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2013
ONE MARK
The bit rate of a digital communication system is R kbits/s . The modulation used
is 32-QAM. The minimum bandwidth required for ISI free transmission is
(A) R/10 Hz
(B) R/10 kHz
(C) R/5 Hz
(D) R/5 kHz
Q. 1
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(C) 2/3
(D) 5/9
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Q. 4
(C) 3/2
(D) log 2 3
Q. 5
*Maximum Discount*
Q. 6
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(C) 1
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Q. 7
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The power spectral density of a real process X (t) for positive frequencies is shown
below. The values of E [X 2 (t)] and E [X (t)] , respectively, are
(A) 6000/p, 0
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(B) 6400/p, 0
ONE MARK
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Q. 9
A source alphabet consists of N symbols with the probability of the first two
symbols being the same. A source encoder increases the probability of the first
symbol by a small amount e and decreases that of the second by e. After encoding,
the entropy of the source
(A) increases
(B) remains the same
(C) increases only if N = 2
(D) decreases
Q. 10
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Q. 11
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(C) Q c
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
E
2N 0 m
(D) Q c
E
4N 0 m
Q. 12
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The signal m (t) as shown is applied to both a phase modulator (with k p as the
phase constant) and a frequency modulator (with k f as the frequency constant)
having the same carrier frequency.
Q. 13
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The ratio k p /k f (in rad/Hz) for the same maximum phase deviation is
(A) 8p
(B) 4p
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(D) p
(C) 2p
Q. 14
Q. 15
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6 rad/s
(D) 1/ 3 rad/s
2011
ONE MARK
Q. 16
Q. 17
The Column -1 lists the attributes and the Column -2 lists the modulation
systems. Match the attribute to the modulation system that best meets it.
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Column -1
Column -2
P.
Q.
FM
R.
VSB
S.
2011
Q. 18
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SSB-SC
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Conventional AM
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A message signal m (t) = cos 2000pt + 4 cos 4000pt modulates the carrier
c (t) = cos 2pfc t where fc = 1 MHz to produce an AM signal. For demodulating
the generated AM signal using an envelope detector, the time constant RC of the
detector circuit should satisfy
(A) 0.5 ms < RC < 1 ms
(B) 1 s << RC < 0.5 ms
(C) RC << 1 s
(D) RC >> 0.5 ms
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Q. 20
For the constraint that the minimum distance between pairs of signal points be d
for both constellations, the radii r 1 , and r 2 of the circles are
(A) r 1 = 0.707d, r2 = 2.782d
(B) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.932d
(C) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.545d
(D) r 1 = 0.707d, r 2 = 1.307d
Q. 21
Assuming high SNR and that all signals are equally probable, the additional
average transmitted signal energy required by the 8-PSK signal to achieve the
same error probability as the 4-PSK signal is
(A) 11.90 dB
(B) 8.73 dB
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(C) 6.79 dB
(D) 5.33 dB
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Q. 22
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ONE MARK
Suppose that the modulating signal is m (t) = 2 cos (2pfm t) and the carrier signal
is xC (t) = AC cos (2pfC t), which one of the following is a conventional AM signal
without over-modulation
(A) x (t) = AC m (t) cos (2pfC t)
(B) x (t) = AC [1 + m (t)] cos (2pfC t)
(C) x (t) = AC cos (2pfC t) + AC m (t) cos (2pfC t)
4
(D) x (t) = AC cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfC t) + AC sin (2pfm t) sin (2pfC t)
Q. 23
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(D) 28 W
Consider the pulse shape s (t) as shown below. The impulse response h (t) of the
filter matched to this pulse is
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Q. 25
Q. 26
Q. 27
Q. 28
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X (t) is a stationary process with the power spectral density Sx (f ) > 0 , for all f .
The process is passed through a system shown below
Let Sy (f ) be the power spectral density of Y (t). Which one of the following
statements is correct
(A) Sy (f ) > 0 for all f
(B) Sy (f ) = 0 for f > 1 kHz
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
ONE MARK
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For a message siganl m (t) = cos (2pfm t) and carrier of frequency fc , which of the
following represents a single side-band (SSB) signal ?
(A) cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t)
(B) cos (2pfc t)
(C) cos [2p (fc + fm) t]
(D) [1 + cos (2pfm t) cos (2pfc t)
Q. 29
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Q. 30
(A) 0
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(C) 1/6
(B) 1/16
(D) 1
Q. 31
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P (X = k)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
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Q. 32
Q. 33
(D) 0.10 V
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Q. 35
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
If the positive values of the signal are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.05
V, and the negative values are uniformly quantized with a step size of 0.1 V, the
resulting signal to quantization noise ration is approximately
(A) 46 dB
(B) 43.8 dB
(C) 42 dB
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(D) 40 dB
2008
Q. 36
Consider the amplitude modulated (AM) signalAc cos wc t + 2 cos wm t cos wc t . For
demodulating the signal using envelope detector, the minimum value of Ac should
be
(A) 2
(B) 1
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(D) 0
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2008
Q. 37
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ONE MARK
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Q. 38
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A memory less source emits n symbols each with a probability p. The entropy of
the source as a function of n
(A) increases as log n
(B) decreases as log ( n1 )
(C) increases as n
(D) increases as n log n
Q. 39
Noise with double-sided power spectral density on K over all frequencies is passed
through a RC low pass filter with 3 dB cut-off frequency of fc . The noise power
at the filter output is
(A) K
(B) Kfc
(C) kpfc
(D) 3
Q. 40
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(A) p3 + 3p2 (1 - p)
(C) (1 - p3)
(B) p3
(D) p3 + p2 (1 - p)
Q. 41
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Q. 42
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(C) 7.5
(D) 5
Q. 43
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If the bits 0 and 1 are transmitted using bipolar pulses, the minimum bandwidth
required for distortion free transmission is
(A) 64 kHz
(B) 32 kHz
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(C) 8 kHz
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(D) 4 kHz
Q. 45
Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value,
the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is
(A) 16 dB
(B) 32 dB
(C) 48 dB
(D) 4 kHz
Q. 46
Assuming the signal to be uniformly distributed between its peak to peak value,
the signal to noise ratio at the quantizer output is
(A) 1024
(B) 512
(C) 256
(D) 64
2007
Q. 47
ONE MARK
Q. 48
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(D)
A Hilbert transformer is a
(A) non-linear system
(C) time-varying system
Q. 51
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The raised cosine pulse p (t) is used for zero ISI in digital communications. The
expression for p (t) with unity roll-off factor is given by
sin 4pWt
p (t) =
4pWt (1 - 16W2 t2)
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(B) 0
(D) 3
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In the following scheme, if the spectrum M (f) of m (t) is as shown, then the
spectrum Y (f) of y (t) will be
Q. 54
TWO MARKS
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Q. 50
#- 3 S (f) df = 0
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(A) pn
(B) 1 - pn
(C) np (1 - p) n - 1 + (1 + p) n
(D) 1 - (1 - p) n
In a GSM system, 8 channels can co-exist in 200 kHz bandwidth using TDMA.
