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Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 79, 263–275, 2008 BROADBAND RADAR C
ROSS SECTION REDUCTION OF A RECTANGULAR PATCH ANTENNA S.-C. Zhao, B.-Z. Wang, an
d Q.-Q. He Institute of Applied Physics
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
Chengdu 610054, China
Abstract—A rectangular patch antenna with two circular apertures, a defected gro
und structure (DGS), and a shorting post is proposed in this paper. The novel st
ructure can reduce the radar cross section (RCS) of the antenna at its operating
frequency. At the same time, the return loss of the proposed antenna is maintai
ned, and the RCSs of the patch antenna at the frequencies outside the operating
band are also reduced. The proposed antenna is simulated by using high frequency
electromagnetic simulation software. The peak of RCSs is reduced about 7 dB and
the broadband RCSs are below−30 dB from 2 to 8 GHz. This result is useful for l
ow RCS antenna application.
1. INTRODUCTION Microstrip patch antennas are lightweight, low pro le, conformal
and easy of manufacturing, and do not disturb the aerodynamic properties of the
ir platforms. These make them very popular in microwave systems, especially for
aerospace applications. Modern aircrafts do not hope to be found by enemy’s rada
r. Radar cross section (RCS) is an important parameter, which decides the stealt
h ability. The surface of an aircraft can have low RCS by using some radar absor
bing materials or shaping methods. Therefore, antennas are important contributor
s to the overall RCS signature of a stealth object. Antennas are e ective radiat
ors of electromagnetic elds, so it is a contradiction that antennas realize RCS
reduction and at the same time maintain their normal functions.
A variety of RCS reduction techniques have been applied to patch antennas. Lumpe
d loading technique has been used to control the RCS of the patch, but the gain
of the antenna is often descended. To achieve broadband RCS reduction, a narrow
resistive ribbon around
264 Zhao, Wang, and He the periphery of the patch has been used [1,2]. By using
lossy substrates and shorting post, RCS reduction can be realized [3, 4]. In ma
ny applications, antennas with both lowRCS and high transmit gain are needed. Ho
wever, it is di cult for an antenna realizing low RCS while maintaining good rad
iating characteristics. Some approaches have emerged to try to solve this proble
m. In [5], a microstrip antenna with a ferrite cover layer has the capability of
beam scanning and gain enhancement. By using fractal slot on microstrip patch a
ntenna, the RCS of the antenna can be reduced and the radiation characteristics
can be maintained [6].
In this paper, a patch antenna with two circular apertures, a defected ground st
ructure (DGS), and a shorting post is presented. Compared to [4, 5], the propose
d antenna is not loaded with ferrite, so the weight of the antenna is light, and
the circle aperture, not like fractal slot, is easy to design. But the loss of
gain is larger than those of antennas in [4, 5]. The proposed antenna has low RC
S in a broadband, good return loss and gain.
2. RCS REDUCTION TECHNIQUES RCS is usually used to characterize the scattering p
roperties of a radar target. For a target, there is monostatic or backscattering
RCS when the transmitter and receiver are at the same location, and there is a
bistatic RCS when the transmitter and receiver are not at the same location [7].
In this paper, the monostatic RCS of a rectangular patch antenna is analyzed.
y x h Ly Lx Rc B A dy L W Shorting post Feed point Front side Back side Rc Figur
e 1.Geometry of the proposed patch antenna. As shown in Fig. 1, the antenna is p
rinted on a Rogers duroid 5880 substrate with length ofLy = 35 mm, width ofLx =
20.5 mm, Progress In Electromagnetics Research, PIER 79, 2008 265 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
70 60 50 40 30 20 MonostaticR CS(dB) Frequency (GHz) ϕ=0o, θ=60o ϕ=90, θ=
60o o Figure 2.Monostatic RCSs of original antenna for di erent incident angels.
