PS Unit 2 and 3 Solved QB

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Unit-2 & Unit-3

Part- A & Part-B
1. Explain briefly the various systems of Prefabrication and explain any one system with different
standard prefab components
2. Mention different method used for joining beams and columns in Prefabricated Construction
3. Explain the salient points to be remembered while designing a joint in the Prefabricated
construction process
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4.What are different types of floor slabs? Explain
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5.What are different types of roof slabs? Explain
Types of Roofing
The uppermost part of a constructed structure is called roof, provided to protect the
building from rain, wind, snow, sun etc. It protects human beings, animals and also
materials kept inside building. The roof should be strong, stable, weather proof and
safe against fire and disaster
Roofing According to Shape
Flat Roofs
Pitched Roofs
Shell Roofs
Flat Roofs
Flat roofs have a slope from 1 degree to 5 degrees. These roofs are constructed in the
same way as floor is. The roof acts much in the same way as a level plate form to support
the load. This roof differs from intermediate floor in view of top finish called as
Terracing
Advantages of Flat Roof
It can be used for living purposes.

It is comparatively safer than other types of roofs.
Its construction and maintenance is simpler and more economical.
It provides better light, ventilation and architectural appearance.
The construction of upper floor can be taken up when desired in minimum time.
It is economical than Pitched roof for normal residential and official
buildings because false ceiling is required for thermal comfort.
Disadvantages of Flat Roof
It can not be used for industrial sheds without using intermediate columns.
These roofs are not suitable where rainfall or snowfall is heavy.
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Pitched Roofs
Pitched roofs have a slope of more than 10 degrees to the horizontal Surface. The
most common shape of roof is symmetrical pitched roof. The slope of roof varies
according to the span, climatic conditions, types of roof covering etc. In areas of heavy
snowfall, steeper slopes of 1: 1.5 or 1: 1 are provided to reduce incidence of snow
load of roof. Pitched roofs are generally constructed of wood or steel. Steel trusses
(frames) and rolled steel sections are used in construction of pitched roofs.
Advantages of Flat Roof
It is constructed in a very short time.

It does not require weather covering and water proofing treatment.
This roof has no problem of drainage, rainy water and snow.
It is useful for making for long span industrial sheds without intermediate
columns, walls etc.
Disadvantages of Flat Roof
It has more weather effects

It is not so durable.
It can not be used for upper floor.
The roof has leakage problem.
When the roof is constructed with iron sheets, rusting problem may arise.
The roof for offices etc. is costly as false ceiling is required for thermal comfort.
Shell Roofs
Shell roofs are made to meet functional and architectural requirements. The roofs are
provided in public buildings like libraries, theatres, recreation centers, factories or
workshops etc. These roofs are used where large floor areas are required to be covered
without obstruction from columns.
Advantages of Shell Roofs
More area is covered without any intermediate columns etc.

There is no leakage problem in this type of roof.
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It gives architectural view to add beauty nearby area.

The area covered under this roof is used for conferences and big gathering.
Disadvantages of Shell Roofs
It can not be used to construct upper floor.

It has problems of natural light and ventilation.
It is costly for construction.
6. Explain the joint for wall panels
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6. Explain about Roofing members in detail.