A GSM based cellular operator is allocated 5 MHz bandwidth. Assuming a
frequency reuse factor of 1 , i.e. a five-cell repeat pattern, the maximum number
5
of simultaneous channels that can exist in one cell is
(A) 200
(B) 40
Q. 55
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(D) 5
In a Direct Sequence CDMA system the chip rate is 1.2288 # 106 chips per second.
If the processing gain is desired to be AT LEAST 100, the data rate
(A) must be less than or equal to 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
(B) must be greater than 12.288 # 103 bits per sec
Q. 56
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Two 4-array signal constellations are shown. It is given that f1 and f2 constitute
an orthonormal basis for the two constellation. Assume that the four symbols
in both the constellations are equiprobable. Let N0 denote the power spectral
2
density of white Gaussian noise.
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Q. 57
If these constellations are used for digital communications over an AWGN channel,
then which of the following statements is true ?
(A) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is lower
(B) Probability of symbol error for Constellation 1 is higher
(C) Probability of symbol error is equal for both the constellations
(D) The value of N0 will determine which of the constellations has a lower
probability of symbol error
Q. 58
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Q. 59
Q. 60
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Q. 61
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ONE MARK
A low-pass filter having a frequency response H (jw) = A (w) e jf (w) does not produce
any phase distortions if
(A) A (w) = Cw3, f (w) = kw3
(B) A (w) = Cw2, f (w) = kw
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g (t) =
/ (- 1) k d (t - 0.5 # 10- 4 k)
R =- 3
The resulting signal is then passed through an ideal lowpass filter with
bandwidth 1 kHz. The output of the lowpass filter would be
(B) m (t)
(A) d (t)
(C) 0
(D) m (t) d (t)
Q. 63
Q. 64
(D) 2 - 4
*Maximum Discount*
Q. 65
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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(C) uncorrelated
Q. 66
(D) orthogonal
A source generates three symbols with probabilities 0.25, 0.25, 0.50 at a rate of
3000 symbols per second. Assuming independent generation of symbols, the most
efficient source encoder would have average bit rate is
(A) 6000 bits/sec
(B) 4500 bits/sec
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Q. 68
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where u (.) is the unit step function is passed through a transformation given in
the figure below. The probability density function of the transformed random
variable Y would be
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10
In the following figure the minimum value of the constant "C" , which is to be
added to y1 (t) such that y1 (t) and y2 (t) are different , is
(A) 3
(B) 3
2
2
(C) 3
12
(D) 3
L
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Q. 70
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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(D) 2 # 1010 Hz
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Let g (t) = p (t)*( pt), where * denotes convolution & p (t) = u (t) - u (t - 1) lim
z"3
with u (t) being the unit step function
Q. 71
Q. 72
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The impulse response of filter matched to the signal s (t) = g (t) - d (1 - 2)* g (t)
is given as :
(B) - s (1 - t)
(A) s (1 - t)
(C) - s (t)
(D) s (t)
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(B) t, 1.0
(D) t2, 0.5
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The following two question refer to wide sense stationary stochastic process
Q. 73
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Q. 76
(A) 25
(B) 12.5
(C) 6.25
(D) 3.125
The AM signal gets added to a noise with Power Spectral Density Sn (f) given in
the figure below. The ratio of average sideband power to mean noise power would
be :
2005
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25
8N0 B
(C) 25
2N0 B
(A)
Q. 77
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
25
4N0 B
(D) 25
N0 B
(B)
ONE MARK
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(A) P - Z, Q - Y, R - X, S - W
(B) P - W, Q - X, R - Y, S - Z
(C) P - X, Q - W, R - Z, S - Y
(D) P - Y, Q - Z, R - W, S - X
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Q. 78
2005
Q. 79
TWO MARKS
A device with input X (t) and output y (t) is characterized by: Y (t) = x2 (t). An
FM signal with frequency deviation of 90 kHz and modulating signal bandwidth
of 5 kHz is applied to this device. The bandwidth of the output signal is
(A) 370 kHz
(B) 190 kHz
(C) 380 kHz
Q. 80
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(D) 95 kHz
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Q. 81
Q. 82
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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Noise with uniform power spectral density of N0 W/Hz is passed though a filter
H (w) = 2 exp (- jwtd ) followed by an ideal pass filter of bandwidth B Hz. The
output noise power in Watts is
(A) 2N0 B
(B) 4N0 B
(C) 8N0 B
(D) 16N0 B
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(A) 4
(C) 8
Q. 83
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(B) 6
(D) 9
(C) 42 kHz
(D) 44 kHz
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Q. 84
Q. 85
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If the probability density function is divide into three regions as shown in the
figure, the value of a in the figure is
(A) 1
(B) 2
3
3
(C) 1
(D) 1
2
4
The quantization noise power for the quantization region between - a and + a in
the figure is
(A) 4
(B) 1
81
9
5
(C)
(D) 2
81
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2004
Q. 86
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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ONE MARK
In a PCM system, if the code word length is increased from 6 to 8 bits, the signal
to quantization noise ratio improves by the factor
(A) 8
(B) 12
6
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(D) 8
(C) 16
Q. 87
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Q. 88
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Q. 89
Q. 90
The distribution function Fx (x) of a random variable x is shown in the figure. The
probability that X = 1 is
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(B) 0.25
(C) 0.55
(D) 0.30
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Q. 91
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(A) 1 sec - 1
(B) - 1 sec - 1
2
(C) - 1 sec - 1
(D) 1 sec - 1
2
A source produces binary data at the rate of 10 kbps. The binary symbols are
represented as shown in the figure.
