BOOK REVIEWS

nonlinear analysts should certainly be aware of. A large

reference list has been included as an aid to those readers unfamiliar with the current state of nonlinear theory.

Turbulence Management and Relaminarisation, edited by H.

W. Liepmann and R. Narasimha. Springer-Verlag, New York,
1988. 524 pages. Price: $89.70.
REVIEWED BY C. R. SMITH2

Taken as a whole, this collection of papers provides a broad

overview of the areas of turbulence and preturbulence
management. My main criticism is the- variability in both
length (from 2 to 26 pages) and quality of the papers
presented. A second criticism is that the range of topic areas
within the original symposium was probably too broad to provide a definitive enough focus on the question of turbulence
management. However, these criticisms aside, I would recommend the book as a useful reference to those involved in, or requiring an overview of, the field of turbulence management
and control.

Effective methods of turbulence management and control

are prizes which have been actively pursued by scientists and
engineers for more than seventy years, with the pace quickening over the past two decades. A timely examination of some
of the more recent methods and approaches for turbulence
management is the general topic of the present book, which is
a collection of 35 invited papers presented at a IUTAM Symposium on Turbulence Management and Relaminarisation in
1987. The papers are generally divided (somewhat unevenly)
into the topics of wall-bounded flows, transition,
relaminarisation, free-shear flows, and separated flows.
The papers on wall-bounded flows cover both flow structure and flow manipulation devices. The three papers on flow
structure primarily reinforce the fact that confusion still reigns
in establishing a "coherent" structure for a turbulent boundary layer, although the authors are in agreement that streamwise vorticity plays an important, but yet unclear role in turbulent boundary layers. The four papers on outer layer
manipulation devices also instill a sense of uncertainty as to
how effective (if at all) such devices are in reducing drag; it appears that there is still a high degree of variability in the results
from different laboratories. However, the six papers on surface manipulation techniques are pretty well agreed that
streamwise surface modifications have a positive effect
(possibly as high as a 10 percent drag reduction). This latter
group of papers provides a particularly nice cross-section of
results and ideas on surface modification techniques, although
it is clear that the functional rationale for these type of
modifications is still under significant debate; I personally felt
this section was one of the better collections in the book.
The sections on transition and relaminarisation contain
several interesting papers on dynamics and control. The five
papers on transition dynamics are interesting, but I often
found myself searching for the relationship of the paper and
the physics discussed therein to the topic of control and flow
management. The four transition control papers were also
quite useful, but left me wondering whether compliant surfaces (the subject of two of the papers) can ever be made truly
effective for drag reduction at practical nautical speeds. The
section of only four relaminarisation papers, only two of
which were of real utility, left me wondering why there were so
few papers on a topic which shares center stage in the main
book title.
The last two sections on free-shear flows and separated
flows were quite good. The seven free-shear papers, with the
exception of the first paper, were basically concerned with
jets. The topics were fairly split between discussion of the
physical mechanisms by which jet growth can be affected, and
methods for active/passive control. I particularly liked papers
by Hakkinen et al. on turbulence control in jets and shear
flows, and the paper by Hussain and Husain on the control of
jets through manipulation of coherent structure. The last section on separated flows is rather anemic in quantity, but quite
good in quality, with two papers on rather diverse topics: reattaching flow, and unsteady separation on an airfoil.

REVIEWED BY BURTON PAUL 3

How can one effectively review twenty-seven papers within
the confines of a single printed page? There probably is no
satisfactory answer to that question, but this collection contains so many items of interest to the readers of the journal,
that we feel it is desirable to list all of the authors and titles.
We shall also single out for individual comment a sampling of
those papers which might have been published in this journal,
as opposed to those which would more probably have been
submitted to journals devoted to metallurgy, wear, or railroad
engineering. The average quality in this collection is quite
high, and no negative inferences should be drawn about
papers not specifically commented on below.
Kalker discusses the many capabilities of his computer program CONTACT, which treats the following problems
(among others): normal contact, Mindlin-Cattaneo shift,
steady state rolling, transient rolling, subsurface stresses, etc.
Bjorkman and Klarbring discuss the differences and
similarities between frictional and plastic systems, and the corresponding differences in shakedown theorems for the two
classes.
Barber reviews the general area of thermal effects in elastic
contact. He points out that classical existence and uniqueness
theorems cease to apply for an important class of problems in
which the temperature and elastic fields are coupled through
boundary conditions. This frequently leads to a phenomenon
of thermoelastic instability.
Selvadurai finds stress intensity factors for penny-shaped
cracks which contain a concentric rigid disk inclusion.
Johnson presents a review of recent progress, at Cambridge
University and elsewhere, in problems of plastic flow and
shakedown due to rolling contact. He considers both perfectly
plastic and strain hardening materials.
McDowell and Moyar also treat the problem of elasticplastic rolling contact, utilizing a "sophisticated, two-surface
cyclic plasticity theory, known to correlate nonproportional
cyclic plasticity experiments . . . " They suggest that an accurate representation of work hardening response and
kinematic hardening enhances the solution for subsurface
plastic shear strain accumulation.
Bower and Johnson discuss the conditions under which the
corner of rails (or ideal infinite quarter-spaces) suffer incremental plastic collapse (ratchetting) due to a "traveling
Hertz pressure distribution," and compare their analysis to
experiments on elastic disks.

Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh

University, Bethlehem, PA 18015.

Asa Whitney Professor of Dynamical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. Fellow ASME.

Contact Mechanics of Rail/Wheel Systems II, by G. M. L.

Gladwell, H. Ghonem, and J. Kalousek. University of
Waterloo Press, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1987. 476 pages.
Price: $55.00.

750/Vol. 55, SEPTEMBER 1988

Transactions of the ASME

Copyright 1988 by ASME

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BOOK REVIEWS
In railroad engineering parlance, a "shell" is a plate-like
fragment which flakes or "spalls" off the surface of a rail due
to a shallow subsurface crack running parallel to the rail surface. When shells turn downward, they can lead to a
"transverse defect or detail fracture" on a transverse cross
section of the rail. Keer, Farris, and Steele use a twodimensional linear fracture mechanics model as a "first step
towards gaining insight into the shell/detail fracture transition." They draw upon a number of their previous publications dealing with crack path stability and the interaction of
surface indenters with discrete dislocations, to determine the
Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors for various positions of a sliding indenter (representing a wheel). In this
preliminary report on the complex problem, they highlight
numerical results on their studies of crack path deviation.
The literature (forty references) dealing with the mechanics
of spalling failures is reviewed by Sheppard and Comninou.
This reviewer regrets that space limitations prevent him
from calling specific attention to the many other fine papers in
this excellent compendium. Since the problems it deals with
are of great interest to engineers working outside the field of
rail/wheel contact mechanics, it is likely that readers of this
journal will find one or more papers of interest to them in the
complete list of papers given below.
Elastic Contact Mechanics
J. J. Kalker, Wheel-rail wear calculations with the program CONTACT.
G. Bjorkman and Anders Klarbring, Shakedown and residual stresses in frictional systems.
J. R. Barber, Thermal effects on elastic contact.
W. Poole, The measurement of the contact area between opague objects
under static and dynamic rolling conditions.
A. P. S. Selvadurai, A contact problem for the penny-shaped crack.

Inelastic Contact Mechanics

K. L. Johnson, Plastic flow, residual stress and shakedown in rolling contact.
D. L. McDowell and G. J. Moyar, A more realistic model of nonlinear
material response: Application to elastic-plastic rolling contact.
A. F. Bower, K. L. Johnson, A ratcheting limit for plastic deformation of a
quarter-space under rolling contact loads.
V. Bhargava, G. T. Hahn, G. Ham, S. Kuklarni, and C. A. Rubin, Influence
of kinematic hardening on rolling contact deformation.
J. Orkisz, A. B. Perlman, A. Harris, and O. Orringer, Recent progress in the
development of a rail residual stress calculation method.

Adhesion and Dynamics in Contact Mechanics

S. Kumar, and H. Chung, Some energy and adhesion aspects of wheel-rail
contact.
C. O. Frederick, Theory of rail corrugation.
J. Elkins, R. A. Allen, and N. G. Wilson, Effect of wheel/rail contact on
train rolling resistance.
D. Taylor, W. H. Elmaraghy, and W. Pak, Hunting of rail vehicles with conformed wheel profiles: Theory and in-service experience.

