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INTRODUCTION

A major problem facing Planet Earth is

the axis, the satellites pass either above or

provision of an adequate supply of clean

below the Earths shadow. It is only during

energy. It has been that we face ...three

the equinox period in the spring and fall that

simultaneous

they will pass through the shadow. They will

growth,

challenges

resource

--

population

consumption,

and

be shadowed for less than 1% of the time

environmental degradation -- all converging

during the year. The solar cells will convert

particularly in the matter of sustainable

sunlight to electricity, which will then be

energy supply. It is widely agreed that our

changed to radio-frequency energy by a

current energy practices will not provide for

transmitting antenna on the satellite and

all the world's peoples in an adequate way

beamed to a receiver site on Earth. It will be

and still leave our Earth with a livable

reconverted to electricity by the receiving

environment. Hence, a major task for the new

antenna, and the power would then be routed

century will be to develop sustainable and

into our normal electric distribution network

environmentally friendly sources of energy.

for use here on the Earth

The Solar Power Satellite energy system is to


place giant satellites, covered with vast arrays
of solar cells, in geosynchronous orbit 22,300
miles above the Earth's equator. Each satellite
will be illuminated by sunlight 24 hours a day
for most of the year. Because of the 23" tilt of

WIRELESS POWER TRANSMISSION (WPT)


BACKGROUND
Nicola Tesla he is who invented radio and

could be developed for efficient conversion

shown us he is indeed the Father of

of microwaves into DC electricity.

Wireless. Nicola Tesla is the one who first


The
conceived

the

idea

Wireless

growing

and

in

solar

energy

and

solar

energy

Power
conversion

Transmission

interest

demonstrated

methods

the
applications in the 1960s and the limitations

transmission of electrical energy without


for producing cost-effective base load power
wires"

that

depends

upon

Electrical
caused by adverse weather conditions and

conductivity as early as 1891.


diurnal changes led to the solar power
The development of WPT was not effectively

satellite concept in 1968 as a means to

pursued until the 1960s when the U.S. Air

convert solar energy with solar cell arrays

Force

into electricity and feed it to a microwave

microwave-powered helicopter platform. A

generator forming part of a planar, phased-

successful demonstration of a microwave

array antenna. In geosynchronous orbit, the

beam-riding helicopter was performed in

antenna would direct a microwave beam of

1965. This demonstration proved that a WPT

very low power density precisely to one or

system could be constructed and that

more receiving antennas at desired locations

effective microwave generators and receivers

on Earth. At a receiving antenna, the

funded

the

development

of

microwave energy would be safely and very

Two types of WPT:

efficiently reconvened into electricity and


1) Ground based power transmission
then transmitted to users.
2) Space based power transmission
The first technical session on solar power
satellites (SPS) was held in 1970 at the

But Space-based power transmission is

International Microwave Power Institute

preferred

Symposium at which representatives of

transmission.

Japan, European countries, and the former

Ground is (obviously) cheaper per noontime

Soviet Union were present.

watt, but:

over

Ground-based

power

Space gets full power 24 hours a day


. Wireless transmission of power is similar in
3X or more Watt-hours per day per peak
concept to information transmission by
watt
communications satellites, but at a higher
No storage required for nighttime power
intensity.

However,

because

the

radio
Space gets full power 7 days a week no

frequency power beam is engineered for


cloudy days
conversion back to electricity at very high
Space gets full power 52 weeks a year
efficiency, useful amounts of power could be
No long winter nights, no storms, no cloudy
transmitted at intensities less than that of
seasons
sunlight.

Experimental

transmissions

of

power in amounts up to 30 kW have been


Space delivers power where its needed
accomplished over short distances (1.6 km)
Best ground solar sites (deserts) are rarely
with conversion efficiencies in excess of 85%
near users
from incoming radio frequency power into
Space takes up less, well, space
electrical power.

Rectennas are 1/3 to 1/10 the area of

Rectennas can share land with

ground arrays

farming or other uses

SEGMENTS OF SPS
The SPS is a gigantic satellite designed as an

the SPS can be either microwave tube system

electric

the

and/or semiconductor system. It may be their

Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO). It consists

combination. The third segment is a gigantic

of mainly three segments; solar energy

antenna array. Power will be transmitted over

collector to convert the solar energy into DC

a 1-1/4 mile range to a receiving antenna

(direct current) electricity, DC-to-microwave

(rectenna) and then fed into a commercial

converter, and large antenna array to beam

utility power grid.

power

plant

orbiting

in

down the microwave power to the ground.


The first solar collector can be either
photovoltaic cells or solar thermal turbine.
The second DC-to-microwave converter of

COMPONENTS OF WPT SYSTEM


Transmitting antenna and Receiving antenna
(Rectenna). The components are described in
The Primary components of Wireless Power
this chapter.
Transmission

are

Microwave

Generator,

antenna. The slotted waveguide antenna is

Microwave Generator

ideal for power transmission because of its


The microwave transmitting devices are

high aperture efficiency (> 95%) and high

classified as Microwave Vacuum Tubes

power handling capability.

(magnetron, klystron, Travelling Wave Tube


(WT),

and

(MPM))

and

Microwave

Power

Semiconductor

Module

Microwave

transmitters (GaAs MESFET, GaN pHEMT,


SiC MESFET, AlGaN/GaN HFET, and

Rectenna

InGaAS). Magnetron is widely used for


experimentation of WPT. The microwave
transmission often uses 2.45GHz or 5.8GHz
of

ISM

band.

The

other

choices

of

frequencies are 8.5 GHz 10 GHz and 35


GHz . The highest efficiency over 90% is
achieved at 2.45 GHz among all the
frequencies .

The rectenna is a passive element consists of


antenna, rectifying circuit with a low pass
filter between the antenna and rectifying
diode. The antenna used in rectenna may be
dipole, Yagi Uda, microstrip or parabolic
dish antenna. The patch dipole antenna
achieved the highest efficiency among the all.
Schottky barrier diodes (GaAs-W, Si, and

Transmitting Antenna

GaAs) are usually used in the rectifying


circuit due to the f aster reverse recovery time

The slotted wave guide antenna, microstrip


patch antenna, and parabolic dish antenna are
the most popular type of transmitting

and much lower forward voltage drop and


good RF characteristics.

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