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2010 2nd International Conference on Mechanical and Electronics Engineering (ICMEE 2010)

Comparison of Proposed Six Stroke Internal Combustion Engine with Four Stroke
Engine using Ideal Cycle
Amit Bhatia

Ashish Mendiratta

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Delhi Technological University (formerly known as Delhi
College of Engineering, DU)
New Delhi, India
Email: amit.bhatia@dce.edu

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Delhi Technological University (formerly known as Delhi
College of Engineering, DU)
New Delhi, India
Email: ashish.mendiratta@dce.edu

Mayank Vaish
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Delhi Technological University (formerly known as Delhi College of Engineering, DU)
New Delhi, India
Email: mayank.dce2k7@gmail.com

Abstract- The paper aims to highlight the advantages of

with certain constructional modifications. The power

distribution in case of a six stroke IC engine is more even
as compared to its four stroke counterpart as there are 2
power stroke in six stroke IC engine whereas there is only
one in four stroke engine. The efficient combustion of
fuel in the proposed six stroke IC engine ultimately leads
to reduction of emissions along with the heat carried with
them.

proposed ideal six stroke internal combustion engine over

conventional Otto based four stroke IC engine. The major
advantage is 33% fuel savings as compared to four stroke
counterpart which is achieved without substantial decrease
in

the

ideal

thermal

efficiency.

The

ideal

thermal

efficiency was found to be 51.99% as compared to 54.499%

of four stroke IC engine. The engine operates on a six stroke
cycle

employing

two

power strokes,

given

by

fuel-air

II.

mixture and water converted to steam. The proposed six

stroke internal combustion engine consists of two concentric

The proposed six stroke internal combustion engine

consists of two concentric spherical chambers. The inner
one being the combustion chamber, where combustion of
charge takes place, is installed with a spark plug and is
separated from the main cylinder through a connecting
pipe in between which is equipped a valve A on the head
of the main cylinder. The space between the two
concentric spheres i.e. the steam chamber ,where the
conversion of water into steam takes place, is regulated
by two valves, first one controlling the inlet of water
(valve B) and the other one (valve C) separating the steam
chamber from the main cylinder. The combustion
products are released to the atmosphere through the
exhaust valve E and the exhaust of the steam to the
condenser takes place through a dedicated valve D.

spheres, such that the combustion of charge takes place

in the

inner

sphere

(combustion

chamber),

while

the

conversion of water into steam takes place in the outer one.

Steam after giving the power stroke is exhausted through a
dedicated
condenser.

exhaust
It

is

valve,

and

additionally

is

then recycled

found

that

apart

using
from

the comparable values of thermal efficiency, the proposed

six stroke engine promises better power distribution, better
fuel combustion and hence lesser emissions.
Keywords:

Ie

Engines,

Ideal

Thermal

Efficiency,

combustion chamber.

I. INTRODUCTION
The day by day progress of automobile industry has
led to an exponential increase in the fuel consumption.
Hence, the need of hour is most efficient use of available
limited fuel supplies. The thermal efficiency of a four
stroke internal combustion engine is found to be
approximately equal to 33%, thereby pointing out the fact
that almost 67% heat of fuel goes waste, mostly taken up
by the cylinder components or lost in the surrounding.
The main issue tackled in the paper is utilization of the
energy released by the combustion of charge in a more
efficient manner by incorporating a water cycle along

978-1-4244-7481-3/$26.00 2010 IEEE

CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS

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2010 2nd International Conference on Mechanical and Electronics Engineering (ICMEE 2010)

through valve C, thereby forcing the piston to move

towards the BDC. The charge is still held in the inner
sphere and the process of combustion is continued. As a
result of this, the combustion of fuel takes place in a more
efficient manner as compared to its four stroke
counterpart.

B
Exhaust of

-1--

;. combustion

products

Fourth Stroke: Steam after giving the expansion stroke is

forced to move out of the cylinder through valve D by the
upward motion of piston towards the TDC. Exhaust steam
is made to pass through closed condenser, where the
condensation of steam into water takes place and the
water is recycled in the system.

TO'condenser
A

Fifth Stroke: Exhaust of steam is followed with an

expansion stroke given by the combusted charge forcing
the piston towards the BDC. Valve A is kept open during
the stroke.
Sixth Stroke: The combustion products after giving the
power stroke are exhausted out of the cylinder through the
valve E.

