INSITU Properties of Concrete PDF

Lecture 11,12
In-Situ properties of concrete
Neithalath, Spring 2006, CE 455/555 Structural Damage: Assessment, Repair, and Strengthening
Why test concrete after placing?

To find out what quality of concrete was

placed (QC/QA new construction,
troubleshooting etc)
Condition evaluation of older concrete
materials related distress common for
older structures
Quality assessment of concrete repairs
To assess large volumes of concrete rapidly
Why test concrete after placing?

In place properties can differ significantly

from cylinders or beams cast alongside
during construction

Placement, curing
Restraint effects
Size effects (temperature, drying etc)
Use / Abuse
Changes in service (loading, exposure)
Overview

Visual Inspection
Destructive Tests
Semi-Destructive Tests
Non-Destructive Tests
When to choose each one?
Chemical Analysis and Tests
Relative significance
Destructive, Semi-Destructive and

Non-Destructive testing
Destructive Test
Semi-destructive test
Breaking cylinders, beams cast as companion

specimens with the structure
Not very helpful in most cases
Cores, pull-of tests, slices, beams etc from the
structure in service, causing minor, but
reversible damage to the structure
Non-destructive test
Purely non-invasive, no need to pain the

structure in any form
Destructive Testing
Compressive Strength testing by breaking cast

in place cylinders (ASTM C 873) or cores
Flexural strength testing by breaking beams
cast in place or sawed from the structure
Compressive and Flexural strength
Comp.strength = Load
/ Area of cross section
Third point Loading

Center Point Loading
Basic Definitions (ES 220, 222)
Compressive Strength

The most common factor used to measure

concrete quality
Most valued quality for designers and
engineers
Universally recognized as the key concrete
quality control tool
Very easy, and very advantageous
Though, may not always tell the whole story
Compressive Strength Specimens

So Why are Cubes apparently stronger ?
L
D
L = 2D
L
Cube = 1.25 Cylinder

Failure patterns in compression

Apparent higher
strength
No Friction
Pure, Uniaxial Compression
Friction
Not pure Compression
D*(3/2)
D*(3/2)
Cup and Cone

Failure
Axial Splitting
Failure
Stress contours
Size effect on compressive

strength
Normal
Limits in practice
Weiss, 2002
Cylinder strength and in-place

value ACI 228.1R
Flexural Strength Determination

Flex.strength =
PL/bd2
(ASTM C 78)
Flex.strength =
3PL/2bd2
Flexural strength
P/2
P/2
MoR
L/2
L/2
PL d
Mc
3 PL
4
2
=
=
=
3
bd
I
2 bd 2
12
Center Point Loading
L/3
L/3
Center point
L/3
Third point
PL d
Mc
PL
=
= 6 32 = 2
bd
I
bd
12
Third Point Loading
Depth
Tensile strength testing for

concrete
2P
D
c =
1
LD r ( D r )
2P
t =
LD
P
Split Tensile Strength
Relationship between strength and

elastic modulus
Weiss, 2001
Relationship between flexural and

compressive strengths
Weiss, 2001
Acquiring a field sample

Needs to be familiar with damages that can be

induced by sampling
Sketch sampling location, time, identify method
Permanently label samples instantly
Store in a proper fashion (prevent frying,
carbonation etc)
Proper care in shipping and handling
ASTM C 42, Standard Test Method for

Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and
Sawed Beams of Concrete
Semi-Destructive Testing
What information can you get?

Compressive strength in-situ

Flexural strength in-situ
Modulus of Elasticity
Bond strength
Chloride penetration into concrete
Freezing and thawing resistance
Air void sizes and distribution in hardened
concrete
At that point of time, at that location

Cores from Existing Concrete

Core drill
Core sizes
Core testing
A typical core identification label
http://www.tfhrc.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/01164/sect1b.htm
Testing of concrete cores

Conducted on samples obtained from the

field from existing structures
Small pieces of existing structure
Assumed to be representative of the
structure

How representative ?
Depends on the investigator and his experience
and judgment
Can give crucial information leading to

further tests
Major uses of Core samples

identifying the presence of deleterious matter in

the concrete
ascertaining the strength of the concrete for
design purposes
predicting the potential durability of the concrete
confirming the mix composition of the concrete for
dispute resolution
determining specific properties of the concrete not
attainable by non-destructive methods such as
intrinsic permeability.
General conditions for core

sampling (ACI 437, ASTM C-42)

Cores diamond studded core bit (strong);

other drills acceptable if vertical and strong
Number and size selected carefully to allow a
thorough statistical analysis
Virgin samples for each test
L/D of cores preferably 2
Locate steel prior to coring and avoid
Dont use a single core
Dont use broken cores or concrete pieces
Some notes on sampling

Should be random and objective

No unusually sound or poor concrete samples

Should reflect overall properties and variability
Sampling to identify MRD is different from

sampling from QA/QC
Need a delicate balance between

Cost
Time
Effort
Damage
Accuracy
Sampling Plan

Number, size, location

Consider field condition surveys previously
done
Evidence of distress will be obtained from the
results of the visual assessment
Targeted sampling is the appropriate approach
Such an MRD evaluation used solely to
characterize the type, severity, and extent of
distress
Sample size and accuracy (ASTM E

