Review of Smith Chart

Chapter 5 Impedance Matching and Tuning

The matching network is ideally lossless,

lossless and is usually
designed so that the impedance seen looking into the matching
network is Z0.
Only if Re[ZL] 0, a matching network can always be found.
The qquarter-wave impedance
p
transformer is for read load.
Important factors in selecting matching networks:
((1)complexity,
)
p
y, (2)bandwidth,
( )
, (3)implementation,
( ) p
, (4)adjustability.
( ) j
y

zL = ZL / Z0
= rL + jxL

Analytical Solutions (rL>1)

5.1 Lumped
p Element Matchingg ((L-networks))
L-type or L-network matching is the simplest matching network.

When

rL > 1, let ZL = RL + jXL and zL = ZL / Z0 = rL + jxL

Z in jX

1
jB

1
RL jX L

Z0

B( XRL X L Z 0 ) RL Z 0

X (1 BX L ) BZ 0 RL X L
(1) zL = ZL/Z0 is inside the rr=11
circle (rL > 1).
(2) ZL is
i shunt
h
with
i h jB,
B then
h
series with jX.

XL

(1) zL = ZL/Z0 is outside the rr=11

circle (rL < 1).
(2) ZL is
i series
i with
i h jB,
B then
h
shunt with jX.

RL
Z0

RL 2 X L 2 Z 0 RL

Z in

RL 2 X L 2
1 X L Z0 Z0

B
RL
BRL

Note that when rL > 1, the square root in B has real results.

Analytical Solutions (rL<1)

When

Example 55.1
1L
L-Section
Section Impedance Matching

rL < 1, let ZL = RL + jXL and zL = ZL / Z0 = rL + jxL

ZL = 200-j100
j
,, Z0 = 100 ,,
f = 500 MHz, zL = ZL/Z0 = 2-j1,
rL = 2 >1 inside the r = 1 circle.

1
1
1
jB

Z in
RL j ( X X L ) Z 0
BZ 0 ( X X L ) Z 0 RL
( X X L ) BZ 0 RL

Z0

( Z 0 RL ) / RL
B
Z0

X X L RL ( Z 0 RL )

Exact solutions:

XL

Z in

Two analytical solutions are physically realizable.

One of the two solutions may result in smaller reactive elements,

elements and
may have better matching, bandwidth, or better SWR on the line.

RL
Z0

RL 2 X L 2 RL Z 0
RL 2 X L 2

3
1
100 2 2002 1002 100 200 2.899 10

2002 1002
6 899 103 1
6.899

122.47
1 X L Z0 Z0

B
RL
BRL 122.47

Example 55.1
1L
L-Section
Section Impedance Matching

Example 55.1
1L
L-Section
Section Impedance Matching
The two solutions:

Th two solutions:
The
l i

2.899 103
0.9228 ppF
2 500 106
X
122.47
38.98 nH
L
2 500 106

( ) C
(1)

1
1

X 122.47 2 500 106

2.599
2 599 pF

(2) C

1
1

3
B 6.899
6 899 10 2 500 106
46.14 nH
L

Lumped Elements for

Microwave Integrated Circuits (MICs)

5.2 Single-Stub Tuning

ShuntstubtuningSeriesstubtuning

No lumped element is required. Convenient for MIC fabrication.

Characteristic impedances of the lines and the stub can be different.
Keep the matching stub as close as possible to the load.
Solution procedure for shunt-stub and series-stub tunings.
(1) Locate zL (yL) on the Smith Chart.
(2) Move along the const- circle with 2d/ wavelengths to
reach the g = 1 (r = 1) circle.
(3) Sh
Shuntt with
ith a susceptance
t
or series
i with
ith a reactance
t
to
t
cancel the imaginary part.
10

Shunt-Stub Tuning Analytical Solution

Z in

no stub

Gin

Z0

Z L jZ 0t
Z 0 jZ L t

t tan d

Shunt-Stub Tuning Analytical Solution

If RL Z0 ,

1 RL j ( X L Z 0t )
1

Y0 Z 0 X Lt jRLt Gin jBin

RL 2t ( Z 0 X L t )( Z 0t X L )
RL (1 t 2 )
,
B
Y

in
0
RL 2 ( X L Z 0t ) 2
RL 2 ( X L Z 0t ) 2

X L Z 0 ( X L Z 0 ) 2 Z 0 ( RL Z 0 )( RL Z 0 RL 2 X L 2 )
Z 0 ( RL Z 0 )

