broad
area that the parameter system is very complex and the
types of parameters have a large scale. In the existing
guidelines and standards (China South Grid 2004; State
Grid, Q/GDW173-2008 2008; Han, Zhou, and Jia 2009;
State Grid, GB 50545-2010 2010) for condition evaluation, the overhead transmission line is divided into
eight parts, including foundation, tower, wire, insulator,
fittings, grounding, ancillary facilities and channel. The
parameters related to each part are established to form
the evaluation system, and thus, the operation state of
the line is judged from the final score. But there exist
lots of difference between the standards and guidelines
so that different results can be achieved from the same
transmission line. The study of Sheng et al. (2007) makes
the mode of parameter acquisition as the classification
basis that the parameter system is divided into daily
inspection, on-line monitoring, preventive test and
yanyingjie@sjtu.edu.cn
on-line detection. The parameters from daily inspection can be acquired from observation and parameters
from the other mode can be calculated through some
models such as icing model and wire temperature model.
Because of the overlapping of parameters from different
acquisition mode, the same parameter from different
sources can lead to different evaluation results. Previous
studies (Wang 2007; Chen and Xia 2010; Yang and Hao
2011) show the monitoring of individual facilities or
several amounts of parameters. Lacking of scientific
and reliable evaluation system, it is difficult to make an
accurate description of the operation state.
On the other hand, the difficulty of condition assessment is to synthesize all kinds of state information
and to determine the weights (Guo and Zhang 2011).
To conduct a comprehensive and accurate condition
assessment, we need the integration of equipment state
information, operation information and the state information of the environment and other multisource heterogeneous information. Also, we should combine the
evaluation results with the power equipment history,
current and future states, through certain standard and
intelligent evaluation method. At present, the studies of
transmission equipment condition assessment are rare
at home and abroad. Some studies are concentrated on
the detection of specific parameters of transmission
equipment in electrical or mechanical engineering,
such as the measurement of wire tension and icing (Liu
and Liu 2011), insulator salt density measurement and
320
implementation of insulator leakage current monitoring (Chen and Xia 2010).Others are focused on macroscopic state analysis based on single or a small number
of parameters (Zhang, Pu, and McCalley 2002; Wang
2007), such as monitoring the tower inclination, antitheft parameters to evaluate the state of the tower and
monitoring ice, wind, wave to evaluate wire state. These
are unable to grasp the health status and development
trend of the overall state of transmission equipment.
This paper proposes a method to establish key parameter system and evaluate the state of transmission line. At
first, the whole basic parameters are collected from the
related standard documents, aiming at the parameters
are included comprehensively. PCA is used to reduce
the high dimension of the basic parameters used, and to
calculate the contribution rate of each parameter to the
principal factor. The parameters related to positive contribution rate are extracted as the key parameter of each
part. Then, the key parameters are combined together to
form the key parameter system that is used for condition
evaluation. Secondly, the levels of state assessment are
determined and the fuzzy evaluation matrix of each layer
is calculated depending on the limits of each parameter concluded in the design documents and evaluation
guidelines. Combining the subjective weights through
analytic hierarchy process and the objective weights
obtained from the entropy method, the final comprehensive weights are calculated by using the combination
weighting method. In a result, the final weights can be
adjusted to the actual situation through the deviation of
data from the normal size and the balance of the comprehensive evaluation factors, thus giving full consideration
to the balance of the evaluation factors and the impact
of one parameters changes. Thirdly, we use the fuzzy
comprehensive evaluation method to assess the overall
transmission line and get the trends of status levels.
321
Pi = (A1 , A2 , A3 , A4 )i
Where A1, A2, A3, A4 correspond to the times that Pi
occurs in the statistics of fault records, emergency defect,
general defect and database of defects definition. Take
the parameter wire icing, for example, there are only 10
faults relating to the wire icing in the operation records
of China South Grid. So that the array for wire icing
is (10,0,0,0).
X=
x11
x21
xn1
x12 x1p
x22 x2p
xn2 xnp
(1)
Apparently take the part wire as example, the quantization matrix X244 is shown in Appendix 1.
