Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Prime Minister of Pakistan

In office
14 August 1973 – 5 July 1977

President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Preceded by Nurul Amin

Succeeded by Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

President of Pakistan

In office
20 December 1971 – 13 August 1973

Prime Minister Nurul Amin

 Preceded by Yahya Khan

Succeeded by Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Minister of Foreign Affairs

In office
20 December 1971 – 28 March 1977

President Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Preceded by Yahya Khan

Succeeded by Aziz Ahmed

In office
15 June 1963 – 12 September 1966

President Ayub Khan

Preceded by Muhammad Ali Bogra

Succeeded by Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada

5 January 1928(1928-01-05)
Born
Larkana, British Raj (now Pakistan)

4 April 1979 (aged 51)

Died
Rawalpindi, Pakistan

Political party Pakistan Peoples Party

University of Southern California

University of California, Berkeley
Alma mater
Christ Church, Oxford
Lincoln's Inn

Religion Muslim-Shia[1][2][3]

Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, Sindhi: ‫ذوالفقار علي ُڀٽو‬, IPA: [zʊlfɪqɑːɾ ɑli bʱʊʈːoː]) (January 5, 1928–
April 4, 1979) was a Pakistani politician who served as the fourth President of Pakistan from
1971 to 1973 and as the ninth Prime Minister of Pakistan from 1973 to 1977. He was the founder
of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), the largest and most influential political party in Pakistan.
His daughter Benazir Bhutto also served twice as prime minister; she was assassinated on
December 27, 2007.
Educated at the University of California, Berkeley, in the United States and University of Oxford
in the United Kingdom, Bhutto was noted for his economic initiatives and authoring Pakistan's
nuclear programme. He was executed in 1979 after the Supreme Court of Pakistan sentenced him
to death for authorizing the murder of a political opponent,[4][5] in a move that many believe was
done under the directives of General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq.[6][7]

Contents
• 1 Early life
• 2 Political career
○ 2.1 Foreign Minister
• 3 Pakistan Peoples Party
• 4 Leader of Pakistan
○ 4.1 President of Pakistan
○ 4.2 Father of the Nuclear program
○ 4.3 Ordering military operation in Balochistan
○ 4.4 Prime Minister of Pakistan
○ 4.5 Popular unrest and military coup
○ 4.6 Trial of the Prime Minister
• 5 Re-arrest and trial
• 6 Death sentence and appeal
• 7 Criticism and legacy
• 8 Works
• 9 Books on Bhutto
• 10 See also
• 11 References
• 12 External links

Early life
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto was born to Khursheed Begum née Lakhi Bai and Sir Shah Nawaz Bhutto.
He was born in a prominent Sindhi Shia Muslim Arain family.[8] Bhutto's father was a prominent
political figure in the Indian colonial government. Bhutto was born in his parent's residence near
Larkana in what later became the province of Sindh. He was their third child — their first one,
Sikandar Ali, died from pneumonia at age seven in 1914 and the second child, Imdad Ali, died of
cirrhosis at the age of 39 in 1953.[9] His father was a wealthy landlord, a zamindar, and a
prominent politician in Sindh, who enjoyed an influential relationship with the officials of the
British Raj. As a young boy, Bhutto moved to Worli Seaface in Bombay (now Mumbai) to study
at the Cathedral and John Connon School. During this period, he also became a student activist
in the League's Pakistan Movement. In 1943, his marriage was arranged with Shireen Amir
Begum (died January 19, 2003 in Karachi). He later left her, however, in order to remarry. In
1947, Bhutto was admitted to the University of Southern California.
During this time, Bhutto's father, Sir Shahnawaz, played a controversial role in the affairs of the
state of Junagadh (now in Gujarat). Coming to power in a palace coup as the dewan, he secured
the accession of the state to Pakistan, which was ultimately negated by Indian intervention in
December, 1947.[10] In 1949, Bhutto transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, where
he earned an honours degree in political science. Here he would become interested in the theories
of socialism, delivering a series of lectures on the feasibility of socialism in Islamic countries. In
June, 1950 Bhutto travelled to England to study law at Christ Church, Oxford. Upon finishing his
studies, he was called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn in 1953 (the same school at which Muhammad
Ali Jinnah studied law) .
Bhutto married his second wife, the Iranian-Kurdish Begum Nusrat Ispahani who was also a
Shi'a Muslim,[2] in Karachi on September 8, 1951. Their first child, his daughter Benazir, was
born in 1953. She was followed by Murtaza in 1954, a second daughter, Sanam, in 1957, and the
youngest child, Shahnawaz Bhutto, in 1958. He accepted the post of lecturer at the Sindh Muslim
College, from where he was also awarded an honorary law degree by the then college President,
Mr. Hassanally A. Rahman before establishing himself in a legal practice in Karachi. He also
took over the management of his family's estate and business interests after his father's death.
Political career
In 1957, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto became the youngest member of Pakistan's delegation to the United
Nations. He would address the United Nations Sixth Committee on Aggression on October 25,
1957 and lead Pakistan's deputation to the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Seas in
1958. In the same year, Bhutto became the youngest Pakistani cabinet minister when he was
given charge of the energy ministry by President Muhammad Ayub Khan, who had seized power
and declared martial law. He was subsequently promoted to head the ministries of commerce,
information and industries. Bhutto became a close and trusted advisor to Ayub, rising in
influence and power despite his youth and relative inexperience in politics. Bhutto aided Ayub in
negotiating the Indus Water Treaty with India in 1960. In 1961, Bhutto negotiated an oil
exploration agreement with the Soviet Union, which also agreed to provide economic and
technical aid to Pakistan.
Foreign Minister

Sheikh Abdullah with Ayub Khan and Z.A.Bhutto 1964.

