The First Serbian

Written by
Vuk Stefanovi Karadi

Translated by Vasil Anelkovi - pilka

 Vasil Anelkovi
The First Serbian Primer
Cataloguing:
National Library of Australia,
Dewey No. 491.8211
Libraries Australia ID
58034728
State Library of Victoria,
Public Library of Serbia
Anelkovi V.
The First Serbian Primer - Educational
Cover design, V. Anelkovi
Printed in Australia by

L A.B. Fine Print Publication

E-mail: abfineprint@gmail.com
2016

Translators note
Vuk Stefanovi Karadi was not the first reformer of
the Serbian alphabet, and his primer is not the first
Serbian Primer. Two hundred and thirty years before,
Monk Sava (Serbian: ) from Deani
monastery in Serbia, published in Venice (1597) the
primer titled The First Serbian Primer, (Serbian
Cyrillic: ). There were two
editions of this primer: the first published in Venice,
the second in Dubrovnik. Both originals were kept in
The Public Library of Serbia.

A a`. B buk[. V v[d1. G glagol3.

D dobro. E [st`. @ `iv[t[. 1lo.
[ml3. J #`[ I. K kako. L ld#[.
M misl[t[. N na'`. O on`. P pokoi.
R rci. S slovo. T tvrd`o. U uk.
ia. #i. H hir`. [r`.
} wt` W. F #i. C c#n. ^ ~r`v`.
% 'a. : ;a. H 2t`. . . .
#n.
The alphabet from the First Serbian Primer 1597

-5-

Unfortunately the first edition of Monk Savas Primer

was destroyed in the bombing of Belgrade by the
Germans in 1941. The second edition of Monk Savas
Primer, the one printed in Dubrovnik, miraculously
survived.
Turbulent times in Serbia caused this primer to be
forgotten for years, by many Serbian scholars. Vuk
was not aware of its existence either; if he had been,
the title of his Primer would probably have been
different?
After Monk Savas primer several primers were
published. Here are the titles of a few:
In 1717 a Hand written Primer, a manuscript in the
Serbian-Slavic language (Serbian:
) by Gavrilo Stefanovi Venclovi, (for a long
time it was believed that the author was, Kiprian
Raanin?). In this Primer can be seen the first idea of
designing Serbian Cyrillic letters ( , , ).
In 1724 The so called Moscows Primer (Russian:
) was introduced in Serbia, in
Russian-Slavic language, published in Moscow by
Teofan Prokopovich.
In 1753 The Slavic Primer (Russian:
) was printed in Rome in parallel: Cyrillic
and Latin letters.
Printer Krzbek published in 1781 the so called
Viennas Primer (Serbian: ), written in
parallel: Russian-Slavic and German language.
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From one of these Primers Vuk Stef. Karadi would

learn to write and read.
Before Old Slavs had reached the Balkan Peninsula
they had a special kind of literacy, but when they
reached the Balkan Peninsula they found themselves
at the meeting point of two cultures, Latin and
Byzantine. Under the influence of Christianity and the
Greek Alphabet, they developed a particular Slavic
literacy with a special alphabet (Glagoljica). From the
10th century it was perfected and became known as
irilica (Cyrillic alphabet). First documents written in
Old Slavic language date from the 9th and 10th
centuries, and those in Serbian language from the
11th century (Temniki Zbornik - The Book of
Temnik).
A thousand years before Vuk's time, the spoken
language was changing. Serbian vernacular was
developing: some sounds no longer corresponded to
letters and had no meaning. Five hundred years later
it was very hard even for educated people to read or
understand what had been written. Reform of the
Alphabet was needed!
Then in 1389 at the battle of Kosovo, the Turks were
victorious and Serbia lost its independence. In those
times Serbia was under occupation of two empires.
The southern part was under the Ottoman Empire
and the northern part (Vojvodina) was ruled by the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. The Turkish Empire had
harshly suppressed education and religion. There
-7-

were a few Serbian schools, but the Turks had indeed

played the role of Wicked Fairy, and in Serbia all
cultural progress and education had been arrested as
completely as in the palace of the Sleeping Beauty.
If you wanted to learn to read and write you had to go
to a Serbian monastery. To further your education
you had to go to Vojvodina, where Serbs had more
freedom in religion and education. the Serbian
Orthodox Church moved to Sremski Karlovci and
established schools there. The University of Vienna
even had a Department of Slavic Languages. Many
educated Serbs were living there - scholars and
writers, and books were published there. Vienna
became the centre of South Slavs Slavistics. After
the collapse of the first Serbian uprising against the
Turks many educated Serbs fled to the AustroHungarian Empire. Vuk went to Vienna too.
Vuk Stefanovi Karadi (1787-1864), (Serbian
Cyrillic: ) was born in the
village of Tri in Serbia, then in the Ottoman Empire,
into a well to do peasant family. His fathers name
was Stefan Joksimovi and, following the Serbian
custom, the son bore the surname of Stefanovi Stefans son.
His parents had already lost several children to illness
so, as a measure of precaution, they bestowed on the
boy the name of Vuk (Wolf), a name supposed to be
potent against the charms of witches and the evil eye.
Neither of Vuks parents could write or read, but Vuk
-8-

contrived to learn somehow from his relative Jefta

Savi, who was the only literate person in the village.