(3)Preprocessing the matrix
Each column of the matrix Xnp should be normalized
to make sure its elements belong to [0, 1].
x xmax
xi = i
xmax xmin
(2)
R = X (X )T =
r11
r21
rn1
r12 r1n
r22 r2n
rn2 rnn
(3)
k=1
p
k=1
k
(i = 1, 2, , n)
(4)
Key parameter
Wire with degradation of breaking,
burning or flashing
Vibration or galloping
Wire icing
Sag bias
Space of bundle conductors
Wind deflection
Things hanging on the wire
Wire temperature
OPGW cable with broken surface
lj =
i ij (i = 1, 2, , m, j = 1, 2, , n)
(5)
i=1
322
f (x) = (x x3 )(x4 x3 )
1
General (v2)
(x x )(x x )
2
3
2
g(x) = ( xa
)k
ba
0
xb
a<x<b
xa
x < x3
x3 x x4
x > x4
x2 x x3
x3 x x4
x < x2 or x > x4
(x x )(x x ) x x < x
1
2
1
1
2
1
x < x1
Serious (v4)
(6)
R=
R1
R2
...
Rn
r11
r21
...
rn1
r12
r22
...
rn2
r13
r23
...
rn3
r14
r24
...
rn4
Hi = k
j=1
rij ln rij
(7)
gi = 1 Hi
At last, calculate the entropy of ui:
g
ei = n i
gi
(9)
i=1
}
{
The weight vector E = e1 , e2 , , en is the objective
weights of parameters.
(3)Variable weighting
In the fuzzy evaluation of transmission line, we use
variable weight theory to accomplish the combination of
the subjective weight and the objective weight (Yang and
Hao 2011). The comprehensive weight can objectively
reflect the influence on the running state of the equipment that some parameters change might be great. The
formula of combination weighting is as follows:
B2
Bwhole = W1 , W2 , ..., W8
= b1 , b2 , b3 , b4
...
B8
(11)
(10)
wi = ci + (1 )ei
f =
bjk h
j=1
bjk
Measured value
15mm
46C
2.8%
122N
10
5%
(12)
j=1
4. Case study
We verify the validity of the method by evaluating the
condition of one known power transmission line from
the South Grid in China. Taking the part wire as example, the on-line monitoring and daily inspection record
of one section of transmission line are as shown in
Table 3. Additionally, the warning and threshold values
are included in Table 3 according to related guidelines,
standards and experts advice.
According to the record above, evaluate the state of
wire as follows:
Determine the parameters that associate with the
record above.
The number of parameters with deterioration is six.
323
Warning value
10mm
50C
1.5%
100N
11
7%
1.Wire slightly breaking phenomenon
2.There exist certain thickness of wire icing
3.No things hanging on the wire
4.There is a slight vibration and wave
5.Important cross joint is normal
6.Connection fittings and jumper are normal
Threshold value
20mm
80C
3%
150N
66
25%
324
Good
0.175
0.231
0.16
0.199
0.370
0.830
0.500
0.150
There are wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing, wire temperature, wire icing, sag
bias, vibration or galloping and wind deflection.
Establish the evaluation matrix using (6). The
matrix of parameters of part wire is R1.
R1 =
0
0.12
0
0
0.44
0.6
0.45
0.88
0.65
0.5
0.56
0.4
0.55
0
0.35
0.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
f =
j=1
bj h
bj = 2.185
j=1
General
0.341
0.353
0.620
0.369
0.620
0.170
0.500
0.500
Under awareness
0.384
0.414
0.280
0.293
0.010
0.000
0.000
0.350
Serious
0.100
0.003
0.003
0.036
0.001
0.000
0.000
0.000
5.Conclusion
The approach has established the condition assessment
model with a key parameter system of status information.
It proposes a novel idea to solve the problem of parameter system and evaluation. The key parameter system that
acquired from the analysis of statistics of history data is
more close to the real operation phenomenon. Additionally,
the weighting method enhances the deterioration to the
final results which is more in accordance with the real situation. The case study shows that the approach not only
provides a novel idea for the condition assessment of power
transmission line, but also it is effective and practical.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
Funding
This study was supported by National High Technology
Research and Development Program of China (863 Program) [grant number SS2015AA050204]; National Natural
Science Foundation of China [grant number 51477100];
Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai, China
[grant number 13dz1201300]; Science Program of State
Grid of China.
References
Aggarwal, R. K., A. T. Johns, and Jasb Jayasinghe. 2000.
An Overview of the Condition Monitoring of Overhead
Lines. Electric Power Systems Research 53 (1): 1522.
Chen, Wei-gen, and Qing Xia. 2010. Time-Frequency
Characteristic Analysis of Leakage Current for New
Characteristics of Insulators Contamination Prediction.
High Voltage Engineering 36 (5): 11071112.
Chen, Wei-gen, and Qing Xia. 2010. Time-Frequency
Characteristic Analysis of Leakage Current for New
Characteristics of Insulators Contamination Prediction.
