Connotation is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word.

Denotation is the strict dictionary meaning of a word.

Usage
Colloquial language is distinct from formal speech or formal writing. It is the variety
of language that speakers typically use when they are relaxed and not especially
self-conscious.
Some colloquial speech contains a great deal of slang, but some contains no slang
at all. Slang is permitted in colloquial language, but it is not a necessary element.
Other examples of colloquial usage in English include contractions or profanity.
In the philosophy of language, the term "colloquial language" refers to ordinary
natural language, as distinct from specialized forms used in logic or other areas of
philosophy. In the field of logical atomism, meaning is evaluated in a different way
than with more formal propositions.
A colloquial name or familiar name is a name or term commonly used to identify
a person or thing in informal language, in place of another usually more formal or
technical name.
Distinction from other styles
Colloquialisms are distinct from slang or jargon. Slang refers to words used only by
specific social groups, such as teenagers or soldiers. Colloquial language may
include slang, but consists mostly of contractions or other informal words and
phrases known to most native speakers of the language.
Jargon is terminology that is especially defined in relationship to a specific activity,
profession, or group. The term refers to the language used by people who work in a
particular area or who have a common interest. Much like slang, it is a kind of
shorthand used to express ideas that are frequently discussed between members of
a group, though it can also be developed deliberately using chosen terms. While a
standard term may be given a more precise or unique usage amongst practitioners
of relevant disciplines, it is often reported that jargon is a barrier to communication
for those people unfamiliar with the respective field.

In language, an archaism (from the Ancient Greek: , archaks, 'oldfashioned, antiquated', ultimately , archaos, 'from the beginning, ancient')
is the use of a form of speech or writing that is no longer current or that is current
only within a few special contexts. Their deliberate use can be subdivided into
literary archaisms, which seeks to evoke the style of older speech and writing; and
lexical archaisms, the use of words no longer in common use.
We use formal language in situations that are serious or that involve people we
dont know well. Informal language is more commonly used in situations that are
more relaxed and involve people we know well.
Formal language is more common when we write; informal language is more
common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very
informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text
messages. There are also examples where spoken English can be very formal, for
example, in a speech or a lecture. Most uses of English are neutral; that is, they are
neither formal nor informal.
Formal language and informal language are associated with particular choices of
grammar and vocabulary.

Accent and dialect are very important to the way we speak. Your accent is the way
you say words and your dialect is the form of speech you use depending on where
you come from. In any part of the country, words for different things will be very
different. There are a variety of very different and interesting accents in England,
Venezuela, Spain, USA, Africa, China, Japon and so on.
On the other hand, Idiolect comes from two Greek words, idio, which means
personal and lect which means language. It is essentially your personal language.
Imagine you were to write a dictionary of all the words you use, then that would be
your idiolect. The greatest influence on your language is your immediate family, and
the people you spend time with. For scholars who view language from the
perspective of linguistic competence, essentially the knowledge of language and
grammar that exists in the mind of an individual language user, the idiolect is a way
of referring to this specific knowledge. For scholars who regard language as a
shared social practice, idiolect is more like a dialect with a speech community of
one individual
Diction is the author's word choice in his or her work. (This is not to be confused
with the author's tone. Diction often helps to enhance the author's tone in a work.)
When you think about diction, you are considering your word choice. Your diction
must be suited to the purpose of your writing. Think about your audience and your
intended purpose as well as the tone you are trying to achieve. College language
would not go over well with third graders. Some types of diction include informal,

colloquial, archaic, denotative, concrete, abstract, euphonious (pleasant) or

cacophonous (harsh). The number of syllables in a word is also related to diction.
Words can be monosyllabic or polysyllabic. Monosyllabic words can add emphasis to
the point you are making. In contrast, the more polysyllabic words, the more
difficult the content. Also, be sure the word you choose has the correct connotation
for what you are trying to say. That way you do not say one thing and mean
another.
Standard English (SE) refers to whatever form of the English language is accepted
as a national norm in any English-speaking country. It encompasses grammar,
vocabulary and spelling. In the British Isles, particularly in England and Wales, it is
often associated with: the "Received Pronunciation" accent (there are several
variants of the accent) and UKSE (United Kingdom Standard English), which refers
to grammar and vocabulary. In Scotland the standard is Scottish Standard English.
In the United States it is generally associated with the General American accent and
in Australia with General Australian.