XL (

Gin Y0 Z 0 RL (1 t 2 ) RL 2 ( X L Z 0t ) 2 real part

RL 2
) [( RL Z 0 ) 2 X L 2 ]
Z0
RL Z 0

here t tan l
Let the stub susceptance Bstub (or Bs) = -Bin,
(a) open-stub: Z stub jZ 0 t and Ystub jY0t jBstub jBs

X
If RL Z 0 , and t tan d L
2Z 0

lo

X
1
tan 1 L , X L 0

2Z 0
d 2

1
X L
1

tan

, X L 0
2
2Z 0

B
B
1
1
tan 1 ( s )
tan 1 in
Y0
2
2
Y0

(b) Short-stub:and
Z stub jZ 0t
Ystub jY0 t jBstub jBs
ls

11

tan 1 (

Y0

Y
tan 1 0

2
Bs
2
Bin
If lo < 0 or ls < 0, /2 must be added to have a realistic result.

12

Example 5.2 Shunt Single-Stub Tuning

Example 5.2 Shunt Single-Stub Tuning (Contd)

Use a shunt open-stub to match ZL = 15 + j10 line.
Solution 1:
Solution 2:

Match ZL = 15 + j10 to a 50- line. Use a shunt open-stub.

Sol: RL Z0,
XL (
t

RL 2
) ( RL Z 0 ) 2 X L 2
Z0
RL Z 0

10 397.5
35

10 397.5
d
1

( tan 1 t1 ) 0.387
35
2
B
l
1
Bin ... o
tan 1 in

2
Y0

t1

10 397
397.5
5
d
1

tan 1 t2 0.044
35
2
B
l
1
Bin ... o
tan 1 in

2
Y0

t2

13

14

5.3 Double-Stub Tuning Analytical Solution

5.3 Double-Stub Tuning Analytical Solution

In single-stub tuning, the length d is not tunable.

0 4t 2 (Y0 BL t B1t ) 2 Y0 2 (1 t 2 ) 2
Y0
1 t2

2
2t
sin 2 d
GL has an upper limit.
limit
0 GL Y0

If this causes difficulty in circuit implementation, use double-stub tuning.

Given d , one can obtain:

Y1 GL j ( BL B1 )
Y2 Y0

GL j ( BL B1 Y0t )
, t tan d
Y0 jt (GL jBL jB1 )

Re[Y2 ] Y0 , Im[Y2 ] B2

YL Y0

YL jjY0 tan b
GL jBL
Y0 jYL tan b

15

(Y BL t B1t ) 2
1 t2
GL 2 Y0 2 GL 0
0
t
t2
4t 2 (Y0 BL t B1t ) 2
1 t 2
GL Y0 2 1 1
t
Y0 (1 t 2 ) 2

B1 BL

Y0 (1 t 2 )GLY0 GL 2t 2
t

GL (1 t )GLY0 GL 2t 2
2

B1 Y0
0

1
2

1
s

B
tan 1 , B B1 , B2
Y
0
Y
tan 1 0 , B B1 , B2
B
16

Example 5.4 Double-Stub Tuning - Performance

5.4 The Quarter-Wave Transformer

Use double-stub matching scheme to match ZL = 60 j80 at 2.0 GHz to a

50- line.