In 1962, he was appointed Pakistan's foreign minister. His swift rise to power also brought him
national prominence and popularity.
As foreign minister, Bhutto significantly transformed Pakistan's hitherto pro-Western foreign
policy. While maintaining a prominent role for Pakistan within the Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization and the Central Treaty Organization, Bhutto began asserting a foreign policy
course for Pakistan that was independent of U.S. influence. Bhutto criticised the U.S. for
providing military aid to India during and after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which was seen as
an abrogation of Pakistan's alliance with the U.S. Bhutto worked to establish stronger relations
with the People's Republic of China.[11] Bhutto visited Beijing and helped Ayub negotiate trade
and military agreements with the Chinese regime, which agreed to help Pakistan in a large
number of military and industrial projects. Bhutto also signed the Sino-Pakistan Boundary
Agreement on March 2, 1963 that transferred 750 square kilometres of territory from Pakistan-
administered Kashmir to Chinese control. Bhutto asserted his belief in non-alignment, making
Pakistan an influential member in non-aligned organisations. Believing in pan-Islamic unity,
Bhutto developed closer relations with nations such as Indonesia, Saudi Arabia and other Arab
states.
Bhutto advocated hardline and confrontational policies against India over the Kashmir conflict
and other issues. A 17 day war broke out between Pakistan and India on 6 September 1965
known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965. This war was an aftermath of brief skirmishes that
took place between March and August 1965 on the international boundaries in the Rann of
Kutch, Kashmir and Punjab. Bhutto joined Ayub in Tashkent to negotiate a peace treaty with the
Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri. Ayub and Shastri agreed to exchange prisoners of
war and withdraw respective forces to pre-war boundaries. This agreement was deeply unpopular
in Pakistan, causing major political unrest against Ayub's regime. Bhutto's criticism of the final
agreement caused a major rift between him and Ayub Khan. Initially denying the rumours,
Bhutto resigned in June, 1966 and expressed strong opposition to Ayub's regime.[11]
Pakistan Peoples Party
Following his resignation, large crowds gathered to listen to Bhutto's speech upon his arrival in
Lahore on June 21, 1967. Tapping a wave of anger and opposition against Ayub, Bhutto began
travelling across the country to deliver political speeches. In a speech in October, 1966 Bhutto
declared the PPP's beliefs, "Islam is our faith, democracy is our policy, socialism is our
economy. All power to the people."[12] On November 30, 1967 Bhutto founded the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP) in Lahore, establishing a strong base of political support in Punjab, Sindh
and amongst the Muhajir communities. Bhutto's party became a part of the pro-democracy
movement involving diverse political parties from all across Pakistan. PPP activists staged large
protests and strikes in different parts of the country, increasing pressure on Ayub to resign.
Bhutto's arrest on November 12, 1968 sparked greater political unrest. After his release, Bhutto
attended the Round Table Conference called by Ayub in Rawalpindi, but refused to accept
Ayub's continuation in office and the East Pakistani politician Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Six
point movement for regional autonomy.
Following Ayub's resignation, the new president Gen. Yahya Khan promised to hold
parliamentary elections on December 7, 1970. Bhutto's party won a large number of seats from
constituencies in West Pakistan.[12] However, Sheikh Mujib's Awami League won an outright
majority from the constituencies located in East Pakistan. Bhutto refused to accept an Awami
League government and famously promised to "break the legs" of any elected PPP member who
dared to attend the inaugural session of the National Assembly of Pakistan. Capitalising on West
Pakistani fears of East Pakistani separatism, Bhutto demanded that Sheikh Mujib form a
coalition with the PPP.[12] Under substantial pressure from Bhutto and other West Pakistani
political parties, Yahya postponed the inaugural session of the National Assembly after talks
with Sheikh Mujib failed.[12] Amidst popular outrage in East Pakistan, Major Ziaur Rahman
declared the independence of "Bangladesh" on March 26, 1971 after Mujibur was arrested by the
Pakistani Army, which had been ordered by Yahya to suppress political activities. .[13] While
supportive of the army's actions and working to rally international support, Bhutto distanced
himself from the Yahya regime. He refused to accept Yahya's scheme to appoint Bengali
politician Nurul Amin as prime minister, with Bhutto as deputy prime minister. Indian
intervention in East Pakistan led to the very bitter defeat of Pakistani forces, who surrendered on
December 16, 1971. Bhutto and others condemned Yahya for failing to protect Pakistan's unity.
Isolated, Yahya resigned on December 20 and transferred power to Bhutto, who became the
president, army commander-in-chief as well as the first civilian chief martial law administrator.
[12]

Leader of Pakistan

Bhutto speaking in Simla.