Old English
The dialects spoken by the Germanic settlers developed into a language that would
come to be called Anglo-Saxon, or now more commonly Old English.[4] It displaced
the indigenous Brittonic Celtic (and the Latin of the former Roman rulers) in most of
the areas of Britain that later formed the Kingdom of England, while Celtic
languages remained in most of Scotland, Wales and Cornwall, although large
numbers of compound Celtic-Germanic placenames survive, hinting at early
language mixing. Old English continued to exhibit local variation, the remnants of
which continue to be found in dialects of Modern English. The four main dialects
were Mercian, Northumbrian, Kentish and West Saxon; the last of these formed the
basis for the literary standard of the later Old English period, although the dominant
forms of Middle and Modern English would develop mainly from Mercian.
Old English was first written using a runic script called the futhorc, but this was
replaced by a version of the Latin alphabet introduced by Irish missionaries in the
9th century. Most literary output was in either the Early West Saxon of Alfred the
Great's time, or the Late West Saxon (regarded as the "classical" form of Old
English) of the Winchester school inspired by Bishop thelwold of Winchester and
followed by such writers as the prolific lfric of Eynsham ("the Grammarian"). The
most famous surviving work from the Old English period is the epic poem Beowulf,
composed by an unknown poet.
The introduction of Christianity from around 600 encouraged the addition of over
400 Latin loan words into Old English, such as the predecessors of the modern
priest, paper, and school, and a smaller number of Greek loan words. The speech of
eastern and northern parts of England was also subject to strong Old Norse
influence due to Scandinavian rule and settlement beginning in the 9th century (see
below).

Most native English speakers today find Old English unintelligible, even though
approximately half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old
English roots. The grammar of Old English featured a much greater degree of
inflection than modern English, combined with freer word order, and is quite similar
in some respects to modern German grammar. The Old English period is considered
to transition into the Middle English period some time after the Norman conquest of
1066, when the language came to be influenced significantly by the new ruling
class's French dialect called Old Norman.

Middle English
Middle English is the form of English spoken roughly from the time of the Norman
Conquest in 1066 until the end of the 15th century.
For centuries after the Conquest, the Norman kings and high-ranking nobles in
England and to some extent elsewhere in the British Isles spoke Anglo-Norman, a
variety of Old Norman, originating from a northern langue d'ol dialect. Merchants
and lower-ranked nobles were often bilingual in Anglo-Norman and English, whilst
English continued to be the language of the common people. Middle English was
influenced by both Anglo-Norman and, later, Anglo-French (see characteristics of
the Anglo-Norman language).
Until the 14th century, Anglo-Norman and then French was the language of the
courts and government. Even after the decline of Norman French, standard French
retained the status of a formal or prestige language, and approximately 10,000
French (and Norman) loan words entered Middle English, particularly terms
associated with government, church, law, the military, fashion, and food (see
English language word origins and List of English words of French origin). The strong
influence of Old Norse on English (described in the previous section) also becomes
apparent during this period. The impact of the native British Celtic languages that
English continued to displace is generally held to be much smaller, although some
attribute such analytic verb forms as the continuous aspect ("to be doing" or "to
have been doing") to Celtic influence. Some scholars have also put forward
hypotheses that Middle English was a kind of creole language resulting from contact
between Old English and either Old Norse or Anglo-Norman.
English literature began to reappear after 1200, when a changing political climate
and the decline in Anglo-Norman made it more respectable. The Provisions of
Oxford, released in 1258, was the first English government document to be
published in the English language after the Norman Conquest. In 1362, Edward III
became the first king to address Parliament in English. The Pleading in English Act
1362 made English the only language in which court proceedings could be held,
though the official record remained in Latin. By the end of the century, even the
royal court had switched to English. Anglo-Norman remained in use in limited circles
somewhat longer, but it had ceased to be a living language. Official documents
began to be produced regularly in English during the 15th century. Geoffrey
Chaucer, who lived in the late 14th century, is the most famous writer from the
Middle English period, and The Canterbury Tales is his best-known work.