Roofing members are classified as,
i.Reinforced planks.
ii.Light weight concrete members.
iii.Small reinforced roofing members.
iv.purlins
v.Large reinforced roofing members.
Reinforced planks:
Reinforced planks made of hollow tiles.The reinforced planks with longitudinal circular
holes.Thickness of these tiles is 60mm,80mm & 100mm & the width is 200mm & length
is vary from 360mm to 400mm. On the upper side one longitudinal groove is provided.
Reinforcement is placed into these grooves which are subsequently filled with cement
mortar.In this way ,roofs of length 2 to 3m & thickness of 60 to 100mm & width 200mm
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can be constructed. The end tiles resting on the support are provided with 3.11mm dia
stirrups protruding from the tile.There are kept together over mortar of 40mm thickness
& in further concreting of joint.the joint is completed.
Light weight concrete roofing members:
Light weight concrete roofing members play a role in addition to space bordering & load
bearing in heat insulation.The thickness varies from 7.5 to 25cm for reinforcement of
Light weight concrete roofing members.weiding nets is used.steel reinforcement is given
additional coating to prevent any corrosion care is taken to give good bonding of
reinforcement with concrete. The unit weight of these members is 750kg/m3 & width of
50cm.Its varies from 1.75mm to 6m.precast members can be made either in usual way
using light weight materials.sand as aggregate & combination of high strength
concrete.The top & bottom layer of about 2 to 3cm thickness iss provided with high
strength concrete.Its consists of prestressed 2.5mm ddia embedded in these layers.The
middle portion is made with light weight concrete.
Small reinforced concrete roofing members:
The Small reinforced concrete roofing members is essentially precast simply supported
ribbed concrete slab width varying from 450 to 120cm & length varying from 2 to 4m.
Purlins:
Purlins are precast concrete beams supported by the main girders serving the purpose of
bearing for the roof covering.The cross section of purlins iss generally rectangular but it
can also have trapezoidal,T,L and I shape.
Precast purlins can be simply supported or cantilever beams & for the bearing of loads
beyond these weight simply supported purlins can be transformed into continuous
beams.It is very simple & easy to place.For cantilever purlins placing of hinges should be
determined in a manner to develop positive & negative moments equal to each other.This
can be arrived by placing the hinges @ 0.1451 from the support where I is the spacing
between the supports.
Large reinforced concrete roofing members:
Large reinforced concrete rest on the main girders.These are generally used for large hall
structures & these are most advanced type of precast structures.Members are
manufactured corresponding to spacing of the frame length of about 6 to 10m & width of
1.3 to 1.8m. As they are most supported on main girder purlins are not required.
Four kinds of members exist:
1.Normal members.
2.Intermediate members.
3.Members with cornice.
4.Members with gutter & eves border.
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ROOFS AND FLOOR SLABS

Beams and girders are often used to support building floors .In particular, a girder is the
main load-carrying element of the floor , whereas the smaller element having a shorter
span connected to the girders are called beams. Often the loads that are applied to a beam
or girder are transmitted to it by the floor that is supported by the beam or
girder.
Again, it is important to be able to appropriately idealize the system a series of models,
whish can be used to determine, to a close approximation, the forces acting in the
member . Consider, for example, the framing used to support a typical floor slab in a
building .the slab is support by floor joists located at even intervals.
Floor Systems
Basically, a building is a series of floors held up by columns and walls. There are a
number of standard floor/roof structural systems used in cast-in-place reinforced concrete
construction.
Two-way flat plate system.

There are no beams between the columns. Instead, the floor is slightly thicker and more
heavily reinforced in both directions. There is extra reinforcing in the floor at the
columns to transfer the loads properly.
Two-way flat slab with drop panels.
The extra thickness around the columns is there to strengthen the column-floor
connection and resist the negative moments. The floor itself can be slightly thinner with
less dead weight.
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One-way beam and slab.

The floor loads are transferred to the beams, which are then transferred to the columns.
One-way joist slab.
The joists act like small beams. This floor system is very economical because the
formwork is readily available, and less reinforcing is need. Because there's only a small
span between each joist, the slab can be thinner.
One-way wide module joist slab.
in the lower middle is a variation on the one-way joist slab.
Two-way joist slab, also called a waffle slab. Because there are joists in both directions,
this floor system is the strongest and will have the least deflection. It's typically used
when stiffness is important or if there are abnormally heavy loads
Precast
Precast prestressed hollow core concrete slabs or planks for housing are usually 1220 mm
wide and 150 mm or 200 mm thick. Although designs and widths vary somewhat, they
normally have evenly spaced voids running the length of the slab with prestressing
tendons in between.
Hollow core is machine-extruded in long continuous beds and cut into planks to final
dimensions at the plant. They may be cut to customized widths or shapes and reinforced
for stair openings and other speciality
applications. Holes for services may be cut on site if necessary. Hollow core slabs are set
on ICF walls by crane and anchored with bent reinforcing bars set into the shear key joint
between planks. The joints are then grouted to complete the installation. Precast products
have constant depth with a relatively flat top surface and a very smooth underside that
can be exposed as a ceiling with a minimum of additional treatment. Carpet and underpad
can be laid on top with a minimum of finishing and levelling. A thin cement/latex grout
or a concrete topping is required under linoleum or other thin floor finishes. A 38mm
concrete topping is applied where radiant heat is to be installed.
Systems that employ small concrete T joists with light autoclaved cellular panels set
between them to support a cast-in-place floor slab have been used for many years in other
parts of the world. As the use of concrete in low rise housing in North America
intensifies, this and other concrete floor systems will likely find their way into the
marketplace.
7.What is the classification of precast large panel? (AUC May /June2013)