122)
Depends on

Maximum acceptable error between sample and

true value
Variability of the test method
Acceptable risk if the allowable error is
exceeded
Determination of sample size

2
3 SD 3 COV
=
n=
e
E
sample allowable

n=sample size
SD = estimated standard deviation
COV = estimated coefficient of variation
Esample = sample error
Eallowable = allowable sample error
3 = probability of exceeding 3 in 1000 (chance factor)
How many cores? ASTM E 122
Number, size, location

Number, size and location

of cores
Consider the strength

adequacy of the structure
1 set representative sample
for every 3 floors
Not less than 3 specimens
per set
1 set of cores per 1000 ft in
pavements along the
distressed area
Sampling location example 1
MRD concentrated
at the joints in a JCP
http://www.tfhrc.gov/pavement/pccp/pubs/01164/sect1b.htm
MRD NOT concentrated

at the joints in a JCP
MRD concentrated
at the cracks in a
CRCP
MRD NOT concentrated

at the cracks in a
CRCP
Physical requirements for samples

Core samples should include the full thickness of the

concrete
development of cracking, deterioration of the cement

paste, progress of cementaggregate reactions, and
other features may vary significantly with depth
The diameter of core specimens for MRD

identification is not critical as long as it is sufficient to
provide a representative section of the concrete
structure
Cores for petrographic examination must be
unaltered
not been subjected to strength testing or other

destructive processes
Some Requirements for Coring

Size of Cores

Min depth of sampling concrete in massive

structures should be atleast 2 ft
Core diameter 150 mm for 40 mm aggregates,
100 mm for 20 mm or less agg
Core diameter never less than 75mm
Ratio of core dia to max agg size never less than
3.0
Length of test sample cut from the core should be
atleast 95% of the diameter
Length / diameter ratio of 2.0 common
Some Requirements for Coring

Identification of cores (ACI 207.3R)

Describe locations of borings in drawings / photos

conditions at the surface
depth of obvious deterioration
fractures and conditions of fractured surfaces,
unusual deposits
Coloring or staining
distribution and size of voids,
locations of observed construction joints
contact with the foundation or other surface
Handling cores
Proper handling and protection

wrapped and sealed as may be appropriate to

preserve the moisture content representative of
the structure
packed so as to be properly protected from
freezing or damage in transit or storage,
especially if the concrete is very weak.
Sectioning cores for testing
Microscopy
Strength Testing
Chemical Analysis
Neithalath, Spring 2006, CE 455/555 Structural Damage: Assessment, Repair, and Strengthening CTL
Acceptance of Core compressive

strength results
Concrete cores should not show evidence of

segregation of individual materials.
Concrete cores should not exhibit honeycombing
which means interconnected voids arising from, for
example, inadequate compaction or lack of mortar.
For any set of cores representing a test location, the
estimated in-situ cube strength of each core specimen
should be at least 75% of the specified grade strength
The average estimated in-situ cube strength of the set
should be at least 85% of the specified grade
strength.
Approximating other values from fc

Compressive strength = fc
Compressive modulus E = (W)1.5.(33).(fc)0.5

Typical weight 150 lb/ft3
Tensile strength = ft = 6.(fc)0.5

Flexural strength = fr = 7.5(fc)0.5
Poissons ratio = 0.15 to 0.20, typically 0.18
Rate effects and their role in

testing and condition assessment
Long term
behavior
Non-destructive
testing
Creep
Static
Slow loading
rate
Impact
Blast
Fast loading
rate
Fast
Load
Earthquake
Typical load rate in static testing

25-50 psi / sec
Slow
Deflection
Creep and Relaxation

P
L
Strain
Strain
Stress
Stress
Time
Creep
Time
Relaxation
Creep under long term loading
Why is rapid rate of loading

important?

Majority of the non-destructive test methods are

done under a high rate of loading
UPV testing is an example
Stress
Measured
Slope in UPV
Strain
Stress-Strain curve of Concrete
Stress
Initial
Tangent
Modulus
Tangent
Modulus
fc
40% fc
Unloading curve
Chord
Modulus
Secant
Modulus
50
Strain
Semi-Destructive Testing
What information can you get?

Compressive strength in-situ

Flexural strength in-situ
Modulus of Elasticity
Bond strength
Chloride penetration into concrete
Freezing and thawing resistance
Air void sizes and distribution in hardened
concrete
At that point of time, at that location

Bond Strength

Bond strength
between layers
Indent the area
Attach a steel plate
with epoxy
Set the bond test
alignment plate
Attach the puller and
turn the rachet till the
surface fails
Freezing and Thawing

3x4x16" specimens
Can hold 18 speciemns
Upto 9 freezing and
thawing cycles a day (4.4
to -17.8C)
Concrete should sustain
300 cycles of F-T with
minimal damage
Defined as less than 40%
loss of dynamic modulus
(ASTM C 666)
Freezing and Thawing