The English language changed enormously during the Middle English period, both in
vocabulary and pronunciation, and in grammar. While Old English is a heavily
inflected language (synthetic), an overall diminishing of grammatical endings
occurred in Middle English (analytic). Grammar distinctions were lost as many noun
and adjective endings were leveled to -e. The older plural noun marker -en (retained
in a few cases such as children and oxen) largely gave way to -s, and grammatical
gender was discarded.
English spelling was also influenced by Norman in this period, with the // and //
sounds being spelled th rather than with the Old English letters (thorn) and
(eth), which did not exist in Norman. These letters remain in the modern Icelandic
alphabet, having been borrowed from Old English via Old West Norse.

Modern English
The first authoritative and full featured English dictionary, the Dictionary of the
English Language, was published by Samuel Johnson in 1755. To a high degree, the
dictionary standardised both English spelling and word usage. Meanwhile, grammar
texts by Lowth, Murray, Priestly, and others attempted to prescribe standard usage
even further.
Early Modern English and Late Modern English vary essentially in vocabulary. Late
Modern English has many more words, arising from the Industrial Revolution and the
technology that created a need for new words as well as international development
of the language. The British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the Earth's
surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.
British English and North American English, the two major varieties of the language,
are spoken by 400 million people. Received Pronunciation of British English is
considered the traditional standard. The total number of English speakers worldwide
may exceed one billion. It is a matter of time that the English language will continue
to evolve. With the advent of chatting sites, domains, and apps, plus the fact that it
is spoken as a world-wide lingua franca across cultures, customs, and traditions, we
shouldn't be surprised to see some further shortening of words, phrases, and/or
sentences. Such as, 'international' to 'int'l', 'As Soon As Possible' to 'ASAP', etc.
This chart shows samples of the changes in English. #1 is Old English or Anglo-Saxon (circa 450-1066 CE). #2
is Middle English (circa 1066-1450 AD). #3 is Modern English from about the time of Shakespeare. #4 is
another sample of Modern English, but it is more recent than #3.

A
Root

Meaning in Origin
English
language

ab-, a-, abs-,

away from
au- [1]
abac-

[2]

Latin

slab

Greek

ac-, acm-,
acr- [3]

point

Greek

ac- [4]

cure

Greek

academ-

Akademos

Greek

acanth-

thorn

Greek

acar- [5]

mite

Greek

acer-, acri-

bitter, sharp,
Latin
sour

acet-

sour, vinegar Latin

acid-

acidic, sour

Latin

acr-

height,
summit, tip

Greek

actin- [6]

beam, ray

Greek

Etymology (root
origin)
ab

English examples
abnormal, abrasion, absent, abstain,
abstraction, aversion, avulsion,
abstract

, (bax,
bakos), abaciscus, abacus, abax
(abakskos)
(ak), ,
(aks, akdos),
acidanthera, acme, acmeism,
(akn),
acmesthesia, acmic, acne, paragon
(kros),
(kron),
(akesthai),
(ak), ,
autacoid, panacea
(kos)

academe, academia, academic,

(Akdmos)
academy
Acanthaster, acanthion, acanthite,
Acanthocephala,
,
acanthocephaliasis, acanthocyte,
(kantha)
Acanthomintha, Acanthosaura,
Acanthus, Metriacanthosaurus,
neuroacanthocytosis
acariasis, acarid, acariphagous,
(akar)
acaroid, acarology, acarophobia,
acarus
cer, cris, acerbus, acerbic, acrid, acrimonious,
acere
acrimony, exacerbate
acetabulum, acetate, acetic,
actum
acetone, acetum, triacetate
acidiferous, acidity, acidosis,
acidus
acidulation, acidulous
acrobat, acrobatics, acrochordon,
(ak),
acromegalia, acromegaly,
(kros) "high",
acromion, acronym, acrophobia,
"extreme",
acropolis, acrostic, acroterion,
(kron)
acrotomophilia
, (akts, actinic, actinism, actinium,
aktnos)
actinocerid, actinodrome, actinoid,
actinomere, actinometer,
actinomorphic, actinomyces,
actinophryid, actinopod,

Root

Meaning in Origin
English
language

Etymology (root
origin)