Cross wall system
Longitudinal wall system
Two-way system
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8. What are the types of precast floors?

Depending up on the composition of units, precast flooring units could be
homogeneous or non-homogeneous.
Homogeneous floors could be solid slabs, ribbed or waffle slabs.
Non homogeneous floors could be multi layered ones with combinations of light
weight concrete or reinforced / prestressed concrete with filler blocks
9. Write about Prefabricated Roofing and flooring elements.
Prefabricated reinforced concrete battens and plain concrete tiles can be used for
roofing and flooring for flat, instead of wooden section and brick tiles.
For sloping roof, precast reinforced and prestressed concrete triangulation trusses
can be used.
Plain concrete or lightly reinforced concrete can be used in the form of precast
shells for roofing.
10. How are roofing members in prefabricates classified?
Small roofing members.
Large roofing members.
Reinforced planks (or) ties.
Light weight concrete roofing members.
Small reinforced concrete roofing members.
Purlins.
11. Explain the behavior of roof and floor slabs construction with suitable sketches.
Behavior of roof and floor slabs:
The roofing / flooring system consist of RC planks and joists.
The planks are casted to a standard size and they are connected with RCC joists
which are provided at a regular interval.
The loads from planks are transmitted to RCC joists and then to main beams.
The main beams are provided with channel sections 10cm projections on the
necessary side with the spacing of joist.
The joists are seated in the channel and bolted together.
The loads from slabs to the main beam will come as point loads.
The roofing / flooring slabs system consists of planks which are supported over
RCC joist.
The planks can be made in any one of the following form with or without
prestressing. According to the span and loads.
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The usual width of these of slabs is 0.5m and spanning to the requirement upto a
maximum limit of 5m without prestressing.
The thicknesses of planks are casted in two steps with different mould to access
monolithic action with adjacent slab by putting necessary reinforcement and
concreting.
8. Explain the methods of construction of roof and floor slab. Also explain the
precautions taken during the manufacturing process.
In Floor and Roof:
Structural floor / roof account for substantial cost of a building in normal

situation. Therefore, any saving achieved in floor/roof considerably reduce the
cost of building.
Use of standardized and optimized roofing components where shuttering is
avoided prove to be economical, fast and better in quality.
Some of the prefabricated roofing/flooring components found suitable in many
low-cost housing projects are
Precast RC planks
Prefabricated brick panels.
Precast RB curved panels.
Precast RC channel roofing.
L panel roofing.
Trapezon panel roofing
Unreinforced pyramidal brick roof.
Precast concrete panels.
Precast RC planks:
This system consists of precast RC planks supporting over partially precast joist.
RC planks are made with thickness party varying between 3 cm and 6 cm.
There are haunches in the planks which are tapered.
When the plank is put in between the joists, the space above 3 cm thickness is
filled with in-situ concrete to get tee-beam effect of the joists.
The planks are made in module width of 30 cm with maximum length of 150 cm
and the maximum weight of the dry panel is 50 kg.
Precast joists are rectangular in shape, 15 cm wide and the precast portion is
15cm deep.
The main reinforcement of the overhang provided at the top in the in-situ
concrete attains sufficient strength.
The savings achieved in practical implementations compared with conventional
RCC slab about 25%.
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Prefabricated brick panel:

The prefabricated brick panel roofing system consist of is made of first class brick
reinforced with two MS bars of 6mm dia and joists filled with either 1:3 cement
mortar or M15 concrete.
A panel of 90cm length requires 16 bricks and a panel of 120cm requires 19
bricks.
Partially precast joist it is a rectangular shaped joist 13cm wide and 10cm to
12.5cm deep.
The overall depth of joist with in-situ concrete becomes 21cm to 23.5cm, it is
designed as composite tee-beam with 3.5cm thick flange.
The partially precast RC joist, is designed as simply supporting tee-beam with
3,5cm thick flange.
Precast curved brick arch panel:
This roofing is same as RB panel roofing except that the panels do not have any
reinforcement.
A panel while casting is given a rise in the centre and thus an arching action is
created.
An overall economy of 30% has been achieved in single storeyed building and
20% in two or three storeyed building.
Precast RC channel roofing:
Precast panel channels are trough shaped with the outer side corrugated and
grooved at the ends to provide shear key action and to transfer moments
between adjacent units.
The lengths of the units are adjusted to suit the span.
The flange thickness is 30mm to 35mm.
A savings of 14% has been achieved in actual implementation in various projects.
Precast hollow slabs roofing:
Precast hollow slabs are panels in which voids are created by earthen kulars,
without decreasing the stiffness or strength.
These hollow slabs are lighter than solid slabs and thus save the cost of concrete,
steel and the cost of walling and foundation too due to less weight.
The width of the panel is 300mm and depth may vary from 100mm to 150mm as
per the span.
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The outer sides are corrugated to provide transfer of shear between adjacent
units.
L - Panel roofing:
The precast full span RC panel is of section L.
The L panels are supporting on parallel gable walls and are used for shaped roof
of a building.
L panel roofing is quite lighter in weight, economic in construction.
It is panel sound performance and durability.
Trapezon panel roofing:
Typical precast RC trapezon panel has trapezium section in orthogonal directions.
The components are sound and can be manually handled with ease.
These components are placed in position to from roof and haunch filling is done
with in situ concrete to make a monolithic surface.
Unreinforced pyramidal brick roof:
Unreinforced pyramidal brick roof construction system is suitable for low cost
houses in cyclone affected and other coastal areas.
Corrosion of reinforcement was found to be the major cause of failure of RCC
structure in coastal area and a pyramidal roof with brick and cement concrete
without reinforcement was therefore developed.
The roofing is provided with peripheral RCC ring beam.
9. Write briefly about precast concrete columns.

Precast concrete column:
The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high.

The reinforced concrete floor slabs fit the clear span between columns.
After erecting the slab and column of a story, the columns and floor slabs are
prestressed by means of prestressing tendons that pass through ducts in the
columns at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slab are filled
with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans.
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The prestressing slabs column system uses horizontal prestressing in two

orthogonal directions to achieve continuity.
Seismic loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place)
positioned between the columns at appropriate locations.
10. Write about the structural behavior of precast structure.