Wear and Contact Fatigue

H. Krause and H. Lehna, Investigations of tribological characteristics of rolling/sliding friction systems.
I. J. McEwen and R. F. Harvey, Wheel/rail and wear lubrication-laboratory
studies and their relevance to field situations.
D. M. Fegredo and J. Kalousek, The effects of mixed microstructures on
wear.
M. Dollar, A. W. Thompson, I. M. Bernstein, and D. H. Stone, Deformation
and wear in rail steels.
L. M. Keer, T. N., Farris, and R. Steele, On some aspects of fatigue crack
growth in rails induced by wheel/rail contact loading.
H. Ghonem and J. Kalousek, Experimental study of surface crack initiation
in rolling contact.
P. Clayton and D. N. Hill, Rolling contact fatigue in rail steel.
H.-P. Lieurade, R. Y. Deroche, R. Derboule, and R. Cont, A study of the
shelling mechanism of rails.
D. Jeong, O. Orringer, A. B. Perlman, and R. C. Rice, Beam theory prediction of shell nucleation life.
S. Sheppard and M. Comninou, The mechanics of surface fatigue failure.
A. K. Hellier, D. J. H. Corderoy, and M. B. McGirr, A study of subsurface
rail/wheel contact stresses with application to modelling rail fatigue.
K. Sugino, H. Kageyama, and M. Sato, Effect on wheel and rail profiles on
wear and fatigue behaivour of rail.
M. A. Daeubler, A. W. Thompson, and I. M. Bernstein, Short fatigue cracks
in rail steels.

Journal of Applied Mechanics

The Mathematics of Surfaces II, by R. R. Martin. Oxford

University Press, New York, 1987.
REVIEWED BY J. TINSLEY ODEN4
This volume is the proceedings of a second conference on
The Mathematics of Surfaces, sponsored by the Institute of
Mathematics and Its Applications and held at University College, Cardiff, in September 1986. However, the book is not
merely a collection of random papers on the subject; it is a
fairly well organized account of the modern theory of surfaces
beginning with tutorial lectures and including a number of
papers on computational methods for the generation of surfaces. While there are a few American contributors to the
/ork, the majority of papers are from western Europe.
The volume begins with an introductory chapter on "The
Intelligence of Curves" by I. R. Porteous of Liverpool. This is
a well-written tutorial introduction to the subject containing
elementary definitions and examples. This provides a good introduction to the geometry of three-dimensional curves. This
is followed by a paper from J. G. Hayes on "Fitting Surfaces
to Data," a companion paper by A. A. Ball on "The
Parametric Representation of Curves and Surfaces Using
Rotational Polynomial Functions," and a chapter on
reparametrization of rational surfaces by J. M. Hands. There
are a number of interesting papers on rather specialized
problems. Among these, we mention the paper by M. Gasca
and J. J. Martinez on the computation of multivariant
Vandermonde determinants, the use of radial basis functions
for approximation of continuous functions by I. R. H.
Jackson, a paper on the matching of an initial surface to a
worn surface by R. DeLong and M. C. Bramwell, and a paper
by S. Heatherington on the generation of surfaces in civil
engineering. Also in this category are papers by T. J. Sharrock
on bi-arcs in three dimensions and by F. Munchmeyer on surface imperfections. The paper by DeLong and Bramwell is a
curious one, with DeLong from a school of dentistry and
Bramwell from a school of statistics on computing. The paper
focuses on matching and fitting surfaces that arise when attempting to estimate the wear of teeth using laboratory
techniques.
There are several papers in the volume which discuss the use
of surface patches. T. Varady surveys new results on -sided
patch generations, G. Renner provides a chapter on interpatch continuity, and R. J. Y. McLeod describes an alternate
approach to surface patching. There is also a lengthy survey
on blends in geometrical modeling by J. R. Woodward, by
which is meant the use of "secondary surfaces" to model complex shapes, such as pipe bends. D. Catley, C. Whittle, and P.
Thornton describe a general purpose program called GENSURF for generating general surfaces. T. W. Sederberg and J.
P. Snively discuss parametrization of cubic algebraic surfaces,
and a paper by R. Andesson et al. describes automatic generation of convex surfaces. T. N. T. Goodman and S. L. Lee
describe geometrically continuous surfaces defined
parametrically from piecewise polynomials, and R. T. Farouki
discusses graphical methods for surface differential geometry.
There are several papers which exploit modern computational devices for surface generation. The interesting paper by
A. Saia, M. S. Bloor, and A. D. Pennington is the only paper
in the volume devoted to solid modeling and discusses
sculptured solids in a geometric modeling system. A related
paper on tetrahedral triangulation is provided by G. L. Tindle.
M. Sabin contributed a short paper on the ideas of duality in
the context of numerical geometry entitled "Envelope Curves
and Surfaces."

Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, The

University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712.

SEPTEMBER 1988, Vol. 55/751

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