Vuk's house
of birth

When the local school in the nearby town of Loznica

closed because of a plague, his father sent him to
the monastery of Tronoa in the hope that he might
be able to further his studies there, but the monks
were preoccupied with other affairs and Vuk was
given the task of tending the monasterys cattle,
instead of furthering his education. This was the
beginning of Vuks lifelong hatred for the church and
his opponents.
He therefore did not have any regards or feelings for
his opponents. His strongest insult for those he
-9-

considered reactionary or dogmatic was to call them

Monksor "Turks". Vuks father returned him home to
tend his own cattle. While looking after his cattle, he
made ink for himself by dissolving blackberries in
water and began to write down local songs and
proverbs. His grandfather Joksim and uncle Toma,
despite being illiterate, used to put together folk epic
songs and sang them by memory playing the the
"Gusle" (One string Serbian folk musical instrument)
to Vuk. This was the modest beginning of the great
collections of folk songs and proverbs with which his
name is associated.
In search of further education, Vuk went to Sremski
Karlovci (Vojvodina, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire),
with the intention of enrolling in the grammar school
there (The oldest grammar school in Serbia). He was
19 years old and was told that he was too old.
Disappointed, he went to Petrinja, where he studied
the German language for several months. After failing
to continue his education, Vuk went back to the area
of his birth. In 1804, the year of the Serbian uprising
against the Turks, Vuk was doing secretarial duties
for various Serbian revolutionary leaders. During this
turbulent time in the Serbian history he was in charge
of all the correspondence between Serbian leaders of
the uprising, as well as correspondence with the
Turks. During this time he developed an illness
condition in his left foot. Later he would write:
I could think no more of war and horses, yet if it had
not been for these same crutches I would surely have
-10-

been slain by the Turks, like so many of my

contemporaries. Thanks to my crutches I had,
perforce, to stay at home and there I set down on
paper what my ears had heard and what my eyes had
seen.
After the Turks succeeded in putting down the revolt,
Vuk went to Belgrade to meet the Serbian scholar
and educator Dositej Obradovi, asking him for help
to continue his education, but he was refused help!
There he became seriously ill, and as a result was
permanently lame in the left foot, supporting himself
by crutches.
In 1813 Karadi went to Vienna and took all
documents with him. The German historian, Leopold
von Ranke, would use these documents to write The
Serbian Revolution in 1829, (German: Die Serbishe
Revolution).
Upon his arrival in Vienna, Vuk was introduced to 18
year old Anna Maria Kraus, (daughter of his landlady),
whom he married. About his marriage ceremony in
the church, an eyewitness wrote this: It was a sad picture. The bride had a stomach up to
her teeth. The groom, with the wooden stilt on his
shorter leg and the first witness (godfather), Jernej
Kopitar, was the ugliest man I ever saw in my life!
Vuk and Anna had thirteen children. To gather
material for his books, Vuk travelled extensively
abroad. The rumour was that Branko Radievi, a
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young Serbian poet, who had a reputation as a

womaniser, had a romantic affair with Anna Kraus.
Among others, he was a frequent visitor at Vuks
house. He died of tuberculosis in a Viennese
hospital in Annas arms, as professor Teodora
Petrovi, who is the authority on the poets biography,
wrote. It is interesting that Vuk mentioned many
prominent Serbs in his correspondence with others,
but very little or nothing about Branko Radievi,
despite the fact that he was a very prolific writer and
the first to write poetry using Vuks new alphabet.
Out of thirteen children, eleven died in infancy or early
youth. Only two survived, a daughter, Wilhelmina
(Mina) and a son Dimirtije.

Vuk's wife Anna

Vuk's daughter Wilhelmina

Wilhelmina (Mina) Karadi, Vukomanovi (1828-12-

1894) became a highly educated woman, speaking

several languages fluently, as well as working as a
portrait painter. She was helping her father in his work
as well. She left a few paintings and many letters and
documents about visits to Johann Wolfgang von
Goethe, Leopold von Ranke, the Brothers Grimm and
others.
Wilhelmina and her unmarried son, Janko, are buried
in the family plot of her husband, Aleksa
Vukomanovi, in the monastery of Savinac, near the
town of Gornji Milanovac, in Serbia.
Dimitrije Karadi (1836-1883) finished the best
military academies in Europe (Klostenbruk,
Antwerpen, Berlin). He was the most educated officer
in the Serbian Army. Unfortunately he became a
compulsive gambler and drunkard. He lost all his
fathers inheritance through gambling and was finally
dishonourably discharged from the Serbian Army for
drunkenness. Dimitrije went to Russia and joined the
Russian Army. Little is known about his life in Russia.
He was 47 years of age when he perished
somewhere in Russia. His burial place is not known to
this day. By the death of his son Dimitrije it was
believed that the family name, Karadi, had been
extinguished. Recently it was discovered that the last
member of Vuks family, great-grandson Vladimir
Stefanovi, (Russian: g ) died
in Russia. He was a translator of poetry and had
translated Serbian poetry into Russian.
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Vuk's son Dimitrije

Vuk was of medium height. His face, with its high
cheekbones, looked curiously triangular, and his
small, deep-set, twinkling blue eyes were almost
always downcast. He had bushy grey eyebrows and
a huge moustache. He habitually wore high boots and
a long black coat. His left leg was shorter than the
right, and for this reason he was unable to move
about without a crutch. On his head he wore a large
red fez, which he very seldom removed," said a
contemporary.
Respected and honoured by the literary and scientific
world as no Serbian had been before him, Vuk had no
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official diplomas of any educational institution, but for

all his linguistic and literary work he was awarded an
Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy by the University of
Jena (Germany) in 1823.

Vuk's burial place

in Belgrade

Vuk Stefanovi Karadi died in Vienna in 1864. His

remains were brought to Belgrade in 1897 , where he
is buried.
When Vuk went to Vienna he wrote a small article in
the local newspaper about the Serbian leader of the
rebellion, Karaore, ore Petrovi, which caught
the attention of the Slavic linguist Jernej Kopitar, who
was the censor and the curator of the court libraries
in Vienna, (later he would become Vuks friend). On
his advice and encouragement Vuk wrote his first
work The writing of Serbian Language, in 1814
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(Serbian: ). Being
aware of the imperfections, and incompleteness of
this book, advised and assisted by Jernej Kopitar, he
produced, in 1818, his great Serbian Dictionary,
(Serbian: ), a book which was
received by scholars with the liveliest satisfaction.
The second, enlarged, edition (47,000 words) of this
Dictionary was translated into German language by
Jacob Grimm. Learned societies began to honour him
and in 1820, on the invitation of Milo Obrenovi,
(The ruler of Serbia then), he returned to Belgrade to
help in the task of establishing a system of national
education. But those who regarded, or professed to
regard, the reform of the alphabet as an act of
sacrilege, were so strong and bitter in their hostility
that Vuk was compelled to leave. In addition to the
Serbian Church, his fiercest opponent was Jovan
Hadi, the founder and president of the Serbian
Cultural Society. He was one of the most educated
Serbs of his generation, and Vuk was to engage in
polemics with him over ten years. He returned to
Vienna, and in 1847 translated The New Testament
from German into the Serbian peoples language,
which is used today in the Serbian Orthodox Church.
Vuk wrote many polemics, papers, and books on
Serbian folk poetry, etc. His name was soon familiar
to literary giants like Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,
brothers Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, Leopold von
Ranke, Humboldt and others. But the recognition of
his work did not save him from downright poverty.
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He wrote to a friend: - I cannot tell you in what