A single-section transformer may suffice for a narrow-band

impedance matching.
Single-section quarter-wave impedance matching = 0 / 4 at the
desired frequency. (See Chap 2)

Multisection quarter-wave transformer designs can be synthesized to

yield optimum matching characteristics over a broad bandwith.
17

Review

18

Estimate the Bandwidth of

a Single
Single-Section
Section Impedance Transformer

2.5 The Quarter-Wave Transformer

A quarter-wave transformer is an impedance matching circuit

Z1 Z 0 Z L
Z in Z1

Z L jZ1t
, t tan tan
Z1 jZ Lt

Z jZ1t
Z1 L
Z0
Z in Z 0
Z ( Z Z 0 ) j ( Z12 Z 0 Z L )t
Z1 jZ Lt

1 L
Z in Z 0 Z Z L jZ1t Z
Z1 ( Z L Z 0 ) j ( Z12 Z 0 Z L )t
1
0
Z1 jZ Lt

R jZ1 tan l
Z in Z1 L
Z1 jRL tan l
in

2
1

RL

Z in Z 0
Z in Z 0

Z L Z0
Z L Z0

Z L Z 0 j 2t Z 0 Z L
( Z L Z 0 ) 2 4t 2 Z 0 Z L

When

If in 0 is required, Z in Z 0 , then Z1 Z 0 RL

Z L Z0
2 Z L Z0

Set a max m , or m
19

1
4Z L Z 0

Z L Z0

sec 2

cos
Z L Z0

2 Z L Z0

cos m
20

Example 5.5
Single Section Quarter
Single-Section
Quarter-Wave
Wave Transformer Bandwidth

Bandwidth of the Matching Transformer

2( / 2 m )

ZL = 10 , Z0 = 100 , SWR = 1.2

S l
Sol:

4Z 0 Z L
1
1
sec 2 m
2
m
(Z 0 Z L )2

m :

f
fm

, m
,
2 f0

cos m

2 f0

m
1 m

fm

2 m

Z1 Z 0 Z L 31.6

f0

2 Z0 Z L
Z0 Z L

10 or 0.1

Fractional
F
ti l bandwidth
b d idth :
4
f 2( f 0 f m )

2 m
f0
f0

2 Z0 Z L
4 1 m
cos
2

1 m Z 0 Z L

SWR 1
0.1
SWR 1
Vmax V0 V0 1

SWR
Vmin V0 V0 1

2 Z0 Z L
4
f
m

2 cos 1
2 Z Z
f0

0
L
m

4
6
0.1 2 31.6
2 cos 1
2 9%

0.99 90

4 or 0.25

2 or 0.5

21

22

5.5 Theory of Small Reflections

5.5 Theory of Small Reflections

For applications requiring more bandwidth than that a single quarterwave section can provide, multi-section transformers can be used.

(1) Multi-Reflections

(1) Single-Section Transformer

1

Z 2 Z1
2
Z 2 Z1

ZL Z2
ZL Z2

1 T12T213e j 2 T12T2132 2 e j 4 ...

1 T12T213e j 2 (1 3 2 e j 2 3 2 e j 4 ...)
2

1 T12T213e j 2 3 2 e j 2 n
n

n 0

T21 1 1

2Z
2
Z2
Z 2 Z1

T12 1 2

2 Z1
Z 2 Z1

j 2

T12T213e
1 3e j 2

1 3 2 e j 2 1 13e j 2

2 j
If 13 is small, 1 3e
the reflection from the initial discontinuity between Z1 and Z2 + the
first reflection from the discontinuity between Z2 and ZL
23

24

Multisection Transformer

Multisection Transformer

0 1e j 2 2 e j 4 ... N e j 2 N

N commensurate ((equal-length)
q
g ) sections of transmission lines. Let
the total reflection be .

e jN [ 0 (e jN e jN ) 1 (e

j N 2

) ...]

(if ssymmetry
mmetr )

0 cos N 1 cos N 2 ... N /2 ,

N even

2e jjN
0 cos N 1 cos N 2 ... N 1 /2 cos , N odd

Assume that all Zn increase or decrease monotonically,

monotonically ZL is real
real,
and The theory of small reflections holds.
It can be validated that

j N 2

Z1 Z 0
Z Z2
Z ZN
Z Z1
, 1 2
, 2 3
, ... N L
Z1 Z 0
Z 2 Z1
Z3 Z 2
ZL ZN
25

We can synthesize any desired response as a function of frequency

or , by properly choosing the ns and enough number of sections N.
The most commonly used passband responses are:
(1) Binomial or maximally flat response, and
(2) Chebyshev or equal-ripple response.
26

5.6 Binomial Multisection Matching Transformer

H to Fi
How
Find
d the
h C
Corresponding
di R
Reflection?
fl i ?

