L-30: Airport PLANNING

AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS

Airport Obstructions
Imaginary surfaces
Height of objects in approach zone
Turning zone

Lecture Outline

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 Divided into following categories

Imaginary Surfaces
Objects with Actual Heights

AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS

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 These are the established surfaces in relation to

the airport and to each runway above which no
obstruction should project
Size of imaginary surface depends upon the
category of each runway and type of approach
planned for that runway

IMAGINARY SURFACES

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 Classification:

Approach surface / Take-off climb surface

Conical surface
Horizontal surface IHS and OHS
Transitional surface
Inner Approach Surface
Inner Transitional Surface
Balked Landing Surface

IMAGINARY SURFACES

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IMAGINARY SURFACES

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Imaginary Surfaces 7
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 Provided at the end of landing side of runway

Trapezoidal in shape
Diverging away with upgrade 10% on either
side for Non-Instrument Runway and 15% on
Instrument runway
Longitudinally centered on the extended centreline of runway

APPROACH SURFACE

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APPROACH SURFACE

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Code Runway
length, m
1 < 800m
2 800<1200
3 1200<1800
4 1800&>

Inst-Runway
length Slope
3000 2.5%
3000 2.5%
3000 2%
3000 2%

Non-Inst Runway
length Slope
1600 5%
2500 4%
3000 3.33%
3000 2.5%

http://www.ilsapproach.com/

APPROACH SURFACE

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Code
A
B
C
D
E

Width near the end of runway (in m)

ILS
Non-ILS
300
150
300
150
300
150
--80
--60

APPROACH SURFACE

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 Similar to approach surface

Provided at the take off end of runway
Trapezoidal in shape

TAKEOFF CLIMB SURFACE

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A
Width near the end
of runway in m
180

180

180

80

60

Divergence of sides 12.5% 12.5% 12.5% 10%

10%

Length of horizontal
projection in m
15000 15000 15000 2500 1600
Longitudinal
up-grade

2%

2%

2%

4%

5%

TAKEOFF CLIMB SURFACE

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AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS

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AIRPORT OBSTRUCTIONS

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 Extends from upper edge of transition surface and

ends at lower or inner circular edge of conical
surface
The shape of IHS may not be circular
The radius or outer limits are measured from the
airport reference point
When runway length is 1525 m or more, the IHS will
be a composite pattern, with circular area at two ends
with a radius of 4000m.

HORIZONTAL SURFACE

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Code Runway
length, m
1 < 800m
2 800 < 1200
3 1200 < 1800
4 1800 & >

Inst-Runway Non-Inst Runway

Radius Height Radius Height
3500 45m 2000 45m
3500 45m 2500 45m
4000 45m 4000 45m
4000 45m 4000 45m

INNER HORIZONTAL
SURFACE

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 The height of Outer Horizontal Surface extends

to 15240m from the ARP for airports with length
of runway above 1200m.
The height of OHS extends to 14740m
(Instrument runways) or 13740m (Non-Instr.
runways) from the ARP for airports with length
of runway above 800m and upto 1200m.

OUTER HORIZONTAL
SURFACE

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 Structures having height above OHS are not

permitted
The height of OHS will be 150 m above the ARP
elevation.
Tall structures will be of significance if are 35m
or more above GL within obstacle limitation
surfaces and 120m or more above GL outside it.

OUTER HORIZONTAL
SURFACE

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 Trapezoidal in shape
Extends along the landing strip
Slopes upwards and outwards upto the IHS, from
the edge of approach surface
For Instrument runway, slope shall be 14.3%.
For Non-Instrument runway, the slope shall be
20% for runway length <1200m, and 14.3% for
runway length 1200m and above.