Structural behavior of precast structure:
The design load-carrying structure advantage from the viewpoint of prefabrication.
Principles of structural analysis.
Various specifications.
Dimensioning of joists.
Elimination of handling stresses.
Redistribution of stresses in jointed structure.
Calculation of reinforced concrete structure co-operating with strengthening
concrete layer cast-in-situ.
Influence of the sequence and the method of placing on the stress of the state of
the structure.
Stability of precast structural members.
Quality of materials used for precast reinforced concrete structure.
11. Differentiate the behavior of frame in precast structures.
Roof and floor slabs:
The roofing / flooring system consist of RC planks and joists.
The planks are casted to a standard size and they are connected with RCC joists
which are provided at a regular interval.
The loads from planks are transmitted to RCC joists and then to main beams.
The main beams are provided with channel sections 10cm projections on the
necessary side with the spacing of joist.
The joists are seated in the channel and bolted together.
The loads from slabs to the main beam will come as point loads.
K.BALAJI . ()..,
The roofing / flooring slabs system consists of planks which are supported over
RCC joist.
The planks can be made in any one of the following form with or without
prestressing. According to the span and loads.
The usual widths of these of slabs are 0.5m and spanning to the requirement
upto a maximum limit of 5m without prestressing.
The thicknesses of planks are casted in two steps with different mould to access
monolithic action with adjacent slab by putting necessary reinforcement and
concreting.
Beams:
All the main and secondary beams are the same size of 300 mm x 300 mm varies
reinforcement are provided at various conditions according to the moments.
The beams are casted for the clear distance between the columns.
A square of 10 cm x 10 cm hole for a depth of 10 cm are provided on either sides
to achieve the connection with other beam reinforcement or column reinforcement
by proper welding.
After welding the concrete has to be done at the column and beams, it is necessary
to put site concreting.
For the purpose the top ends of the beams are tapered so that it will give access to
site concrete and for needle vibrators to get proper compaction.
Wall panels:
The wall panels are casted with all fixing like door, ventilator, and window
frames.
These wall panel are non load bearing wall. Therefore neglect solid rectangular
cross section wall panel with RCC from the view of thermal effects and safety the
minimum of 150 mm is provided as wall thickness.
This wall is a sandwich type that is cellular concrete blocks of 75 mm thick is
sandwiched by RCC.
M25 grade concrete to a thickness of 37.5 mm on either face with minimum
reinforcement.
Since, the walls are in steel moulds there will be no need for plastering on either
face of wall. This is one of the advantages of precast wall panels.
The main design factor is handling stresses in wall panels.
Columns:
Many types of columns available in prefabricated system. Grooves are provided
on the required faces to keeps the walls in position.
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This groove will act as a part of columns, and since the area of column has been
increased due to tibs, will give addition moment carrying as well as load carrying
capacity of columns.
At the same time this grooves give a mild ornamental look to our building.
12. Explain in detail the preferred dimension adopted for the precast structural elements such as
flooring, roofing, beams and columns
K.BALAJI . ()..,
Beams generally carry vertical gravitational forces but can also be used to carry
horizontal loads (i.e., loads due to an earthquake or wind). The loads carried by a beam are
transferred to columns, walls, or girders, which then transfer the force to adjacent structural
compression members. In Light frame construction the joists rest on the beam.
Most beams in reinforced concrete buildings have rectangular cross sections, but the
most efficient cross section is a universal beam. The fact that most of the material is placed away
from the neutral axis (axis of symmetry in case of universal beam) increases the second moment
of area of the beam which in turn increases the stiffness. A universal beam is only the most
efficient shape in one direction of bending: up and down looking at the profile as an I. If the
beam is bent side to side , it functions as an H where it is less efficient. The most efficient shape
for both directions in 2D is a box (a square shell) however the most efficient shape for bending in
any direction is a cylindrical shell or tube. But, for unidirectional bending, the universal (I or
wide flange) beam is king. Efficiency means that for the same cross sectional area (Volume of
beam per length) subjected to the same loading conditions, the beam deflects less. Other shapes,
like L (angles), C (Channels) or tubes, are also used in construction when there are special
requirements
K.BALAJI . ()..,
Prefabricated columns are usually of steel and are secured by being bolted to their bases.
It is fixed to anchor bolts, which are cast into the base of the structure. Fixing is achieved with
nuts and washers attached to the anchor bolts. It is also possible to set the column at the correct
height level and vertical position. The joint between column base and structure below should be
grout as soon as possible after installation. After that the connection parts and grouting will work
as reinforced concrete structure.
K.BALAJI . ()..,
K.BALAJI . ()..,

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Unit-2 & Unit-3

4.What are different types of floor slabs? Explain

5.What are different types of roof slabs? Explain

It can be used for living purposes.

Disadvantages of Flat Roof

It is constructed in a very short time.

Disadvantages of Flat Roof

It has more weather effects

More area is covered without any intermediate columns etc.

It gives architectural view to add beauty nearby area.

Disadvantages of Shell Roofs

It can not be used to construct upper floor.

6. Explain the joint for wall panels

6. Explain about Roofing members in detail.

ROOFS AND FLOOR SLABS

Two-way flat plate system.

One-way beam and slab.

7.What is the classification of precast large panel? (AUC May /June2013)

8. What are the types of precast floors?

Structural floor / roof account for substantial cost of a building in normal

Prefabricated brick panel:

9. Write briefly about precast concrete columns.

The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high.

The prestressing slabs column system uses horizontal prestressing in two

10. Write about the structural behavior of precast structure.

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