Maximally flat response: the response is as flat as possible near the design
frequency. Also called Binomial matching transformer.
Let A(1 e 2 j ) N Assumed
A
d artificially
tifi i ll

Theory of Samll Reflection:

2 N A cos

( ) 0 1e j 2 2 e j 4 ... N e j 2 N

0 2N A

Binomial Multi-Section Transformer:

0
Z L Z0
A N
2
Z L Z0
N

A(1 e 2 j ) N

A(1 e 2 j ) N A CnN e j 2 n , CnN

n 0

0 1e

Chebyshev Multi-Section Transformer:

j 2

N!
( N n))!n !

2 e j 4 ... N e j 2 N

((0)) N
N! (("enn
enn factorial
factorial))
Cn
N
Four factorial" is written as "4!
2
Properly configure the impedances to synthesize the needed

n ACnN

ATn (sec m cos )

reflections n .
27

28

Binomial Multisection Matching Transformer

n
ln

Z n 1 Z n 1 Z n 1
x 1
ln
, ln x 2
,
Z n 1 Z n 2
Zn
x 1

x 1 1

Z n 1
Z Z0
1
1
Z
N CnN ln L
2n 2 ACnN N 1 CnN L
Zn
2
Z L Z0 2
Z0

Z n 1 Z L

Z n Z 0
Exact

Binomial Transformer Design Table 5.1

C nN / 2 N

results for Zn-11 / Z0 for N = 2 thru 6 are given in Table 5.1.

51
29

30

Example Binomial Transformer Design

ZL/Z0

Z1 /Z0

Z2 /Z0

N=5
Z3 /Z0

Z4 /Z0

Z5 /Z0

1.0
1.5
2.0
30
3.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0

1.0000
1.0128
1.0220
1 0354
1.0354
1.0452
1.0596
1.0703
1.0789

1.0000
1.0790
1.1391
1 2300
1.2300
1.2995
1.4055
1.4870
1.5541

1.0000
1.2247
1.4142
1 7321
1.7321
2.0000
2.4495
2.8284
3.1623

1.0000
1.3902
1.7558
2 4390
2.4390
3.0781
4.2689
5.3800
6.4346

1.0000
1.4810
1.9569
2 8974
2.8974
3.8270
5.6625
7.4745
9.2687

E ample Binomial Transformer Design ZL/Z0 <1

Example
N=5

6
1.0596 ,
5.6625

6
1.4055
4.2689

Z1 /Z0

Z2 /Z0

Z3 /Z0

Z4 /Z0

Z5 /Z0

6.0000

1.0596

1.4055

2.4495

4.2689

5.6625

0.1667

0.9438

0.7115

0.4082

0.2343

0.1766

A 5th order binomial transformer for ZL = Z0 / 6

A 5th order
d binomial
bi
i l transformer
f
for
f ZL = 6Z0

Also note that

ZL/Z0

31

32

Bandwidth of the Binomial Transformer

Binomial Transformers Frequency Response

m 2 N A cos N m , i.e, tolerable max m over the passband.

1 1/ N
m cos m
2 A

1

1
f 2( f 0 f m )
4
4

2 m 2 cos 1 m
2 A
f0
f0

1/ N

Example 5.6 N = 3, ZL = 2Z0 = 100 , find the BW for m = 0.05.

Sol: From Table 5.1, the required impedance Zn can be found to be
Z1 54.5 , Z 2 70.7 , Z3 91.7
1 100 50
0.4167
0 4167
8 100 50
1 0.05 1
f
4
2 cos 1 (
) 3 70%
f0

2 0.4167

A 2 N (0)

DIY

Reflection coefficient magnitude versus frequency for multisection

binomial matching transformer of Ex. 5.6 with ZL = 2Z0 = 100 and
m = 0.05.
33

Example (2nd Midterm)

Design
g a Butterworth transformer of N = 2 for ZL = 4Z0. Let 0, 1 and L be
respectively the reflection coefficients at the Z0 Z1, Z1 Z2 and Z2 ZL
junctions, and 0 = L. (a) Based on the theory of small reflection, find the
in terms of 0, 1 and .
(b) If in = 0 and in / f 0 are required when
= / 4, find a and b.
in 0 1e j 2 2 e j 4 20 cos 2 1