The source output is transmitted using two modulation schemes, namely Binary
PSK (BPSK) and Quadrature PSK (QPSK). Let B1 and B2 be the bandwidth
requirements of the above rectangular pulses is 10 kHz, B1 and B2 are
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(D) 60 dB
Consider the signal x (t) shown in Fig. Let h (t) denote the impulse response of
the filter matched to x (t), with h (t) being non-zero only in the interval 0 to 4 sec.
The slope of h (t) in the interval 3 < t < 4 sec is
Q. 93
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Q. 92
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(A) zero
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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(A) constant
(B)
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Q. 95
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(D) a constant
Consider a binary digital communication system with equally likely 0s and 1s.
When binary 0 is transmitted the detector input can lie between the levels - 0.25
V and + 0.25 V with equl probability : when binary 1 is transmitted, the voltage
at the detector can have any value between 0 and 1 V with equal probability. If
the detector has a threshold of 0.2 V (i.e., if the received signal is greater than 0.2
V, the bit is taken as 1), the average bit error probability is
(A) 0.15
(B) 0.2
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(C) 0.05
Q. 97
(D) 0.5
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Q. 98
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Choose the current one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an
item from Group 1 with the most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1
Group 2
1. FM
P. Slope overload
2. DM
Q. m-law
3. PSK
R. Envelope detector
4. PCM
S. Hilbert transform
T. Hilbert transform
U. Matched filter
(A) 1 - T, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - S
(B) 1 - S, 2 - U, 3 - P, 4 - T
(C) 1 - S, 2 - P, 3 - U, 4 - Q
(D) 1 - U, 2 - R, 3 - S, 4 - Q
Q. 99
Three analog signals, having bandwidths 1200 Hz, 600 Hz and 600 Hz, are sampled
at their respective Nyquist rates, encoded with 12 bit words, and time division
multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed. The bit rate for the multiplexed
signal is
(A) 115.2 kbps
(B) 28.8 kbps
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Consider a system shown in the figure. Let X (f) and Y (f) and denote the Fourier
transforms of x (t) and y (t) respectively. The ideal HPF has the cutoff frequency
10 kHz.
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ONE MARK
Q. 101
The input to a coherent detector is DSB-SC signal plus noise. The noise at the
detector output is
(A) the in-phase component
(B) the quadrature - component
(C) zero
(D) the envelope
Q. 102
The noise at the input to an ideal frequency detector is white. The detector is
operating above threshold. The power spectral density of the noise at the output
is
(A) raised - cosine
(B) flat
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(C) parabolic
Q. 103
(D) Gaussian
Q. 104
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2
Q. 106
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(C) 2.64
Q. 107
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(D) 8.00
(B) 12 # 10 - 6 V2
Q. 108
(D) 3.072 V
Let x (t) = 2 cos (800p) + cos (1400pt). x (t) is sampled with the rectangular pulse
train shown in the figure. The only spectral components (in kHz) present in the
sampled signal in the frequency range 2.5 kHz to 3.5 kHz are
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(B) 3.3, 3.6
(D) 2.7, 3.3
(B) 0.5
(D) 3.0
c (t) and m (t) are used to generate an AM signal. The modulation index of the
Total sideband power
generated AM signal is 0.5. Then the quantity
is
Carrier power
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COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(A) 1
2
1
(C)
3
Q. 111
Q. 112
(B) 1
4
(D) 1
8
Q. 113
Q. 114
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c (t) and m (t) are used to generated an FM signal. If the peak frequency deviation
of the generated FM signal is three times the transmission bandwidth of the AM
signal, then the coefficient of the term cos [2p (1008 # 103 t)] in the FM signal (in
terms of the Bessel coefficients) is
(A) 5J4 (3)
(B) 5 J8 (3)
2
5
(C) J8 (4)
(D) 5J4 (6)
2
Choose the correct one from among the alternative A, B, C, D after matching an
item in Group 1 with most appropriate item in Group 2.
Group 1
Group 2
P. Ring modulator
1. Clock recovery
Q. VCO
2. Demodulation of FM
R. Foster-Seely discriminator
3. Frequency conversion
S. Mixer
4. Summing the two inputs
5. Generation of FM
6. Generation of DSB-Sc
(B) P - 6; Q = 5; R - 2; S - 3
(A) P - 1; Q - 3; R - 2; S - 4
(C) P - 6; Q - 1; R - 3; S - 2
(D) P - 5; Q - 6; R - 1; S - 3
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If Eb , the energy per bit of a binary digital signal, is 10 - 5 watt-sec and the onesided power spectral density of the white noise, N0 = 10 - 6 W/Hz, then the output
SNR of the matched filter is
(A) 26 dB
(B) 10 dB
(C) 20 dB
(D) 13 dB
Q. 115
The input to a linear delta modulator having a step-size 3= 0.628 is a sine wave
with frequency fm and peak amplitude Em . If the sampling frequency fx = 40 kHz,
the combination of the sine-wave frequency and the peak amplitude, where slope
overload will take place is
Em
fm
(A) 0.3 V
8 kHz
(B) 1.5 V
4 kHz
(C) 1.5 V
2 kHz
(D) 3.0 V
1 kHz
Q. 116
*Maximum Discount*
Q. 117
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
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Q. 118
Q. 119
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+3
/ d (t - nTs)
n =- 3
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For a bit-rate of 8 Kbps, the best possible values of the transmitted frequencies
in a coherent binary FSK system are
(A) 16 kHz and 20 kHz
(C) 20 kHz and 32 kHz
Q. 121
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2002
Q. 122
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Q. 123
In the figure m (t) = 2 sin 2pt , s (t) = cos 200pt and n (t) = sin 199pt .
t
t
The output y (t) will be
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Q. 124
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Q. 125
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If the variance ax2 of d (n) = x (n) - x (n - 1) is one-tenth the variance ax2 of stationary
zero-mean discrete-time signal x (n), then the normalized autocorrelation function
Rxx (k)
at k = 1 is
ax20.95
(A)
(B) 0.90
(C) 0.10
2001
Q. 126
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(D) 0.05
ONE MARK
in
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co
A bandlimited signal is sampled at the Nyquist rate. The signal can be recovered
by passing the samples through
(A) an RC filter
(B) an envelope detector
(C) a PLL
i
d
.
a
o
n
.