As president, Bhutto addressed the nation via radio and television, saying "My dear countrymen,
my dear friends, my dear students, labourers, peasants… those who fought for Pakistan… We
are facing the worst crisis in our country's life, a deadly crisis. We have to pick up the pieces,
very small pieces, but we will make a new Pakistan, a prosperous and progressive Pakistan." He
placed Yahya under house arrest, brokered a ceasefire and ordered the release of Sheikh Mujib,
who was held prisoner by the army. To implement this, Bhutto reversed the verdict of Mujib's
court trial that had taken place earlier, in which the presiding Brigadier Rahimuddin Khan (later
General) had sentenced Mujib to death. Appointing a new cabinet, Bhutto appointed Gen. Gul
Hasan as Chief of Army Staff. On January 2, 1972 Bhutto announced the nationalisation of all
major industries, including iron and steel, heavy engineering, heavy electricals, petrochemicals,
cement and public utilities.[14] A new labour policy was announced increasing workers rights and
the power of trade unions. Although he came from a feudal background himself, Bhutto
announced reforms limiting land ownership and a government take-over of over a million acres
(4,000 km²) to distribute to landless peasants. More than 2,000 civil servants were dismissed on
charges of corruption.[14] Bhutto also dismissed the military chiefs on March 3 after they refused
orders to suppress a major police strike in Punjab. He appointed Gen. Tikka Khan as the new
Chief of the Army Staff in March 1972 as he felt the General would not interfere in political
matters and would concentrate on rehabilitating the Pakistan Army. Bhutto convened the
National Assembly on April 14, rescinded martial law on April 21 and charged the legislators
with writing a new constitution.
Bhutto visited India to meet Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and negotiated a formal peace
agreement and the release of 93,000 Pakistani prisoners of war. The two leaders signed the
Shimla Agreement, which committed both nations to establish a new yet temporaliy Cease-fire
Line in Kashmir and obligated them to resolve disputes peacefully through bilateral talks.[14][15]
Bhutto also promised to hold a future summit for the peaceful resolution of the Kashmir dispute
and pledged to recognise Bangladesh.[15] Although he secured the release of Pakistani soldiers
held by India, Bhutto was criticised by many in Pakistan for allegedly making too many
concessions to India. It is theorised that Bhutto feared his downfall if he could not secure the
release of Pakistani soldiers and the return of territory occupied by Indian forces.[16] Bhutto
established an atomic power development programme and inaugurated the first Pakistani atomic
reactor, built in collaboration with Canada in Karachi on November 28. On March 30, 59
military officers were arrested by army troops for allegedly plotting a coup against Bhutto, who
appointed then-Brigadier Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to head a military tribunal to investigate and
try the suspects. The National Assembly approved the new constitution, which Bhutto signed
into effect on April 12. The constitution proclaimed an "Islamic Republic" in Pakistan with a
parliamentary form of government.[17] On August 10, Bhutto turned over the post of president to
Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry, assuming the office of prime minister instead.[14]
Bhutto officially recognized Bangladesh in July. Making an official visit to Bangladesh, Bhutto
was criticized in Pakistan for laying flowers at a memorial for Bangladeshi "freedom fighters."
Bhutto continued to develop closer relations with China as well as Saudi Arabia and other
Muslim nations. Bhutto hosted the Second Islamic Summit of Muslim nations in Lahore between
February 22 and February 24 in 1974.
Bhutto, however, faced considerable pressure from Islamic religious leaders to declare the
Ahmadiya communities as non-Muslims. Failing to restrain sectarian violence and rioting,
Bhutto and the National Assembly amended the constitution to that effect. Bhutto intensified his
nationalisation programme, extending government control over agricultural processing and
consumer industries. Bhutto also, with advice from Admiral S.M. Ahsan, inaugurated Port
Qasim, designed to expand harbour facilities near Karachi. However, the performance of the
Pakistani economy declined amidst increasing bureaucracy and a decline in private sector
confidence. In a surprise move in 1976, Bhutto appointed Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq to replace
Gen. Tikka Khan, surpassing five generals senior to Zia.[18]
President of Pakistan
Richard Nixon and Bhutto in 1973
A Pakistan International Airlines flight was sent to fetch Bhutto from New York, who at that
time was presenting Pakistan's case before the United Nations Security Council on the East
Pakistan Crises. Bhutto returned home on December 18, 1971. On December 20, he was taken to
the President House in Rawalpindi where he took over two positions from Yahya Khan, one as
President and the other as Chief Martial Law Administrator. Thus he was the first civilian Chief
Martial Law Administrator of the dismembered Pakistan.
The new President inherited a disheartened war-weary nation. In this dark hour, he addressed the
nation and promised to fight back. He vowed to build a new Pakistan. Bhutto's intentions to
restore national confidence were in several shapes. He spoke about democracy, a new
Constitution, and a modified federal and parliamentary system. He took steps to stabilize the
situation by successfully negotiating the return of the 93,000 prisoners of war and a peaceful
settlement with India. He took steps to ameliorate poverty and to revitalize the economy,
industry and agriculture. He gave the third Constitution to the country and established civilian
authority over the armed forces in the political setup. In early 1972, Bhutto nationalized ten
