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HANDBOOK
Introduction
As a skilled designer, architect, specifier, facility manager or enduser, it is important to make informed decisions when specifying
carpets for a project in order to create a visually pleasing and
long-lasting interior environment.
Purpose
The purpose of this handbook is to provide you with the fundamentals of how carpets are made, specified, installed and maintained.
In addition, aspects such as indoor climate benefits and issues
related to environmental management are presented all the basic
information needed to make informed carpet decisions.
We wish you a pleasant read.
CARPET HANDBOOK
OUTLINE
Introduction
Index
1. What to know when s pecifying a carpet? . . . . . . . . . 1-1
2. Introducing ege carpets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
2.1 Development through insight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
2.2 A mission to create well-being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
3. Why choose carpets? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Quality means security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Indoor climate benefits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Hygiene and Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Acoustics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5
4. Tufted and woven carpets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
4.1 Carpet fabric construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Tufting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Weaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Needle punching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5
4.2 Carpet construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
The face yarn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7
The primary backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
Bonding compound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12
The secondary backing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13
Why is specifying carpet backing important? . 4-13
Carpet backing options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14
5. Product concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
5.1. Contract collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3
Highline Express . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4
Designer collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8
Highline Specials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-14
epoca. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15
Casa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-18
Modular Carpet Tiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-19
6. P
roduct specification test and classifications. . . . . . . 6-1
6.1 EN 1307 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2
6.2 EN fire classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-4
6.3 Test symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-6
6.4 Suitability with heated floors, ISO 8302. . . . . . . . 6-8
6.5 Castor chair suitability, EN 985. . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9
6.6 Static electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-10
6.7 Changes in appearance, ISO 10361. . . . . . . . 6-11
7. Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1
7.1 What is quality management? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2
8. Sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1
8.1 Definitions of sustainable development . . . . . . . . 8-2
8.2 Dedicated to sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3
8.3 Environmental policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4
Greenhouse gas account. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Working environment policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
8.4 Systematic environmental management. . . . . . . . . 8-6
8.5 Environmental management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
ISO 14001 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7
EMAS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-8
DS/OHSAS 18001. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
8.6 Environmental certificates and registration . . . . . 8-11
CE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
BRE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-11
LEED. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-12
BASTA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
Danish Indoor Climate Labelling . . . . . . . . . . 8-13
INSTA 800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-14
9. General technical conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Construction data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1
Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2
Colours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Shading. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Pile reversal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
10. Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
Installation methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1
10.1 Method description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3
10.2 General installation conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4
General conditions for installation of
patterned carpets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
A perfectly looking carpet result . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
10.3 Cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-8
10.4 Recommended tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-12
Index
A
A1fl 6-4
A2fl 6-4
AB backing 4-17, 10-10
Acoustics 1-1, 3-1, 3-3, 4-13, 4-15, 4-16, 5-7, 5-21, 5-22
Adhesive 3-5, 4-6, 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-11,
10-14, 10-15, 10-17, 10-18, 10-21, 10-24, 10-25, 10-26,
10-27, 10-28, 10-29, 10-30, 10-31, 10-32, 10-33, 10-34,
10-35
Adjustable carpet cutter 10-13
Allergens 3-2
Anti-bacterial 5-3
Antistatic 3-3, 3-4, 5-17, 6-6, 6-10
Antron Legacy 5-17, 5-21
Appearance 1-1, 3-1, 3-2, 4-8, 4-10, 4-13, 4-18, 5-4, 5-14,
5-17, 5-19, 6-1, 6-2, 6-9, 6-11, 7-1, 10-4, 10-7, 11-1, 11-2
Appearance retention 3-2, 4-18, 5-4, 5-14, 5-17, 5-19, 6-2,
6-9
ATH 4-12
B
Backing 3-5, 4-1, 4-3, 4-4, 4-6, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14,
4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 5-19, 6-2, 6-8, 9-1, 10-1, 10-3, 10-8,
10-9, 10-10, 10-11, 10-12, 10-13, 10-14, 10-16, 10-17,
10-20, 10-24, 10-26, 10-27, 10-28, 10-32, 11-4
Barcode Econyl 70 modular 5-19, 5-21, 5-22
BASTA 8-13
Index 1
BCF 4-9
Class 21 6-3
Bespoke 5-12
Class 22 6-3
Bfl 6-4
Class 23 6-3
Class 31 6-3
Class 32 6-3
Class 33 6-3
Boucle 4-5
Classification 1-1, 3-2, 4-12, 4-18, 5-4, 5-19, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4,
6-6, 6-7, 6-11
C
Carpet 1-1, 2-2, 2-3, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 3-4, 3-5, 4-1, 4-2, 4-3,
4-4, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 4-12, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15,
4-16, 4-17, 4-18, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-8, 5-11, 5-12, 5-14, 5-17,
5-18, 5-19, 5-21, 5-22, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, 6-8, 6-9,
6-10, 6-11, 7-1, 7-2, 8-11, 8-14, 9-1, 9-2, 9-3, 10-1, 10-3,
10-4, 10-5, 10-6, 10-7, 10-8, 10-9, 10-10, 10-11, 10-12,
10-13, 10-14, 10-15, 10-16, 10-17, 10-18, 10-19, 10-20,
10-21, 10-22, 10-23, 10-24, 10-25, 10-26, 10-27, 10-28,
10-29, 10-30, 10-32, 11-1, 11-2, 11-3, 11-4, 11-5
CO2 8-5
Collection 5-2, 5-4, 5-6, 5-7, 5-10, 5-11, 5-14, 5-18, 5-21,
5-22, 5-23, 5-24
Colour fastness 4-8, 4-9, 6-2, 6-7
Combi carpet cutter 10-13
Comfort 2-2, 3-1, 3-2, 3-4, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17,
4-18, 5-1, 5-2, 5-3, 5-7, 5-21, 5-22, 8-12, 8-14, 10-1,
10-10, 10-26, 10-28
CE marked 8-11
Cfl 6-4
Index 2
Index 3
Efl 6-4
Cut pile 4-5, 4-6, 4-8, 4-10, 4-11, 10-8, 10-9, 10-10, 10-12
EN 985 6-9
EN 1815 6-10
EN 9239-1 6-4
EN 11925-2 6-4
Dfl 6-4
EN 14041 8-11
Disinfectant 5-14
Environmental impact 2-2, 3-1, 4-14, 4-18, 6-1, 7-1, 8-3, 8-4,
8-7, 8-11, 8-12, 8-13
Index 4
Index 5
H
Heavy traffic 4-16, 4-17, 5-21, 11-3
Ffl 6-4
HL backing 4-15
I
Impervious 4-12, 4-16, 4-17, 5-14, 10-8, 10-9, 10-11
Indoor climate 1-1, 2-4, 3-1, 3-2, 3-3, 4-17, 4-18, 5-19, 8-6,
8-13, 8-14, 11-3, 11-4
Index 6
Index 7
Mission 2-3
K
Knife with a hooked blade 10-13
Modular 1-1, 2-1, 4-16, 5-3, 5-19, 5-21, 5-22, 5-23, 5-24,
9-2, 10-1, 10-2, 10-29, 10-30, 10-35
Modular express 5-19, 5-23
Monica Ritterband 5-8, 5-11
L
Latex backings 4-14, 10-8, 10-10
Loop 4-4, 4-6, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10, 4-11, 5-14, 8-14, 10-8,
10-16, 10-18, 10-19, 10-21, 10-22
Index 8
Index 9
Q
Quality 1-1, 2-2, 2-3, 2-4, 3-1, 3-2, 3-4, 4-13, 5-1, 5-2,
5-14, 5-15, 5-17, 5-18, 5-21, 6-1, 7-1, 7-2, 8-3, 8-8, 8-13,
8-14, 10-6, 10-8, 10-12
Quality and environmental department 2-2, 3-2, 8-3
Quality management 7-1, 7-2, 10-6
Safety 1-1, 3-1, 3-5, 5-14, 5-17, 6-4, 7-2, 8-5, 8-6, 8-9,
8-10, 8-11
Secondary backing 4-6, 4-13, 10-1
Sense 5-4, 5-7
Shading 9-1, 9-3
Soft Landscapes 5-8, 5-10
Spinning 4-10
Stain protection 5-14
Staple yarn 4-9, 4-10
Static electricity 3-3, 3-4, 6-10
Stitches per inch 4-4
Sustainable development 2-2, 8-1, 8-2, 8-3, 8-8, 8-12
Synthetic fibres 4-7, 4-8, 4-9, 4-10
Synthetic SBR-Latex 4-14
T
Tackifier 4-16, 10-29, 10-30, 10-31, 10-34, 10-35
Tackifying 10-2, 10-3, 10-14, 10-17, 10-20, 10-24, 10-26,
10-29
Tempo modular 5-19, 5-22
R
Recommended tools 10-12
Test 3-2, 5-14, 6-1, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5, 6-6, 6-7, 6-9, 6-10,
6-11, 9-1, 11-5
S
s1 6-4
s2 6-4
Index 10
Index 11
U
Underfoot comfort 3-4, 4-13, 4-14, 4-15, 4-16, 4-17, 10-10
V
Vision 2-1, 2-3
Visual Texture 5-8, 5-10
W
Warp 4-4, 4-5
Wear resistance 2-2, 4-8, 4-13, 5-14, 5-17
Weaving 4-2, 4-3, 4-4, 4-9
Weft 4-4, 4-5
Considerations
Carpet construction
Design and colour
Broadloom and modular carpet options
Quality and performance requirements
Indoor climate properties (insulation, acoustics, safety)
Environmental properties
X
XL backing 4-15, 10-8, 10-10
Y
Yellow edge cutter 10-13
Index 12
Chapter 1-1
Chapter 2-1
No limitations
Responsibility
Since being founded in 1938, ege has been driven by three key
words: beauty, strength and well-being. Consideration for the environment has always been a natural part of our work. We feel that
there is more to running a successful business than just achieving
positive results at the bottom line. Continuously improving our ethical, social and environmental responsibilities are equally important.
We wish to run a responsible business which is beneficial to our
employees, our clients, the society and our surroundings. A harmonious interaction between responsibility and business is therefore
an essential part of our corporate strategy.
Environmental consideration
At ege, we are determined to take active responsibility for our impact on the environment surrounding us. Thus, environmental work
is an integral part of our corporate philosophy. We continuously
implement measures with the purpose of positively diminishing our
environmental impact. We have therefore implemented stringent
environmental management systems, e.g. ISO 14001 and EMAS,
to help ensure low environmental impact of our production and our
products; from the cradle to the grave.
Chapter 2-2
We help our clients by providing beautiful and strong carpet solutions creating well-being.
Vision
A vision to be in front
Chapter 2-3
What do we do differently? We have a high opinion of the carpets we supply. Unconditional quality and the sheer joy of great
design drive us.
Identity
With a wide variety of styles, textures and construction types available, carpet is a good choice for almost any interior environment.
When properly specified, installed and maintained, a carpet will
maintain its beauty and durability for many years. In addition, it
adds a number of significant benefits to the indoor climate.
Style
Quality
Comfort
Hygiene
Cleaning
Indoor climate
Acoustics
Energy
Safety
Style
Todays carpet offers a variety of carpet styles and colours allowing you to choose colours and patterns perfectly matching your project, whether it be vibrant and expressive colours,
heavy patterns or organic patterns in neutral, subdued colours.
Dye injection
technology
Using high velocity dye injection technology is an advanced dyeing solution which makes sense in todays demanding commercial
market. By working with dye injection technology, you are offered
a fast, cost effective, cutting edge and high design solution.
