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displacement s
average velocity = v=
time t
change in velocity (v − u )
acceleration = a=
time t
change in
= mass × gravitational field strength × change in height PE = m × g × h
potential energy
work done W
power = P=
time taken t
work done = force × distance moved in the direction of the force W=F×s
half-life: time for half of the {atoms / isotope / element / nuclei / radioactive substance} to decay
time for the activity to drop to half (of original value)
Reject: {ion(s) / atom / reactivity} to {decompose / die / lose {for / in} decay / halve in size}
[1 mark]
1200
activity 1000
(Bq)
800
600
400
200
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
time (years)
2. Radioactive sources can be used to produce very small batteries that could be used to power a pacemaker.
A pacemaker is used to regulate the beating of a patient’s heart.
The pacemaker is placed inside the body of a patient.
Use the data from the table about different isotopes to answer the questions below.
All the isotopes emit beta radiation.
(a) State and explain which isotope will need the least shielding to protect the patient.
Isotope: Hydrogen-3
+
Reason: Lowest energy / only 0.02 MeV etc
Reject: use of radiation as alternative to energy
[1 mark]
(b) Give one reason why strontium-89 would not be suitable to power a pacemaker.
1. half life too short / only 50 days T1/2 / decays quickly / runs out quickly /
needs replacing / does not last long enough
2. high level of energy emitted / too much energy / need for shielding / {causes / risk of} harm (for patient)
Reject: use of radiation as alternative to energy
[1 mark] {7}
Francine is a flight attendant. She normally works on routes which go over the North Pole.
Francine has heard that cosmic radiation is a problem for people who fly a lot.
Francine does an Internet search and finds this graph.
1200
flying time
in hours
1000
800
flying over
Northern Europe
600
flying over the
Equator
400
200
0
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
altitude in km
The graph shows how many hours you need to fly to get the same dose of cosmic radiation at different
altitudes over Northern Europe and over the Equator.
(c) Explain why the flight time over the equator that produces the same dose of cosmic radiation is larger
than the flight time over Northern Europe.
{magnetosphere / (Earth’s) magnetic field} protects us / forms ‘barrier’ esp. over equator;
[1 mark]
Key
neutron
proton
(b) Engineers lower control rods into the nuclear reactor to reduce its power output.
Explain how lowering the control rods, reduces the power output.
No of (free) n0s is reduced / idea of control rods {‘capturing’ / blocking / absorbing} n0s
prevention of ‘runaway’ chain reaction
Ignore: slow down / attract n0’s
[1 marks] {14}
(c) A star, such as the Sun, generates its own energy by nuclear fusion.
Explain how this is different to nuclear fission.
State the conditions required for fusion.
description of fusion to include 2 or more {named / small / light} {elements / nuclei / ions / atoms}
+ join together / combine / form {heavier ‘atom’ / ion / nucleus / He} (1)
minimum of TWO conditions for fusion from (accept if mentioned in description part)
– high pressure
– very high temperature
– high particle density (1)
Ignore: particles / references to energy released / chain reactions / extra neutrons released
Reject: molecules / collide (without sticking)
[3 marks]
(a) Which of these cannot be explained by static electricity? Tick the correct statements.
dust on TV screen
flexible
copper strip
vacuum
inside box insulated beta source
(ii) After a while the copper strip bends down towards the beta source, touches it and a small current
flows between them.
Explain why the copper strip bends towards the beta source.
Any TWO from: action at a distance i.e. attraction between strip and source
copper strip becomes negative
(source and strip) oppositely charged
one is positive the other is negative
[1 marks]
_______________________________________________________________________________________
=======================================================================
BONUS QUESTION
(a) (i) Complete the nuclear reaction below for the β–-decay of Strontium.
89 89 0
38 Sr → 39 X + −1β
[1 mark]
(ii) Use the periodic table to identify element X: Yttrium / Y / 39Y / Y-89 / Yttrium-89
[1 mark]
(iii) By considering the number of protons and neutrons in Strontium and X above
describe what happens in the Strontium nucleus during its β–-decay.
[2 marks]
18 18 0
9F → 8Z + +1β
[1 mark]
7N 8O 9F 10Ne
Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
(ii) Using the extract from the periodic table identify element Z: Oxygen / O / 8O / O-18 / Oxygen-18
[1 mark]
(iii) By considering the number of protons and neutrons in Fluorine and Z above
describe what happens in the Fluorine nucleus during its β+-decay.
[2 marks]
(c) Fluorine-18 is used in PET scans (Positron Emission Tomography).
It is a method used to locate cancer cells in the body.
F-18 is attached to a sugar molecule and injected into the blood.
The patient is then scanned to find the radiation coming out of each part of the body.
(i) Cancer cells are more active and absorb more sugar than normal cells.
What level of radiation would you expect to get from cancer cells compared to normal cells?
Explain.
Higher radiation level because cancer cells absorb more sugar molecules (or similar)
[1 mark]
(ii) F-18 has a half-life of about 2 hours.
Explain why this makes it ideal for the tomography scan described above.
[1 mark]
END
SQ PAPER 9