categories of major industries and withdrew Pakistan from the Commonwealth of Nations and S.
E. A. T. O. On March 1, he introduced extensive land reforms. On July 2, 1972, he signed the
Simla Agreement with India for exchange of the occupied territories and release of Prisoners of
War.
After the 1973 Constitution was promulgated, Bhutto was elected by the House to be the Prime
Minister, and he was sworn in on August 14, 1973.
Father of the Nuclear program
Further information: Project-706
Zulifikar Ali Bhutto was the founder of Pakistan's nuclear programme. In October, 1965, the
then-Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto visited Vienna when Munir Ahmad
Khan informed him of the status of India's nuclear program and the options Pakistan had to
develop its own nuclear capability. Both agreed on the need for Pakistan to develop a nuclear
deterrent to meet India's nuclear threat.
After India's nuclear test on May 1974. Bhutto sensed a great danger for Pakistan. In a press
conference held on May, 1974, shortly after India's nuclear test. Prime Minister Bhutto said
"even if we have to eat grass, we will make nuclear bombs". On the January 20 of 1972, Prime
Minister Bhutto rallied a conference of nuclear scientists and nuclear engineers at Multan. At the
Multan Conference, where 283 scientists attended, Prime Minister Bhutto said:" Look, we're
going to have the bomb. He asked them "Can you give it to me? And how long will it take it to
make a bomb?". The scientists replied: "Oh, yes, yes, You can have it." There was a lively debate
on the time needed to make the bomb, and finally one scientist dared to say that maybe it could
be done in five years. Prime Minister Bhutto smiled, lifted his hand, and dramatically thrust
forward three fingers and said "Three years", I want it in three years”. The atmosphere suddenly
became electric. It was then that one of the junior scientist-dr. S.A.Butt (a nuclear chemist), who
under Munir Ahmad Khan's guiding hand would come to play a major role in making the bomb
possible - jumped to his feet and clamoured for his leader's attention. Dr. S.A Butt Replied "It
can be done in three years". Prime Minister Bhutto was very much amused and he said: "Well,
much as I appreciate your enthusiasm, this is a very serious political decision, which Pakistan
must make, and perhaps all Third World countries must make one day, because it is coming. So
can you do it?" And the scientist replied, "Yes, we can do it, given the resources and given the
facilities". ”Bhutto's answer was simple, "I shall find you the resources and I shall find you the
facilities".[19]
Its militarisation was initiated in January 1972 and, in its initial years, was implemented by
General Tikka Khan. The Karachi Nuclear Power Plant was inaugurated by Bhutto during his
role as President of Pakistan at the end of 1972. Long before, as Minister for Fuel, Power and
National Resources, he has played a key role in setting up of the Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission. Wanting a capable administrator, Bhutto sought Lieutenant General Rahimuddin
Khan to chair the commission, which Rahimuddin declined.[20] Instead Prime Minister Bhutto
chose a U.S trained nuclear engineer Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan as chairman of Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission (PAEC), Munir Ahmad Khan was a close friend of his. The Kahuta facility
was also established by the Bhutto Administration, and brought under nuclear scientist Dr. Abdul
Qadeer Khan and the Pakistan Army Corps of Engineers' Lieutenant General Zahid Ali Akbar
Khan.
A book written by Maulana Kausar Niazi, a close confidant of Bhutto given some what different
perspective , accordingly the Atomic Energy commission officials misguided Bhutto and he
sought on a along journey to get Nuclear fuel reprocessing plant from France. It was on a later
advise of A.Q.Khan that no fuel existed to reprocess ,Bhutto tried to show he was still interested
in that expensive route and got relieved when kissinger got French to cancel the deal. By the time
Bhutto was ousted little was done and Pakistani nukes were actually made under Zia era under
watchful eyes of several including Ishaq Khan.
It has been speculated recently in press that Qadeer Khan's uranium enrichment designs were
used by Chinese in exchange for Uranium Hexafluoride and some weapons grade uranium .
Later on this weapons grade uranium was offered back to Chinese as Pakistanis used their own
materials.
Ordering military operation in Balochistan
Main article: Baloch insurgency and Rahimuddin's stabilization
Following the secession of East Pakistan, calls for the independence of Balochistan by Baloch
nationalists grew. Surveying the political instability, Bhutto's central government sacked two
provincial governments within six months, arrested the two chief ministers, two governors and
forty-four MNAs and MPAs, obtained an order from the Supreme Court banning the National
Awami Party on the recommendation of Akbar Bugti, and charged everyone with high treason to
be tried by a specially constituted Hyderabad tribunal of handpicked judges. In January 1973,
Bhutto ordered the army to suppress a rising insurgency in the province of Balochistan and
dismissed the governments in Balochistan and the North-West Frontier Province once more.[14]
Following the alleged discovery of Iraqi arms in Islamabad in February 1973, Bhutto dissolved
the Provincial Assembly of Balochistan. The operation, under General Tikka Khan, soon took
shape in a five-year conflict with the Baloch separatists. The sporadic fighting between the
insurgency and the army started in 1973 with the largest confrontation taking place in September
1974. The Iranian military, fearing a spread of the greater Baloch resistance in Iran, also aided
the Pakistani military.[21]Among Iran's contribution were 30 Huey cobra attack helicopters and
$200 million in aid. [22]
Prime Minister of Pakistan