Chapter 2-4
Chapter 3-1
No compromises
Thorough testing
Acoustics
Today, many companies and organisations choose to implement
open space office environments. Knowledge sharing, co-operation
and flexibility are but a few of the many advantages to be gained
from implementing such office environments. Unfortunately, without
consideration for a number of elements in the interior design there
may be a downside to the large open spaces.
The vast majority of our time is spent indoors. The indoor environment therefore plays an important role in our general well-being,
health and productivity at work and in our spare time.
Sound absorbing
Some of the major indoor climate problems are related to emissions of vapour from building materials and equipment. Studies1
have shown that carpets are better at trapping allergens than hard
surfaces, because carpet fibres catch particles and allergens that
fall to the floor. When allergens are trapped in the carpet, they cannot circulate in the air. Proper cleaning with an approved vacuum
cleaner effectively removes the dirt and dust from the carpet, and
keeps it out of the air.
A study carried out by the Danish National Institute of Occupational Health3 indicates that more than half of all employees working in open-space office environments are negatively affected by
noise. Telephone conversations, footsteps and chairs being pulled
back and forth are sounds which, when ignored in the interior design, may lead to an uncomfortable working environment having
a negative impact on employees ability to concentrate and work
effectively. This may ultimately lead to increased absence. Noise
and poor acoustics should therefore be deadened to create optimal conditions for well-being. Carpets provide good acoustical aid
in the efforts to reduce noise, by absorbing the majority of sound
that strikes them, rather than reflecting it.
Static electricity
Problems with static electricity in the indoor climate are often asso
ciated with the charging of a person and the subsequent unpleasant discharging which may be felt as sparks or shocks. Static
electricity is an inevitable factor. However, by carefully arranging
furniture and appropriate choice of materials, it is possible to reduce static charges to a level that does not cause discomfort.
easy cleaning
comfort
low emission
Proper cleaning is a precondition for proper indoor air quality and
thereby, a healthy indoor climate. Suspended dust particles in the
air may cause a number of symptoms such as eye irritation and air
passages, infections and headaches.
Permantly antistatic
2 T . Behrens,W. Maziak, S.K. Weiland, P. Rzehak, E. Siebert, U. Keil, Symptoms of Asthma and the Home Environment. The ISAAC I and III Cross-Sectional Surveys in Mnster, Germany, Int. Arch Allergy Immunol Vol. 137, page
53-61, 2005
3 N
FA (previously Arbejdsmiljinstituttet), Stj fra menneskelig aktivitet et
udredningsarbejde, 2006
Chapter 3-2
Chapter 3-3
Safety
The physiological effect of carpets can be compared with walking on grass or woodland floors. Leading orthopaedic specialists
recommend carpets because they prevent back pains and injuries
to joints. Due to the orthopaedic advantages it is a sensible choice
to choose carpets in institutions such as hospitals, nursing homes,
old peoples homes and schools.
Carpets from ege contain conductive fibres, which make them permanently antistatic. As a consequence they do not contribute to the
charging of static electricity. On the contrary, carpets divert some
of the charging which normally occurs in places where people live.
Energy
Thermal insulation
Save money
Better foothold
6 C
ayless, SM, Slip, trip and fall accidents: relationship to building features
and coroners report, Applied Ergonomics, page 32 (2), 155-62;2001
7 H
ayley, France, Does flooring type affect risk of injury in order in-patients?,
Nursing Times (July), Vol. 90:40-41.
Chapter 3-4
Chapter 3-5
Chapter 4-1
Tufting
Weaving
Needle punching
Tufting
Fast production
time
Key steps
Y
arn comes from cones on creel racks (or from big spools
called beams) into the machine
The primary backing feeds into the machine
Yarn and primary backing come together in the machine
Yarn is fed through needles on a needle bar of a tufting
machine
Needles repeatedly penetrate or tuft into the primary
backing
Carpet is rolled onto large rolls for the next step (whether
its to be dyed or to be backed)
Chapter 4-2
Chapter 4-3
binding of pile. The backs of woven carpets are usually manufactured of jute and cotton, polypropylene may also be present. The
yarn is usually of 80 % wool and 20 % Polyamide, 100 % wool
or any type of synthetic yarn. Woven carpets are made either with
cut pile or with boucle and offers great choice in terms of colours
and patterns.
Density
Gauge
The density of the carpet is determined by the number of tufts per
inch when counting across the width of the carpet. The density or
positioning of yarn is defined as the distance between two adjacent needle points. For example, an 1/8 gauge carpet has eight
tuft rows per inch of a width.
Loop
Standard gauge
Coarse gauge
1/2
Fine gauge
1/8
3/3
1/10
5/16
1/12
1/4
5/64
3/16
1/16
5/32
Figure 1: Overview of gauge
Stitches
Hight
Needle punching
Blanket-like product
Needles
Tuft height
Tuft height is generally measured from surface of the primary backing to the top of tufted yarn. Adjustments in this property can affect
the pile yarn weight.
Weaving
There are several methods of weaving and several types of looms.
Weaving is a method in which two distinct sets of yarn or threads,
called the warp and the filling or weft are interlaced with each
other to form a fabric or cloth. The warp threads run lengthways of
the piece of cloth and the weft run across from side to side.
Weaving
techniques
Chapter 4-4
Warp
Weft
Chapter 4-5
Fibres
Selection of fibres and yarn affects the end use performance of the
carpet. Almost all carpets produced today are produced from one
of the following six pile fibres. These can be divided into natural
fibres and synthetic fibres as shown below:
Natural carpet fibres
Wool
Cotton
Cut pile
Primary backing
fabric
Wool and cotton are the predominant natural carpet fibres used in
todays carpet production. Cotton is primarily used for rugs and mats
whereas wool is used for both residential and commercial carpets.
Natural fibres
Description
Advantages
Wool
Animal fibre
Renewable
Durable
Secondary backing
Resilient
Bonding compound
Heat insulating
Elasticity/flexibility
The face yarn can be either cut pile, loop pile or a combination
of both. In tufting, the primary backing is a woven or non-woven
fabric in which the pile yarn is inserted by the needles in the tufting machine. The bonding compound is an adhesive which secures the yarn to the primary backing. The secondary backing, or
cushion, is added to provide further stability to the carpet structure.
Various types of high performance backing systems provide additional carpet properties such as imperviousness to moisture and
resistance to edge fray.
These four components of tufted carpets are presented in the following sections.
Anti-soiling
Luxurious feel
Cotton
Vegetable fibre
Wear resistant
Fastness to light
Man-made means
Chapter 4-6
Chapter 4-7
Synthetic fibres
Description
Advantages
Synthetic fibres
Description
Advantages
Nylon or
Durable
Resilient
Colour fastness
Elasticity
Form stability
Versatile in colour possibilities
Excellent colour fastness
Excellent colour clarity
Polyester (PES)
Strength
Colour clarity
Durable
Anti-soiling
Elasticity
Form stability
Excellent colour clarity
Excellent colour fastness
Noted for luxurious
hand
Polyamide (PA)
Fade resistant
Stain resistant
Favourably priced
Good colour fastness
due to solution dyed
material
Yarn construction
Wool-like characteristics
Less expensive
Resistant to mould and
mildew
Easy to dye in bright
colours
Fast drying
Fairly stain resistant
Yarns
BCF
BCF
BCF is an abbreviated form for bulked continuous filament yarn
referring to synthetic fibres in a continuous form. Filament can be
used for either cut or loop pile carpet constructions.12
10 The Carpet and Rug Institute, The Carpet Primer, page 1-9, 2003 + Teknologisk Institut, Tr og Textil, Tekstil Brugsegenskaber og vedligeholdelse,
page 25-34, 2008
11 Antron Carpet Fibre: http://antron.eu/en/content/resources/carpet_
glossary/ant06_03_14.shtml
12 Antron Carpet Fibre: http://antron.eu/en/content/resources/carpet_
glossary/ant06_03_02.shtml
Chapter 4-8
Chapter 4-9
Staple yarn
Staple yarn are short fibres comprising all natural carpet fibres with
the exception of silk and all synthetic fibres cut into shorter fibres.13
Staple yarn
Various carpet face styles can be selected. Each style has its own
characteristics adding a certain look to the final carpet solution.
Below, some of the most commonly used carpet face styles are
listed and described.
Plush (velour)
Saxony
Frieze
Description
Primary backing
Gripper
15 The Carpet and Rug Institute, The Carpet Primer, page 1-10, 2003
Chapter 4-10
Chapter 4-11
As illustrated above, the carpet is produced with the primary backing facing upwards. The density of the carpet is determined by the
density of the needles, also known as gauge.16
Important decision
When the carpet is tufted and dyed, and the bonding compound
has been applied, it is time to add the carpet backing to the carpet.
Face
Primary backing
Precoat
Secondary backing
Carpet strength
Uniformity of the pile surface
Retention of pile yarn during production
Pattern stability
Bonding compound
Carpet
characteristics
Chapter 4-12
Properties
Underfoot comfort
Isolating properties
Wear resistance
Acoustics
Footstep suppression
Fire resistance
Integrated underlay
Chapter 4-13
ege offers a wide variety of high performance backing alternatives, specially developed to match high performance requirements
of the demanding contract market. The variety of alternatives makes
it possible for clients to find backing solutions matching demands
of any project. eges carpet backings hold different characteristics
which are specified on the basis of end-use requirements such as:
Performance standard
Underfoot comfort
Noise absorption
Traffic suitability
Low environmental impact
Carpet backings from ege can be divided into two backing types:
Latex backings
Textile backings
No softner or
solvents
Latex backings
Backing type
Use areas
Installation method
Approx.
thickness
Density
CL Contract
Latex
Direct stick
ege easy release system
1.5 mm
Dense
Soft
Soft
Soft
LL Luxury
Latex
Soft
CL Contract Latex
The CL backing is a dense latex backing suited for high traffic contract use. The backing offers performance benefits ensuring good
underfoot comfort, improved acoustics and enhanced ergonomics.
In addition, the CL backing offers castor chair suitability, making
the backing highly suited for use in heavily trafficked areas.
The backing is created as an integrated underlay, meaning that no
additional underlay is required. The carpet can therefore be fixed
directly to the subfloor.
DL Domestic Latex
The DL backing is developed for low traffic areas, such as residential areas, to increase underfoot comfort and sound absorption.
The soft carpet backing in combination with the textile carpet surface allows for a reduction of room temperature of approximately
2-3 C without the room feeling colder.
The reduction of temperature is made possible due to the carpets
good insulating properties which, in comparison to other flooring
solutions, keep heat in more effectively. The carpet fibres act as
natural thermal insulators due to low heat conduction. This means
that a carpeted floor does not draw warmth from the feet to the
same extent as hard flooring solutions. Additionally, the surface
pile of the carpet, containing millions of tiny fibres, traps air which
further increases thermal insulation.
HL High Latex
The HL backing is suited for low traffic areas such as guest bedrooms in hotels. The high latex backing provides high underfoot
comfort. The soft and springy fibres add a cushion like effect to the
floor surface. The soft construction makes it possible for the surface
to adapt itself according to the movements of the foot and thus,
divides the body weight evenly on the joints.
XL Extra Latex
The XL backing is suited for low traffic areas, such as residential
areas or guest bedrooms in hotels. The thickness of the backing
provides underfoot comfort, acoustical absorption and thermal insulation.