High Voltage Engineering 36: 11071112.
China South Grid. 2004. Guide for Condition Evaluation of
Overhead Transmission Line[S]. Beijing, China: China
Electric Power Press.
Dunham, M. H. 2005. Data Mining Tutorial. Translated by
Chonghui Guo, Fengzhan Tian, Xiaoming Qi. Beijing:
Tsinghua University Press. 141145.
Guo, Jinghong, and Hao Zhang. 2011. Study on the Data
Transmission Teachnology of Line Condition Monitoring
system of Smart Transmission Grid. Proceedings of the
CSEE 31: 4549.
Han, Fu-chun, Lin-wei Zhou, and Lei-liang Jia. 2009.
Evaluation of Overhead Transmission Lines Operation
based on Grey Relation Correlation[J]. High Voltage
Engineering 35 (2): 399402.
Liu, Chun-cheng, and Jiao Liu. 2011. Ice Accretion
Mechanism and Glaze Loads Model on Wires of Power
Transmission Lines. High Voltage Engineering 37 (1):
241248.
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in Ranking Analysis. Journal of Southwest University
(Natural Science Edition) 35 (4): 106110.
325
Wire
Wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
Jumper wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
Vibration or galloping
Wire icing
Sag bias
Bundle spacingchanges
Bundled conductorshavebeen whiplashed ortwisting
Wind deflection
Things hanging on the wire
Wire slip off the cable clamp
Ice shedding
All kinds ofconnecting pipe,repairpipehave the phenomenon of bending or deformation
Wire scattering
Suspension clampat the outletwirebending
Wire temperature
Jumper wire twisting
Thejumper wing a large scale
OPGW opticalcablesurfacehas gold hooks,wear,broken stocks,oil spilling
Fittings are weared
OPGW opticalcable jointdoes not have enough distance with charged parts
OPGW optical cable joint box has corrosion, damage or unstable fixation
OPGW optical cables residual cable spread out of the cable holder
Wind deflection of jumper wire
Importantcrossjoint exists
A1
19
0
7
10
1
0
0
5
12
3
2
0
0
0
7
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
A2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
A3
0.12
0
0
0
0.17
0
0
0
0.28
0.17
0
0
0
0
0.28
0
0
0.22
0
0
0
0
0
0
A4
4
1
0
0
3
2
0
2
1
0
0
2
0
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
326
Part
Foundation
Tower
Wire
Insulator
Fitting
Grounding device
Ancillary facilities
Channel
environment
Key parameters
Tower foundationdisplacement,subsidence,uplift
Concrete falling from surface, steel exposed or crisp
Soil has beenborrowing within the scope of protection
Alack ofdepth of foundation
Pullrodcorrosion
Skew and deformation of the base,thecolumn, andpillow
Protectionand flood control facilities
Damage to the foundation of bracing wire
Tower inclination
Curvature of steel tower andits material
Towercrossarmskew,curved
Deletion or loose of tower andtower steel tube
Concretecrack
Components ofbracing wire fail to takeanti-theftmeasures orsecurity facilities are damaged
Corrosion of rod of bracing wire
Wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
Vibration or galloping
Wire icing
Sag bias
Bundle spacingchanges
Wind deflection
Things hanging on the wire
Jumper wire with degradation of breaking, burning or flashing
OPGW opticalcablesurfacehas gold hooks,wear,broken stocks,oil spilling
Ceramicor glass insulatorappearancehas damage,crack,burn
Composite insulator appears broken, powdered or cracked
Insulator string has creepage
Porcelain insulatorandglass insulatorexplosivesituation ofzero
Tilt angle of insulator
Locking pins are missing, rusted or loose
Antifouling coating is cracking, chalking or shedding
Salt density and ash density of insulator
Deformation or cracks of iron fittings
Fittings are rust, wear out or tear out
Prolapsed of cotter pin or spring pin
Connecting fittings are discoloured by overheating
Fittings have internal deterioration by ultraviolet detection
Rust or shedding of damper
Exposure or corrosion of grounding devices
Grounding resistance
The burial depth of grounding devices
Connection situation of grounding devices and ground deflectors
Ground deflectors are disconnected or the bolts are loose
The warning sign or the phase plate is damaged or lost
Appearance of arrester
There is corrosion, damage or broken needles of anti-bird facility
Operation of online monitoring device
Blasting in quarry or construction nearby
The mountain around the tower has cracks, faults or collapse
Clearance distance between wire and trees is inadequate
There are plastic greenhouses around the line
There is nest or vine plant around the tower
Management of anti-bird device
There is kite flying near the channel