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1.3.1
Sensores eletrnicos
2. Testes de aumento de 2.
Medio
e altamente estvel;
contnua
de 2.
Construo
soldada
presso;
3. Monitorao de injeo;
interveno do poo;
4. Completaes inteligentes.
3.
Melhor
como
3. Instalao de mltiplos
confiabilidade medidores
resultado
em um nico
testes cabo;
rigorosos;
prazo
devido
estabilidade da medio.
Escrever sobre:
Ferramenta de desconexo molhada
Sistema de controle de superfcie em poos inteligentes
O risco operacional cada vez mais alto inviabiliza o aumento do nmero de sistemas
sensoriais, pois estes dificultam e retardam o processo instalao. Novas tcnicas tm
possibilitado a instalao de um nmero maior de sensores de temperatura menores em um
nico cabo, descartando a necessidade de mltiplos conectores e mandris. Esto disponveis
no mercado, por exemplo, os RTDs (Resistance Temperature Detectors), que consistem em
at 48 sensores para medio de temperatura em um nico cabo usando alta resoluo
(Gambhir et al, 2008).
em que melhorias so implementadas ao mtodo ssmico com lapso de tempo. Tanto a ssmica
de furo quanto a ssmica de superfcie so capazes de definir os limites geomtricos com
preciso razovel, porm estas no colaboram na identificao dos tipos de fluidos em longas
distncias. Neste ltimo caso, o uso de tcnicas eletromagnticas mais indicado (Silva
Junior, 2012).
As medies ssmicas de fundo de poo so realizadas atravs de PSV (perfil ssmico
vertical) com lapso temporal para captao de imagens ssmicas de poo a poo. Quando se
deseja realizar uma implantao permanente ou temporria, a ssmica na superfcie
juntamente calibrao ssmica com CFO (cabo de fundo de oceano) constituem o
procedimento mais adequado. Ao longo da vida produtiva do poo, esses sistemas podem ser
usados para monitorar passivamente o fraturamento das rochas que pode ser desencadeado
pelas atividades de produo ou injeo. Sistemas de monitoramento ssmico de fundo de
poo possuem at trinta ndulos com quatro canais/ndulos (trs geofones e um hidrofone
para correes mltiplas) operando com uma taxa de amostragem variando de 4 a 0.25 mS
(mega-amostras). Para o sucesso deste tipo de sistema, o correto acoplamento com a formao
se torna primordial (WILSON et al., 2008).
De acordo com Mougenot et al. (2011), os acelermetros dos microssistemas
eletromecnicos esto substituindo geofones eletromagnticos devido ao seu maior alcance
dinmico, fase linear de banda-larga/ amplitude da resposta e tamanho e peso menores. Estes
dispositivos ainda precisam de alguns aprimoramentos para minimizar o rudo em frequncias
baixas. A especificao de um acelermetro ssmico no fundo do poo deve considerar o nvel
de rudo, linearidade, alcance dinmico e sensibilidade do eixo transversal.
Desde meados da dcada de 1990, a indstria vem fazendo uso de sensores de fibra
ptica para fins de monitoramento permanente de fundo de poo. No incio, apenas o modelo
DTS (distributed temperature sensing) foi adotado pelas operadoras para registro temporrio
do perfil de temperatura do poo. De acordo com Silva Junior et al (2012), foi somente no
final dos anos 90, com o desenvolvimento de tecnologias baseadas em grades de Bragg
(FBG), que este tipo de sensoriamento passou a ser utilizado em sistemas de monitorao de
fundo de poo. A tecnologia FBG aumentou a confiabilidade desses sistemas alm de possuir
The first fiber optic seismic sensors for permanent downhole measurements were
installed in southwestern France for a walkway VSP in 2002 (Knudsen, Havsgard et al. 2003).
It was a six level, tri-component (3C) accelerometer system used for monitoring a gas storage
field. Neither electronic nor fiber optic permanent downhole seismic sensors have been trialed
for installation in an IW to-date. The advantage of the fiber optic accelerometers is their
improved metrological data (dynamic range, distortion, noise floor and bandwidth). In
addition, fiber optic accelerometers bring operational advantages for OBC seismic (no
batteries or heavy copper cables). The result is high resolution seismic imaging and better
dynamic reservoir characterization (4D) when one adds up seismic acquisition reproducibility,
acquisition frequency flexibility and improved metrological parameters of the sensors. Typical
data for downhole seismic sensors are shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.1 is a simple comparison of
the three seismic sensor technologies available. This table illustrates the important differences
regarding noise and bandwidth between the two new technologies which result in
improvements in noise of seismic deeper traces and in trace resolution.
Distributed downhole sensors gave the missing spatial component to the reservoir and
production engineers. The first distributed sensor for downhole applications was based on
Raman backscattering, the DTS. It is also available today DTSS (Distributed Temperature and
Strain Sensing) based on Brillouin backscattering. Both methods are based on changes in the
spectral content as a result of nonlinear interactions of the light propagating through the fiber
optic. It uses the optical domain reflectometry technique which sends a series of optical pulses
into the fiber and extracts the scattered light from the same end of the fiber (Figure 3.3).
Raman backscattering measures the intensities of the Raman signal at equal energy
differences in opposite shifted directions, producing a ratio which depends only on
temperature (Culshaw and Kersey 2008). The backscattered light is coupled, due to stimulated
Brillouin backscattering, with an acoustic wave which has half of the wavelength of the
incoming light. The measured frequency shift is the frequency of the acoustic wave which
depends on the density ratio and, therefore, on the temperature and strain (Culshaw and
Kersey 2008).
DTS is widely used for steam injection/production profile monitoring and for flow
allocation in wells with dry CT. Metrological and operational restrictions have resulted in it
not being fully adopted by operators for deepwater, subsea installations. This is partly because
the metrological parameters for a distributed fiber optic measurement are not straightforward.
The specification of distributed systems depends on all the parameters which affect the
measurement, e.g. total length (distance), acquisition rate, spatial resolution and fiber
attenuation. Hence, one has to adjust the spatial and time resolution to meet the specifications
of the system being designed using a chart which plots the data as a function of the above
parameters. Figure 3.4 is such a performance chart for the hypothetical system. It illustrates
that a distributed measurement system based on optical domain reflectometry needs more than
one parameter, the distance and sample rate for this system, to define its metrology
performance. Note that the system resolution is limited by its repeatability.
DTS has been used with IWs, but not DTSS. The value-added by first recognizing and
then identifying the cause of well integrity issues may prove to be a justification for this type
of monitoring system. They should be used when there is a high risk of reservoir compaction,
formation movement or high corrosive environment.
Tabela do figueroa