LL Luxury latex
The LL backing is a latex backing, suited to low traffic areas, such
as hotel bedrooms. The backing offers performance benefits ensuring luxurious underfoot comfort, improved acoustics and enhanced
ergonomics. In comparison with CL, LL is less dense and is specially suited for use in guest rooms in hotels.
Chapter 4-15
Textile backings
All textile backings consist of polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA),
polyester (PES), or blends. All are PVC free.
Backing type
Use areas
Installation methods
Approx.
thickness
Material
WT Woven
Textile
Heavy traffic
Contract
Direct stick
ege easy release system
Double stick on underlay
Stretched on grippers
1.5 mm
PP
IP Impervious
Heavy traffic
Contract
Direct stick
ege easy release system
1.5 mm
PP
AB Acousti Back
Heavy traffic
Contract
Direct stick
Wet Fixation
4 mm
PA+PES
MOD 750
modular
Heavy traffic
Contract
Tackifier
6.5 mm
PES
MOD 350
modular
Heavy traffic
Contract
Tackifier
2.6 mm
PES
CF300 Comfort
Back
Heavy traffic
Contract
PES
Chapter 4-16
Chapter 4-17
5. Product concepts
terial free of PVC and bitumen. MOD 750 is suited for heavy
contract use.
With an aim of being the trendsetting supplier to the most demanding parts of the market, ege is continuously on the lookout for new
trends and developments within the business. A strategy which also
highly influences the way new carpet concepts are developed.
Benefits
Description
Improved installation
Lighter and easier to handle with no scuff marks to skirtings and door jambs
High flexibility
Low weight
Improved ergonomics
Advanced dyeing
plants
Total freedom of
design
Anti-soil protection
Design flexibility
Technological lead
At ege, we have long-standing tradition of applying the latest technology available within carpet production, and we have one of
the most advanced dyeing plants for textile floorings at our disposal. With great know-how, specially developed fabrics, innovative design possibilities and highly effective logistics, we are able
to offer each client the possibility of creating individual and unique
carpet solutions even in very small quantities.
Anything is possible
Chapter 4-18
Chapter 5-1
IDEA
DEVELOPMENT
SAMPLES
APPROVAL
ORDER
PRODUCTION
DELIVERY
RESULT
1. IDEA: Your ideas and thoughts are presented and the design
process begins.
2. DEVELOPMENT: The carpet solution is created. Designs,
colours and qualities are considered.
3. SAMPLES: Carpet samples in the exact carpet quality are
made and colours and designs are subsequently adjusted
until the client is satisfied.
4. APPROVAL: The client approves the design, colours and
quality.
5. ORDER: The order is placed.
6. PRODUCTION: Less than three weeks from receipt of order,
the final carpet is ready for dispatch.
7. DELIVERY: The carpet is delivered and ready for installation.
8. RESULT: The carpet is installed and identity, comfort and
atmosphere are added to the space.
Now that you have been introduced to the design process the
rest of this chapter is dedicated to introduce our different contract
concepts and collections.
Each concept is initially introduced by a detailed figure enlisting
qualities, features and benefits of the different collections in the
present concept. This is followed by a description of each collection in a few words.
Chapter 5-2
For the contract market, ege has developed a wide range of carpet
concepts tailored to fit the requirements of a demanding market.
Highline Express
Designer collections
Highline Specials
Performance
epoca
Casa
Modular
Most carpet concepts from ege can be produced in different qualities to match budget and demands in terms of wear-resistance, footstep noise suppression, comfort, insulating properties, fire-resistance
performance and anti-bacterial properties. These demands can all
be met without limiting the clients freedom in terms of colours and
design.
Chapter 5-3
Highline Express
Highline Express
With the ege Highline Express concept, it is possible to choose between thousands of designs from the ege design bank and experiment with colour keys to create expressions tailored to each project.
The Highline Express designs can be produced in a variety of
contract qualities which are compliant to the very latest and most
stringent of standards for wear life classification and long term
appearance retention EN 1307. The Highline Express concepts
consist of the following collections:
Cosmopolitan
Metropolitan
Nature/Super Nature
FUNKYGRAPHIC
NONO no noise runners
Sense
DESIGN SPOT*
Sense RF52751355
Chapter 5-4
Highline
Highline
Highline
Highline
1400 g/m 1100 g/m 1100 g/m 910 g/m
Highline
750 g/m
Highline
630 g/m
Highline
loop E16
Highline
loop
80/20
wool rich
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
80/20
wool rich
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
Recolour
options
No minimum Sample
order
service
requirements
Dispatch
Cosmopolitan
24 hours
1,5 week
Metropolitan
24 hours
1,5 week
Nature/
Super Nature
24 hours
1,5 week
FUNKYGRAPHIC
24 hours
1,5 week
NONO no
noise runners
24 hours
1,5 week
Sense
24 hours
1,5 week
RF5285064
RF5295150
Cosmopolitan
Metropolitan
RF52952332
Nature/Super Nature
RF5275082
FUNKYGRAPHIC
RF52754719
RF52751367
With more than 253 designs available in 637 colour versions, the
Cosmopolitan Collection is a perfect choice for creating variations
on a theme. With floral decorations and embroideries, modern ara
besque ornaments, majestic banqueting and multicultural designs,
the classic patterns create historical ambiances and remarkable
interiors. All with matching borders, runners and corridors, which
can be combined in complex buildings without compromising on
neither the colour theme nor on the style chosen for the space.
Sense
DESIGN SPOT
Nature/Super Nature
The Nature/Super Nature collection is inspired by the nature surrounding us, stretching from lifelike photographic images to graphic
abstracts of nature. Nature/Super Nature is a unique concept,
offering a multitude of design possibilities perfectly suited for a
wide range of interior design projects. A contemporary collection
composed of 37 designs and 127 colour versions reflecting current
trends and making it easy to create innovative interiors.
FUNKYGRAPHIC
Reflecting current trends and high fashion impulses, the FUNKYGRAPHIC collection from ege makes it easy to create innovative
interior design concepts.
The collection presents 27 different designs in 185 colour versions, which are created on the basis of a graphical retro style
and spiced with oblique angles and new ways of seeing things.
FUNKYGRAPHIC is a trendy, hip and all the way through unconventional design collection.
Chapter 5-6
Chapter 5-7
Designer collections
Designer collections
Ert
Visual Texture by Conran & Partners
Soft Landscapes by Marco Piva
Marco Piva Rugs
Monica Ritterband contract
Chapter 5-8
Ert
Highline
Highline
Highline
Highline
1400 g/m 1100 g/m 1100 g/m 910 g/m
Highline
750 g/m
Highline
630 g/m
Highline
loop E16
Highline
loop
80/20
wool rich
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
80/20
wool rich
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
Recolour
options
No minimum Sample
order
service
requirements
Visual Texture by
Conran & Partners
Soft Landscapes
by Marco Piva
24 hours
1,5 week
24 hours
1,5 week
24 hours
1,5 week
2,5 weeks
24 hours
RF5220124
Ert
RF52201002M
Visual Texture
by Conran & Partners
RF5222100S
Soft Landscapes
by Marco Piva
060605549
056254530
Monica Ritterband
contract
Dispatch
RF52751367
1,5 week
Ert
The famous Russian couturier and artist Ert had major influence
on the style and design of the 20th Century, and his achievements
earned him the title Father of Art Deco. The influence of Erts
style and the demand for his art live on. The designs in the Ert
Collection are inspired by his work and are available with ege
exclusively in 36 designs and 387 colour versions.
The Danish multi artist Monica Ritterband has designed the Dancers
collection, available as broadloom, rugs and tiles. With tiles, the
client is able to choose not only combination of designs and colours but also the size and shape of the rug or carpet.
Tiles can be used as a wall-to-wall solution or combined as a rug
on a wood or stone floor. The carpet tile concept provides the
opportunity of creating a work of art on the floor a dynamic
work of art which easily can bechanged. Tiles can be placed in
a rectangle or in an L shape and they can easily be removed to
change either the shape or colour combination.
With Dancers, ege breaks with conventions and sets new standards for the design, size, colour and shape of carpets. The collection is an excellent example of eges tradition of breaking new
ground by collaborating with artists to produce innovative and unconventional carpet designs.
Chapter 5-10
Chapter 5-11
Highline Specials
eges Highline Specials concept makes it easy to create individually designed carpet solutions and colours.
Highline Specials
Chapter 5-12
Highline
Highline
Highline
Highline
1400 g/m 1100 g/m 1100 g/m 910 g/m
Highline
750 g/m
Highline
630 g/m
Highline
loop E16
Highline
loop
80/20
wool rich
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
Highline
Specials
80/20
wool rich
100 %
Polyamide
100 %
Polyamide
Bowlcenter France
epoca
Performance
Performance 0600216
Specifying carpet for healthcare facilities and areas exposed to
disinfectants requires a carpet which complies with a set of specific
requirements, including durability, appearance retention, maintenance and safety.
Performance is a unique carpet concept specially developed for
areas imposed to high performance requirements. ege Performance
twins high protection and great style with outstanding performance
benefits, making the collection an ideal choice for hospitals, nursing
homes, health clubs and hotel rooms, which all are subjected to
high demands in terms of ensuring a visually pleasing, safe and
long-lasting flooring solution. Performance is available in 18 designs and 492 colour versions.
Choosing ege Performance you are guaranteed a flooring solution
offering:
No minimum order
requirements
Heavy use
Performance Cut
Performance Loop
Extra
heavy use
Sample
service
Dispatch
4 days
2,5 weeks
4 days
2,5 weeks
epoca compact
Scandinavian design is truly unique. It is visionary and built on
the beauty of strong, progressive craftsmanship.LikeScandinavian
quality design, eges epoca concept is well-establishedthroughout
the world.
Inspired by Scandinavian minimalism, the epoca concept is a perfect choice for modern and elegant office environments, which call
for something extra.
epoca
epoca
epoca
epoca
epoca
epoca
epoca
epoca
Chapter 5-14
Chapter 5-15
classic
pro
compact
globe
accent
chess
checkers
ribs
Colours
Recolour options
from 200 m2
No minimum
Extra
order requirements heavy use
Sample
service
Dispatch*
epoca classic
30
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca pro
17
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca compact
17
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca globe
17
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca accent
13
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca chess
16
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca checkers
18
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca ribs
18
24 hours
2,5 weeks
epoca checkers
epoca collections
n
n
t
epoca classic
Chapter 5-17
Casa
Casa is a broadloom collection aimed at clients who need a carpet solution more affordable than eges regular design products. It
is a flat woven broadloom carpet aimed at the contract marked.
Casa is a 100 % solution dyed product made of 100 % solution
dyed Polyamide.
From
20.000 m
No minimum order
requirements
Extra
heavy
use
Sample
service
Dispatch
24 hours 24 hours*
Chapter 5-18
Chapter 5-19
Highline
1400 g/m
Highline
1100 g/m
Highline
630 g/m
Highline
loop E16
Highline
loop
MOD
750
MOD
350
80/20
wool rich
100%
Polyamide
100%
Polyamide
100%
Polyamide
100%
Polyamide
backing backing
Colours
Stock
colours
Colours
not in
stock from
200 m2
Extra Sample
heavy service
use
for stock
qualities
Dispatch for
non-stock
qualities,
min. 200 m2
epoca classic
modular*
30
15
24 hours
3,5 weeks
epoca profile
modular*
12
24 hours
4,5 weeks
epoca nordic
modular
18
24 hours
3,5 weeks
Barcode
Econyl 70
modular
12
24 hours
3,5 weeks
Contra
modular
24 hours
3,5 weeks
Contra stripe
modular
24 hours
3,5 weeks
Highline twist
modular*
24
24 hours
3,5 weeks
Tempo
modular*
24 hours
24 hours**
Modular
express
CITYSCAPES
Highline
modular
definitions
Carr
modular
48 hours
3,5 weeks
48 hours
3,5 weeks
48 hours
4,5 weeks
48 hours
3,5 weeks
e
,
Chapter 5-21
Modular express
Contra modular
Modular express makes it possible to adapt each room to the continuous changes a building goes through over time.