Prime Minister Bhutto with General Zia.

After the promulgation of the 1973 Constitution, the elections for the President, Prime Minister,
Chairman of Senate, Speaker and Deputy Speaker of the National Assembly were to be
undertaken. The 1973 Constitution had adopted a federal parliamentary system for the country in
which the President was only a figurehead and the real power lay with the Prime Minister. Z. A.
Bhutto was sworn in as the Prime Minister of the country on August 14, 1973, after he had
secured 108 votes in a house of 146 members. Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry was elected as the President
under the new Constitution. During his period, six amendments were carried out in the 1973
Constitution. The First Amendment led to Pakistan's recognition and diplomatic ties with
Bangladesh. The Second Amendment in the constitution declared the Ahmadis as non-Muslims,
and defined the term non-Muslim.[23] The rights of the detained were limited under the Third
Amendment while the powers and jurisdiction of the courts for providing relief to political
opponents were curtailed under the Fourth Amendment. The Fifth Amendment passed on
September 15, 1976, focused on curtailing the power and jurisdiction of the Judiciary. This
amendment was highly criticized by lawyers and political leaders. The main provision of the
Sixth Amendment extended the term of the Chief Justices of the Supreme Court and the High
Courts beyond the age of retirement. This Amendment was made in the Constitution to favor the
then Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who was supposed to be a friend of Bhutto. The Bhutto
Government carried out a number of reforms in the industrial sector. His reforms were twofold;
nationalization, and the improvement of workers' rights. In the first phase, basic industries like
steel, chemical and cement were nationalized. This was done in 1972. The next major step in
nationalization took place on January 1, 1974, when Bhutto nationalized all banks. The last step
in the series was the most shocking; it was the nationalization of all flour, rice and cotton mills
throughout the country. This nationalization process was not as successful as Bhutto expected.
Most of the nationalized units were small businesses that could not be described as industrial
units, hence making no sense for the step that was taken. Consequently, a considerable number
of small businessmen and traders were ruined, displaced or rendered unemployed. In the
concluding analysis, nationalization caused colossal loss not only to the national treasury but also
to the people of Pakistan. During his period as the Prime Minister, a number of land reforms
were also introduced. The important land reforms included the reduction of land ceilings and
introducing the security of tenancy to tenant farmers. The land ceiling was fixed to 150 acres of
irrigated land and 300 acres of non-irrigated land. Another step that Bhutto took was to
democratize Pakistan's Civil Service.
Popular unrest and military coup
Main article: Hyderabad tribunal
Further information: Federal Security Force
Bhutto began facing considerable criticism and increasing unpopularity as his term progressed.[24]
Initially targeting leader of the opposition Abdul Wali Khan and his opposition National Awami
Party (NAP). Despite the ideological similarity of the two parties the clash of egos both inside
and outside the National Assembly became increasingly fierce and started with the Federal
governments decision to oust the NAP provincial government in Balochistan for alleged
secessionist activities[25] and culminating in the banning of the party and arrest of much of its
leadership after the death of Hayat Khan Sherpao, a close lieutenant of Bhutto, in a bomb blast in
the frontier town of Peshawar.
Dissidence also increased within the PPP and the murder of dissident leader Ahmed Raza
Kasuri's father led to public outrage and intra-party hostility as Bhutto was accused of
masterminding the crime. Powerful PPP leaders such as Ghulam Mustafa Khar openly
condemned Bhutto and called for protests against his regime. The political crisis in the NWFP
and Balochistan intensified as civil liberties remained suspended and an estimated 100,000
troops deployed there were accused of human rights abuses and killing large numbers of
civilians.[14]
On January 8, 1977 many opposition political parties grouped to form the Pakistan National
Alliance (PNA).[14] Bhutto called fresh elections and the PNA participated in those elections with
full force and managed to contest the elections jointly even though they had grave differences in
their opinions and views. The PNA faced defeat but did not accept the results, accusing their
opponents of rigging the election. They first claimed rigging on 14 seats and finally on 40 seats
in the national assembly and boycotted provisional elections turn out in national elections was of
highest degree. Provincial elections were held amidst low voter turnout and an opposition
boycott, violent PNA declare the newly-elected Bhutto government as illegitimate. Muslim
leaders such as Maulana Maududi called for the overthrow of Bhutto's regime.[24] Intensifying
political and civil disorder prompted Bhutto to hold talks with PNA leaders, which culminated in
an agreement for the dissolution of the assemblies and fresh elections under a form of
government of national unity.[26] However on July 5, 1977 Bhutto and members of his cabinet
were arrested by troops under the order of General Zia.[14]
General Zia's coup was well received in public. Five months of unrest, closure of educational
institutions, shooting of more than 1,000 demonstrators with live fire, imposition of martial law
in three cities by army on Bhutto's behest had not cooled things down. When Bhutto left