difficulties I find myself. Believe me, I was unable to
buy a kilo of meat, far less a pig, for Christmas.
Remembering what day it was, and looking at my
children, I wept like a child. Everything I can sell or
pawn, I have sold or pawned, and now I know not
what I am to do with my wife and children. It is winter,
and I have no wood, no bread and no money.
Vuk had written his Primer in 1826 and it was
supposed to be published in Budapest that year, but
his critic and opponent, the head of The Serbian
Orthodox Church, Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirovi,
intervened and stopped publication. The next year the
book was approved by the censors of the AustroHungarian Empire, and it was printed in Vienna in
1827.
Vuks original Primer is a small book by todays
standards, only 20 pages, but it is one of the most
significant book for the Serbian people, their alphabet
and language! This small book laid the foundation of
modern Serbian language and literature.
In the original Primer, the Alphabetic Table of Cyrillic
and Latin letters and explanation is presented in Latin
language with the table of equivalent letters with
pronunciations in different languages. This small part
of the Primer (see original pages 63-65) was probably
written in collaboration with his friend, linguist Jernej
Kopitar. The explanation of English equivalents and
pronunciations is incomplete, so I have enlisted the
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best possible English equivalents.

The explanation for Russians, is written in Old
Church-Slavic language.
Vuks has used a new alphabet and peoples
language to write his View on the Serbian Primer
(Foreword). He explains that by using his new
alphabet there is no need for spelling: - . . . instead
of Old-Slavic spelling:
a (az), b, (buky), v (vyedy), g (glagol), d (dobro) and
so on, students can start learning:
, b, v, g, d, and so on - Its better not to name
the letter, just tell the student the sound of the letter;
, b, v, g, d, , z, i, k, l, m, n, , p, r, s, t, f, h, .
Then there is no spelling and letters can be read
immediately.
Continued in his foreword are letters of his alphabet
in lower cases in four rows: the first row contains five
vowels:
a, e, i, o, u.
The following rows, each contain eight consonants:
r, s, , z, , c, , d.
t, , d, , l, lj, k, g.
v, f, b, p, m, n, nj, j.
In Vuks original Primer on page 71 there are 29
letters; Letter h (Cyrillic: ) is missing or was omitted
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in printing! Some argue that he didnt observe the

sound (consonant h) in peoples speech, that he
heard it for the first time in 1836 on his travels
through Dalmatia (Dubrovnik). In his original Primer,
printed in 1827, the consonant (h) is clearly enlisted
in the alphabet table, as well in his Foreword and
other places. It seems Vuk had known about it!
Instructions for reading the words using the new
alphabet are given in 11 parts.
In part 12 proverbs are included as an example for
reading with the new letters.
Part 13 contains the new alphabet and letters in
upper and lower cases with pronunciations.
In part 14 are letters of Slavic alphabet in lower and
upper cases with explanation of their pronunciation.
Symbol Of Orthodox Faith and The Lord's Prayer are
written in the Old Church-Slavic language.
At the end of his Primer Vuk has enlisted the table of
multiplications.
What is the difference between Vuks Primer and the
previous primers?
In Vuks time the Serbian literary language was a
chaotic mixture of Old-Slavic, Church-Slavic and
Russian-Slavic. All the books in existence were
almost entirely of a religious nature, and were
composed in an archaic language unintelligible to the
people. The Cyrillic alphabet invented by Cyril and
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Methodius, the Byzantine missionaries of the ninth

century, (it is now believed that this alphabet was in
fact composed by Constantine the Priest at the end of
9th century), had become quite unsuitable as a means
of expressing the sounds of the spoken language. It
was necessary to reform the ancient Cyrillic alphabet
to adapt it to the needs of the living tongue. All
previous primers had been written in one of those
languages. Vuk had for the first time separated the
Church-Slavic language from the spoken peoples
language. Vuk undertook the task and carried it
through with triumphant success, in spite of the
bitterest clerical and academic opposition. He made
the Serbian language unique among other languages
in Europe by introducing a radically simple and truly
phonetic alphabet. In the Cyrillic alphabet one letter
represents one sound. All letters are monographs.
The Serbian language has no spelling, there are 30
sounds and 30 letters. There are no silent letters
every letter is pronounced. Vuk strictly implemented
the principle (orthography) of the German philologist
Johann Christoph Adelung: Write as you speak and
read as it is written. By introducing the new alphabet
he made the Cyrillic and the Latin alphabet fully and
exactly transliterated one into the other. The Latin
alphabet has only four digraph letters; (Lj lj, Nj nj, Dj
dj, D d). The letters: ( , , ), were borrowed
from the Czech alphabet.
Depending on the pronunciation of the Old Slavic
sound (H,1 - y) the Serbian language has three
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sub-dialects: ekavski (child - dete), ijekavski (child dijete) and ikavski (child - dite). Some Serbian
ijekavian sub-dialect words are in conflict containing
digraph letter (Dj,dj), example: (dj) needs to be
pronounced () in the word (djak) and (dj) in the word
(gdje). The Serbian linguist uro Danii has replaced
it with the monograph letter (,) which is in use
today.
From The Old-Slavic alphabet, which contains letters
which did not correspond any more to the people's
phonetic system, Vuk has taken the following 24
letters:
, , , , g, , , , ,
, , , , , , , , ,
, , , , , .
He added to the alphabet 6 new letters:
, , , , , .
Letter () was borrowed from the Latin alphabet,
letters ( and ) were made combining Russian
letters ( and ) and soft semi-vowel (). The belief
is that Vuk designed letters (, and )? But the
concept of designing these letters had already been
presented in The Hand written Primer in 1717, the
manuscript by Gavrilo Stefanovi, Venclovi.
Vuk had taken out from the Old-Slavic alphabet the
following letters:

(y), H 1 (y), J # (i),

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(i), Z z (i or v),

 (u), w (), 5 (an), 4 2 (ya),

(yu), W

(), 6 6 (yus), (), (dz),

: ; (shch or sht), (s), (ps),

(hard semi-vowel), ~

(soft semi-vowel).