CITYSCAPES
The Highline twist modular collection is well suited for all areas,
and widely used in shops due to the high durability and good
comfort. Highline twist modular is available in 24 colours. For orders above 200 m, Highline twist is also available in broadloom.
Tempo modular
Tempo is a tile collection aimed at clients who need a carpet solution more affordable than eges regular design products. Tempo is
eges first 100 % solution dyed modular product for the contract
market, made of 100 % solution dyed Polyamide.
Tempo distinguishes itself by being cheaper than eges other pro
ducts and by being less flexible. The reduced flexibility is primarily
seen in terms of requirement for special colours where the minimum
order requirement is 20.000 m.
Tempo modular withstands soiling, frequent spills and stains, exposure to intense sunlight, and harsh chemicals. It comes in 5 colours
aimed at the commercial market. For orders above 200 m, Tempo
modular is also available in broadloom.
Chapter 5-22
Chapter 5-23
Carr modular
The Carr modular collection is a collection of exclusive modules
in size 48 x 48 cm offering modern modular designs in 7 colour
combinations.
Functionality, durability and expression were key thoughts in
creating Carr modular. The diversity of pattern, scale and colour
of the collection makes it possible to create expressive flooring
solutions that leave lasting impressions. Strong colours with high
contrast can be used to make an expressive statement. Shades of
greys, neutrals and blues can be used to create a classical and
subdued expression.
6. P
roduct specification test
and classifications
Being able to select the right carpet, it is important for the carpet
specifier to understand the various elements associated with carpet
performance. For example, the construction of the carpet should
match requirements of the use and traffic of the area.
It is important not to rely on one single construction factor when
determining whether a carpet fulfils the requirements of the project.
Instead, interaction between specification elements should be considered.
In each life cycle stage of a carpet it is possible to reduce environmental impact and to improve the performance of the product. The
longer a carpet maintains its appearance, the less need there is
for replacement and disposal. Thus, specifying high quality carpets
plays an important role in reducing environmental impact.
With this chapter you gain insight into the different tests and classifications the carpets from ege are certified in accordance with.
Chapter 5-24
Chapter 6-1
6.1 EN 1307
The European standard for test and classification of textile floorings, EN 1307, is a common European standard rating carpet
products on long term appearance retention. Carpets from ege
are all tested and subsequently classified in accordance with the
EN 1307 standard.
Perform EN 1307
testing
eges laboratory is equipped to perform EN 1307 testing, however, normally test results from independent testing laboratories are
applied to ensure carpet classifications and specifications which
are based on impartial testing results. The ege laboratory is thus
primarily used in connection with product development activities
and in product check-ups to ensure that products conform to specifications at all times.
In order for a carpet product to be EN 1307 certified, the carpet must go through an extensive testing programme. EN 1307
test methods are used to determine both identification and perfor
mance characteristics of the carpet.
Class 23
Domestic heavy usage suited for living rooms, entrance halls, hallways and offices.
Identification characteristics
Class 31
Moderate usage suited for storage rooms, stores, hotel rooms,
churches, residential facilities, conference and meeting rooms,
living rooms, restaurants and function rooms.
Basic requirements
Performance characteristics
Contract classes:
Class 32
Normal usage suited for libraries, cinemas, theatres, stores, institutions, cafeterias, canteens, computer rooms, airplanes, offices,
financial institutions, nursing homes, restaurants, function rooms,
educational institutions, trains and busses.
Additional requirements
Class 33
Heavy usage suited for departure halls, air terminals, cinemas,
theatres, department stores, institutions, cafeterias, service areas,
elevators, airplanes, hotel reception halls, entrance areas, educational institutions, trains and busses.
Chapter 6-2
Chapter 6-3
Additional requirements are imposed on carpet tiles. These requirements include total carpet weight, dimension, variation of size,
squareness and straightness of edges, curling, damage at cut edge
and dimensional stability.
Nordic countries have taken the decision to completely ban the use
of brominated flame retardants such as Deca-BDE.
A1fl
A2fl
Bfl
Cfl
Dfl
Efl
Ffl
Fire testing
When fire testing a carpet, the radiant panel test is often applied.
Here, the carpet sample is placed horizontally under a radiant
panel in a test cabinet. When the sample has been preheated, a
flame is directed to it, after which the degree of flame spread and
smoke development can be determined.
These classes are based on the results of flame spread tests conducted in a radiant panel test according to EN 9239-1 and a test
of flammability according to EN 11925-2. In addition to these two
tests, a test of the smoke formation is conducted. Here, the A2fl,
Bfl, Cfl and Dfl are supplied with either s1 or s2, depending on
the degree of smoke formation (s1 = very limited smoke formation,
s2 = limited smoke formation).
Cfl-s1 as minimum
Authority approval
Added safety
Chapter 6-4
Chapter 6-5
Colour resistance
Colour fastness
Colour fastness tests can be divided into three test types; dry rubbing, wet rubbing and wet spot resistance.
Dry rubbing
The purpose of the dry rubbing test is to test whether the colour of
the carpet yarns is changed or whether the colours of the carpet
colour the white cotton pieces when rubbed against the carpet.
When testing is completed, any change in colour is assessed together with the degree of smearing by comparing the cotton with
a standard grey scale from 1-5, where 5 is the best result.
Wet rubbing
The purpose of the wet rubbing test is to investigate the carpets
tendency to leave any traces on wet, white fabric, when this is
rubbed against the carpets face.
Permanently antistatic
Fire classification:
In most European countries, class Cfl-s1 is required before a carpet
can be used in escape routes.
Chapter 6-6
When testing is completed, any change in colour is assessed together with the degree of smearing by comparing the cotton with
a standard grey scale from 1-5, where 5 is the best result.
Wet spot resistance
The purpose of the wet spot resistance test is to test whether the
carpet changes colour visibly when affected by water.
When the carpet has been dried after testing, any colour change
is assessed against a standard grey scale from 1-5, where 5 is the
best result.
Light fastness
Chapter 6-7
Insulating effect
Definition
Example
Rotating bench
Experience has shown that most carpet types have a heat transfer
resistance of between:
0.07 and 0.25 m x C/W
Carpet and
flooring heating
Carpets can be used in rooms with floor heating if the heat transfer
resistance is less than:
0.17 m x C/W
Most ege carpets are suitable for use with floor heating, except
thick wool carpets and carpets with thick foam backing, which
insulate too much due to high heat transfer resistance.
Chapter 6-8
Chapter 6-9
To ensure permanently antistatic properties, all ege contract carpets are made from conductive fibres. As a consequence, ege
carpets do not contribute to the charging of static electricity.
Vettermann
Drum test
Test method
No static shocks
The Vettermann Drum test is applied for detecting changes in appearance. The test is intended to simulate heavy, focused footfall.
Foot traffic tends to be concentrated around doorways or narrow
passages between desks. By simulating walkways, the Vettermann
Drum test provides an indication of the carpets ability to retain its
appearance.
The carpet sample for testing is fixed inside a revolving metal drum
where a heavy ball of approximately 7.5 kg, covered in hard rubber is placed inside the drum and is allowed to bounce around
freely in the metal drum. The carpet sample is subjected to two
tests, one of 5,000 rotations, and one of 22,000 rotations.
Evaluation
=
=
=
=
=
No change
Insignificant change
Clear change
Considerable change
Heavy change
kV
-15
Measurement with
standard polyamide
-10
-5
-2
0
Measurement with
ege's own fibres
0
10
Chapter 6-10
20
30
40
50
60 Number of steps
Chapter 6-11
7. Quality
High quality assurance plays an important role in a companys
efforts to maintain client satisfaction while aiming to reduce environmental impact. In each stage of a products life cycle, environmental impact can be reduced by systematically striving at improving
the performance of the product. The longer a carpet maintains its
appearance, the less the need becomes for replacement.
ISO 9001
Chapter 7-1
8. Sustainability
Quality management can be divided into three main components: Quality control, quality assurance and quality improvement.
Quality management therefore not only focuses on product quality,
but also on how product quality is achieved.
ISO standards
Constant
improvement
With this chapter you gain insight into how ege works with sustainable development and environmental improvements at all times.
ISO 9001
ege certificate
Chapter 7-2
Chapter 8-1
Definition
development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
This definition has become one of the most frequently quoted definitions of sustainable development. The field of sustainable development can be broken into three parts:
Three parts
Systematic work
Meet future
demands
Profit
Economic
Ecoefficiency
Equity
Sustainable
People
Social
Liveability
Planet
Environmental
Sustainable development
17 UN, The World Commission on Environment and Development, Our Common Future, 1987
Chapter 8-2
Chapter 8-3
A greenhouse gas account is an account for the companys total emissions of CO2. eges greenhouse gas account, that documents the concerns contribution to global warming, is calculated
in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas Protocol, developed by
World Business Council for Sustainable Development and World
Resources Institute.
Through determined effort and stipulation of environmental objectives, ege wants to work to prevent and reduce environmental impact caused by production, use and disposal of our products and
to continuously improve the effort within the working environment
area.
Objectives
T rain and motivate staff to perform their tasks in an environmentally appropriate manner
Promote dialogue between management and staff
In the efforts made to ensure improvements of the working environment, the working environment policy is targeted in the light of
the most important working environment related problems, which
have been defined for ege as a workplace. These problems have
been defined on the basis of completed workplace assessments
according to guidelines outlined by the Danish Working Environment Service.
Product information
Inform users of our products of environmental impact
through product declarations
The public
Promote openness and dialogue between the company
and the public
Meet law and authority requirements and other requirements having an impact on the environment and the working environment
Prepare an environmental report containing environmental
objectives and environmental policies
Prepare a greenhouse gas account with details about
eges emissions of greenhouse gases
The environmental report is published together with the corporate
annual accounts and is communicated to all persons working for
or on behalf of the organisation. The greenhouse gas account is
published once a year, starting in 2008/09.
Chapter 8-4
The general objective of the working environment policy is to ensure a healthy and safe working environment through close liaison
between company management and staff. ege will strive to be a
stimulating and attractive workplace, where responsibility for oneself and for ones colleagues is given pride of place. This means
not only complying with current rules and laws, but also ensuring
that a forward looking working environment policy is pursued.
A suitable job
Chapter 8-5
In our determination to be a responsible company, systematic environment management is of great importance. As employer, we
bear the formal responsibility for the well-being and physical working environment of our staff. We believe that in a healthy and
good working environment, the employee is committed and shows
sense of responsibility. At the same time, it is important that each
employee is acknowledged for his or her qualifications and for the
efforts performed on a daily basis.
International production companies consume large amounts of water, energy and resources. In addition, they generate various types
of wastes. Therefore, it is possible to achieve both cost savings and
environmental performance improvements by increasing efficiency.
Status report
Proactive approach
ISO 14001
The ISO 14000 family of standards primarily addresses aspects
of environmental management. ISO 14001, which was implemented at ege in 1996, specifies requirements for an environmental management system and enables the company to constantly
develop and implement policies and objectives which take into
account legal requirements and environmental aspects. With ISO
14001, ege is required to take a hard look at all areas where the
companys activities have an environmental impact.