industrial growth was negative 2 percent.
General Zia announced that martial law had been imposed, the constitution suspended and all
assemblies dissolved. Zia also ordered the arrest of senior PPP and PNA leaders but promised
elections in October. Bhutto was released on July 29 and was received by a large crowd of
supporters in his hometown of Larkana. He immediately began touring across Pakistan,
delivering speeches to large crowds and planning his political comeback. Bhutto was arrested
again on September 3 before being released on bail on September 13. Fearing yet another arrest,
Bhutto named his wife, Nusrat, president of the Pakistan People's Party. Bhutto was imprisoned
on September 17 and a large number of PPP leaders and activists arrested and disqualified from
contesting in elections.
Trial of the Prime Minister
Bhutto's trial began on October 24 on charges of "conspiracy to murder" Ahmed Raza Kasuri.[27]
On July 5, 1977 the military, led by General Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq, staged a coup. Zia relieved
prime minister Bhutto of power, holding him in detention for a month. Zia pledged that new
elections would be held in 90 days. He kept postponing the elections and publicly retorted during
successive press conferences that if the elections were held in the presence of Bhutto his party
would not return to power again.[28]
Upon his release, Bhutto traveled the country amid adulatory crowds of PPP supporters. He used
to take the train traveling from the south to the north and on the way, would address public
meetings at different stations. Several of these trains were late, some by days, in reaching their
respective destinations and as a result Bhutto was banned from traveling by train. The last visit
he made to the city of Multan in the province of Punjab marked the turning point in Bhutto's
political career and ultimately, his life. In spite of the administration's efforts to block the
gathering, the crowd was so large that it became disorderly, providing an opportunity for the
administration to declare that Bhutto had been taken into custody because the people were
against him and it had become necessary to protect him from the masses for his own safety.
Re-arrest and trial
On September 3 the Army arrested Bhutto again on charges of authorizing the murder of a
political opponent in March 1974. A 35-year-old politician Ahmed Raza Kasuri tried to run as a
PPP candidate in elections, despite having previously left the party. The Pakistan Peoples Party
rebuffed him. Three years earlier, Kasuri and his family had been ambushed, leaving Kasuri's
father, Nawab Mohammad Ahmad Khan, dead. Kasuri claimed that he was the actual target,
accusing Bhutto of being the mastermind. Kasuri later claimed that he had been the victim of 15
assassination attempts.
Bhutto was released 10 days after his arrest due to a judge, Justice KMA Samadani, finding the
evidence "contradictory and incomplete." Justice Samadani had to pay for this; he was
immediately removed from the court and placed at the disposal of the law ministry. Three days
later Zia arrested Bhutto again on the same charges, this time under "martial law." When the PPP
organized demonstrations among Bhutto's supporters, Zia cancelled the upcoming elections.
Bhutto was arraigned before the High Court of Lahore instead of in a lower court, thus
automatically depriving him of one level of appeal. The judge who had granted him bail was
removed. Five new judges were appointed, headed by Chief Justice of Lahore High Court
Maulvi Mushtaq Ali, who denied bail. The trial lasted five months, and Bhutto appeared in court
in a dock specially built for the trial.
Proceedings began on October 24, 1977. Masood Mahmood, the director general of the Federal
Security Force (since renamed the Federal Investigation Agency), testified against Bhutto.
Mahmood had been arrested immediately after Zia's coup and had been imprisoned for two
months prior to taking the stand. In his testimony, he claimed Bhutto had ordered Kasuri's
assassination and that four members of the Federal Security Force had organized the ambush on
Bhutto's orders.
The four alleged assassins were arrested and later confessed. They were brought into court as
"co-accused" but one of them recanted his testimony, declaring that it had been extracted from
him under torture. The following day, the witness was not present in court; the prosecution
claimed that he had suddenly "fallen ill".
Bhutto's defense challenged the prosecution with proof from an army logbook the prosecution
had submitted. It showed that the jeep allegedly driven during the attack on Kasuri was not even
in Lahore at the time. The prosecution had the logbook disregarded as "incorrect." During the
defense's cross-examination of witnesses, the bench often interrupted questioning. The 706-page
official transcript contained none of the objections or inconsistencies in the evidence pointed out
by the defense. Former U.S. Attorney General Ramsey Clark, who attended the trial, wrote:
The prosecution's case was based entirely on several witnesses who were detained
until they confessed, who changed and expanded their confessions and testimony
with each reiteration, who contradicted themselves and each other, who, except
for Masood Mahmood... were relating what others said, whose testimony led to
four different theories of what happened, absolutely uncorroborated by an
eyewitness, direct evidence, or physical evidence.[citation needed]
When Bhutto began his testimony on January 25, 1978, Chief Justice Maulvi Mustaq closed the
courtroom to all observers. Bhutto responded by refusing to say any more. Bhutto demanded a
retrial, accusing the Chief Justice of bias, after Mustaq allegedly insulted Bhutto's home
province. The court refused his demand.
Death sentence and appeal