w
2001
TWO MARKS
Q. 128
A video transmission system transmits 625 picture frames per second. Each frame
consists of a 400 # 400 pixel grid with 64 intensity levels per pixel. The data rate
of the system is
(A) 16 Mbps
(B) 100 Mbps
(C) 600 Mbps
(D) 6.4 Gbps
Q. 129
The Nyquist sampling interval, for the signal sin c (700t) + sin c (500t) is
(B) p sec
(A) 1 sec
350
350
(C) 1 sec
(D) p sec
700
175
*Maximum Discount*
Q. 130
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
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(C) np (1 - p) n - 1
Q. 131
(D) (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1
The PSD and the power of a signal g (t) are, respectively, Sg (w) and Pg . The PSD
and the power of the signal ag (t) are, respectively,
(A) a2 Sg (w) and a2 Pg
(B) a2 Sg (w) and aPg
(C) aSg (w) and a2 Pg
(D) aSg (w) and aPs
i
d
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n
2000
Q. 132
.
a
.
w
ONE MARK
(D) Ac [1 + Ka m (t)] 2
in
.
co
2000
Q. 134
Q. 135
o
n
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Q. 137
.
a
i
d
(A) Pm cos q
2
Q. 136
TWO MARKS
(B) Pm
4
2
2
(C) Pm sin q
(D) Pm cos q
4
4
The Hilbert transform of cos w1 t + sin w2 t is
(A) sin w1 t - cos w2 t
(B) sin w1 t + cos w2 t
(C) cos w1 t - sin w2 t
(D) sin w1 t + sin w2 t
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
1999
Q. 138
in
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co
ONE MARK
.
a
o
n
.
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A modulated signal is given by s (t) = m1 (t) cos (2pfc t) + m2 (t) sin (2pfc t)
where the baseband signal m1 (t) and m2 (t) have bandwidths of 10 kHz, and
15 kHz, respectively. The bandwidth of the modulated signal, in kHz, is
(A) 10
(B) 15
(C) 25
Q. 140
i
d
(D) 30
.
a
i
d
1999
o
n
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in
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TWO MARKS
Q. 141
Q. 142
The peak-to-peak input to an 8-bit PCM coder is 2 volts. The signal power-toquantization noise power ratio (in dB) for an input of 0.5 cos (wm t) is
(A) 47.8
(B) 49.8
(C) 95.6
(D) 99.6
Q. 143
Q. 144
Four independent messages have bandwidths of 100 Hz, 200 Hz and 400 Hz ,
respectively. Each is sampled at the Nyquist rate, and the samples are time
division multiplexed (TDM) and transmitted. The transmitted sample rate (in
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Hz) is
(A) 1600
(B) 800
(C) 400
(D) 200
in
.
co
1998
Q. 145
.
a
(C) Gaussian
Q. 146
ONE MARK
i
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.
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in
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co
Q. 148
In a PCM system with uniform quantisation, increasing the number of bits from
8 to 9 will reduce the quantisation noise power by a factor of
(A) 9
(B) 8
(C) 4
(D) 2
Q. 149
o
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.
w
i
d
.
a
Q. 150
A DSB-SC signal is generated using the carrier cos (we t + q) and modulating
signal x (t). The envelope of the DSB-SC signal is
(A) x (t)
(B) x (t)
(C) only positive portion of x (t)
(D) x (t) cos q
Q. 151
Quadrature multiplexing is
(A) the same as FDM
The Fourier transform of a voltage signal x (t) is X (f). The unit of X (f) is
(A) volt
(B) volt-sec
(C) volt/sec
(D) volt 2
Q. 153
*Maximum Discount*
Q. 154
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
For a give data rate, the bandwidth B p of a BPSK signal and the bandwidth B 0
of the OOK signal are related as
(A) B p = B 0
(B) B p = B 0
2
4
(C) B p = B 0
Q. 155
.
a
(D) no symmetry
i
d
The probability density function of the envelope of narrow band Gaussian noise is
(A) Poisson
(B) Gaussian
o
n
(C) Rayleigh
(D) Rician
.
w
1997
Q. 157
in
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(D) B p = 2B 0
ONE MARK
The line code that has zero dc component for pulse transmission of random
binary data is
(A) Non-return to zero (NRZ)
Q. 159
.
a
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o
n
.
w
A deterministic signal has the power spectrum given in the figure is, The minimum
sampling rate needed to completely represent this signal is
(A) 1 kHz
(C) 3 kHz
Q. 160
in
.
co
2
A probability density function is given by p (x) = Ke-x /2 - 3 < x < 3. The value
of K should be
2
(A) 1
(B)
p
2p
(C) 1
(D) 1
p 2
2 p
(B) 2 kHz
(D) None of these
A communication channel has first order low pass transfer function. The channel
is used to transmit pulses at a symbol rate greater than the half-power frequency
of the low pass function. Which of the network shown in the figure is can be used
to equalise the received pulses?
*Maximum Discount*
Q. 161
in
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co
.
a
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o
n
.
w
The power spectral density of a deterministic signal is given by [sin (f) /f 2] where
f is frequency. The auto correlation function of this signal in the time domain is
(A) a rectangular pulse
(B) a delta function
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Q. 163
.
a
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o
n
.
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1996
Q. 164
TWO MARKS
(C) 22 (n + 1)/n
Q. 165
in
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*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
SOLUTIONS
Sol. 1
Sol. 2
in
.
co
.
a
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w
Given, random variables U and V with mean zero and variances 1 and 1
9
4
i.e.,
U =V=0
su2 = 1
4
and
sv2 = 1
9
so,
P ^U $ 0h = 1
2
1
and
P ^V $ 0h =
2
The distribution is shown in the figure below
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
fu ^u h =
fv ^v h =
1 e -u
2s
2p su2
2
u
1 e -v
2s
2p sv2
We can express the distribution in standard form by assuming
X = u - 0 = u = 2U
su
Y2
v
0
and
= v = 3V
Y =
sv
Y3
2
v
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
.
a
i
d
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n
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w
Sol. 4
in
.
co
.
a
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n
.
w
in
.
co
P ^U =+ 1h = P ^U =- 1h = 1
2
where U is a random variable which is identical to V i.e.,
P ^V =+ 1h = P ^V =- 1h = 1
2
So, random variable U and V can have following values
U =+ 1, - 1; V =+ 1, - 1
Therefore the random variable U + V can have the following values,
- 2 When U = V =- 1
U + V = *0 When U = 1,V = 1 or u =- 1, v = 1
2 When U = V = 1
Hence, we obtain the probabilities for U + V as follows
Given,
U+V
P ^U + V h
-2
1
1=1
2#2 4
1
1
1
1
1
b2 # 2l+b2 # 2l = 2
0
2
1
1=1
2#2 4
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
H ^U + V h = / P ^U + V h log 2 '
1
P ^U + V h 1
= 1 log 2 4 + 1 log 2 2 + 1 log 2 4
2
4
4
2
1
2
= + +
4 2 4
=3
2
Sol. 5
in
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co
.