ISO 14001 was launched in 1996 and revised in 2004. The
standard is one of the most dominating standards within environmental management in the world. To receive certification, the company needs to comply with various demands related to the environmental management system:
Environmental policy
Planning
Implementation and operation
Control and corrective actions
Management review
While ISO 14001 and The Eco- Management and Audit Scheme
(EMAS) share the same objective of providing good environmental
management, they are different in a number of ways. For example,
ISO 14001 does not, as EMAS, undertake an initial environmental
review. EMAS is thus more comprehensive in nature. ege, therefore, also holds EMAS registration.
Chapter 8-6
Chapter 8-7
EMAS
The Eco-Management and Audit Scheme, also known as EMAS,
is a voluntary market based instrument designed to encourage
better environmental performance from all types of organisations.
EMAS is compatible with the international standard for environmental management systems, ISO 14001, but goes further in its
requirements for performance improvement, employee involvement,
legal compliance and communication with stakeholders. EMAS
recognises and rewards organisations which go beyond minimum
legal compliance and continuously improve their environmental
performance.
EMAS is a direct response to some of the key principles in the
European Unions Environmental Action Programmes and the challenges to sustainable development.
Quality label
Why EMAS?
Examining current
environmental
performance
Publishing environmental
report
DS/OHSAS 18001
In 2006, the working environment management system DS/OHSAS 18001 (the Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series) was implemented at eges headquarters in Herning with the
purpose of improving the working environment at the factory. However, since being ISO 14001 certified and EMAS registered, ege
decided to include the working environment in the environmental
management system as a separate part.
EMAS became open for participation by companies of the manufacturing sector from April 1995. Already in 1996, ege achieved
the EMAS certification.
Chapter 8-8
Setting environmental
programmes for
obtaining the objectives
Making environmental
audits
Internal audits are carried out regularly and every 6 months. The
environmental system is audited by the external verifier Bureau Veritas Certification. Additionally, ege publishes an environmental report on an annual basis documenting the environmental efforts and
performances of the organisation.
Setting environmental
objectives
Making environmental
verification
An ongoing process
Independent auditing
Setting environmental
policy
Working
environment
Chapter 8-9
8.6 E
nvironmental certificates and
registration
One year after having received DS/OHSAS certification, ege received a crown smiley by the Danish Working Environment Autho
rity, indicating that ege has no issues with the Working Environment
Authority and that ege holds a recognised health and safety certificate by having made extraordinary efforts to ensure a high level of
health and safety at the workplace.
CE
All carpets from ege are CE marked ensuring that they meet all
demands of the European standard concerning properties within
key areas such as:
Fire-safety
Health and environment
Safety in use
Energy saving
Thermal insulation
BRE
From material extraction, development, production, transportation,
installation and use to maintenance and disposal, building pro
ducts have an environmental impact. When specifying materials
for new builds, it has, therefore, become increasingly important to
document the environmental impact of building materials.
Life cycle
assessment
Chapter 8-10
Chapter 8-11
BASTA
Over the years, the construction sector has encountered a significant number of problems resulting from inadequate information
about the environmental effects of chemicals used in construction
products. Therefore, the need for systems which aim at phasing
out hazardous substances in building materials has become increasingly important. The Swedish system BASTA provides such a
system.
LEED
Green buildings
Performance goals
Environmental
properties
What is LEED?
Green buildings use resources more efficiently compared to conventional buildings, simply built to code. Furthermore, LEED helps
to create:
Healthier working and living environments
Higher productivity and improved employee health and
comfort
Chapter 8-12
Less dangerous
substances
Chapter 8-13
Improve indoor
climate
G
iving the manufacturers a tool to develop more indoor
friendly products
Giving the users a tool to select more indoor friendly pro
ducts
Giving everybody a tool for better understanding of the
impact of products on the indoor climate
The Danish Indoor Climate Labelling gives builders, architects, designers and specifiers the opportunity to specify indoor climate
labelled products and to choose the best among the labelled pro
ducts.
All carpets from ege are approved in accordance with the Danish
Indoor Climate Labelling, serving as a guarantee that each carpet
meets the standards of the voluntary labelling scheme laid down
by the Danish Technological Institute to ensure indoor climates
which provide optimal conditions for comfort and well-being.
INSTA 800
We spend many hours indoors everyday, whether it be in our
homes or at work. To ensure well-being in these indoors environments, it is worthwhile to carefully consider the interior design and
to set a number of performance demands in terms of the choice of
flooring solution. These demands should comprise easy cleaning,
comfort and low emission of vapour and dust.
Measuring system
Construction data
Measurements
Patterns
Colours
Shading
Pile reversal
Construction data
EN 1307
Measurements
In terms of carpet measurements, the following standards apply:
Length
Standard lengths are delivered with a margin of +/- 0.5 %. Special lengths are delivered with a margin of +1/-0 %. In case of total
orders there may, in some cases, occur further surplus in a few rolls.
Here, we also refer to sales conditions specials.
Chapter 8-14
Chapter 9-1
Width
Standard widths are delivered with a margin of +/- 3 cm for 400
cm and 500 cm roll width.
Cuts
The margin for cuts (cut service) is +1/-0 %. If a whole roll length
has to be divided into more pieces, the tolerance for the whole roll
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Area
rugs
4 cm. = max. 1%
4 cm.
The length is delivered with a margin of +/-2 % and the width with
skvhed: Forekommer, hvor rapporten ikkealigger
p hjde,
forskudt fra den ene
margin
of +/-men
1.25er%.
ImageFig.
12
Mnsterforskydning
Due to production conditions, certain colour variations are inevitable. It is, therefore, possible that a shown sample may show minor
difference of colour to the actual material delivered. It is important
that rolls which are to be fitted together must be from the same
dye batch. It is the responsibility of the carpet fitter to examine
the rolls prior to installation. In certain cases there may be minor
colour differences from roll to roll. This can be due to minor colour
differences in production, different pile direction together with local
conditions on the premises.
max. 3 cm.
g. 1
Colours
Fig. 3
Mnsterbuer
Patterns
Fig. 4
Diagonalskvhed
of +/-0.2 % within
Mnster svinger
Textile floorings are flexible floorings and like all other production
processes, certain margins have to be taken into consideration
Farver
4 cm
4
cm. = max.installation.
1%
during
The following criteria describe the maximum
4 cm.
y Nuanceafvigelse: Af produktionsmssige
rsager er visse nuanceafvigelser uundgelige. Det er
margins
within
which
it should be possible for a professional fitter
derfor muligt, at en fremvist prve ikke har helt den samme nuance som den leverede produktion.
to
complete
a
satisfactory
installation
(for more
information,
check
Ruller
til installering
i samme
rum, fra
skal
altid
farveparti.
Det er
plggerens
hvor rapporten ikke
ligger
p hjde, men
er forskudt
den
enebestilles i samme
max. 3 cm.
ansvar
at
kontrollere
ruller
for
farveparti
inden
montering.
Der
kan
i
visse
tilflde
forekomme
out
eges
Installation
guide.
The
guide
can
be
found
on
our
website
+/- 1 % (se fig. 3).
mindre nuanceforskelle fra tppebane
til tppebane. Dette kan skyldes mindre forskelle gennem
www.egecarpet.com).
Shading
Pile direction
vrige forhold
TS 14159 which is a Technical Specification Document prepared
y Shading:
Ved begrebet shading
forsts
vandpletlignende
dannelser
p luven, som
beror
en for
Image
2
by the
European
Committee
for Standardization
and
thuspvalid
orskydning
Mnsterbuer
Diagonalskvhed
Mnster
svingerI disse omrder reflekteres lyset
omrdevis
ndring
oprindelige
luvhldning
i velourvarer.
g.
2
Fig. 3 af den
Fig.
4
members
of theder
EU.adskiller sig fra det vrige tppe. Det er ikke
anderledes og giver lyse ogall
mrke
afbildninger,
en produktionsfejl, og fnomenet er ikke reklamationsberettiget.
Pattern repeats
old
Ved begrebet shading forsts vandpletlignende dannelser p luven, som beror p en
Image
3 luvhldning i velourvarer. I disse omrder reflekteres lyset
is ndring
oprindelige
Fig. 3af den
Fig. 4
nsterbuer
Diagonalskvhed
Mnster svinger
Image
es og giver lyse og mrke afbildninger, der Pattern
adskillercurves
sig fra det
vrige 2
tppe. Det er ikke
ktionsfejl, og fnomenet er ikke reklamationsberettiget.
Pattern curves appear where the repeat
Pile reversal
Changes in limited
areas
lskvhed
Mnster svinger
ke afbildninger, der adskiller sig fra det vrige tppe. Det er ikke
t er ikke reklamationsberettiget.
Chapter 9-3
10. Installation
When installed and maintained properly, an ege carpet is an investment that is guaranteed to last and perform outstandingly for
many years.
Preserves
investment
Installation methods
On the next page, an overview of both recommended and nonrecommended fitting methods available for each product and
backing type is presented.
Chapter 10-1
Method
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
Easy
release
system
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
DL
++
++
+1
CL
++
++
WT
++
++
AB
++
CF300
++
Modular
++
Various methods can be applied when installing carpets. It is important to always choose the best suited method for each product
and backing type to ensure the best fitting result possible. Below, a
brief description of each fitting method is provided.
Full fixation
Full fixation means that the carpet is fixed across the entire floor surface. This is obtained by applying one of the following methods:
Wet adhesion
Easy release system
Wet fixation
Tackifying
Dry fixation
Wet adhesion
The carpet is installed with a wet dispersion adhesive applied by
a notched trowel.
2.
Loose laying
The carpet is loose laid but fixed with tape, adhesive or ege Supertack at the ends and/or edges.
Perimeter grippers
Chapter 10-2
Chapter 10-3
minimum of 24 hours prior to initiating the actual installation procedure. This is especially important during cold weather conditions
due to fluctuating temperatures outdoors and indoors.
A carefully planned installation is the key to a perfectly looking carpet solution which retains its appearance for many years to come.
Inspection
Before cutting, the carpet must be inspected for visible faults. In
case any faults are detected, the supplier must be contacted for
further agreement before the work is continued.
To achieve a satisfactory installation result, the following conditions must be complied with before commencing the installation
procedure.
The room
The floor
Materials
24 hours
acclimitation
Acclimatisation
To ensure that both the carpet and adhesive are acclimatised pro
perly, place both carpet and materials in the room in question a
Chapter 10-4
Placing
The carpet lengths should always be placed in the same pile direction. In addition, carpet material from the same production batch
should always be applied in the same room.
As a main rule, carpet lengths should be fitted with the joins perpendicular to the most light-giving window wall.
To the extent possible, joins should be avoided in highly exposed
areas, e.g. in doorways, entrances and under chairs fitted with
castors.
Whenever possible, lengths should be installed outer edge against
outer edge in order to reduce the risk of colour differences.
When installing with adhesive, the least visible joins are achieved
by using carpet clamps.
Stairs
After installation
After the installation and until the carpet is used, the carpet should
be protected against damage and soiling from traffic and subsequent craftsmen. The extent and type of covering necessarily will
depend on the type of load, traffic intensity and on whether a dry
or wet load is expected.
