C++

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C++ introduce by Bjarne Stroustrup at AT&T bell labs in 1982. Initially called c
with classes after that renamed with C++. It is the combination of Features of C +
Class construct features of Simula 67
1. Object:

Object is Real world entity. Object is Variable of type class.

2. Class:

Classes are user defined Data type.

3. Data Abstraction:
Abstraction is refers to the act of representing essential features
without including the background detail.
4. Data Hiding:
In this concept function of object can only access the data.
Thus private part of the objects is not available outside the object and cannot be altered
by the external changes. This is called Information Hiding or Data Hiding.
5. Encapsulation:
The wrapping up of data and function into a single unit is
known as Encapsulation.
6. Polymorphism:
It is a Greek term means that ability to take more than one form.
7. Function overloading: Refers to the use one function name to perform different
purpose.
8. Static Binding:
Means that the Code associated with the function call linked at
compile time. Also known as early binding or compile time polymorphism. Operator
overloading and Function overloading comes under this category.
9. Dynamic Binding:
It means that the Code associated with the function call linked at the run
time. This is also known as LATE BINDING. Virtual function is used in this concept.
10. Inheritance:
It allows making use of existing classes without making changes to it. The
main advantage of Inheritance is Reusability.
11. Abstract Data type: Classes that use the concept of Data Hiding, is known as ADT.

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12. Static Data Member:

It is data objects that are common for all objects of a class. The
static data members are used when the information is to be shared.
13. Friend Function:
A friend function is not a member function, has full access
right to the private member of the class. This is like ordinary function except that A
keyword Friend.
14. Local Class:
A class is called local class if it is defined in the body of a function.
15. This pointer:
when a member function executed the THIS pointer points to the
object itself.
16. New:
It is used to allocate memory dynamically both for standard Data
type and also for user Defined data type.
17. Delete:

it is used to release memory dynamically allocated by operator NEW

18. Constructor:
Used to initialize the object data members with values at time of
its creation. This is used to allocate the memory.
19. Dynamic constructor:
Allocation of memory to object at the time of their construction is
known as Dynamic constructor.
20. Copy constructor:
The initialization of an object when done by another object
is called copy constructor.
21. Destructor: Are used to destroy the object that has been created by constructor.
22. Operator Overloading:
Operator overloading refers to the use of one
operator to perform different purposes or tasks.
23. Unary operator overloading:
Unary operator act on only one operand. For
example (unary minus), ++(increment), --(decrement) etc. unary operators overloaded
by means of a member function take no explicit argument and return no explicit values.
When they are overloaded by means of friend function, they take one reference argument.
24. Binary operator overloading:
when they are overloaded by means of
member function the function takes one argument whereas it takes two arguments in case
of friend function.
25. Access Specifier: There are three types of access specifier Private, Public, Protected.
1. public: visible for everyone.
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2. Private: visible inside the class.

3. Protected: visible till next class.
26. Single inheritance: There is only one base class and one derived class.
27. Multiple inheritances: Here derived class is created from two or more base classes.
28. Multilevel inheritance: A class is derived from an already derived class.
29. Hierarchical Inheritance: Two or more classes are derived from one base class.
30. Hybrid Inheritance:
Hybrid inheritance is combination of two or more types of
inheritance. It is the combination of multilevel and multiple inheritances.
31. Overriding:
The derived class has the identical signature to the function in the base class.
The derived class implements its own version of a base class function.
Like display () is the function of class A and the display () is also the function of class B then it is
called by this type B:: display() that means we are using the display () function for Class Bs object.
32. Abstract Class:
An abstract class is one that is not used to create objects. It is only
used to create base class for other class.
34 Virtual Function: When we use the same function name in both the base and derived classes, the
function in base class is declared as virtual using the key word virtual.
C++ determines which function to use at run time based on the type of object pointed to by the base
pointer, rather than the type to he pointer.
35. Pure Virtual Function:
Pure virtual function is a function declared in a base class and has
no definition relative to the base class. It is also known as Do-nothing functions.
36. Exception Handling:
Exception handling allows you to manage runtime errors in a
systematic manner. We use here Try, Catch block.

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