The Latin alphabet, (Illyrian):

A a, B b, V v, G g, D d, E e, , Z z, I i, K k,
L l, M m, N n, O o, P p, R r, S s, T t, U u, F f,
H h, C c, , .
Vuk added 6 new Latin letters:
J j, Lj lj, Nj nj, , Dj dj, D d.
Many will probably ask why had Vuk enlisted in his
Primer Church Prayers?
Vuk had to enlist The Symbol Of Orthodox Faith and
The Lord's Prayer because he was harshly criticized
by the head of The Serbian Orthodox Church,
Metropolitan Stefan Stratimirovi, for abandoning the
Church-Slavic language and adopting peasant
language in his books. His opponents had been
accusing him of being an heretic: - Whoever
invented those (Letters) you can say was almost more
than God. This remark in his foreword made him
many enemies. In his new Cyrillic alphabet all letters
had been taken from the Old-Slavic alphabet, except
the letter (J j) which was borrowed from the Latin
alphabet. In borrowing it he became accused of the
hardest sin: - Catholicizing the Serbian people! Vuk
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thought that by including Church Prayers, he would

soften up and silence his critics and opposition for his
reform of the alphabet.
In Vienna in 1850, Croats and Serbs agreed to
common, tokavian, dialect being used in language
and literature. It was to be Serbian language, because
of the majority of the people who speak the language.
Vuk Karadi was one of the main signatories to the
Vienna Literary Agreement, which established the
foundation of the modern Serbian language and
literature. He wrote: - The more who are with me, the
earlier we shall establish the foundations of Serbian
literature; the fewer who are with me, the greater shall
be my glory, since not all are capable of thinking like
me!"
After many years of argument with his opponents,
Vuks alphabet and peoples language was officially
recognized in Serbia in 1868, four years after his
death.
Vuk Stefanovi, Karadi is without doubt the most
original South-Slav linguist up to the present. His skill
and intellect was capable to quickly understand and
see the alphabetic and linguistic problems for the
Serbian language, and resolve them, far beyond his
opponents. One of Vuk's remarks was: - "Language
is the guardian of the nation. For as long as it remains
alive, for as long as we love and honour it, speak and
write in it, refine it, the nation will live".
It is remarkable that self educated Vuk, with very little
-23-

formal linguistic education, in his struggle and passion

for the peoples language and alphabet reform,
against all odds and amid criticism from the Serbian
Church, Serbian academics, educators and linguists
of the day with an arm-long curriculum vitae, in the
end prevailed.
In Novi Sad in 1954, the Agreement was signed in
which both Serbian ekavian and yekavian subdialects, and Latin and Cyrillic alphabets were
recognized as being one and the same literary
language of equal status. The language was
artificially named Serbo-Croatian.
Serbs have the simplest orthography and the most
perfect Cyrillic alphabet in the world. The Serbian
language is a very developed language (more than
80,000 words) with rich and detailed grammar (nine
kinds of words, seven cases, three genders of nouns,
pronouns, adjectives, verbs, and precise expressions
for active and passive states of the times of action).
The Cyrillic letters are simple and unique in the world,
adaptable to almost any language. Many nations are
using the Cyrillic alphabet with minor changes to suit
their language.
The Mongolian people have long ago adopted the
Russian Cyrillic alphabet in their language and
education system, instead of the ideograms.
Thanks to Vuks alphabet reform, today Serbs from
Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro and
Serbia, learn both Latin and Cyrillic alphabet in the
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schools. They write and read in both alphabets with

no problem. They share linguistically the same
language and grammar.
The Slovenian language is different from Serbian;
Slovens use Vuk's Latin alphabet without any change.
Sadly, because of the nationalistic and religious
situation in the Balkans today, the people's religion
plays a great part in dividing the Serbian language.
The people of the Muslim faith in Bosnia-Herzegovina
call their language: - Bosnian, (it has approx. 150
words that differ from those in the Serbian language).
The people of the small country of Montenegro call
their language:- Montenegrian, but there is no
linguistic difference in language or grammar
whatsoever.
People from Croatia call it: - Croatian, (it has
approx. 300 words that differ from those in the
Serbian language), but Serbs and Croats write or
read in Cyrillic or Latin alphabet and understand each
other perfectly well without an interpreter. Croatians
use Vuk's Latin alphabet, but some Croatian
"Linguists" even today, after almost 200 years, are
inventing quasi words just to be different and are
working very hard to discredit Vuk's role in the
creation of the Latin alphabet.
George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950), the Irish novelist
and playwright bequeathed a significant sum of
money in his will to any Englishman who makes
reform in the English language, similar to those Vuk
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Karadi made in the Serbian language. That

Englishman hasnt been born yet!
A lack of translation in the English language, has
precluded Vuk Karadi from reaching an English
speaking audience, students and researchers alike,
who are interested in the Serbian language. I hope
this first English translation of Vuk's First Serbian
Primer will change that!? To translate Vuks Primer is
not an easy task, any attempt to improve this
translation is desirable and welcome!
My special thanks to Sam De Fazio who has been
kind enough to look over the whole of the text and
has made valuable suggestions for which I am
grateful.
Vasil Anelkovi - pilka

-26-

The First Serbian

P R I M E R
Written by

Vuk Stefanovi, Karadi

Doctor of Philosophy, and scholar of societies:

Sankt Petersburg and willing sympathiser of
Russian Slavistics, Krakows, and Tirinsko-Saxons
for exploring old traditions and correspondent of
King-Gttingens society.
In Vienna
Printed at the Armenian monastery
1827

SERBIAN ALPHABET
and
Parallelism of neighbouring peoples and other
European alphabets (Greek: parallelism).
Serb.Cyrilic

Latin

b
v
g
d

z
i
j
k
l
lj
m
n

Czech. Polish
a
b
w
g
d

i
j
k
l

m
n
-29-

a
b
w
g
d

z
i
i:ia
k
l:wilk
l:li
m
n

Hungar.

b
v
g
d
gy
e
zs
z
i
j
k
l
ly
m
n

nj
o
p
r
s
t

u
f
h
c

o
p
r
s
t

u
f
ch
c

o
p
r
s
t

u
f
ch
c
cz

sz

ny
o
p
r
sz
t
ty
u
f
h
cz
cs

*)

Cyrillic Latin Germ.