No furniture, equipment or the like should be placed on the carpet
before the floor adhesive is completely dry and tempered. This
Chapter 10-5
However, when a patterned carpet is chosen, it is important to notice that this particular solution places a number of demands on the
contractors execution of the installation in order to ensure a perfect
installation. These demands encompass areas such as:
View before
you glue
Full disposal of
the room
Planning
Subfloor
Carpets
Materials
Cutting
Adhesive
Installation
Planning is
important
All textile floorings are flexible floorings which have certain margins
which have to be taken carefully into consideration during installation. It is our responsibility to deliver carpets which comply with the
industry standards in terms of margins. At the same time, the fitter is
responsible for fitting the pattern during installation.
Report faults
Pattern fitting
Chapter 10-6
Chapter 10-7
10.3 Cutting
C
ut the carpet with a black carpet cutter from the pile side
notice the position of the blade.
With light pressure, push the cutter between the rows of
pile thus allowing the cutter to run along the production
lines between the rows without cutting these.
It is important not to force the blade.
All lengths should be cut.
The lengths are now ready for installation.
Latex/foam backing
Latex backing is a rubber backing available in various thicknesses
with varying firmness.
All latex backings should be cut according to the instructions provided above for woven textile backing on tufted loop pile.
Chapter 10-8
Procedure epoca
chess
Chapter 10-9
Procedure tufted
cut pile
W
hen joining uni-coloured (plain) lengths, the cutting line
should be pre-marked on all lengths with a screwdriver
approximately 2-3 cm from the edge.
When joining patterned lengths, the cutting line should be
marked on all lengths with a screwdriver in a distance from
the edge which takes into consideration the pattern repeat
width of the carpet.
When the pile has been separated with the screwdriver,
the cut can be made between the two pile lines.
Cut the carpet with a carpet cutter from the pile side
notice the position of the blade.
With light pressure, push the cutter between the rows of
pile allowing the cutter to run along the production lines
between the rows without cutting these. It is important not
to force the blade.
The lengths are now ready for installation.
Latex backing:
The latex backing is a rubber backing available in various thicknesses and in varying firmness.
All latex backings should be cut according to the instructions provided above for woven textile backing on tufted cut pile.
Felt backing:
The felt backing is a specially developed synthetic felt available in
one variety:
Chapter 10-10
Both types of backing are cut according to the instructions provided below.
Procedure without
pattern
B
EFORE cutting, glue the lengths with an overlap of
approximately 2-3 cm. This way, the lengths are not dislocated when cut, ensuring perfect fitting of the joins.
Remember to apply a sufficient amount of adhesive 3
m per litre.
Cut with the double cutter Duo, as it ensures that the top
carpet follows the fence of the double cutter.
Add pressure to the blade to make it cut through both
layers at once.
Remove the carpet pieces which have been cut away (a
sufficient amount of adhesive is left on the floor from the
bottom piece).
Finish by drum-rolling the lengths.
Chapter 10-11
Along walls
When working along walls, either the yellow edge cutter or the
adjustable carpet cutter is recommended for cutting the carpet.
The yellow edge cutter:
The yellow edge cutter ensures fast and safe cutting of edges along
walls where a close cut is required. The tool is intended for flat rib
and tufted products with WT backing (woven textile).
The adjustable cutter:
The adjustable edge cutter ensures fast and easy edge cutting
along walls where a close cut is required. The angle of the blade
can be adjusted to the thickness of the carpet. The tool is applicable for woven and tufted products with both latex and WT (woven
textile) backing.
The Combi carpet cutter substitutes both the green and black carpet cutters.
Please note the position of the blade on the green carpet cutter.
When working with flat woven carpets, either a double cutter Duo
or ruler and knife is applied, depending on whether the carpet is
uni-coloured or patterned.
Uni-coloured (plain) carpets:
The double cutter Duo is recommended when working with unicoloured, flat rib carpets with textile backing. The tools ensures fast
and safe cutting of joins. The cut is made by placing the carpet
lengths so that they overlap and then cutting both carpet lengths at
once by means of the carpet cutter fence.
Patterned carpets:
Ruler and carpet knife is recommended for cutting joins of patterned flat rib carpets with textile backing. Apply a straight blade.
Chapter 10-12
Chapter 10-13
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
DL
Easy
release
system
++
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
++
Wet adhesion
The strongest adhesion method is always wet adhesion. However,
the method is often applied as late wet adhesion in order to
diminish water influence.
Procedure wet
adhension (DL)
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
+1
Installation methods
Loose laying
Loose laying should only be applied when installing cuts of less
than 25 m and only in areas with low traffic intensity. When applying loose laying, the edges of the carpet is fixated with adhesive or tape in a minimum of 5 cm width.
Procedure loose
laying (DL)
A
dhere 1 strip of double sided adhesive tape on the floor
along the end walls. Alternatively, apply adhesion. Make
sure that all dust and dirt is removed from the subfloor.
Roll the carpet out on the floor and cut along the edges.
Remove the cover paper from the tape and press the carpet well onto the tape.
In case of joins, double adhesive tape should be applied
in the middle of the joins. Further strengthen the joins with
2 strips of tape.
Full fixation
Wet adhesion
Easy release system
Wet fixation
Dry fixation
Chapter 10-14
R oll out and cut the carpet roughly to length. Roll approx.
half of the carpet, in the length direction, back towards
the centre and apply the adhesive to the subfloor with a
notched trowel. Subsequently, fit the carpet onto the wet
adhesive. The process is repeated for the adjoining length.
When joining the lengths, trim the edges and establish
pattern match. Subsequently, glue approx. 1/3 of the carpet down on each side of the join and press the edges
together. Use carpet clamps at the join. Glue-down the
rest of the length.
Immediately after glue-down, drum roll and cut the carpet
along the edges, starting from the middle of the carpet
length and then cut towards the edges.
After 3040 minutes, drum roll the carpet a second time
along the lengths of the carpet.
Wet fixation
Fixation adhesive is applied with a roller and the carpet is installed
onto the wet adhesive according to the same procedure applying
for wet adhesion.
Dry fixation
Dry fixation is achieved by covering the entire floor area with
double sided adhesive tape of the type Sigaway* in 100 cm
width.
Procedure dry
fixation (DL)
Chapter 10-15
R oll more than half of the carpet length back towards the
centre and remove the covering paper from the first two
Sigaway-lengths. The carpet is carefully put back into
place. Continue with the second half of the carpet and
subsequent lengths until completion.
Carpets with contract latex backing (CL) are suitable for use in most
living quarters, stairs and corridors. However, the CL backing is
ideal for the contract market, e.g. for use in business premises such
as offices, corridors, restaurants, hotels, hospitals, nursing homes,
discothques etc., where heavy demands are imposed on the carpet, e.g. in terms of castor chair suitability and heavy foot traffic.
* More detailed installation instructions with tips are found enclosed in the packing of the tape.
To be cut from
the pile side
To be cut from
the back side
epoca home
Method
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
CL
++
Easy
release
system
++
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
o
Installation methods
Figure 2: Overview of how to trim edges for loop products with DL backing
Full fixation
Procedure loop
products (DL)
Wet adhesion
Easy release system
Dry fixation
Wet adhesion
The strongest adhesion method is always wet adhesion. However,
late wet adhesion is often applied to diminish water influence.
Procedure wet
adhension (CL)
Image 1
Green carpet cutter
Chapter 10-16
R oll out and cut the carpet roughly to length. Roll approx.
half of the carpet, in the length direction, back towards
the centre and apply the adhesive to the subfloor with a
notched trowel. Subsequently, fit the carpet onto the wet
adhesive. The process is repeated for the adjoining length.
When joining the lengths, trim the edges and establish
pattern match. Subsequently, glue approx. 1/3 of the carpet down on each side of the join and press the edges
together. Use carpet clamps at the join. Glue-down the
rest of the length.
Chapter 10-17
Image 1
Black carpet cutter
Procedure loop
products (CL)
C
arpets cut from the back are pre-scratched with a blunt
tool, e.g. a screwdriver. This is done by pulling the point of
the tool between two yarn lines.
The cutter should be held at a slight incline against the
length which is joined.
After edge cutting, the carpet lengths should be aligned so
that the edges meet all the way down the length.
In order to achieve the best possible result, it is important
that the structure of the loops engage like a zip, to the
extent possible. In case of long lengths, it is unlikely that
it is possible to maintain this effect all through the length.
* More detailed installation instructions with tips are found enclosed in the packing of the tape.
To be cut from
the pile side
epoca classic
Highline loop
To be cut from
the back side
Chapter 10-18
Image 2
Green carpet cutter
Chapter 10-19
Procedure wet
adhension (WT/IP)
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
WT
++
Easy
release
system
++
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
o
Installation methods
Installation on perimeter grippers
Installation on perimeter grippers is applied in areas where an
extra feel of luxury is added to the carpet by using felt as underlay.
Installation on perimeter grippers is a craftsmans installation technique, providing a cushioning effect when walking over the carpet,
increased footstep noise suppression, high strength and elasticity,
resistance to intense traffic and finally, allowing a simple and quick
replacement of the carpet.
R oll out and cut the carpet roughly to length. Roll approx.
half of the carpet, in the length direction, back towards
the centre and apply the adhesive to the subfloor with a
notched trowel. Subsequently, fit the carpet onto the wet
adhesive. The process is repeated for the adjoining length.
When joining the lengths, trim the edges and establish
pattern match. Subsequently, glue approx. 1/3 of the carpet down on each side of the join and press the edges
together. Use carpet clamps at the join. Glue down the
rest of the length.
Immediately after glue-down, drum roll and cut the carpet
along the edges, starting from the middle of the carpet
length and then cut towards the edges.
After 3040 minutes, drum roll the carpet a second time
along the lengths of the carpet.
Easy release system
The easy release system is applied in areas where a quick and
economic replacement of a carpet is wanted at a later time, without damaging the subfloor.
Firstly, the subfloor is primed with an easy release primer.
When the primer is dry, a dispersion adhesive is applied
with a notched trowel and the procedure described under
wet adhesion is subsequently followed.
When joining 2 or more lengths, the edges are trimmed as described in the list and procedure on the next page.
Full fixation
Chapter 10-20
Chapter 10-21
Product name
To be cut from
the pile side
To be cut from
the back side
epoca chess, wt
epoca ribs, wt
epoca pro
Cross joins are not recommended. However, in cases where they are necessary,
it is essential to adhere along the edges.
Accent, wt
Image 1
Black carpet cutter
Procedure loop
products (WT/IP)
Chapter 10-22
Chapter 10-23
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
AB
++
Easy
release
system
+
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
o
Installation methods
Full fixation
Full fixation should be applied when installing cuts larger than
25m, and always in areas where chairs fitted with castors are
used. Full fixation can be made by applying the following methods:
Wet adhesion
Easy release system
Wet adhesion
The strongest fixation is always achieved by applying wet adhesion. The adhesion is often applied to as late wet adhesion to
diminish water influence.
Procedure wet
adhesive (AB)
R oll out and cut the carpet roughly to length. Roll approx.
half of the carpet, in the length direction, back towards
the centre and apply the adhesive to the subfloor with a
notched trowel. Subsequently, fit the carpet onto the wet
adhesive. The process is repeated for the adjoining length.
When joining the lengths, trim the edges and establish
pattern match. Subsequently, glue approx. 1/3 of the carpet down on each side of the join and press the edges
together. Use carpet clamps at the join. Glue-down the
rest of the length.
Immediately after glue-down, drum roll and cut the carpet
along the edges, starting from the middle of the carpet
length and then cut towards the edges.
After 3040 minutes, drum roll the carpet a second time
along the lengths of the carpet.