IV.

THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS

Snapshot of Solidworks model of proposed 6

stroke internal combustion engine
Q)
....

III.

::J
VI
VI

PROPOSED SIX STROKE CYCLE

Q)

....
a..

Following are the strokes of proposed ideal six stroke

internal combustion engine cycle:
First Stroke: The first stroke is accompanied by the
opening of the inlet valve F. As the piston moves from top
dead centre (IDC) to the bottom dead centre (BDC),
charge, a homogenous mixture of air and fuel, is
introduced in the cylinder. The stroke comes to an end as
piston reaches BDC i.e. 180 of the crankshaft rotation.

Volume
Fig. i-Proposed ideal six stroke cycle

Second Stroke: Upward movement of the piston

accompanied by the opening of valve A results in
compression of charge into the inner spherical chamber
(combustion chamber). Introduction of water in the steam
chamber (assumed to be pumped at 15 bar) is initiated and
completed as the temperature of charge is well above
150 C and below 200 C respectively. Hence, the
compression stroke comprises of pure compression and
compression and heat rejection to water, latter one being
after the introduction of water in the steam chamber.
Second stroke comes to an end as the piston reaches top
dead centre (TDC).

Volume

Otto Cycle

As soon as the compression of charge is

completed, spark is struck, such that combustion of
charge in inner sphere takes place. The instantaneous
release in energy due to combustion, results in complete
conversion of water into steam. In this stroke the water
converted into steam is used for giving the power stroke
Third Stroke:

Fig. 2

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2010 2nd International Conference on Mechanical and Electronics Engineering (ICMEE 2010)

Now, Let, T2 = 200 C, which is sufficiently higher than

temperature at which water is introduced thereby avoiding
any possibility of heat flow in other direction.
3

P2 = 4.153 bar and V2 = 0.3268 m /kg

PV 1.27 = K can be used to find P3, = 1 1.5068 bar and T3' =
587.36 K

<IJ
...
:::J
'"

4'
3
3'

c...

..
:2

---1

Now, considering process 3'- 4' (heat addition due to

spark + heat rejection to water),

Volume

Fig. 3-0tto cycle overlap with

proposed six stroke cycle

Where Cy (TCT3) = heat input due to spark

And XI = heat rejected to water during process 3'-4',

Process 1-2-3'-4'-5' represents proposed ideal six

stroke internal combustion cycle, while process 1-3-4-5 is
its four stroke counterpart i.e. Otto cycle.
Thermodynamic analysis consists of the following
processes:
1-2: Pure adiabatic compression with adiabatic index y
= 1.47
2-3': compression and heat rejection to water in
surrounding sphere (steam chamber), a polytropic
process with polytropic index, nl = 1.27.
3'-4': isochoric heat addition for 3600 of crankshaft
rotation.
4'-5': adiabatic expansion i.e. power stroke.
5' -I: isochoric heat rejection.
Pressure, Temperature and Volume conditions as
found in the subsequent calculations are shown below:
3
VI= 0.861m /kg;
TI= 300K
PI= 1 bar;
3
V2= 0.3268 m /kg; T2= 473K
P2= 4.153 bar;
3
P3= 13.5 bar;
V3= 0.1465m /kg; T3= 689.47K
3
P3,= 1 1.5068 bar; V3,= 0.1465m /kg; T3,= 587.36K
3
V4= 0.1465 m /kg; T4= 1 174.66K
P4= 23 bar;
3
P4,= 20.673 bar; V4,= 0.1465m /kg; T4,=1055.28K
3
P5'= 1.53 bar;
V5'= 0.86Im /kg; T5'= 459.02K

For process 2-3' (compression + heat rejection),

Q= (T3, - T2) (Cy -R/( n - I
Q= - 5 1.6907 KJ/kg
Assume RPM = 875
And 6.1 1 kg/min
Then air consumption/revolution = 7gm
air consumption = 14 gm/cycle
heat rejected during compression by air consumed
(Xo) = 0.7236 KJ/cycle
Also using ( 1) we can say heat input/cycle
KJ/cycle

4.1475

3
CII

CII
Il.