English examples
Actinopterygii, actinotherapy,
actinozoa

acu-, acut-

sharp, pointed Latin

ad-, a-, ac-,

af-, ag-, al-, movement to
am-, an-,
or toward; in Latin
ap-, ar-, as-, addition to
at- [7]
aden- [8]

gland

Greek

adip-

fat

Latin

aer- ([9]) lift, raise

Greek

aer- [10]

air,
atmosphere

Greek

aesth-

feeling,
sensation

Greek

aether-,
ether-

upper pure,
bright air

Greek

aev-, ev-

age

Latin

ag-, -ig-, act- do, go, move Latin

ag- [11]

lead

Greek

agap- [12]

love

Greek

acutus, past
participle of acuere acerose, acupuncture, acumen,
"to sharpen", from acute, acutifoliate
acus "needle"
accept, accurate, adapt, affect,
agglomerate, aggregate,
aggression, allege, allude,
ad "to", "toward"
ammunition, annectent,
approximate, arreption, arride,
arrogant, ascend, assault,
assimilate, attend, attract
adenocarcinoma, adenoid,
, (adn) adenoidectomy, adenology,
adenoma, adenomyosis, adenosis
adeps, adipis "fat" adipocellular, adipose
(aerein),
aorta, aortic, endaortitis, meteor,
(aort),
meteorology
,
aerobic, aerodynamic, aeronautics,
, (r,
aeroplane, aerorrhachia, aerosol,
ros) "air"
aerotitis
(aisthts),

(aisthtiks) "of
aesthesia, aesthesis, aesthete,
sense perception"
aesthetics, anaesthetic, synesthesia
from
(aisthnesthai) "to
perceive"
(athein),
ether, ethereal, etheric, hypaethros
(aithr)
age, coeval, eon, eternal, longevity,
aevum
medieval, primeval
act, action, actor, agenda, agent,
agile, agitate, ambiguous, castigate,
agere, actus
cogent, cogitate, cogitation,
excogitate, mitigate, navigate
(gein)
agony, antagonist, antagonize,
(cognate with Latin
demagogue, pedagogue, pedagogy,
agere),
strategy, synagogue
(aggs)
(agp)
agape

Root
agr- [13]

Meaning in Origin
English
language
field

Greek

agri-, -egri- field

Latin

ailur- [14]

cat

Greek

alacalb-

cheerful
dull white

Latin
Latin

alcyon- [15]

kingfisher

Greek

ale- [16] () wheat flour

Greek

alg- [17]

pain

Greek

ali-, alter-

other

Latin

all- [18]

other

Greek

allel- [19]

one another

Greek

alph- [20]

A, a

Greek

alphit-

barley

Greek

alt-

high, deep

Latin

am-, amat- love, liking

am-, amic-,
friend
-imicamathsand

Latin
Latin

Etymology (root
English examples
origin)
, (agrs,
agronomist, agronomy
agro)
ager, agris "field,
agriculture, peregrine
country"
Ailuroedus, ailuromancy,
(alouros) ailurophile, ailurophilia,
ailurophobia
alacer
alacrity, allegro
albus
albedo, albino, albumen
,
Halcyon, halcyon
(alkun, alkunos)
,
aleuromancy, aleurone, aleuronic
(leuron),
(lgos),
,
analgesic, arthralgia, neuralgia,
(algen),
nostalgia
(lgsis)
alias, alibi, alien, alter, alternate,
alius
altruism
allegory, allogenic, allograph,
(llos)
allophone, parallactic, parallax
allele, allelomorph, allelotaxis,
(allln) parallel, parallelism, parallelogon,
parallelogram
alphabet, alphabetic, analphabetic,
, , (lpha)
panalphabetic, polyalphabetic
(alphs),
,
alphitomancy
(lphiton)
altus, altitudo
altimeter, altitude
amre, amatus,
amateur, amatory, amenity,
amor
amorous, enamoured
amiable, amicable, amity, enemy,
amicus
enmity, inimical

Greek

ambi-, am-,
both, on both
amb-,
Latin
sides
ambo-, an-

ambi

ambly- [21]

dull

Greek

(ambls)

ambul-

walk

Latin

ambulare

ambidexterity, ambient, ambiguous,

ambit, ambition, ambivalent,
amboceptor, amputation, ancipital,
andante
amblygeustia, amblygonite,
amblyopia, Amblypoda
ambulance, ambulatory, preamble

Root
amm- [22]
amn-

[23]

Meaning in Origin
English
language
sand
lamb

Greek
Greek

Etymology (root
origin)
(mmos),
(mathos)
(amns),
, ,
(amnon)