Italian French

a
a
a
a
b
b
b
b
v
w
v
v
g
g
g:gara g:gant
d
d
d
d

e
e
e
e

j
z s:lesen s:rosa
z
i
i
i
i
j
j
j
i:mien
-30-

English
a (part)
b (bell)
v (vote)
g (gold)
d (had)
d(duke)
e (bet)
z(leisure)
z (razor)
e (she)
y (yes)

k
k
c:caro c:car
l
l
l
l
lj
gl:gli
il:ail
m
m
m
m
n
n
n
n
nj
gn
gn
o
o
o
o
p
p
p
p
r
r
r
r
s

s:sono s:son
t
t
t
t

u
u
u
ou
f
f
f
f
h
ch

c
z
z:zio

tsch(?) c:ci

ge

sch
sc:esce ch:cher
*)

k (key)
l (lot)
l (million)
m (man)
n (nod)
n(news)
o (note)
p (pin)
r (berry)
s (pass)
t (shut)
ts (tune)
u (room)
f (fat)
h (hot)
ts (cats)
ch(child)
j (jug)
sh (shed)

*) Has no pronunciation, the letter r for the Serbs, as

the Czechs is used alone without a vowel, and is not
applied to proceeding or following the syllable r,
example: , - reads u-mr-o.

-31-

EXPLANATION FOR RUSSIANS

The very nature of the letters used by Serbs is as for
Russians and have identical meaning. But the
pronunciation of some sounds must therefore be
remembered:
1) , this expressive sound does not exist in
the Russian Language. It is formed from g, g and
sometime (in the words of other countries) from .
The pronunciation is softer as in Russian g;
Example: g pronounced gg; also in:
, (Church-Slavic: , );
(from ).
2) , also doesnt exist in the Russian
Language. It is a result from , () and
sometime (in the words of other countries) from .
The pronunciation is softer as in Russian ;
Example: g pronounced as in Russian
g; also in: , (Church-Slavic:
, ); (Greek: - ark).
3) , is used more in the Serbian language and
to a certain extent in the words of other countries.
Pronunciation is almost as Russian g or ;
Example: is pronounced g or .
-32-

4) , is composed from and . Thus is

generally pronounced; Example: ; Russian
.
5) , is composed from and and is
pronounced; Example: , ; Russian
, .
6) , is generally pronounced as Russian ,
Example: and is pronounced as , g is
pronounced as g, as .
7) , syllable is pronounced in all
circumstances as Russian ; Example: is
pronounced as , g as g.
All other letters are pronounced entirely as letters in
the Russian Language.

A VIEW ON THE SERBIAN PRIMER

FOREWORD
Whatever the people in this world have invented,
nothing can be compared with the written word. To
your friend or acquaintance, who are far away in this
world, to send your thoughts on a piece of paper, or
read what others wrote two thousand years ago,
thats the science which human mind almost cannot
comprehend. Whoever invented this you can say was
almost more than God. The written word has opened
the way to the human mind to come eventually closer
to God. The Letters were invented four thousand
-33-

years ago, and after a hard and strange existence

became today easily accessible to everyone in the
world. It was so widely accessible, so that today in
Europe, there are countries where almost everyone
can write and read. The Serbs have received this gift
of God one thousand years ago only through
Christian books. In our books folk epic poems are
often written and learnt; despite this there are very
few people who know how to read and write! Why is
it so hard for the Serbs to start learning to write and
read? Its because the Serbian teaching is from the
religious Books; The Book of Hours and The Book of
Psalms (Serbian: ) and other
things. Some students learn for two-three years and
still cant write or read. Only these books and Primers
can be blamed for that, teachers as well. Every
genuine and intelligent patriot should insist that our
Primers and school teaching be made to the present
century. For the other Patriots who loudly speak that
nothing has to be improved, that everything should
remain according to old custom, I pity them and pray
to God to smarten and lead them on the right path.
The greatest difference between a learned man and
an ignoramus is that the learned man solely desires
and strives to learn as much as possible to become
more learned than his parents, and to help his
children become more learned than himself. The
ignoramus, in contrast, is quite happy to be just as his
parents were and for his children to be just as he is.
The human race and this world would be truly pathetic
-34-

and pitiful if all people remained forever just like their

parents! God has just condemned mindless animals
to remain for ever as they are; humans are chosen to
learn, and generation after generation to become
smarter. If more people strive to achieve this, under
Gods commandment, they become reputable and
happier; the more they are strolling the more they look
like animals. Thus the English, French and many
other European peoples have moved ahead from the
African or South American savages who even today
are cannibals and roam naked in the jungle. Let us
not take as an example other peoples of different
laws and tribes; take as an example the Russians
who are the same tribe and law as us. One hundred
years ago the Russians separated their Alphabet and
language from the Church-Slavic language, finding it
very hard to learn and write in schools instead of OldSlavic spelling:
az, buky, vyedy, glagol, dobro, yest, and so on,
(, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
).
Students can start learning: , b, v, g, d, , z,
i, , l, , n, , p, r, s, t, f, h, .
Its true learning like this is a hundred times easier,
but even this is not the right name for the consonant
b () because b cannot be read b until it is followed
by the vowel , but its real pronunciation is b (). If
a teacher wants to teach someone to read easily, its
-35-

better not to name the letter just tell the student the
sound of the letter. Then there is no spelling and
letters can be read immediately. So the student can
learn to read in ten days! I witnessed it a few years
ago in Bessarabia and in Serbia, and later in Vienna.
When I began this study many have ridiculed me,
especially those who learned to read by the old
custom. How great my joy was last year when I was
in Halle (Germany) and I witnessed, in the then
famous and very popular poor school, thousands of
children learn to read that way!
Wishing with all my heart, to make easy studying
letters for my nation I wrote this Primer in which
letters are set in order to pronounce them easily.
Cyrillic:




Latin:
a e i o u
r s z c d
t d l lj k g
v f b p m n nj j
-36-

Exampes:
1.
Words containing two sounds; two vowels or first
vowel and the second consonant:
ae, ao, os, o, od, on, op, oj, is, iz, i, im, ud, uz, u,
ub, um, aj, ej.
2.
Words containing two sounds; first consonant and
the second vowel:
sa, se, si, so, su, va, vi, vo, da, de, do, bi, ta, te, ti, to,
tu, ga, go, a, e, a, e, u, za, li, ko, na, ne, ni, no,
nu, nje, nji, nju, pa, pi, po, ma, me, mi, mu, ja, je, ji.
3.
Words containing four sounds; two consonants and
two vowels:
ba-ba, be-ba, bo-ba, bu-ba, ba-ra, vo-da, go-ra, dua, zi-ma, e-na, ja-je, jo-va, ju-ne, je-lo, ku-a, li-ce,
lo-za, lu-ka, lju-di, ljo-ke, ma-ma, ma-ti, mu-nja, nama, no-ga, nji-va, pa-ra, pe-ro, sa-mo, se-be, soba,
ra-na, ro-sa, ru-ka, ta-ko, te-le, ca-ru, a-a, e-lo, ini, u-do, a-ra, i-ra, e-va, u-ma, di-da.
-37-

4.
Words containing three sounds with consonant in
the middle:
a-ko, a-mo, e-vo, e-no, e-to, i-va, i-za, i-di, i-li, i-ma,
i-i, o-ba, o-vo, o-di, o-de, o-no, o-ko, u-ba, u-vo, ue, u-do, u-i, u-i, u-ka.
5.
Words containing three sounds with the vowel in
the middle:
ban, bar, bez, bir, bob, bog, bor, bos, bud, vas, vek,
vid, vir, vis, boz, vuk, gaj, goj, god, gunj, dan, dar, daj,
dom, dud, ak, ar, ir, ut, zar, zid, zob, zub, jad, jaz,
jak, je, jo, joj, jug, kad, kas, kos, konj, kum, kuj, lad,
led, loj, lub, luk, lu, ljeb, ljok, ljut, mak, med, mir, moj,
mo, mu, na, naj, nov, no, njin, panj, pop, pun,
rad, red, rod, roj, raj, sad, sir, som, sud, taj, tor, tu,
tup, ud, uk, car, cer, as, ep, un, av, ib.
6.
Combination of two and four words, and so on:
ba-rem, vi-sok, go-lem, da-nak, a-i, i-vac, za-jam,
ja-dan, je-dan, javor, ju-gov, ko-sac, la-bud, lju-bav,
me-kan, mo-dar, mu-an, ni-zak, po-pov, ra-din, sudac, to-var, ca-rev, ce-rov, a-sak, o-vak, a-rac, aren, bum-bar, mu-njak, kut-njak, vo-ka, ve-ma,
manj-ma.

-38-

7.
bo-so-nog, ve-se-ljak, do-go-vor, i-vo-tan, i-vo-tinja, ja-za-vac, je-di-nac, je-di-ni-ca, ka-lo-per, la-budi, la-bu-di-ca, lju-ba-van, mu-ka-rac, na-i-nac, rodi-telj, sa-mo-vo-ljac, vo-de-ni-ca, vo-de-ni-ar, vo-deni-i-te, po-bo-an, ca-re-vac, dan-gu-ba, dan-gu-biti, ko-mid-ba, ko-sid-ba, rav-ni-na.
8.
bra-na, vra-na, gra-na, gra-a, dra-go, zra-ka, kra-va,
mrav, mrak, mra-ka, prav-da, sram, tra-va, trag, breza, vre-a, gre-da, gri-va, griv-na, grob, grom, gru-da,
dre-nji-na, zre-lo, kre-men, mre-a, pre-a, sre-a,
tre-i, bri-ga, vri-je-a, dri-na, zri, kri, mri, pri, tri, brod,
bro, broj, drob, kro-pi-ti, pro-i, trop, brus, vru, drug,
kru-na, trud, prut.
9.
bla-go, vla-ga, vla-da, gla-va, glad, glji-va, dla-ka, zlato, klas, mlad, mlaz, mlak, plav, pla, sla-va, sa-blja,
ze-mlja, kljuk, kljun, klju, kle-ti, ble-ka, gle-daj, klonja, klo-buk, zlo, plug, slu-ga, slo-ga, gluv, plo-a, globa, bli-zu, klin, pli-va, plju-van-ka, bje-i, vje-ra, djeca, zje-ni-ca, mje-ra, pje-na, rje-it, per-je, pe-rja-nica, sje-me, sjaj-no, tje-me, o-ru-je, po-du-je, na-ruje, su-di-ja, o-lu-ja, spa-se-ni-je.