a
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.
a
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Sol. 6
o
n
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in
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co
*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 7
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
#S
3
-3
E [X 2 (t)] = 1
2p
or,
in
.
co
(f ) df
#S
3
-3
.
a
(w) dw
i
d
3
(Since the PSD is even)
E [X 2 (t)] = 2 # 1 # SX (w) dw
2p 0
= 1 [area under the triangle + integration of delta function]
p
= 1 ;2 b 1 # 1 # 103 # 6 l + 400E
p
2
= 1 66000 + 400@ = 6400
p
p
E [X (t)] is the absolute value of mean of signal X (t) which is also equal to value
of X (w) at (w = 0).
From given PSD
or,
o
n
.
w
SX (w) w = 0 = 0
SX (w) = X (w) 2 = 0
in
.
co
X (w) 2w = 0 = 0
X (w) w = 0 = 0
Sol. 8
Sol. 9
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
BT = W (1 + a)
BT = Rb (1 + a)
2
3500 = Rb (1 + 0.75)
2
Rb = 3500 # 2 = 4000
1.75
N-1
/ P log b P1 l
k
k=0
N-1
/ P log P o
k
k=3
=-e 2P log P +
N-1
/ P log P o
k
(P1 = P2 = P)
k=3
*Maximum Discount*
P1 = P + e, P2 = P - e
Now,
So,
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
/ P log P G
k
k=3
in
.
co
By comparing,
Sol. 10
N-1
.
a
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w
in
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co
P bY < 1 l = 3
2
4
P &[max (x, y)] < 1 0 = 3 # 3 = 9
2
4
4 16
Similarly for Y :
So
.
a
i
d
Alternate Method:
From the given data since random variables X and Y lies in the interval [- 1, 1]
as from the figure X , Y lies in the region of the square ABCD .
o
n
.
w
Probability for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 : The points for max 6X, Y @ < 1/2 will be inside
the region of square AEFG .
So,
P &max 6X, Y @ < 1 0 = Area of 4AEFG
2
Area of square ABCD
3
3
#2
2
=
= 9
2#2
16
Sol. 11
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signals s1 (t) and s2 (t) used to
represent binary system 1 and 0 respectively.
s1 (t) = 2E sin wc t
T
in
.
co
2E sin w t
c
T
where 0 # t # T , E is the transmitted energy per bit.
General function of local oscillator
2 sin (w t), 0 # t < T
f1 (t) =
c
T
But here local oscillator is ahead with 45c. so,
2 sin (w t + 45c)
f1 (t) =
c
T
The coordinates of message points are
s2 (t) =-
i
d
o
n
.
w
#
T
# s (t) f (t) dt
s11 =
.
a
2E
T
2E
T
= 1
T
2E sin w t
c
T
T
2
T
in
.
co
Similarly,
Signal space diagram
2 sin (w t + 45c) dt
c
T
.
a
s21 =-
o
n
.
w
i
d
E
2
Now here the two message points are s11 and s21 .
The error at the receiver will be considered.
When : (i) s11 is transmitted and s21 received
(ii) s21 is transmitted and s11 received
So, probability for the 1st case will be as :
P b s21 received l = P (X < 0) (as shown in diagram)
s11 transmitted
= P _ E/2 + N < 0i
= P _N < - E/2 i
Taking the Gaussian distribution as shown below :
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
E/2
Variance = N 0
2
Putting it in the probability function :
P bN < -
E =
2l
i
d
o
n
e-
.
w
#
-3
`x + E/2 j
2N 0 /2
2p N 0
2
2
1 e- `x + NE/2 j dx
pN 0
-3
=
Taking,
.
a
2
dx
x + E/2
=t
N 0 /2
N 0 dt
2
dx =
E
N0 m
1 e- t2 dt Q
c
2p
2
3
E/N 0
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
= 1 =Q c
2
in
.
co
E +Q
c
N0 m
E =Q
c
N 0 mG
Sol. 12
Option ( ) is correct.
Sol. 13
E
N0 m
# m (t) dtE
0
max
x (t) =
# m (t) dt
0
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
So,
Sol. 14
in
.
co
[x (t)] max = 4
k p # 2 = 2p k f # 4
kp
= 4p
kf
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
jw + a
GC (s) = s + a =
s+b
jw + b
Phase lead angle
f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k
a
b
Jw - wN
b O = tan-1 w (b - a)
f = tan-1 K a
c ab + w 2 m
2
KK
OO
w
1+
ab P
L
For phase-lead compensation f > 0
b-a > 0
b >a
Note: For phase lead compensator zero is nearer to the origin as compared to
pole, so option (C) can not be true.
Sol. 15
.
a
i
d
Sol. 16
f = tan-1 a w k - tan-1 a w k
a
b
1/a
1/b
df
=
=0
2
2
w
dw
1 +a k 1 +awk
a
b
1 + w2 = 1 + 1 w2
a ab2
b b a2
1 - 1 = w2 1 - 1
a b
ab b a b l
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
w = ab = 1 # 2 =
2 rad/ sec
Sol. 17
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
We have
= e- pf
The given circuit can be simplified as
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
= j2pf - 1 2 e- pf
= ( (2pf) 2 + 1) 2 e- pf
Sol. 19
.
w
Sy (f) = (4p2 f 2 + 1) e- pf
or
Sol. 20
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
Now
o
n
.
w
d2 = r 12 + r 12
d2 = 2r 12
r1 = d/ 2 = 0.707d
q = 2p = 2p = p
8
4
M
Applying Cooine law we have
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
d2 = r 22 + r 22 - 2r 22 cos p
4
= 2r 22 - 2r 22 1/ 2 = (2 d
= 1.3065d
r2 =
2- 2
or
Sol. 21
2 ) r 22
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
= (SNR) 2 - (SNR) 1
= 10 log b ES2 l - 10 log b ES1 l
No
No
E
= 10 log b S2 l
ES1
2
= 10 log a r2 k & 20 log a r2 k = 20 log 1.3065d
r1
r1
0.707d
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
Sol. 23
Sol. 24
o
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*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 25
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
i
d
elsewhere
#
o
n
P = s2 =
or
Sol. 26
.