English examples
amathophobia, Ammophila
amniocentesis, amnion,
amnioscope, amniote, amniotic,
anamniote
amphibian, amphibious, amphibole,
amphibolic, amphimacer,
Amphipoda, amphistyly,
amphitheatre, amphoterism

amph-,
amphi- [24]

both, on both
sides of, both Greek
kinds

(amph) "on
both sides"

ampl-

ample,
abundant,
bountiful,
large

Latin

amplus

ample, amplify, amplitude

Greek

(amugdl),

(amgdalon)

almond, amygdala, amygdale,

amygdalin, amygdaloid, amygdule

amygdal- [25] almond

an-, a-, am-,

not, without Greek
arana-, am-, again, against,
Greek
an- [26]
back, up

ambrosia, anaerobic, anhydrous,

arrhythmia, atheism, atypical
anagram, anabaptist, anaphylaxis,
(an)
anarrhexis, anion, anode
Alexander, androcentric,
androcentrism, androgen,
androgenous, androgyne,
androgynous, androgyny, android,
, (anr,
andrology, androphobia,
andrs),
androspore, diandry, misandry,
monandry, philander, polyandrous,
polyandry, protandry, pseudandry,
synandrous
anemograph, anemometer,
anemometric, anemone,
(nemos)
anemophilous, anemophily,
anemophobia, anemoscope,
anemotropism
Greek -/- "not"

andr- [27]
([28])

male,
masculine

Greek

anem- [29]
()

wind

Greek

anim-

breath, life,
spirit

Latin

anima "breath"

animal, animation

ann-, -enn- year, yearly

Latin

annus "year"

anniversary, annual, centennial,

millennium, perennial

Greek

(ant) "against"

antagonist, antagonize, antibiotic,

antidote, antipodes, antirrhinum

Latin

ante "before",

antebellum, antediluvian,

against,
opposed to,
[30]
preventive
ante-, anti- before, in
ant-, anti-

Root
[31]

anth- [32]

anthracanthrop-

ap-, apo- [33]

aper-

aphrod-

aqu-

araarachnarbitarcan-

Meaning in Origin
Etymology (root
English examples
English
language
origin)
front of, prior
"against"; see also anticipate, antiquarian, antiquate,
to; old
antiquus "old"
antique, antiquity
anther, anthesis, Anthocoridae,
(anthen),
anthodite, anthology, anthophobia,
(nthos),
anthophore, Anthozoa,
flower
Greek
(nthsis), chrysanthemum, dianthus,
(nthma), enanthem, enanthema, exanthem,
(anthrs) exanthematic, hydranth,
hypanthium, perianth, zoanthid
,
anthracite, anthracnose,
coal
Greek
(nthraks,
anthracycline, anthrax
nthrakos)
anthropology, anthroposophy,

human
Greek
anthropomorphic, misanthrope,
(nthrpos) "man"
philanthropy
away from,
(ap) "from,
aphelion, apocrine, apocryphal,
separate, at
away, un-, quite",
Greek
apogee, aporrhinosis, apostasy,
the farthest
sometimes "changed,
apostate
point
switched"
aperient, apritif, aperitive,
open
Latin
aperire
aperture, overt, overture, pert

(Aphrodt),

aphrodisiac,
Aphrodite
Greek
(Aphrodsios),
pseudohermaphroditism

(aphrodisiakn)
acquacotta, akvavit, aqua vitae,
aquaculture, aquamarine, aquarelle,
aquarium, Aquarius, aquatic,
water
Latin
aqua
aquatile, aqueduct, aqueous,
aquifer, aquiferous, aquiform,
gouache, semiaquatic
arability, arable, aration, aratory,
plow, till
Latin
rre
exarate, exaration, inarable,
nonarable
Arachne, arachnid, arachnodactyly,
,
spider
Greek
arachnoid, arachnology,
(archn)
arachnophobia
arbiter (from ad "to"
arbiter, arbitrage, arbitrary,
judge
Latin
+ baetere "to come,
arbitration
go")
box
Latin
arcanus
arcane, arcanum

Root

Meaning in Origin
English
language

arch-,
arche-,
archi-

ruler

Greek

archae-,
arche-

ancient

Greek

arduaretargent-

Relating to
the North
Pole or the
Greek
region near it;
relating to
cold
heat, glow,
Latin
passion
difficult
Latin
virtue
Greek
silver
Latin

arid-

be dry

Latin

arist-

excellence

Greek

arithm-

count,
number

Greek

arsen- [34]

male

Greek

art-

art, skill

Latin

arthr-

joint

Greek

arti-

even

Greek

asc- [35]

bag

Greek

arct-

ard-

Etymology (root
origin)
(rchein),
(rchn),
(arch) "rule"
(in compounds:
-, -)
(arkhaos)
"ancient" from
(arkh) "rule"
(rktos)
"bear",
(arktiks)