-39-

10.
sva, sve, svi, svak, svoj, svla-i-ti, svra-ka, skot,
skok, skra-si-ti, skrob, sma-mi-ti, smi-sli-ti, smo-la,
smu, smla-i-ti, smrad, sme-ka, sna-ga, sne-bi-va-tise, sni-ti, snop, snje-an, spa-va-ti, spe-a-li-ti, spi-riti, spo-men, spu-i-ti, splav, sple-sti, spra-va, spre-ga,
spro-u, sta-ti, ste-i, stid, stog, stub, gost, most,
svast, slast, rast, ra-dost, stra-na, stre-a, stric, struk,
stvar, stvor, zba-ci-ti, zbi-lja, zbor, sbu-ni-ti, zbra-ti,
zva-ti, zve-ka, zvi-da-ti, zvo-no, zga-zi-ti, zgo-da,
zglo-bi-ti, zgra-da, zgru-va-ti, sa-zda-ti, grozd, zdrav,
zdro-bi-ti, zmaj, zmi-ja, zna-ti, znoj, ban, va-le,
gan-ci, de-ra-ti, dud, dra-lo-vi, dri-je-lo, li-ca,
lje, mi-ra-ti, mu-ri-ti, nje-ti, kva-sac, kvar, kve-ka,
kvo-ka, kmet, knez, knji-ga, tvar, tvor, tvoj, tka-ti, tlai-ti, cvat, cvi-jet, va-rak, vo-rak, kalj, lan, mava-ti, pag, vi-gar, ko-la, klo-ca, kri-pa, lji-va,
tap, te-ne, tit, to, tu-ka, prit.
11.
br-bla, brv-no, br-glja, br-do, brz, brk, brst, br-nu-ti,
vr, vrg, vr-ba, vrb-ljak, vrv-ca, vr-da-ti, vr-zi, vrn-a-nica, vr-sta, vr-id-ba, gr-do-ba, grk, grm, gr-lo, gr, drvo, dr-i, dr-ma-ti, dr-nu-ti-se, dr-ka-ti, r-vanj, zr-no,
zrnj-ka-ti, zrn-ce, kr-bu-lja, krv, krst, krt, kr, mr-va,
mtv-ke, mrk, mrs, prvi, pr-i-ti, pr-zni-ca, pr-lji-ti, prst,
prt, r-bat, r-va, r-a, r-za-ti, r-ka-ti, r-nja-ti-se, r-pa, rt,
rt-ni-ca, r-ak, srb, sr-balj, sr-bin, sr-bljin, sr-bi-ja, srg,
-40-

sr-dit, srp, sr-ce, sr-a, skr-i-ti, smrt, smr-vi-ti, svr-iti, strv, str-vi-na, str-men, str-nji-ka, tr-bu, tr-za-ti, trk,
trm-ka, trn, tr-ska, tvrd, crv, cr-kva, crp-sti, vrst,
krge, kr-gut.

Examples for reading proverbs

12.
God doesnt forbid those who work.
God will help those who work.
Idleness is the mother of all sins; but work is the
mother of happiness.
He who worries about somebody else's work forgets
his own.
Many men are not back warded by God; but by
themselves.
God is in debt to no one.
God doesnt pay every Saturday.
Work as youll live a hundred years; but pray to God
as youll die tomorrow.
It is better to skid off with your leg, than with your
tongue.
In the lie your legs are short.
-41-

In the lie the depth is shallow.

He who lies once, the second time is not believed
even if the truth is said.
You can sit wrongly, but say the truth.
If the truth doesnt help, the untruth will not help.
Snatched; cursed.
He who makes evil, cannot expect good.
He who makes good will not regret it.
He who digs a hole for someone else will fall in it
himself.
Envy eats itself.
Confessed sin, half forgiven.
A nice word opens an iron gate.
If someone throws a stone at you, you throw bread at
him.
Do not return evil for evil, or curse for curse; (The
gypsies curse themselves).
He who wishes plenty, returns home with an empty
bag.
He who seeks a lot, loses everything from his bag.
He who doesnt know weight, doesnt know load.

-42-

Honesty in poverty is better than riches without

honesty.
Health is the biggest riches.
One hand washes the other, but both wash your face.
What you dont like other people do to you, dont do
it to anybody; but if you like what other people do to
you, you do it to everyone.
1.
The custom is that in some places each word, and
some words in any place begin with capital letters,
some capital letters are a little different from the lower
cases, so here they are in the old order, as in
numbers they go one after the other:
Cyrillic:

g

Latin:
A B V G D E Z I J K L Lj M N Nj O P R S T
U F H C D

-43-

a b v g d e z i j k l lj m n nj o p r s t
u f h c d
14.
Slavic or Cyrillic letters, which are in our church
books:
(Old Slavic letters)
(Letter)

(Pronunciation)

(meaning)

, y

-44-

N N,

ot

ch

sh

(),

sht, shch

yer

yer

y,

yu

yus

-45-

ps

i, v

Take these letters into consideration:

1) stands in the middle and at the end of a word,
although it is called , but when it comes only
after a vowel it is pronounced as , and when it
comes after semi-vowel it is pronounced as ,
example: , , , , g.
2) is combined by () but when it comes after
, then it is pronounced as , example: ,
, .
3) in reading, by name it should be pronounced
as ; and by its meaning it should be called: g.
4) today it does not mean anything, it only
stands at the end of the word which finishes with
semi-vowel.
5) when it stands in some words after and ,
then is pronounced as , and as , example:
, , but in some words after other
-46-

letters and have no meaning, example: ,

, , .
6) , , when it stands after and , then it is
pronounced , and as , and as , and as
, and as , example: , ; ,
; , .
7) is not found in todays books as a letter.
8) in some words it is pronounced as ,
example: , and in some as , example:
.
9) at the beginning of the word it is pronounced
as , example: g, , ; but when it is
in the middle of the words which end with semivowel then it is pronounced as syllable .

15.
A lot of words in our church books are shortened
(under abbreviations). Here are the most common in
our time:
(abbreviation)

(pronounced)

(English)

Angel

Angelic

-47-

Archangel

Archangelic

Apostle

Apostolic

God

Divinity

Blissful

Blessed

God's Grace

Grace

Bishop

Sover. Lady

Bishopric

Resurrection

Lord

Dominion

Lord

Lord's

Master

Lady

Verb

Spirit

Spiritual

-48-

David

Virgin

Virginity

Day

Soul

Bishop

Gospel

Evangelist

Nature

Israel

Israel's

Jesus

Jerusalem

Cross

Baptism

Baptist

Affectionate

Humanly

Prudent

Wisdom

Prayer

Mother

-49-

Mercy

Compassion

Charity

Maria

Month

Martyr

Infant

Heaven

Heaven's

Now

Sunday

Our

Father

Father

Fatherland

Wisdom

Prophet

Forerunner

Close

Most Holy

Altar

Holy

-50-

Truthful

Monday

Nativity

Begotten

Holy

Cleric

Sun

Passion

Death

Glory

Heart

Saint

Threeness

Trinity

Three

Triune

Teacher

Student

Pupil

Christ

Christ's

Christian

Tsar

-51-

Tsardom

Royal

Tsarina

Churchly

Man

Man

Manly

Honest

Honestly

Honourably

Purity

16.