Chapter 10-24
Chapter 10-25
pet down on each side of the join and press the edges
together. Use carpet clamps at the join. Glue-down the
rest of the length.
Immediately after glue-down, drum roll and cut the carpet
along the edges, starting from the middle of the carpet
length and then cut towards the edges.
After 30-40 minutes, drum roll the carpet a second time
along the lengths of the carpet.
The special felt backing makes this carpet particularly suited for use
in areas where acoustical properties are of high priority.
Flat-woven carpets with comfort backing are installed using a specially recommended floor adhesive, such as standard wet glue.
Method
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
CF300
++
Easy
release
system
+
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
o
Installation methods
Full fixation
Full fixation should be applied when installing cuts larger than
25m, and always in areas where chairs fitted with castors are
used. Full fixation can be made by applying one of the following
methods:
Wet adhesion
Easy release system
Wet adhesion
The strongest adhesion method is always wet adhesion. However,
the method is often applied as late wet adhesion in order to
diminish water influence.
Procedure wet
adhesive (CF300)
R oll out and cut the carpet roughly to length. Roll approx.
half of the carpet, in the length direction, back towards
the centre and apply the adhesive to the subfloor with a
notched trowel. Subsequently, fit the carpet onto the wet
adhesive. The process is repeated for the adjoining length.
When joining the lengths, trim the edges and establish
pattern match. Subsequently, glue approx. 1/3 of the car-
Chapter 10-26
Method
Type of adhesive
Retailer
Floor adhesive
CascoTppelim 3457
Approx.330
Casco
Uzin UZ 57 koline
Approx.300550
Uzin
Multi-Coll
Approx.480530
Wulff
Schnox Tex-objekt
Approx.400550
Schnox
Subfloors
The recommended floor adhesive is suitable for use on both concrete and wooden floors.
Chapter 10-27
The subfloor must be level, firm and smooth without any cracks
or edges. This is absolutely essential, as the structure of the subfloor surface otherwise will be visible when the carpet is installed.
Oiled, wooden floors must be thoroughly cleaned before applying
adhesive. Absorbent subfloors must be primed first.
Fitting procedure
A
t joins, trim the edges of the lengths with an overlap of
approximately 35 cm. When trimming the edges, use a
straight blade and a steel ruler. PLEASE NOTE that whilst
the carpet is trimmed and cut to size, wooden floors need
to be protected with a cutting rail, a sheet of masonite or
equivalent.
Unroll the carpet and roughly trim the length. Fold over
about half of the carpet lengthwise and apply the floor
adhesive with a notched trowel and fit the backing of the
carpet into the adhesive while still wet. Then, fold over the
other half of the carpet on to the half already glued carpet
and repeat the process.
Immediately after having glued the carpet, roll it and trim it
to size along the walls. Always start the trimming process
from the middle of the carpet sides and cut towards the
corners.
After 3040 minutes, drum roll the carpet a second time
along the lengths of the carpet.
Method
Full adhesion
Wet
adhesion
Modular
Easy
release
system
+
Wet
fixation
Tackifying
Dry
fixation
++ 1
Loose On
laying perimeter
grippers
o
Installation methods
No loose laying
Removal of carpet
Tackifier
Tackifier is applied and normally recommended as this offers the
advantage to reinstall the modules in the same adhesive in a quick
and simple way.
Chapter 10-28
Chapter 10-29
not to be diluted with water. For further information, view instructions from the supplier of the adhesive/tackifier in question.
Method
Type
Consumption
Distributor
Tackifier
egetaepper a/s
UZIN U2100
UZIN
Casco Tppefix
Casco
tiles into the wet adhesive with late opening time. Avoid
pressing the adhesive into the joins.
When applying tackifier, the adhesive should be transpa
rent and touch dry before installing the tiles.
The installation process is finished by sliding the tiles into
position, thus avoiding possible fibres becoming trapped
between modules. Remember, they must lay tight without
tension between the tiles.
Finalise by rolling the tiles.
Procedure
Chapter 10-30
Chapter 10-31
Installation method
Area rugs and runners can be fixated to hard surfaces by applying
a very simple method which neither damages the carpet nor the
subfloor on which the carpet is installed.
Fixation adhesive
Subfloor
Material
Fitting procedure
Chapter 10-32
Chapter 10-33
Adhesive types
Full fixation
Loose
laying
Wet
Easy
Wet
Tackifier Dry
Edge
adhesion release fixation
fixation fixation
Loose
laying
Wet
Easy
Wet
Tackifier Dry
Edge
adhesion release fixation
fixation fixation
egetaepper a/s
ege modular Tackifier
ege 90RH Adhesive
++
++
++
Wulff
Wulff AC 11*
Casco
Full fixation
++
Tape
Taeppelim 3457*
++
++
++
Sigan 1
++
++
++
++
Sigan 2
++
Sigan 3
Styccobond F3
Styccobond F40
Styccobond F41
++
++
++
++
++
Floortex*
++
Emiclassic*
++
Combi Proff*
++
UZ 52*
++
UZ 75*
F. Ball
Interlanda
Greentack 3000*
Kiesel
Okatmos ET 60*
Mapei
Schnox
Multifix*
Uzin
++
Universalfix*
++
Uzin U2100
++
Chapter 10-34
Chapter 10-35
Chapter 11-1
Daily maintenance
Schedule vacuum
cleaning
Track-off areas
Areas where carpet collects tracked-in soil from the outside or from
hard-surfaced floors. Track off regions average 90 square feet (6
x 15 m) at building entrances, 10 square feet (2 x 5 m) at internal
doorways, and 40 square feet (5 x 8 m) in corridors which are
six feet wide.
Congested Channels
A concentrated channel of foot traffic, such as doorways, stairwells
or drinking fountain areas. A congested channel average 3 feet
(0,9 m) around doorways and 10 feet (3 m) around elevators.
H
eavy-duty, wide track machine for wide, open areas.
Should have effective suction power and an enclosed,
high-efficiency particulate filtration bag and be equipped
with adjustable cylindrical brushes to whip embedded soil
to the surface.
An industrial version of the domestic upright for tighter
areas. Should have the same features as mentioned above
and should have hose and wand attachments for hard-toreach areas. A backpack vacuum with a high airflow and
high-efficiency filtration provides increased productivity.
Traffic Lanes
Areas with the largest concentration of foot traffic.
In addition, a complete and effective programme should include
three maintenance categories: preventative, daily and periodic
maintenance.
Preventive maintenance
During planning, it is important to establish preventive measures to
prevent soiling of the carpeting. In addition to maintain the appearance and performance of the carpet, effective preventive measures
will automatically reduce the costs of additional cleaning.
Use mats
Choose
appropriate colours
Entrance/barrier mats
Place mats in entrances and elevators to collect dirt before it reaches the carpeted area. For optimum effect, make sure that the mats
cover a distance of several footsteps.
Colour selection
Select colours appropriate to traffic areas and potential soiling
problems. Medium colours, tweeds and patterned carpets hide
soil, whilst lighter colours mask fading. To maintain an acceptable
visual appearance and cleaning standard, light and uni-coloured
plain carpets must be cleaned on a more frequent basis than dark,
patterned carpets.
Chapter 11-2
Vacuum cleaning is one of the most important and most costeffective elements of an efficient maintenance programme. Daily
vacuum cleaning is able to remove more than 80 % of all dry soil.
Vacuum cleaning should be scheduled according to the amount of
potential soil build-up of the area in question.
Periodic maintenance
Cleaning
Chem-Dry method
Chapter 11-3
CAUTION
The first time a cleaning agent or stain remover is used on a carpet,
it must to be examined to determine whether the agent is harmful
to the carpet or not. Damages may occur as a consequence of
colour bleed, discoloration, bleaching or dissolution. It is recommended to test the cleaning agent and the stain remover in an
inconspicuous area, e.g. in a corner, under a radiator or the like.
The test should be made according to the prescribed dosages and
action times.
Dry cleaning
Alternative systems such as absorbent Compound (Host Dry Extraction) may be used when specified and if no time can be allowed for the carpet to dry before it needs to be walked on again.
Take immediate
action
Follow instructions
After cleaning
Check the carpet for possible remaining stains which have not
been removed during the cleaning process and treat them accor
dingly. Do not walk on the carpet before it is completely dry. The
carpet also has to be quite dry before furniture is put back in place
as chair legs and the like may rub off on the wet carpet.
Spot Cleaning
Chapter 11-4
Chapter 11-5
Glossery
A
Abrasive wear: Wear or texture change to an area of carpet that
has been damaged by friction caused by rubbing or foot traffic.
Acid dyeable nylon: Nylon polymer that has been modified
chemically to make the fibre receive acid dyes. Acid dyeable yarns
are available in different dye levels (light, medium and deep).
Adipic acid: A base ingredient in the production of Type 6.6
nylon. Adipic acid has a chain of six carbon atoms. It is reacted
with hexamethylene diamine, which also has six carbon atoms, to
polymerize Type 6.6 nylon.
Aesthetics: Properties perceived by touch and sight, colour, luster
and texture of carpet.
Affinity: The tendency for two elements or substances to combine
chemically. An example is the affinity of acid dyes for nylon fibre.
Air-entangling (also known as intermingling, commingling or
heathered): A method of producing yarn by combining two or
more BCF fibres together. Fibres are locked together via air jets
at regular or irregular intervals. The process is used to obtain special effect yarn (e.g., mixing dye variants to get heather effects
upon subsequent dyeing or combining different colours of solution
dyed fibre). Various air-entangling processes exist making it possible to produce a wide range of aesthetics in finished yarns, from
highly blended, near solid looks to yarns where individual colours
are accented and colour separation mimics that of plied yarns.
Amine end groups: The terminating (-NH2) group of a nylon polymer chain. Amine end groups provide dye sites for nylon (polyamide) fibres.
Antimicrobial: An agent that kills microbes.
Antistatic: A carpets ability to dissipate an electrostatic charge
before it reaches a level that a person can feel.
Antistatic properties: Resisting the tendency to produce annoying
static electric shocks in situations where friction of the foot tread
builds up static in low-humidity conditions. Some nylon fibres introduce a conductive filament in the yarn bundle to conduct or dissipate static charges from the human body. Olefin fibre is inherently
Glossery 1
B
Backing: The fabric and yarns that make up the side of the carpet
that lays next to the floor. In tufted carpets there are two types of
backing.
Primary backing: a woven or nonwoven fabric through which the
yarn is inserted by the tufting needles.
Secondary backing: Fabric that is laminated to the back of the
carpet to reinforce it.
Glossery 2
Glossery 3
Boucle:
1. An uneven yarn of three plies, one of which forms loops at
intervals.
2. A fabric made of boucle yarns and having a looped or knotted
surface.
Bound Carpet: Carpet that is cut and bound (by stitching or ser
ging around all sides) but not attached to the floor.
Branded fibre: Synthetic fibre produced by a fibre manufacturer
who also produces the raw ingredients and polymer and who has
quality control of the entire process. Branded fibre is warranted by
the fibre manufacturer.
Bright: The opposite of dull or matte when describing luster.
Broadloom: Wall-to-wall carpets, up to 4 and 5 meters width.
Bulking: Also known as crimping or texturizing. Bulking imparts
texture/fullness to the fibre or yarn during production. Bulking is
done to increase the coverage the yarn will have in the carpet
face. Bulking also adds to fibre resiliency.
Bulk development: The process of a textured or latent crimp yarn
to achieve maximum bulk. Carpet fibres develop maximum bulk
during wet processing such as dyeing.