thickness ofh = 1.1 mm, and relative permittivity ofεr= 2.2. In our rsarch pr
ogram, th mphasis is th RCS at 60 dgr lvation incidnt angl. Th antnn
a is illuminatd twic by aθ-polarizd planar wav. Th incidnt angls ar (θ =
60◦,ϕ = 0◦) and (θ = 60◦,
ϕ= 90◦), rspctivly. Fig. 2 shows th monostatic RCSs at ths two incidnt an
gls. At th antnna rsonanc fruncy 4.6 GHz, th RCS at incidnt anglϕ = 0
◦is much highr than that at incidnt angl ϕ= 90◦. In fruncy rang of 2∼ 8 G
Hz, th RCS at incidnt angl ϕ= 0◦is highr than that at incidnt anglϕ = 90◦f
or th most part. So w lay a strong mphasis on rducing th RCS at zro dgr
azimuth incidnt angl. In this papr, if not mntiond spcially, th RCS man
s monostatic RCS at incidnt wav angl (θ = 60◦,ϕ = 0◦).
2.1. Circular Aprturs Aprturs in a patch antnna can chang surfac currnt
distribution and rduc th RCS of th patch antnna. In this papr, a rctangul
ar patch antnna with two circular aprturs is invstigatd. In ordr to kp t
h sam oprating fruncy, th antnna dimnsions ar slctd to bLy = 29 mm
andLx = 18 mm. Th cntr positions of th two circular aprturs in th patch
arA (4 mm, 7 mm) andB (4 mm,
−7 mm) respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 shows the Monostatic 266 Zhao,
Wang, and He 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 42 40 38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 MonostaticR C
S(dB) Freuency (GHz) original patch antenna
Rc=4mm
Rc=3mm
Rc=2mm
Figure 3.Monostatic RCSs of original antenna and the antenna with two circular a
pertures, incident angle (θ = 60◦,ϕ = 0◦). 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 -16 -14 -12 -10 -8 -6 -
4 -202 Rturnloss( dB) Fruncy (GHz) Rc=4mm Rc=3mm Rc=2mm
Figur 4.Rturn losss of antnna with two circular aprturs. 272 Zhao, Wang,
and H is ngligibl. Bcaus of structur chang, th rsonanc fruncis ar
not th sam. Thrfor, th paks of RCSs ar not at th sam fruncy, and a
t crtain fruncis, th RCS of th nw structur is highr than bfor. Th m
ax valu of incrasd RCS is 1.1 dB at fruncy of 6.7 GHz. In conclusion, th
monostatic RCS as a whol is blow−31 dB in the freuency range of 2∼ 8 GHz.
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 ReturnLoss( dB) Freuency (GHz) regular p
atch antenna new patch antenna Figure 9.Return losses of original antenna and th
e proposed antenna. Figure 9 shows that return loss of the new antenna is improv
ed further. The bandwidth is changed from 3.3% to 3.9%. Fig. 10 depicts the E pl
ane and H plane gains of the two antennas. Gain of the improved low RCS antenna
is 5.20 dB, decreased by 2.3 dB. The gain loss is mainly from DGS, which increas
es the backside radiation. Although the gain is decreased, it is acceptable by o
ur research program. The direction of the antenna’s radiation is not changed.
Finally, the change of the RCS is analyzed when the incident angle is (θ = 60◦,ϕ
= 90◦). In Fig. 11, th RCS pak of th nw patch antnna is−29.5 dB, which is
reduced by 4.5 dB. Near 6 GHz, the RCS is also reduced heavily. Though RCS is in
creased near 3.6 GHz, the value is also lower than−65 dB, which is the minimum o
f the RCS in the freuency range of 2∼ 8 GHz. The increase has little in uence t
o the overall RCS reduction.
From Fig. 8 and Fig. 11, the RCS peak of the new antenna is less acute than befo
re. As a whole, the RCS is reduced heavily. Progress In Electromagnetics Resear
ch, PIER 79, 2008 273 (a) (b) 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 10 8 6
4 2 02468 Gain(dB) Theta (deg) E plane regular patch antenna new patch antenna
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 8 6 4 2 02468 Gain(dB) Theta (deg) H
plane regular patch antenna new patch antenna Figure 10.Gains of original antenn
a and the proposed antenna. (a) E plane, (b) H plane. 274 Zhao, Wang, and He 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 70 60 50 40 30 20 MonostaticR CS(dB) Freuency (GHz) original
patch antenna new patch antenna Figure 11.Monostatic RCSs of original patch ante
nna and the proposed antenna, incident angle (θ = 60◦,ϕ = 90◦). 4. CONCLUSION In
this papr, an antnna with two circular aprturs, a DGS and a shorting post i
s proposd. Circular aprtur and DGS can rduc RCS at th oprating fruncy.
