PS Unit 2 Notes

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Unit-2
Reinforced concrete
Precast concrete systems enable fast and effective completion of many different types of
buildings and other structures. These are skeletal frames, wall frames and portal frames.
TYPES OF PRECAST SYSTEMS
Depending on the load-bearing structure, precast systems can be divided into the
followingcategories:
Large-panel systems
Frame systems
Slab-column systems with walls
Mixed systems
LARGE PANEL SYSTEMS
The designation large-panel system refers to multistory structures composed of large wall and
floor concrete panels connected in the vertical and horizontal directions so that the wall panels enclose
appropriate spaces for the rooms within a building. These panels form a box-like structure. Both vertical
and horizontal panels resist gravity load. Wall panels are usually one story high. Horizontal floor and roof
panels span either as one-way or two-way slabs. When properly joined together, these horizontal
elements act as diaphragms that transfer the lateral loads to the walls.
Depending on wall layout , there are three basic configurations of large-panel buildings:
Cross-wall systems
Longitudinal wall systems
Two-way systems
Cross-wall system.
The main walls that resist gravity and lateral loads are placed in the short direction of the building.
Longitudinal-wall system.
The walls resisting gravity and lateral loads are placed in the longitudinal
is only one longitudinal wall,
direction; usually, there
Two-way system.
The walls are placed in both directions
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FRAME SYSTEMS
PRECAST CONCRETE FRAMES
1. Precast concrete frames involve an entire structure being fabricated off-site.
2. In addition, structural components can be supplied for incorporation into a structure on-site.
3. Frames can simultaneously achieve both structural and decorative design requirements - a wide
variety of mixes, colours and finishes can be accommodated.
4. Architecturally-finished precast structures can be left exposed to exploit concrete's high thermal
capacity in a building's "green" energy management system.
5. Precast concrete frames are cast in the same way as precast concrete cladding, but as they are
designed as structural elements have heavier reinforcement than is required for non-structural
cladding.
6. Elegant connections are required between columns and beams to transfer considerable forces
without adversely affecting the visual appearance of the frame.
Benefits of Precast concrete frames
1. Enable faster programme times - not affected by weather or labour shortages.
2. Improve buildability - structure is fabricated off-site for rapid erection on-site
3. Produce a high standard of workmanship in factory conditions - reduces potential for accidents,
addresses on-site skill shortage.
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4. Have a high quality finish that can be left exposed - concrete's thermal properties can be
exploited in low-energy buildings.
Precast frames can be constructed using either linear elements or spatial beam-column subassemblages. Precast beam-column sub-assemblages have the advantage that the connecting faces
between the sub-assemblages can be placed away from the critical frame regions; however, linear
elements are generally preferred because of the difficulties associated with forming, handling, and
erecting spatial elements. The use of linear elements generally means placing the connecting faces at
the beam-column junctions. The beams can be seated on corbels at the columns, for ease of
construction and to aid the shear transfer from the beam to the column. The beam-column joints
accomplished in this way are hinged. However, rigid beam-column connections are used in some cases,
when the continuity of longitudinal reinforcement through the beam-column joint needs to be ensured.
The components of a precast reinforced concrete frame are shown in Figure
SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS WITH SHEAR WALLS
These systems rely on shear walls to sustain lateral load effects, whereas the slab-column structure
resists mainly gravity loads. There are two main systems in this category:
Lift-slab system with walls
Prestressed slab-column system
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In the Lift slab system, the load-bearing structure consists of precast reinforced concrete columns and
slabs,. Precast columns are usually two stories high. All precast structural elements are assembled by
means of special joints. Reinforced concrete slabs are poured on the ground in forms, one on top of the
other. Precast concrete floor slabs are lifted from the ground up to the final height by lifting cranes. The
slab panels are lifted to the top of the column and then moved downwards to the final position.
Temporary supports are used to keep the slabs in the position until the connection with the columns has
been achieved.
The prestressed slab-column system uses horizontal prestressing in two orthogonal directions to achieve
continuity. The precast concrete column elements are 1 to 3 stories high. The reinforced concrete floor
slabs fit the clear span between columns. After erecting the slabs and columns of a story, the columns
and floor slabs are prestressed by means of prestressing tendons that pass through ducts in the columns
at the floor level and along the gaps left between adjacent slabs. After prestressing, the gaps between
the slabs are filled with in situ concrete and the tendons then become bonded with the spans. Seismic
loads are resisted mainly by the shear walls (precast or cast-in-place) positioned between the columns
at appropriate locations.
PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
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Basic precast concrete systems:

Precast concrete building structures are composed of some basic types of structural
systems. These systems can be combined in different ways to obtain an appropriate and
effective structural concept that fulfils the needs of specific buildings. The most common
systems are:
Beam and column systems (beam elements, column elements, connections)

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floor and roof systems (floor elements, roof elements, connections)

bearing wall systems (wall elements, connections)
faade systems (faade wall elements, connections)
The above list is not unique as there are many variations possible to achieve the same
objectives that architects and engineers are now successfully exploring, such as the use of
arches and rigid portal frames. Faades are sometimes load-bearing, providing also the
lateral stability, but they can also be
used without a load-bearing function. Other less common precast systems are:
frame systems (frame elements, connections)
cell systems (cell elements, connections)
Beam and column systems
Beam and column systems are composed of columns and beams, although the beams are
more like rafters where the column height may correspond to more than one storey. The
forms the basis of the skeletal frame. The connections in these systems are:
beam to column
beam to beam
column to column
column to base
TYPICAL CONNECTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS
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COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION
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SLAB TO BEAM CONNECTION
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CONNECTION BETWEEN SLABS
CONNECTION
OF WALL PANELS TO COLUMNS
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Slab-column systems with walls

Longitudinal wall systems

direction; usually, there

SLAB-COLUMN SYSTEMS WITH SHEAR WALLS

Basic precast concrete systems:

Beam and column systems (beam elements, column elements, connections)

floor and roof systems (floor elements, roof elements, connections)

TYPICAL CONNECTION OF PRECAST CONCRETE ELEMENTS

COLUMN TO COLUMN CONNECTION

BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION

SLAB TO BEAM CONNECTION

CONNECTION BETWEEN SLABS

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