Measure relative dynamic

modulus of specimens at
various cycles of F-T
Method of resonance
P is the relative modulus, n1 is
the resonant frequency of the
specimen after m cycles of FT, n is the resonant frequency
before the start of the test
P should not be less than 60%
at 300 cycles for the specimens
to pass the ASTM C 666 test
2
1
2
n
P = * 100%
n
Air void size and distribution

Hardened concrete analysis polished section

Air void content in the hardened state may be different
from that in the fresh state field changes
Air void size, spacing also important to achieve goof F-T
resistance
ASTM C 457 Air Void Analysis
ASTM C 457 Point Count or

Linear Traverse
Chloride Penetration into Concrete

Rapid Chloride
Permeability Test

Slices 2 thick from

cores used for RCPT
ASTM C 1202
Allowing chloride ions
to pass through
concrete under a
concentration gradient
Measuring the chloride
ion passage in terms
of electrical charge
passed (Coulombs)
RCPT Interpretation
Concretes with high w/c

ratio high permeability
Concretes with fly ash /
slag / SF low
permeability
Better construction
practices and curing
low permeability
Chloride Penetration into Concrete

Ponding the surface of

concrete with solution
rich in chlorides
Represented as lbs/cy
absorbed after a
certain amount of time
Chloride Ponding Test
The variation of
concentration with
position changes with
time
2
C
C
=D 2
t
x
C x C0
x
= 1 erf (
)
Cs C0
2 Dt
D = D0 e
QD
RT
Concentration
Ficks Second Law Non-Steady

State Diffusion
Cs
t2
t3
t1
C0
Position
x
Diffusion coefficient conforms to an

Arrhenius Equation
Chloride Profile in Concrete
Petrography of Concrete
One of the most rapid, least expensive

methods
Evaluate concrete quality, diagnose causes
of deterioration, determine extent of
damage
Applicable to aggregates, concrete, mortar,
grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and similar
portland cement mixtures.
Petrographic Examination
Combines inspection
with the unaided eye
and microscopical
examination using
different types of
microscopes
ASTM C 856,
"Standard Practice for
Petrographic
Examination of
Hardened Concrete"
What does Petrographic

Examination Include?

Condition of material
Causes of inferior
quality, distress or
deterioration
Probable future
performance
Compliance with project
specification
Neithalath, Spring 2006, CE 455/555 Structural Damage: Assessment, Repair, and Strengthening CTL
What can petrography identify ?

Degree of cement hydration

Estimation of water-cement ratio
Extent of paste carbonation
Presence of fly ash and estimation of amount
Extent of corrosion of reinforcing steel
Identification of evidence of harmful alkali-aggregate
reaction, sulfate attack, or other chemical attack
Identification of potentially reactive aggregates
Evidence of improper finishing
Estimation of air content
Evidence of early freezing
Causes of cracking
Some Examples
Glass fiber reinforced concrete

Bundles of glass fibers
Deposition of CH around glass fibers
Poorly air-entrained concrete with

Fly ash
Improper air entrainment resulted in
Scaling
CTL
Some Examples
Pavement concrete showing cracks

from Freezing and thawing
Concrete cracked from expansive

Alkali-silica reaction
Fluorescent microscopy
Cracks filled with alkali-silica gel
CTL

INSITU Properties of Concrete PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

INSITU Properties of Concrete PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Lecture 11,12

In-Situ properties of concrete

Why test concrete after placing?

To find out what quality of concrete was

Why test concrete after placing?

In place properties can differ significantly

Destructive, Semi-Destructive and

Breaking cylinders, beams cast as companion

Purely non-invasive, no need to pain the

Compressive Strength testing by breaking cast

Compressive and Flexural strength

Third point Loading

Basic Definitions (ES 220, 222)

The most common factor used to measure

Compressive Strength Specimens

Cube = 1.25 Cylinder

Failure patterns in compression

Cup and Cone

Size effect on compressive

Cylinder strength and in-place

Flexural Strength Determination

Tensile strength testing for

Split Tensile Strength

Relationship between strength and

Relationship between flexural and

Acquiring a field sample

Needs to be familiar with damages that can be

ASTM C 42, Standard Test Method for

What information can you get?

Compressive strength in-situ

At that point of time, at that location

Cores from Existing Concrete

A typical core identification label

Testing of concrete cores

Conducted on samples obtained from the

Can give crucial information leading to

Major uses of Core samples

identifying the presence of deleterious matter in

General conditions for core

Cores diamond studded core bit (strong);

Some notes on sampling

Should be random and objective

No unusually sound or poor concrete samples

Sampling to identify MRD is different from

Number, size, location

Sample size and accuracy (ASTM E

Maximum acceptable error between sample and

Determination of sample size

How many cores? ASTM E 122

Number, size, location

Number, size and location

Consider the strength

Sampling location example 1

Sampling location example 2

MRD NOT concentrated

Sampling location example 3

Sampling location example 4

MRD NOT concentrated

Physical requirements for samples

Core samples should include the full thickness of the

development of cracking, deterioration of the cement

The diameter of core specimens for MRD

not been subjected to strength testing or other