Symbol Of Orthodox Faith

I believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of
heaven and earth, and of all things visible and
invisible: And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of
God, the Only-begotten, Begotten of the Father
before all ages, Light of Light, True God of True God,
Begotten, not made; of one essence with the Father,
by whom all things were made: Who for us men and
for our salvation came down from the heavens, and
-52-

was incarnate of the Holy Spirit and the Virgin Mary,

and became man; And was crucified for us under
Pontius Pilate, and suffered and was buried; And rose
again on the third day, according to the Scriptures;
And ascended into the heavens, and sits at the right
hand of the Father; And shall come again, with glory,
to judge both the living and the dead, Whose kingdom
shall have no end. And in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the
Giver of Life, Who proceeds from the Father, Who
with the Father and the Son together is worshipped
and glorified, Who spoke by the Prophets; In One
Holy Universal and Apostolic Church. I Confess one
Baptism for the remission of sins. I look for the
Resurrection of the dead, And the life of the age to
come.
Amen.
17.

The Lord's Prayer

Our Father, who are in heaven, hallowed be thy
name. Thy Kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth
as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread.
And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive those
who trespass against us. And lead us not into
temptation, but deliver us from evil. For thine is the
kingdom, the power and the glory for ever and ever.
Amen.
-53-

18.

Numbers
(church) (arabic)

(roman) (meaning)

one

II

two

III

three

IV

four

five

VI

six

VII

seven

VIII

eight

IX

nine

10

ten

11

XI

eleven

12

XII

twelve

13

XIII

thirteen

14

XIV

fourteen

15

XV

fifteen

16

XVI

sixteen

17

XVII

seventeen

18

XVIII

eighteen

19

XIX

nineteen

-54-

20

XX

twenty

21

XXI

twenty one

22

XXII

twenty two

23

XXIII

twenty three

24

XXIV

twenty four

25

XXV

twenty five

26

XXVI

twenty six

27

XXVII

twenty seven

28

XXVIII twenty eight

29

XXIX

twenty nine

30

XXX

thirty

40

XL

forty

50

fifty

60

LX

sixty

70

LXX

seventy

80

LXXX

eighty

90

XC

ninety

100

hundred

200

CC

two hundred

300

CCC

tree hundred

400

CD

four hundred

500

five hundred

600

DC

six hundred

-55-

700

DCC

800

DCCC eight hundred

900

CM

nine hundred

1000

thousand

seven hundred

19.

Multiplications
1

by

1 make 1

by

5 make 25

30

35

40

10

45

12

10

50

= 14

by

6 make 36

16

42

18

48

10

20

54

by

3 make 9

10

12

by

7 make 49

15

56

18

63

21

10

70

-56-

60

24

by

8 make 64

27

72

10

30

10

80

by

4 make 16

by

20

24

28

32

36

10

40

9 make 81
10

***************

-57-

90

THE ORIGINAL VUKS PRIMER

IN THE NEW PRINTING
ARRANGEMENT

. ,

, :

, , . ,
- .

,

1827

ALPHABETI SERBICI
cum
Viciniorum popularium et aliis cultioris Europae
alphabetis .
Serbici

Illyr. Bohem.

b
v
g
d
dj

z
i
j
k
l
lj
m
n
nj
o

a
b
w
g
d

i
j
k
l

m
n

o
-63-

Polon.
a
b
w
g
d

z
i
i:ia
k
l:wilk
l:li
m
n

Hungar.

b
v
g
d
gy
e
zs
z
i
j
k
l
ly
m
n
ny
o

p
r
s
t

u
f
h
c

p
r
s
t

u
f
ch
c

p
r
s
t

u
f
ch
c
cz

sz

p
r
sz
t
ty
u
f
h
cz
cs

*)

Gall.

Angl.

Serbici

German

Ital.

a
a
a

b
b
b

w
v
v

g
g:gara g:gant
g
d
d
d

e
e
e

j
s:lesen s:rosa
z

i
i
i

j
j
i:mien

k
c:caro
c:car

l
l
l

gl:gli
il:ail
-64-

b
v
g: gold
d

e: bet
s: leisure
z: razor
ee, y
y: yes
k
l

m
m
m

n
n
n

gn
gn

o
o
o

p
p
p

r
r
r

s:sono s:son

t
t
t

u
u
ou

f
f
f

ch

z
z:zio

tsch(?) c:ci

ge

sch sc:esce ch:cher

*)

m
n

o: note
p
r
s: so
t

oo
f

ch: child
j
sh

*) Nil sonat, sed r literae, quae Serbis, sicut Bohemis,

vel sola absque ulla vocali, syllabam facit, apponitur,
ne eadem r litera ad praecedentem aut sequentem
syllabam trahatur, e. g. , lege u-mr-o.

-65-

B, , ,
, .

:
1) (, ) ,
.
g, g (
) .
, - g; . . g
gg; : ,
(-: , );
( ).
2) (, )
. , ()
( ) .
, -
; . . g g;
: , (. , );
( ).
3) (, )

.
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1 1 1
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8 - 10 - 80
9 9 81
9 - 10 - 90

***************

-90-

Sources:
* Inok Sava - Prvi Srpski Bukvar, Venecija 1597.
Politika, Beograd 2011.
* Vuk Stefanovi Karadi - Prvi Srpski Bukvar, Be
1827.
* Ljubomir Stojanovi, - ivot i Rad, Vuka
Stefanovia Karadia, Beograd 1924.
* Vuk Stefanovi Karadi - Srpske Narodne
Poslovice, Beograd 1933.
* Milo S. Moskovljevi, - Renik Savremenog
Srpsko-Hrvatskog Jezika, izdanje "Nolit i Tehnika
Knjiga", Beograd 1966.
* Vuk Stefanovi Karadi - Sabrana Dela knjiga
XVIII, Beograd 1972.
* Monica Partridge - Serbo-Croat Practical
Grammar and Reader, Izdavaki Zavod
Jugoslavija, Beograd 1972.
* Pisma Mine Karadi - Vukomanovi, izdanje
Rad, Beograd.
* Brankica igoja - Kratak Pregled Prvih Srpskih
Bukvara, Filoloki Fakultet Beograd 2010

-91-