20 cos 2 1 0 1 20
2

in
40 sin 2 0

a 1 4 b
4a ab 4 b 4a 4 ab b ab 4

a 1 4 b
ba
a 1
1
4
2
ab a 2 b a 2(ab a 2 b a) a 3 a 2 a 4 0
ba
a 1
3
3
1 4
4 1 / 9 35
1 1
r 12
1.9273 , q

0.4321
81
6 9
9
27 27
3

r q 3 r 2 1.5707 ,

r q 3 r 2 0.2751

1
a 1.5707 0.2751 1.4067
9
b 4 / a 2.8435

The exact solution in Table 5.1 is a =

1.4142 and b =2.8285. The error is from
the approximation used in the theory of
35
small reflection.

34

5.7 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformers

Chebyshev polynomials:

T0 ( x) 1
T1 ( x) x

Recurrence formula:

T3 ( x) 4 x 3 3x

Tn ( x) 2 xTn 1 ( x) Tn 2 ( x)

4
2
T2 ( x) 2 x 2 1 T4 ( x) 8 x 8 x 1
Tn(x)

n2

54 3
2
n=1

x
ppassband
36

5.7 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformers

Magnitude of Chebyshev Polynomials

(1) x 1, Tn ( x) 1 mapped to passband

Let x = cos, it can be shown that Tn (cos ) cos n
(2) x 1, Tn ( x) 1 outside
t id the
th passband
b d
(3) In general, Tn ( x) cos(n cos 1 x)
x 1
cosh(n cosh 1 x)

Tn((x))

|Tn(x)|

54 3

x 1

54 3
2

n=1

n=1
1
x
x
passband

passband
37

Chebyshev Responses

38

Mapping of Passband and Stopband

Define x cos / cos m x 1

is mapped to passband
m x 1,
the upper passband edge
the lower passband edge
m x 1,
Tn ( x) cos n[cos 1 (cos / cos m )] Tn (sec m cos )
T1 (sec m cos ) sec m cos
T2 (sec m cos ) sec2 m (1 cos 2 ) 1
T3 (sec m cos ) sec3 m (cos 3 3cos ) 3sec m cos
39

T4 (sec m cos ) sec4 m (cos 4 4 cos 2 3) 4sec 2 m (1 cos 2 ) 1 40

Design of Chebyshev Transformer

Table 5.2 Chebyshev Transformer Design

( ) 2e jN [0 cos N 1 cos N 2 ... n cos N 2n ...]]

( 0)

Z L Z0
1
Z L Z0
ATN (sec m ) A
Z L Z0
TN (sec m ) Z L Z 0

m A TN (cos m sec m ) A
TN (sec m )

1
1 Z L Z0
1 Z L Z0
1 Z L Z0

, sec m cosh cosh 1

A Z L Z 0 m Z L Z 0
N
m Z L Z 0

4
f
2 m
f0

41

42

Example 5.6

Example 5.6

Design a Chebyshev transformer of N=3 for ZL = 2Z0 = 100

with m = 0.05.
j 3
Sol: ( ) 2e [ 0 cos 3 1 cos ]

Design a Chebyshev transformer of N=3

Ae j 3 T3 (sec m cos )
A sec3 m (cos 3 3cos ) 3 A sec m cos
A m 0.05
1
1 Z L Z0
sec m cosh cosh 1
m Z L Z0
N

Z1 Z 0

1 0
57.50
1 0

Z 2 Z1

1 1
70.81
1 1

Z3 Z 2

1 2
87.20
1 2

4
f
2 m
f0

1
20
cosh cosh 1 1.408
3
3
2 0 A sec3 m
0 0.0698 3

m 44.7 o

101%

21 3A(sec3 m sec m ) 1 0.1037 2

43

44

Example:
p Chebyshev

0

chebyshev
4-section

Reflectiion(dB)

measured
simulation

g{x Xw y V{tA H

-20

-40

Transformer
Mode
converter

Load/
termination

-60

10

11
Frequency(GHz)

12

Ch b h
Chebyshev
45

46