Shorting post can rduc RCS at fruncis outsid th oprating band. Th RCS
of th nw antnna is rducd in a larg fruncy rang, whil th antnna’s d
irction and rturn loss ar not changd and th dcras of gain is accptabl.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT This work was supportd by th National Natural Scinc Foundatio
n of China (No. 90505001) and th Crativ Rsarch Group Program of UESTC.
REFERENCES 1. Volakis, J. L., A. Alxanian, and J. M. Lin, “Broadband RCS rduct
ion of rctangular patch by using distributd loading,” Elctronics Lttrs, Vol
. 28, No. 25, 2322–2323, Dc. 1992. Progrss In Elctromagntics Rsarch, PIER
79, 2008 275 2. Gustafsson, M., “RCS rduction of intgratd antnna arrays with
rsistiv shts,”Journal of Elctromagntic Wavs and Applications, Vol. 20, N
o. 1, 27–40, 2006. 3. Wilsn, C. B. and D. B. Davidson, “Th radar cross sction
rduction of microstrip patch,”IEEE th 4th Africon Conf., Vol. 2, 730–733, Sp
. 1996.
4. Wilsn, C. B., D. B. Davidson, J. W. Odndaal, and D. J. J. Rris- burg, “Th
RCS rduction of microstrip patch antnnas,”Th 10th Intrnational Conf., Antn
nas and Propagation, Vol. 1, 174– 177, Apr. 1997. 5. Yang, H. Y., J. A. Castand
a, and N. G. Alxopoulos, “Multifunctional antnnas with low RCS,”IEEE 1992 Ant
nnas and Propagat. Symp., Vol. 4, 2240–2243, Jul. 1992. 6. Liu, Y., S. Gong, and
H. B. Zhang, “A novl fractal slot microstrip antnna with low RCS,”IEEE 2006 A
ntnnas and Propagat. Symp., 2603–2606, Jul. 2006. 7. Balanis, C. A.,Antnna Th
ory Analysis and Dsign, scond dition, John Wily & Sons, Inc, Nw York, 1997.
8. Ahn, D., J.-S. Park, C.-S. Kim, J. Kim, Y. Qian, and T. Itoh, “A dsign of t
h low-pass ltr using th novl microstrip dfctd ground structur,”IEEE Tra
nsactions on Microwav Thory and
Tchnius, Vol. 49, No. 1, 86–93, Jan. 2001. 9. Oskoui, H. D., K. Forooraghi,
and M. Hakkak, “Guidd and laky wav charactristics of priodic dfctd groun
d structurs,” Progrss In Elctromagntics Rsarch, PIER 73, 15–27, 2007. 10.
Chn, J., Z.-B. Wng, Y.-C. Jiao, and F.-S. Zhang, “Lowpass ltr dsign of Hilb
rt curv ring dfctd ground structur,”Progrss In Elctromagntics Rsarch,
PIER 70, 269–280, 2007. 11. Sharma, R., T. Chakravarty, S. Bhooshan, and A. B.
Bhat- tacharyya, “Dsign of a novl 3 dB microstrip backward wav cou- plr usin
g dfctd ground structur,”Progrss In Elctromagnt-
ics Rsarch, PIER 65, 261–273, 2006. 12. Xiao, J.-K. and Y. Li, “Novl compact
microstrip suar ring bandpass ltrs,”Journal of Elctromagntic Wavs and App
lications, Vol. 20, No. 13, 1817–1826, 2006. 13. Wu, B., B. Li, T. Su, and C.-H.
Liang, “Euivalnt-circuit analysis and lowpass ltr dsign of split-ring rso
nator DGS,”Journal of Elctromagntic Wavs and Applications, Vol. 20, No. 4, 19
43– 1953, 2006. Radar Cross Sction
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