w
2
H (f ) No df = 22 (given)
a
fo
2 # 10-20 df = 22
a
-20
6
2 # 10 # 10 = 22
a
2
a = 1014
a = 107
1 # 106
.
a
f < 1 MHz
1,
H (f ) = *
0,
#0
a/2
#- 3 0.5e
-a n - a
#a/2 0.5e
3
-a n
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
dn = 0.5e-10
.
a
dn = 0.5e
Pe = 0.5e-10
Sol. 27
in
.
co
-10
f = 25 + 350 = 600 Hz
Nyquist sampling rate
Sol. 28
N = 2f = 2 # 600 = 1200 Hz
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
H (f ) = jf (1 + e-0.5 # 2pf ) = jf (1 + e- pf )
Power spectral density of output
SY (f ) = H (f ) 2 SX (f ) = f 2 (1 + e- pf ) 2 SX (f )
For SY (f ) = 0 ,
1 + e- pf = 0
f = (2n + 1) f0
or
f0 = 1 KHz
Sol. 29
in
.
co
.
a
o
n
.
w
i
d
p (X = 0) = p (Y = 0) = 1
2
p (X = 1) = p (Y = 1) = 1
4
1
p (X = 2) = p (Y = 2) =
4
X+Y = 2 $ A
X-Y = 0 $ B
Let
and
Now
in
.
co
P (A + B)
P (X + Y = 2 X - Y = 0) =
P (B)
.
a
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Sol. 31
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Variance
Sol. 32
= X2 - ^X h2
= 10.2 - (3) 2 = 1.2
in
.
co
Modulation index
.
a
i
d
o
n
2
` 2j
h = m
# 100% = 20%
# 100% = 1 2
2
m +2
` 2j +2
Sol. 33
.
w
C1 = B log2 `1 + S j
N
. B log2 ` S j
N
As S >> 1
N
in
.
co
. B log2 2 + B log2 S
N
. B + C1
Sol. 34
i
d
.
a
o
n
.
w
6n = 41.74 $ n . 7
No. of quantization level is
Sol. 35
27 = 128
= VH - VL =
128
5 - (- 5)
= 10
128
128
= .078125
. .0667
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Thus
2n + = 100 $ n+ = 7
No. of quantization in - ve
Q1 = 5 = 5 = 50
s0.1
in
.
co
2n = 50 $ n - = 6
-
Thus
+
S
` N j+ = 1.76 + 6n = 1.76 + 42 = 43.76 dB
S
` N j- = 1.76 + 6n = 1.76 + 36 = 37.76 dB
Sol. 36
.
a
i
d
S
` N j0 = 43.76 dB
Best
o
n
We have
.
w
2 #1
Ac
Ac $ 2
Hence minimum value of Ac = 2
in
.
co
Sol. 37
Sol. 38
H = / pi log2 1 bits
pi
i=1
p1 = p2 = ... = pn = 1
n
o
n
./
w
Since
H =
Sol. 39
.
a
i
d
1 log n = log n
n
i=1
PSD of noise is
N0 = K
2
...(1)
1
2pRC
...(2)
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
= 3 C3 p3 + 3C2 p2 (1 - p)
= p3 + p2 (1 - p)
Sol. 41
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
We have
qi = 2p105 t + 5 sin (2p1500t) + 7.5 sin (2p1000t)
wi = dqi = 2p105 + 10p1500 cos (2p1500t) + 15p1000 cos (2p1000t)
dt
o
n
.
w
Sol. 43
Sol. 44
Sol. 45
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
= 1.76 + 6 # 8 = 49.76 dB
Sol. 46
We have n = 8
Noise \ 12
L
To reduce quantization noise by factor 4, quantization level must be two times
i.e. 2L .
Now
L = 2n = 28 = 256
As
Thus
2L = 512
Sol. 47
Sol. 48
Sol. 49
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Sol. 50
Sol. 51
Sol. 52
We have
in
.
co
.
a
sin (4pWt)
4pWt (1 - 16W2 t2)
i
d
o
n
1
4W
.
w
Sol. 53
cos (4pWt)
= cos p = 0.5
1-3
1 - 48W2 t2
M1 (f) = Mt (f)
Here
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
j 2p B
+ e -j2pB
Y1 (f) = M (f) c e
m
2
o
n
.
w
Y2 (f) = M1 (f) c e
j 2p B
- e -j2pB
m
2
*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 54
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
n-r
n-0
pe = Cr p (1 - p)
Probability of at most one error
= Probability of no error + Probability of one error
= C0 p (1 - p)
.
a
i
d
+ C1 p (1 - p) n - 1
n
o
n
= n (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1
Sol. 55
Sol. 56
.
w
in
.
co
Since the processing gain G must be at least 100, thus for Gmin we get
6
Rb max = RC = 1.2288 # 10 = 12.288 # 103 bps
Gmin
100
Sol. 57
i
d
o
n
.
w
2 a) + ( 2 a) + (- 2 2 a) 2
= 2a2 + 2a2 + 2a2 + 8a2 = 16a2
Energy of constellation 2 is
= (0) + (-
Sol. 58
2 a) + (-
.
a
Eg2 = a2 + a2 + a2 + a2 = 4a2
2
E
Ratio = g1 = 16a2 = 4
Eg2
4a
Sol. 59
...(1)
...(2)
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
b = 1 and a = 1
12
6
Sol. 60
Sol. 61
Sol. 62
in
.
co
f (w) \ w
f (w) = kw
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
1
/ d (f - 20 # 103 k)
0.5 # 10-4 k =- 3
Spectrum of G (f ) is shown below
G (t) =
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
Now when m (t) is sampled with above signal the spectrum of sampled signal will
look like.
When sampled signal is passed through a LP filter of BW 1 kHz, only m (t) will
remain.
Sol. 63
Sol. 64
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
.
a
i
d
3 = 2- 8
Sol. 65
in
.
co
o
n
.
w
1 = 33 kHz
0.03m
fs =
H = / p1 log2 1 bits/symbol
p1
i=1
= p1 log2 1 + p2 log2 1 + p3 log2 1
p1
p2
p3
= 0.25 log2 1 + 0.25 log2 1 + 0.5 log2 1
0.25
0.25
0.5
in
.
co
i
d
Sol. 67
.
a
Rb = 3000 symbol/sec
= Rb H
= 3 # 3000 = 4500 bits/sec
2
o
n
.
w
Sol. 69
Sol. 70
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
p (t) = u (t) - u (t - 1)
g (t) = p (t)* p (t)
s (t) = g (t) - d (t - 2)* g (t) = g (t) - g (t - 2)
All signal are shown in figure below :
We have
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
h (t) = s (T - t) = s (1 - t)
Here T is the time where output SNR is maximum.