TRANSITION SURFACE

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 Extends upwards and outwards from the

periphery of the IHS to a point which is at some
height above the horizontal surface
Circular in shape
Slope in vertical plane above IHS will be 5%

CONICAL SURFACE

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Code

1
2
3
4

Runway Inst-Runway
length, m Hori. Dist Ht. above
beyond IHS HIS
< 800m
1200
60m
800 < 1200
1200
60m
1200 < 1800 1500
75m
1800 & >
2100
105m

Non-Inst Runway
Hori. Dist Ht. above
beyond IHS IHS
700
35m
1200
60m
1500
75m
2100
105m

CONICAL SURFACE

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Approach

Transitional

Rectangular portion of
the approach surface
immediately preceding
the threshold.

Closer to runway, slopes

upwards and outwards
Upper edge is located in
the plane of IHS
Controlling surface for
navigational aids, aircraft
and vehicle holding
positions
Used for building height
control

INNER SURFACES

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 The balked landing surface is an inclined plane

originating at a specified distance after the threshold and
extending between the inner transitional surfaces
The elevation of the inner edge is to be equal to the
elevation of the runway center line at the location of the
inner edge

BALKED LANDING
SURFACE

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IMAGINARY OBSTRUCTIONS

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 Any object which exceeds certain limiting height

above the ground is considered to be an
obstruction to the air navigation
Any object within 4.5 km distance from the
runway end is considered as an obstruction if its
actual height is more than 30 m above the ground
or above the level of approach end of runway
whichever is higher

OBJECTS WITH ACTUAL

HEIGHT

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 Any object which is located beyond a distance of

4.5 km from the runway end is considered as an
obstruction, if its height above 30 m increases by
more than 7.5 m for each additional 1.5 km
distance from the runway end or if it exceeds 75
m within 15 km distance from the runway end.

OBJECTS WITH ACTUAL

HEIGHT

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OBJECTS WITH ACTUAL HEIGHT28

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 Any object which projects above the minimum

approach flight altitude or whose height exceeds
150 m above the ground is also to be considered
as an obstruction.

OBJECTS WITH ACTUAL

HEIGHT

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OBJECTS WITH ACTUAL HEIGHT30

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 Overhead HT/LT lines or telephone/telegraph lines within

3000 m of inner edge of approach / take-off climb areas
not permitted
Construction of butcheries / tanneries / refuse dumps not
permitted within 10 kms from runway ends / ARP
Factories chimneys within 8 kms not permitted if may
cause smoke hazard due to type of fuel used
3 m deduction from permissible elevation on account of
antennas, lift machine rooms etc.

OBJECTS WITH ACTUAL

HEIGHT

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 Provided after runway end, starting at 60 m from

the end, within approach area

Length determined by approach surface attaining

a height of 30 m.

RUNWAY CLEAR ZONE

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Dimensions of Runway Clear Zone:

Type of runway
Instrumental runway
Non-instrumental runway

W1(m) W2(m) L (m)

300
525
750

visibility as low as 1.25 km

visibility greater than 1.25 km

300
150

435
303

510
510

Approach for utility

Visual approach for larger
than utility
Visual approach for utility

150
150

240
210

300
300

75

135

300

RUNWAY CLEAR ZONE

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RUNWAY CLEAR ZONE

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 Used in case of emergencies for turning of

aircraft.
Any object located within a distance of 4.5 km from
the ARP is considered as an obstruction if its height
exceeds 51 m above the ground or the established
airport elevation whichever is more.

TURNING ZONE

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 Used in case of emergencies for turning of

aircraft.
Any object which is located beyond a distance of 4.5
km from the ARP is considered as an obstruction if its
height exceeds 51 m plus 30 m for each additional 1.5
km distance from ARP or if it exceeds 150 m within a
distance of 15 km from the ARP.

TURNING ZONE

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TURNING ZONE

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 Height zoning, and

Land-use zoning
Governs type of development. These are classified as
Closely related, like terminal building, parking, etc.
Non-aviation use, like commercial, industrial,
recreational, etc.

ZONING LAWS

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 Factors to be considered:
Legal interest and rights
Nature of ordinance
Not oppressive, unreasonable and arbitrary
Zoning map
Showing property line, land-use pattern, permissible
heights, limits of zoning laws, etc.

ZONING LAWS

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Fly Rules: Sectional Charts

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