Funeral prayer for Z.A Bhutto

On March 18, 1978, Bhutto wasn't declared guilty of murder but was sentenced to death. Bhutto
did not seek an appeal. While he was transferred to a cell in Rawalpindi central jail, his family
appealed on his behalf, and a hearing before the Supreme Court commenced in May. Bhutto was
given one week to prepare. Bhutto issued a thorough rejoinder to the charges, although Zia
blocked its publication. Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq adjourned the court until the end of July
1978, supposedly because five of the nine appeals court judges were willing to overrule the
Lahore verdict. One of the pro-Bhutto judges was due to retire in July.
Chief Justice S. Anwarul Haq presided over the trial, despite being close to Zia, even serving as
Acting President when Zia was out of the country. Bhutto's lawyers managed to secure Bhutto
the right to conduct his own defense before the Supreme Court. On December 18, 1978, Bhutto
made his appearance in public before a packed courtroom in Rawalpindi. By this time he had
been on death row for 9 months and had gone without fresh water for the previous 25 days. He
addressed the court for four days, speaking without notes.
The appeal was completed on December 23, 1978. On February 6, 1979, the Supreme Court
issued a guilty verdict, a decision reached by a bare 4-to-3 majority. The Bhutto family had
seven days in which to appeal. The court granted a stay of execution while it studied the petition.
By February 24, 1979 when the next court hearing began, appeals for clemency arrived from
many heads of state. Zia said that the appeals amounted to "trade union activity" among
politicians.
On March 24, 1979 the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal. Zia upheld the death sentence.
Bhutto was hanged at Central jail, Rawalpindi, on 4 April 1979,[29] and is buried in Village
Cemetery at Garhi Khuda Baksh.[30]
Criticism and legacy
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto remains a controversial figure in Pakistan. While he was hailed for being a
nationalist, Bhutto was roundly criticised for opportunism and intimidating his political
opponents. He gave Pakistan its third constitution, oversaw Pakistan's nuclear programme, held
peace talks with neighbour India and was more of an Internationalist with a secular image.[14] His
socialist policies are blamed for slowing down Pakistan's economic progress owing to poor
productivity and high costs. Bhutto is also criticised for human rights abuses perpetrated by the
army in Balochistan.[14] Many in Pakistan's military, notably the former president Gen. Pervez
Musharaf condemn Bhutto for having caused the crisis that led to the Bangladesh Liberation
War. In spite of all the criticism—and subsequent media trials—Bhutto still remains the most
popular leader of the country.[14][31] Bhutto's action against the insurgency in Balochistan is
blamed for causing widespread civil dissent and calls for secession.[32] Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Institute of Science and Technology is named for him; his daughter was chairman of its board of
trustees.[33] His family remained active in politics, with first his wife and then his daughter
becoming leader of the PPP political party. His daughter, Benazir Bhutto, was twice prime
minister of Pakistan, and was assassinated on December 27, 2007, while campaigning for 2008
elections.
Works
• Peace-Keeping by the United Nations, Pakistan Publishing House, Karachi, 1967
• Political Situation in Pakistan, Veshasher Prakashan, New Delhi, 1968
• The Myth of Independence, Oxford University Press, Karachi and Lahore, 1969
• The Great Tragedy, Pakistan People's Party, Karachi, 1971
• Marching Towards Democracy, (collections of speeches), 1972
• Politics of the People (speeches, statements and articles), 1948–1971
• The Third World: New Directions, Quartet Books, London, 1977
• My Pakistan, Biswin Sadi Publications, New Delhi, 1979
• If I am Assassinated, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979
• My Execution, Musawaat Weekly International, London, 1980
• New Directions, Narmara Publishers, London, 1980
Books on Bhutto
• Leopard and the Fox, Tariq Ali
• Pakistan Under Bhutto, S. J. Burki (1980)
• Zulfi Bhutto of Pakistan, Stanley Wolpert (1993)
• Interview with History, Oriana Fallaci (1988)
• Zulfi My friend, Piloo Mody
• The Mirage of Power, Dr Mubashir Hasan
• Bhutto, Trial and Execution, Victoria Schofield
• The Great Tragedy, Jang Publishers Press (1993)
• Zulfi My inspiration, Syed Mehdi Raza (2003)
• The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future, Vali Nasr (2006)
• Mera Lahoo, Mr. Farrukh Sohail Goindi
• Bhutto Key Akhri 323 Din, Colonel Rafi
See also
• Movement for Restoration of Democracy
• Benazir Bhutto
• Murtaza Bhutto
• Ghinwa Bhutto
• Hyderabad tribunal
• Constitution of Pakistan
• Asghar Khan
• Mufti Mahmud
• Malik Anwer Ali Noon
• Bhutto
References
1. ^ Khaled Ahmed (May 23, 1998). ""The secular Mussalman"". The Indian Express.
http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980523/14350814.html. Retrieved 2007-
09-19.
2. ^ a b Interview with Vali Nasr
3. ^ Vali Nasr The Shia Revival: How Conflicts Within Islam Will Shape the Future (W. W. Norton,
2006), pp. 88-90 ISBN 0-3933-2968-2
4. ^ Blood, Peter Blood (editor) (1994). "Pakistan - ZIA UL-HAQ". Pakistan: A Country Study.
Washington: GPO for the Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/21.htm.
Retrieved 2007-12-28. "... hanging ... Bhutto for complicity in the murder of a political
opponent..."
5. ^ "Deposed Pakistani PM is executed". BBC On This Day. British Broadcasting Corporation.
1979-04-04.
 http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/april/4/newsid_2459000/2459507.stm. Retrieved
2007-12-28. "sentenced to death for the murder of a political opponent"
6. ^ "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto". Britannica Concise. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007.
http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9357207/Zulfikar-Ali-Bhutto. Retrieved 2007-12-28.
"Gen. Zia-ul-Haq seized power and had Bhutto imprisoned and later executed."
7. ^ Schofield, Victoria (2000-02-19). "Bhutto: the final act". Dawn (Karachi).
http://www.victoriaschofield.com/Excerpt21.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-29. "flimsy murder charge"
8. ^ Benazir Bhutto: Pakistani prime minister and activist By Mary Englar
9. ^ Encyclopedia Britannica 2006. He is hailed by many to have been the greatest leader that
Pakistan has ever had - a true people's politician, hero, leader - selfless and brave till the very
end.. "Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali" (PHP). http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9079077/Zulfikar-Ali-
Bhutto. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
10.^ Gandhi, Rajmohan (1991). Patel: A Life. India: Navajivan. pp. 291–93. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.
11.^ a b US Country Studies. "Ayub Khan" (PHP). http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/18.htm.
Retrieved 2006-11-07.
12.^ a b c d e US Country Studies. "Yahya Khan and Bangladesh" (PHP).
http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/19.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
13.^ Blood, Archer, Transcript of Selective Genocide Telex, Department of State, United States
14.^ a b c d e f g h i j k US Country Studies. "Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://countrystudies.us/pakistan/20.htm. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
15.^ a b Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 346. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
16.^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 347. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
17.^ Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A072. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
18.^ In the summer of 1976, General Zia, who had superseded seven senior lieutenant-generals, told
Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: "Sir I am so grateful to you for appointing me Chief of Army
Staff. Not only myself, but may future generations will be eternally grateful to you for singling
me out for such a great honor, and this is a favour which I can never forget." The Herald, July
1992
19.^ Shabbir, Usman (May 2004). "Remembering Unsung Heroes: Munir Ahmed Khan". Defence
Journal. http://www.pakdef.info/nuclear&missile/munirahmad1.html. Retrieved 4 April 2010.
20.^ Maulana Kausar Niazi The Last Days of Premier Bhutto p.61
21.^ BBC, News page (2005-01-17). "Pakistan risks new battlefront".
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/4182151.stm. Retrieved 2006-04-08.
22.^ Waiting for the Worst: Baluchistan, 2006
23.^ "Constitution (Second Amendment) Act, 1974".
http://www.pakistani.org/pakistan/constitution/amendments/2amendment.html. Retrieved 30 May
2010.
24.^ a b
Story of Pakistan. "Ouster of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto" (PHP).
http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A143. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
 25.^ Militarism and the State Pakistan: Military Intervention by Eqbal Ahmed (Le Monde
Diplomatique, October 1977)
26.^ Mazari, Sherbaz(2000) A Journey into disillusionment
27.^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 438. ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
28.^ Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Biography and Analysis
29.^ Zulfikar Ali Bhutto News & Articles on washingtonpost.com
30.^ Zulifikar Ali Bhutto's Memorial Page at Find A Grave. Retrieved on December 16, 2008.
31.^ Taheri, Amir (2006-10-18). "In the Line of Fire: A Memoir" (PHP).
http://www.aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=8&id=6746. Retrieved 2006-11-07.
32.^ Frank, Katherine (2002). Indira: The Life of Indira Nehru Gandhi. USA: Houghton Mifflin.
pp. 438 Bhutto introduced socialist economic reforms while working to prevent any further
division of the country. he enacted tax relief for the country’s poorest agricultural workers and
placed ceilings on land ownership. During his tenure there was a massive transfer of resources
towards the dominant rural economy by setting higher prices for agricultural products. [1].
ISBN 0-395-73097-X.
33.^ "Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST)".
http://www.szabist.edu.pk/about.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-29. "The Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) is a fully Chartered Institute established through
a Legislative Act of the Pakistan Assembly (Sindh Act No. XI of 1995) and is approved and
recognized by the Higher Education Commission (HEC), Pakistan, as a degree granting
institution."