Sol. 72
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
or
or
16
= H (w) 2
16 + w2
4
H (w) =
16 + w2
H (s) = 4
4+s
R
= 4
R + sL
4+s
R
L
= 4
4+s
+s
Comparing we get L = 1 H and R = 4W
or
Sol. 75
R
L
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
We have
xAM (t) = 10 (1 + 0.5 sin 2pfm t) cos 2pfc t
The modulation index is 0.5
Sol. 76
Carrier power
Pc =
(10) 2
= 50
2
Ps =
(10) 2
= 50
2
2
(0.5) 2 (50)
Ps = m Pc =
= 6.25
2
2
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
Sol. 78
in
.
co
VSB $ fm + fc
DSB - SC $ 2fm
SSB $ fm
AM $ 2fm
Thus SSB has minimum bandwidth and it require minimum power.
Sol. 79
Sol. 80
i
d
.
a
o
n
.
w
BW = 2 (b + 1) fm = 2 (2 # 18 + 1) # 5 = 370 kHz
*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 81
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
.
a
i
d
H (f) = 2e - jwt
H (f) = 2
G0 (f) = H (f) 2 Gi (f)
= 4No W/Hz
We have
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
= 4No # B
+3
#- 3
v2 p (v) dv
in
.
co
v2 ` v j dv
8
3
4
v
= # c m dv = 8
8
0
=
Sol. 83
#0
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
as p (v) = 1 v
8
3f
b =
= 10 = 10
fm
1
Sol. 84
Sol. 85
+a
#- a
x2 p (x) dx = 2
#0
3 a
3
x $ 1 dx = 1 ; x E = a
4
2 3 0
6
a 2
Substituting a = 2 we have
3
Nq = 4
81
Sol. 86
*Shipping Free*
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
16
^ N hN = 8
= 212 = 2 4 = 16
S
^ N hN = 6
2
S
Now
in
.
co
.
a
fc = 1 # 106 Hz
Carrier frequency
Modulating frequency
i
d
fm = 2 # 103 Hz
For an envelope detector
o
n
.
w
Sol. 88
in
.
co
i
d
.
a
o
n
.
w
so,
cos (0.1 sin wm t) . 1
As when q is small cos q . 1 and sin q , q, thus
sin (0.1 sin wm t) = 0.1 sincos wc t cos wm t + Ac cos wc t
- Ac 0.1 sin wm t sin wc t
USB
Sol. 90
P (X = 1) = P (X = 1+) - P (X = 1 -)
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
10 - 3
= 109
10 # 100 # 106
In dB
SNRtr = 10 log 109 = 90 dB
Cable Loss
= 40 db
At receiver after cable loss we have
SNRRc = 90 - 40 = 50 dB
- 20
Sol. 92
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
h (t) = x (T - t)
Since here T = 4 , thus
h (t) = x (4 - t)
The graph of h (t) is as shown below.
in
.
co
.
a
From graph it may be easily seen that slope between 3 < t < 4 is - 1.
Sol. 93
i
d
o
n
.
w
For QPSK,
Thus
Sol. 94
M = 4 = 2n $ n = 2
B2 = 2Rb = 10 kHz
2
fc = 100 MHz = 100 # 106 and fm = 1 MHz
= 1 # 106
The output of balanced modulator is
VBM (t) = [cos wc t][ cos wc t]
= 1 [cos (wc + wm) t + cos (wc - wm) t]
2
If VBM (t) is passed through HPF of cut off frequency fH = 100 # 106 , then only
(wc + wm) passes and output of HPF is
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
w
=
Sol. 95
A +B
2
6
6 2
1
1
` 2 cos (2p10 t)j + `1 - 2 sin (2p10 t j
1 cos2 (2p106 t) + 1 + 1 sin2 (2p106 t) - sin (2p106 t)
4
4
1 + 1 - sin (2p106 t) =
5 - sin (2p106 t)
4
4
.
w
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
Sol. 96
o
n
.
w
Probability of error of 1
P (0 # X # 0.2) = 0.2
Probability of error of 0 :
P (0.2 # X # 0.25) = 0.05 # 2 = 0.1
P (0 # X # 0.2) + P (0.2 # X # 0.25)
2
= 0.2 + 0.1 = 0.15
0
Average error =
*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 97
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
#- 3 (x - xq) 2 f (x) dx
#0 (x - xq) 2 f (x) dx
#0
in#
.
co
0. 3
(x - 0) 2 f (x) dx +
.
a
0. 1
0. 3
(x - 0.7) 2 f (x) dx
3 0. 3
3
2 1
= ; x E + ; x + 0.49x - 14 x E
3 0
3
2 0. 3
i
d
s2 = 0.039
or
o
n
RMS =
Sol. 98
Sol. 99
.
w
0.039 = 0.198
FM $ Capture effect
DM $ Slope over load
PSK $ Matched filter
PCM $ m - law
in
.
co
.
a
s2 =
i
d
o
n
.
w
9 kHz will be filtered out by HPF of 10 kHz. Thus 11 kHz will remain. After
passing through 13 kHz balanced modulator signal will have 13 ! 11 kHz signal
i.e. 2 and 24 kHz.
Thus peak of Y (f) are at 2 kHz and 24 kHz.