English examples
anarchy, archangel, archetype,
architect, archon, autarchism,
autarchy, exarch, monarchy,
oligarchy, patriarchy, polyarchy,
synarchy, triarchy
archaeology, archaic, archaism

Antarctic, arctic, Arctic Ocean,

palearctic

ardere "to burn",

ardent, ardor, arson
arsus
arduus "high, steep" arduous
, (aret) aretaic, arete
argentum
argent, Argentina
rre "be dry or
arid
parched"
(ristos)
aristocracy, aristocrat
(arithms),
antilogarithm, arithmetic,
,
arithmomania, logarithm,

logarithmic
(arithmtiks)
,
(rsn), arsenopyrite
(arseniks)
artifact, artifice, artificial,
ars, artis
artificiality, artisan, inert, inertia
anarthria, arthritic, arthritis,
arthrogryposis, arthropathy,
arthroplasty, arthropod,
(rthron)
arthroscope, arthroscopic,
arthroscopy, arthrosis, dysarthria,
osteoarthritis, spondyloarthropathy
(rtios),
"evenness", artiodactyl, artiodactylous

ascidium, ascites, ascitic, ascocarp,

(asks),
ascoma, ascomycete, Ascomycota,
(askdion)
ascospore, ascus

Root
asinasperaspr- [36]

Meaning in
English
ass
rough
white

Origin
Etymology (root
language
origin)
Latin
asinus
Latin
asper "rough"
Greek
(spros)
,
(astr, astros),
Greek
(stron)
"star"

aster-, astr-

star, starshaped

asthen-

weak

Greek

(asthens)

ather- [37]

gruel

Greek

(athr)

athl-

prize

Greek

-athroid-

gathered or
lumped
together

Greek

audac-

daring

Latin

aud-

hearing,
listening,
sound

Latin

aug-, auct-

aul-

aurauri-, ausaut-, auto[38]

aux- [39]

English examples
asinine, ass, easel
asperity, exasperate
diaper
aster, asterisk, asteroid, astrology,
astronomy, astronaut, diasterism
geaster, monaster
asthenopia, asthenosphere,
asthenozoospermia
atherogenic, atheroma,
atherosclerosis

(thlos)
athlete, athletic, decathlon,
"contest, feat",
pentathlon, triathlon

(athrozein) "to
epiathroid, hypoathroid
gather together"
audax "brave, bold,
daring", from audere audacious, audacity
"to dare"
audire "to hear"

audible, audio, audiology, audit,

audition, auditorium, auditory

grow, increase Latin

augre, auctus "to

increase"

auction, augend, augment,

augmentation, augur, augury,
august, author, auxiliary,
inauguration

flute, tube

(),
(auls), ,
aulete, aulos, hydraulic, hydraulus
,
(aults)

Greek

relating to
gold, or gold- Latin
colored
relating to the
Latin
ear
self; directed
Greek
from within
increase

Greek

aurum "gold"

aureate, aureole

aural, auricle, aurinasal, auscultate,

auscultation
autarchism, autarchy, autarky,
(auts) "self", authentic, autism, autistic,
"same"
autocracy, autograph, automatic,
automaton, autonomy
(axein),
auxanogram, auxanography,
auxnein, auxanology, auxanometer, auxesis,
(axsis), auxetic, auxin, auxochrome,
auris "ear"

Root

Meaning in Origin
English
language

av-

desire

Latin

avi-, au-

bird

Latin

axi- [40]

merit, worth Greek

axi-

axis

Latin

axon- [41]

axis, axle

Greek

Etymology (root
English examples
origin)

auxology, auxotroph, auxotrophy

(auxtiks)
avere "crave, long avarice, avaricious, avarous, ave,
for"
avid, avidity
auspice, auspicious, avian, aviary,
avis
aviation, aviator
(xios)
axiogenesis, axiology, axiom,
"worth",
axiomatic
(axma)
axis
axis, axisymmetry
, (xn, axon, axonography, axonometric,
xonos)
axonotmesis