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

• Shaheed Bhutto's Official Web Site

• Pakistan Peoples Party Official Website
• Pakistan Peoples Party Official Website
• Bhutto Speeches Video (Only for broadband viewers)
• Video clip speech of Prime Minister Z A Bhutto's after the Indian nuclear explosion of
1974
• Video in UN Security Council
• Audio---History Channel
• Zulfikar Ali Bhutto founder of Pakistan Peoples Party
• The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan
• Biography
• Video of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
 • Video news report after Bhutto's execution - BBC
• Alter Ego Productions: The Leopard and The Fox
• Annotated bibliography for Zulfikar Ali Bhutto from the Alsos Digital Library for
Nuclear Issues
• The Phenom; Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
• Tragedy of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto

Political offices

Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs Succeeded by

Muhammad Ali Bogra 1963–1966 Sharifuddin Pirzada

President of Pakistan Succeeded by

1971–1973 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Preceded by Minister of Foreign Affairs Succeeded by

Yahya Khan 1971–1977 Aziz Ahmed

Minister of Defence Succeeded by

1971–1977 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Preceded by Minister of the Interior Succeeded by

Sardar Abdur Rashid Khan 1971–1972 Abdul Qayyum Khan

Preceded by Speaker of the National Assembly Succeeded by

Abdul Jabbar Khan 1972–1973 Fazal Ilahi Chaudhry

Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan Succeeded by

Nurul Amin 1973–1977 Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq

Preceded by Minister of the Interior Succeeded by

Abdul Qayyum Khan 1977 Inamul Haq Khan

Party political offices

Chairman of the Pakistan Peoples

Succeeded by
New office Party
Nusrat Bhutto
1967–1979

Presidents of Pakistan

I.Mirza · A.Khan · Y.Khan · Z.A.Bhutto · F.I.Chaudhry · Z. ul-Haq · G.I.Khan · W.Sajjad

(Acting) · F.Leghari · W.Sajjad (Acting) · M.R.Tarar · P.Musharraf · M.M.Soomro (Acting) ·
Zardari

Italics indicate military rulers

 Prime Ministers of Pakistan

L.A. Khan · K. Nazimuddin · M.A. Bogra · C.M. Ali · H.S. Suhrawardy · I.I. Chundrigar · F.K.
Noon · N. Amin · Z.A. Bhutto · M.K. Junejo · B. Bhutto · G.M. Jatoi · N. Sharif · B.S. Mazari
(Caretaker) · N. Sharif · M.A. Qureshi (Caretaker) · B. Bhutto · M.M. Khalid (Caretaker) · N. Sharif ·
Z.K. Jamali · C.S. Hussain · S. Aziz · M.M. Soomro (Caretaker) · Y.R. Gillani

Martial Law Administrators of Pakistan

C
h
i
e
f

M
a
r
t
i
a
l

L
a Gen Ayub Khan · Gen Yahya Khan · Zulfikar Ali Bhutto · Gen Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq ·
w Gen Pervez Musharraf (unstyled)

A
d
m
i
n
i
s
t
r
a
t
o
r
s

P Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman · Lt Gen Ghulam Jilani Khan

u
n
j
a
b

B
a
l
o
c
h Lt Gen Rahimuddin Khan · Lt Gen F.S. Khan Lodhi · Lt Gen K.K. Afridi
i
s
t
a
n

S
i
n Lt Gen Rakhman Gul · Lt Gen S.M. Abbasi
d
h

N Lt Gen Khwaja Mohammad Azhar Khan · Lt Gen Fazle Haq · Lt Gen Jahan Dad Khan
o
r
t
h
-
W
e
s
t

F
r
o
n
t
i
e
r

P
r
o
v
i
n
c
e

Speaker of the National Assembly of Pakistan