Sol. 101
Sol. 102
Sol. 103
Pe = 1 erfc c
2
Ed
2h m
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
#- 3 fZ (z) dz
p [Z # z] =
Now
in
.
co
-2
#- 3fZ (z) dz
p [Z #- 2] =
= Area [z #- 2]
= 1 # 1 #1 = 1
2 6
12
Sol. 105
o
n
or
mean
Now
Sol. 106
i
d
.
w
We have
.
a
i
d
no
in
.
co
RXX (t) = 4 (e
- 0. 2 t
+ 1)
RXX (0) = 4 (e
- 0. 2 0
+ 1) = 8 = s2
.
w
s =2 2
m =0
P (x # 1) = Fx (1)
.
a
X-m
s m
= 1 - Qc 1 - 0 m = 1 - Qc 1 m
2 2
2 2
= 1 - Qc
Given
at x = 1
We have
E [W2] = E [Y - Z] 2
= E [Y2] + E [Z2] - 2E [YZ]
= sw2
E [X2 (t)] = Rx (10)
= 4 [e - 0.2 0 + 1] = 4 [1 + 1] = 8
E [Y2] = E [X2 (2)] = 8
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
2mp
= 1.536 = 0.012 V
L
128
(0.012)
Quantization Noise power = d =
12
12
2
.
a
i
d
= 12 # 10-6 V2
Sol. 108
o
n
.
w
= 1
To
-To /6
Ae-jhw t dt
o
-To /6
A
[e-jw t] --TT //66
To (- jhwo)
A
=
(e-jw t - e jhw T /6)
(- j2pn)
= A (e jhp/3 - e-jhp/3)
j2pn
or
Cn = A sin ` np j
pn
3
From Cn it may be easily seen that 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, harmonics are present and 0, 3, 6, 9,..
are absent. Thus p (t) has 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz, 7 kHz,... frequency
component and 3 kHz, 6 kHz.. are absent.
The signal x (t) has the frequency components 0.4 kHz and 0.7 kHz. The
sampled signal of x (t) i.e. x (t)* p (t) will have
=
in
.
co
o
.
a
i
d
o
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.
w
1 ! 0.4 and
2 ! 0.4 and
4 ! 0.4 and
Thus in range of 2.5 kHz
Sol. 109
1 ! 0.7 kHz
2 ! 0.7 kHz
4 ! 0.7 kHz
to 3.5 kHz the frequency present is
2 + 0.7 = 2.7 kHz
4 - 0.7 = 3.3 kHz
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Sol. 110
in
.
co
or
2
P (0.5) 2
Psb = Pc a = c
2
2
Psb = 1
8
Pc
Sol. 111
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
xFM (t) = Ac
in
.
co
i
d
.
a
Sol. 113
o
n
.
w
or
Sol. 114
f2
= (2.1) 2
R = Cmax = max
2
Cmin
fmin
R = 4.41
fi = fc + 2fIF = 700 + 2 (455) = 1600 kHz
106 = .05
2 # 10 - 5
2
(SNR)dB = 10 log 10 (0.05) = 13 dB
o
Sol. 115
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
3 fs
2pfm
This is satisfied with Em = 1.5 V and fm = 4 kHz
For slopeoverload to take place Em $
Sol. 116
in
.
co
If
Sol. 117
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
.
a
/
i
d
-6
y (t) = 5 # 10 x (t)
We have
o
n
.
w
+3
d (t - nTs)
n =- 3
3
Sol. 120
Sol. 121
Sol. 122
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
b = 100p
Phase deviations
Frequency deviations
.
a
i
d
We have
o
n
.
w
= 1 [sin (402pt) + sin (2pt) - {sin (398pt) - sin (2pt)} + sin (399pt) - sin (pt)]
2
Sol. 124
in
.
co
y (t) =
After filtering
i
d
o
n
.
w
.
a
3
fm = 24p10 = 12 kHz
2p
Ts = 50m sec " fs = 1 = 1 # 106 = 20 kHz
Ts
50
After sampling signal will have fs ! fm frequency component i.e. 32 and 12 kHz
At filter output only 8 kHz will be present as cutoff frequency is 15 kHz.
Sol. 125
or
sx2 = s2 + s2 - 2R (1)
x
x
xx
10
2Rxx (1) = 19 sx2
10
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Rxx = 19 = 0.95
20
sx2
or
Sol. 126
Sol. 127
in
.
co
For any PDF the probability at mean is 1 . Here given PDF is Gaussian random
2
variable and X = 4 is mean.
.
a
i
d
Sol. 128
Sol. 129
o
n
.
w
Sol. 130
in
.
co
Probability of error = p
Probability of no error = q = (1 - p)
Probability for at most one bit error
.
a
i
d
Sol. 131
FT
g (t)
then PSD of g (t) is
= (1 - p) n + np (1 - p) n - 1
.
w
no
G (w)
Sg (w) = G (w) 2
and power is
Now
PSD of ag (t) is
Pg = 1
2p
ag (t)
FT
#- 3Sg (w) dw
3
aG (w)
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
detector.
Sol. 133
Sol. 134
Bit rate
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
Pm = m2 (t)
We have
The input to LPF is
in
.
co
in
.
co
m (t) cos q
2
.
a
2
Py = y2 (t) = 1 m2 (t) cos2 q = Pm cos q
4
4
Sol. 136
i
d
Thus
Sol. 137
o
n
.
w
We have
Sol. 139
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
so
Sol. 140
in
.
co
Here
-at
.
a
i
d
Sol. 141
o
n
.
w
Sol. 142
Sol. 143
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
# g (l) g (T - t + l) dl at t = T
= # g (l) g (l) dl = # g (t) dt
g 0 (t) =
6g 0 (t)@max
-3
-3
-3
1 # 10-4
Sol. 145
*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 146
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
.
a
i
d
in
.
co
o
n
.
w
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
#
w
Rxx (t) = 1
T
T
+t
2
in
.
co
A2 dt
T
- +t
2
2
2
= A :T + T - tD = A :T - tD
2
T 2
T 2
(t) can be negative or positive, so generalizing above equations
2
Rxx (t) = A :T - t D
T 2
Rxx (t) is a regular pulse of duration T .
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
Sol. 147
Sol. 148
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
Sol. 149
Sol. 150
o
n
.
w
Sol. 151
Sol. 152
Sol. 153
Sol. 154
Sol. 155
Sol. 156
Sol. 157
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
*Maximum Discount*
Sol. 158
Sol. 159
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
o
n
.
w
Sol. 160
Sol. 161
.
a
Sol. 162
i
d
o
n
.
w
in
.
co
*Maximum Discount*
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
in
.
co
Sol. 163
i
d
o
n
.
w
Sol. 164
.
a
in
.
co
.
a
i
d
22 (n + 1)/n
Sol. 165
put
Let
o
n
.
w
R (t) =
# x (t) x (t + t) dt
-3
3
R (- t) = # x (t) x (t - t) dt
-3
t-t = a
dt = da
R (- t) =
# x (a + t) x (a) da
-3
# x (t) x (t + t) dt = R (t)
-3
***********
*Maximum Discount*