TJOtto = 1 - 1/ rkr- ; rk= Compression ratio = VII V3

TJOtto = 56.499%
Entropy

Now, Efficiency of six stroke = Wne/Qinput

Where, W net =W air cycle+ W water cycle
Qinput in six stroke=Qinput in otto cycle
i.e.Qin process 3-4,

Fig. 4 Rankine Cycle

Consider T-S diagram of water shown in figure 4. ,

Let the pressure at which water is pumped inside the
chamber be 15 bar (Tsat = 198.3 0c)

Now, according to first law of Thermodynamics,

Q=U +W
But, W =O
Q=U

Q= CvT
Cv=R/ (y-l)
Cv= 0.6106 KJ/kg K for y= 1.47
Q= Cy(T4-T3)

Q= 296.25 KJ/kg ...... ( 1)

In fig. 4,
Pump work = Vs (PI - Ps)
Pump work = (0.00 1044)( 15 - 1) = 1.461 KJ/kg
hi = hs + 1.461
hi = 4 19 + 1.461
hi = 420.461 KJ/kg

Vl-224

Heat required for water to reach state 2

KJ/cycle .... (3)

0.7236

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2010 2nd International Conference on Mechanical and Electronics Engineering (ICMEE 2010)

Assuming the final state of the superheated steam to be at

point 3, i.e. 23 bar, 5000 C which is well within the
metallurgical limits,

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The work has been guided by Prof. Sagar Maji,

Mechanical Engineering Deptt., Delhi Technological
University (formerly known as Delhi College of
Engineering), New Delhi - 1 10042, INDIA. The authors
would like to thank all concerned people.

h3 = 3464.3 KJ/Kg
14 = 2675.5 KJ/Kg
Work done by steam systemh = 788.8 KJ/Kg
Net Work done =h - WPump= 787.339 KJ/Kg

REFRENCES

0.305 gm is the mass of water used/cycle following from

an assumption that amount of heat released during
compression is used to raise water from point 1 to point 2.
Work done by 0.305gm steam = W2 = 0.240 KJ/cycle

[I]

Robert C. Tibbs (1976); Six cycle combustion and fluid

vaporization; US Patent 6,789,513.

[2]

Gregory J. Larson (1988); Engine with a six stroke cycle, variable

compression ratio and constant stroke; US Patent 4,736,715.

[3]

Gerhard B. Schmitz (1990); Six stroke internal combustion cycle;

US Patent 4.917,.54.

[4]

Internal Combustion Engines Fundamentals By J.B. Heywood.

Heat required for superheating from state 2 to state 3 =

CYs (T3 - T2) = 0.14 10 KJ/cycle ... (4)
Total heat required 3) + (4 = 0.8646 KJ/cycle

The Using this in Eq. (2),

Cy(T4' - 587.36) = Cy( 1 174.66 - 689.47) - 0.1410
T4, = 1055.28 K (refer fig2.)
P4, = 20.67 bar
4
Process 4'-5' after substituting P4, can be written as PV1 7
= 1.2279
Since 5' also satisfies the relation, therefore
P5' = 459.02K
Therefore, net work done in air cycle WI =
W 1-2 (compression) + W2-3' (compression + heat rejection) + W4'-5' (expansion)
Work done WI = 1.9 166 KJ/ cycle
Efficiency 11 six stroke = (WI + W2)/ (heat input)
11 six stroke = ( 1.9 166+ 0.240)/(4. 1475) = 5 1.99 %
Now,
Let the amount of fuel introduced in one cycle of four
stroke/six stroke = x
Per revolution fuel usage in four stroke = xl2;
Per revolution fuel usage in six stroke = xl3;
% Saving of fuel over four stroke= (xl2-xl3)/xl2
= 33.33%
V.

CONCLUSION

The effectiveness of technique has been analyzed

mathematically, by comparing the thermal efficiencies
through P v diagrams of the respective cycles. The
combustion of the charge takes place for 3600 of crank
shaft rotation and is thus more effective as compared to its
four stroke counterpart. Due to better combustion there is
a reduction in the level of emissions produced by this
engine. The power distribution is also more even than its
four stroke counterpart. Also, the fuel consumption of six
stroke engine is found to be 33% lesser than that of a four
stroke engine.
-

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