Magnetic Circuits

1)
Sol. Assume the flux density in the core and air-gap are
same. Using the B-H curve of the cast steel

B 0.8T , H 510 AT / m
c

mmf F H 2l
c

2l
g

0.8
* 2*1.5*10
4 *10

= 1910AT
Total mmf required F=F F 184 1910 2094 AT
c

F 2094

4.19 A
N 500
Note that although the air-gap is very small compared to
the length of the core, most of the mmf is used in air-gap.
B
0.8
(b) Permeabilty of the core:

1.57 *10
H
510

Current required i=

Releative Permeabilty of core:

1.57*10

1250
4 *10
3

F H l 510*0.36 184 AT
c c

184
i
0.368 A
500
Note that if air-gap is not present, a much smaller current is
required to establish the same flux density in the magnetic circuit.

2)

50 *102
Sol. c

0 r Ac 3000 * 4 *10 7 *15*10 4

lc

=88.42*103 AT / wb
1*103
g

0 Ag 4 *107 *15*10 4
lg

=530.515*103 AT / wb
Ni
400 *1
=

c g (88.42 530.515)103

(b)

0.6463*103
B=
0.4309T
4
A
15*10
N2
4002
L=

c g (88.42 530.515)103
=258.52*10-3 H

3)
Sol. When the cores permeability is 15,000 times that of
free space, it is
core = r0 = 15,000 4 107 = 0.01885 Wb/A-t-m
so its reluctance is
Rcore = l/coreA = 0.1 m/0.01885 (Wb/A-t-m) 0.001 m2
= 5305 A-t/Wb
and its inductance is
L = N2/R= 102/5305
= 0.0188 henries
= 18.8 mH
Similarly, when the relative permeability is 25,000 the
inductance is
L = N2/R
= N2r0A/l
= {102 25,000 4 107 0.001}/0.1
= 0.0314 H
= 31.4 mH

OC and SC Test Transformers

1)
Sol.

OC circuit
Instruments placed on lv side and hv side is kept open.
V2 250V , I0 1.2 A, W0 =80W
cos0

W0
80

0.267
V2 I0 250*1.2

sin 0 1 cos 20 0.964

I w I 0cos0 1.2 * 0.267 0.3204 A
I m I 0cos0 1.2 * 0.964 1.1568 A
R0

V0
250

780.27
I w 0.3204

and X 0

V0
250

216.11
I m 1.1568

SC test
Instruments placed on hv side and lv side is short circuited
VSC 25V , ISC 12.5 A, PSC 90W

Z 01

VSC
25

2
I SC 12.5

R01

PSC
90

0.576
2
2
I SC (12.5)

X 01 Z 2 01 R 2 01 22 0.5762 1.915
500
Turn ratio(a)=
2
250
R
0.576
R02 012
0.144
a
4
X 01 1.915
X 02 2
0.4787
a
4
8 *103
( I 2 ) full load
32 A
250

2)
Sol.
From OC test, iron loss of the transformer=60W
10*103
Full load primary current(I1 )=
5A
2000
from SC test
40
70
Z01
10, R 01 2 4.375,
4
4
X 01 Z2 01 R 2 01 102 4.3752 8.99
R 01 4.375

0.04375
2
2
a
10
X
8.99
and X 02 01

0.089
a2
102
Agian R 02

V I 2 ( R 02 cos X 02 sin )
V 50(0.04375 * 0.8 0.0899 * 0.6)
=-0.947V
-0.947
Regulation of the transformer=
200
=-4.735*10-3 pu
=0.4735%
3)
Sol.

1200
Turn ratio=
3
400
from OC test
Core loss of the transformer=70W
from SC test (Instruments placed on lv side)
VSC 30V , ISC 22 A, PSC 80W

VSC 30
Z 02

1.364,
I SC 22
PSC
80
R02 2 2 0.1653,
I SC 22
X 02 Z 2 02 R 2 02 1.3642 0.16532 1.354
For zero voltage regulation
R02 0.1654
tan

0.6960
X 02 1.3453
cos 0.9926(leading )

4)
Sol.

3000
Turn ratio(a)=
10
300
(1) Equivelent resistance referred to hv side:
R 01 R11 a 2 R12 2.5 (10) 2 * 0.018 4.3
Equivelent leakage reactance referred to hv side:
X 01 X 11 a 2 X 12 3.8 (10) 2 * 0.052 9
Equivelent impedance referred to hv side:
Z01 R 2 01 X 2 01 4.32 92 9.974
(2) Equivelent resistance referred to lv side:
R11
2.5
R 02 2 R12 2 0.018 0.043
a
10

Equivelent leakage reactance referred to lv side:

X 11
3.8
X 02 2 X 12 2 0.052 0.09
a
10
Equivelent impedance referred to lv side:
Z02 R 2 02 X 2 02 0.0432 0.092 0.09974
(3)Total Cu loss at full load:
30 *103
Primary current(I1 )
10 A
3000
30 *103
Secondary current(I 2 )
100 A
300
Total cu loss =I12 R01 (10) 2 * 4.3 430W
Also Total cu loss =I 22 R02 (100) 2 * 0.043 430W

Phasor Diagram for AC Circuits

1)

2)

3)