C
Cable: Carpet with casual cut pile construction featuring chunky
tufts and long pile height.
Cabled yarn: A yarn formed by twisting together two or more
plied yarns.
Caprolactam: The single basic ingredient in the production of
Type 6 nylon. Caprolactam has a chain of six carbon atoms. It is
a petrochemical.
Continuous dyeing: Dyeing of carpet (greige) while it travels continuously through a dye range. The process is frequently referred to
by the name of one of the prime machinery manufacturers, Eduard
Kuster (pronounced Kooster). Continuous dyeing can produce
multicoloured or solid-coloured carpet. Multicoloured carpet is
achieved by using yarns of varied dye affinity, or with various accessories that can give a pattern or overprint. Advantages include
Glossery 4
Glossery 5
large dye lots, relatively low cost and colour flexibility. However,
this method is more critical than beck dyeing or yarn dyeing for
side-to-side matching consistency (the carpet must be installed in
roll sequence).
Continuous filament: Unbroken strand of synthetic fibre, such as
filament nylon or olefin. Nylon and olefin are made by extruding
molten polymer through a spinnerette (similar to a showerhead).
The fibres are cooled, then stretched and textured into bundles referred to as yarn. This yarn can be plied or commingled with other
yarn and then tufted.
Continuous heatsetting: The process of applying heat to yarns to
set or retain bulk, twist and spring introduced by spinning and/or
twisting. Continuous heatsetting can be applied to staple or continuous filament yarns. The two primary types of continuous heatsetting equipment are the Superba, which uses steam and pressure,
and the Suessen, which uses dry heat.
Conventional backing: Carpet with a primary and secondary
latex-laminated woven or nonwoven fabric.
Converter: An intermediate that usually buys raw fibre, processes
it to a carpet manufacturers specification, then sells the finished
product to the carpet manufacturer.
Cotton count: The yarn numbering system based on length and
weight originally used for cotton yarns and now employed for
most staple yarns. It is based on a unit length of 840 yards, and
the count of the yarn is equal to the number of 840-yard skeins
required to weigh one pound. Under this system, the higher the
number, the finer the yarn. A typical carpet yarn might be a three
cotton count two plied, written as 3.0/2c.c.
CRI (The Carpet and Rug Institute): A national trade association
representing the carpet and rug industry.
Crimp: In fibre, a nonlinear configuration, such as a sawtooth, zigzag or random curl relative to the fibre axis. Most synthetic fibres,
both staple and filament, used in carpets are crimped. Fibre crimp
increases bulk and cover and facilitates interlocking of staple fibres
in spun yarns.
Crock fastness: The resistance of transfer of colorant from the surface of a coloured yarn or fabric to another surface, or to an adjacent area of the same fabric, principally by rubbing.
Cut pile: A carpet in which the yarn loops are cut to create a
textured look and feel.
Pattern cut pile: Made from saxony yarn, this carpet features a
sophisticated look created by running cut pile and loop pile on a
level pile height.
Glossery 6
Glossery 7
D
Decitex: The metric equivalent to denier; equals the total weight in
grams of 10,000 meters. Decitex is used in Canada and Europe.
Deep-dyeing fibres: Fibres made from polymers that have been
chemically modified to increase their dyeability. Carpets made of
deep dye fibres can be dyed more easily to a darker colour depth.
Delamination: A form of deterioration of tufted carpet in which
the primary backing and face yarns separate from the secondary
backing.
Delustering: Synthetic fibres with polymer additives and/or crosssection design modification that limit its natural brightness or reflectivity. Delustering improves soil-hiding characteristics, as it limits the
soil magnification that would occur with clear or shiny fibre.
Denier: Denier is the amount of yarn per area of carpet.
Dull: A term applied to manufactured fibres that have been chemically or physically modified to reduce the brightness of the fibre.
Dye sites: Functional groups within a fibre that provide sites for
chemical binding with the dye molecule. Dye sites may be either
in the polymer chain or in chemical additives included in the fibre.
1. An individual fibre making up a yarn to be tufted into carpet.
2. An individual pile yarn in a tufted carpet or a roll.
3. An end or short length of carpet or remnant.
Glossery 8
Dye lot: A quantity of carpet dyed at one time or made from yarn
dyed at one time which is consistent in colour throughout the fabric.
E
Extra heavy traffic: More than 10,000 traffics per day. Could
also include some directional, nondirectional, pivoting and rolling
traffic, as well as tracked-in dirt. See Foot traffic units.
Extrusion (Second stage of nylon production): The process of
forcing molten material through a spinnerette (similar to a showerhead). Once exposed to air cooling, the fibre strands harden. It is
at the extrusion stage that many of the fibre engineering improvements take place: cross section design, shape, size and uniformity
to give better soil hiding, soil releasing, and strength. All synthetic
carpet fibres are extruded.
Glossery 9
F
Face weight: Face weight is the number of ounces of fibre per
square yard in the face of the carpet (not including the backing).
The face weight affects performance and durability. Face weight is
different from density because it varies with carpet height.
Fadeometer: A standard laboratory testing machine, which uses
gas, light or ozone to conduct fading tests.
Fading: Loss of colour caused by sunlight or artificial light, atmospheric gases including ozone, nitrogen dioxide and hydrogen
sulphide, cleaning and bleaching chemicals such as sodium hypochlorite, and other household and industrial products. Commercial installations in areas where such exposures occur require care
in selection of colourfast carpet.
Fading tests: Laboratory tests designed to predict the likelihood of
carpet fading under actual use conditions. Fading is usually caused
either by ultraviolet light or by exposure to ozone or nitrogen oxide
gas. Carpets can be tested in laboratory for results against fading
agents. Dye stuff, hue or fibre can affect fading. A specific carpet
being considered for a critical installation should be tested prior to
final selection.
Fibre: Fibre is the fundamental unit of carpet. Carpet fibres are
made from nylon, polyester, cotton, acrylics, wool, and recycled
material.
Fibre engineering: Refers to improvements to the fibre including:
1. Polymer characteristics
2. Polymer additives (delusterant or solution dye pigments)
3. Cross section design
4. Fibre finishes (low surface energy fluorochemical coatings for
soil release)
Fibre shape: Refers to the cross section and size of individual
filaments. Fibre shape impacts soil hiding and soil release (cleanability).
Fibre size: Refers to the denier per filament (dpf) or thickness of a
filament. Fibre size impacts soil-trapping and soil-releasing capabilities.
Filament: Fibre which has been extruded and is then converted
into yarn fibre, staple or tow.
Glossery 10
Glossery 11
Frieze: A yarn that has been very tightly twisted to give a rough or
nubby appearance to the finished carpet pile. It is good for hiding
footprints. Pronounced free-zay.
Fusion bonding: Fabrication of carpet for a 6" wide or modular
tile. It uses a thermoplastic process that implants yarn in a liquid
vinyl compound to two backing materials in a sandwich configuration. A knife splits the sandwich to create two carpets simulta
neously. Spun yarn is used in this process, and only cut pile carpets
are produced.
Fusion bonded carpets: Backing material for fusion-bonded carpet is a system of layered vinyl or plastic compound and fibreglass
scrim for dimensional stability.
For Tufted Carpets:
1. Primary backing In tufting, a woven or nonwoven fabric in
which the pile yarn is inserted by the tufting needles. Usually
woven or nonwoven polypropylene for carpet. In the past woven jute was used.
2. Secondary backing Fabric laminated to the back of carpet to
reinforce and increase dimensional stability. Usually woven or
nonwoven polypropylene.
For Woven Carpets:
Backings of woven carpets are the construction yarns comprising
chain warp, stuffer warp, and shot or fill, which are interwoven
with the face yarn during carpet fabric formation.
Fuzzing: Fuzzing occurs when fluffy particles appear on carpet
surfaces. It is caused by fibres that loosen because of weak twist or
snags. Professional carpet cleaners can shear the carpet to remove
fuzzing.
G
Gauge: The distance between two needle points in knitted or
tufted carpet. It is usually expressed in fractions of an inch.
Gauge/pitch: The number of ends of surface yarn counting across
the width of carpet. In tufted carpet, gauge is the number of ends
of surface yarn per inch counting across the carpet; e.g., 1/8
gauge = 8 ends per inch. In woven carpet, pitch is the number
of ends of yarn in 27 inches of width; e.g., 216 pitch divided by
27 = 8 ends per inch. To convert gauge to pitch, multiply ends
per inch by 27; e.g., 1/10 gauge is equivalent to 270 pitch, or
10 ends per inch.
Glossery 12
H
Hand: How the carpet feels to the touch. Factors determining how
the carpet feels include weight, stiffness, fibre type, dpf, density
and backing.
Heatsetting: Heatsetting is the process of heating or steaming
yarns to hold their twist. Most nylon, olefin, and polyester cut pile
carpets are heatset.
Heavy traffic: 1,000 to 10,000 traffics per day. Could also include some directional, nondirectional and rolling traffic, as well as
tracked-in dirt. See Foot traffic units.
Heddle: A frame of parallel wires (like needles) through which
warp yarns are threaded. The heddle is raised and lowered to
interlace face yarns.
Hexamethylene diamine: A chemical compound with a chain of
six carbon atoms which is reacted with adipic acid to make Type
6.6 nylon. It is a petrochemical.
Hexapod drum test: An instrument to test pile floor coverings to
produce changes in appearance and colour due to changes in
surface structure by mechanical action. This accelerated test, primarily used in Canada, provides a specific rating of the ability of
the carpet to withstand crushing and matting.
Hollow filament fibres: Refers to filaments with one or more interior
voids. Hollow core fibres improve the soil-hiding ability of nylon by
diffusing light passing through the fibre.
Hybrid carpet: A carpet in which two or more different yarn types
are combined in the carpet construction.
Glossery 13
I
International Grey Scale for Colour Change: A standard comparison to rate degrees of colour change from 5 (no change) to 1
(severe change).
International Grey Scale for Staining: A standard comparison to
rate degrees of staining from 5 (no stain) to 1 (severe stain).
ISO (The International Organization for Standardization): A
non-governmental, worldwide organization whose work results
in international agreements that are published as International
Standards.
J
Jute: A fibrous plant, native to India and Asia, which can be shredded and spun into yarn, used for backing in woven carpets, or
itself woven into sheets and used as secondary backing on tufted
carpet. In many applications, jute is being replaced by fibreglass,
polypropylene or other synthetic fibres.
Level loop: The fibre in the carpet is stitched in uncut loops of the
same size. It creates a smooth, level surface.
Light traffic: Less than 100 traffics per day. Could also include
some directional traffic, but no tracked-in dirt. See Foot traffic
units.
Light fastness: The degree of resistance of dyed textile materials to
the colour-destroying influence of sunlight. Two methods of testing
are in use:
1. Exposure to sunlight, either direct or under glass
2. A
ccelerated laboratory testing in which several types of artificial
light sources are used.
Loop pile: A tufted or woven carpet pile surface where the face
yarns are comprised of uncut loops. Loop pile can be level, textured or multilevel.
Luster: Brightness or reflectivity of fibres, yarns, carpets or fabrics. Synthetic fibres are produced in various luster classifications
including bright, semi-bright, semi-dull and mid-dull. The luster of finished carpet could also be influenced by yarn heatsetting methods,
dyeing and finishing. In high-traffic commercial areas, duller carpet
yarns are often preferred for soil-hiding ability.
Kuster: A trade name of a manufacturer of continuous dyeing machines which apply dye to tufted carpet.
Glossery 14
Glossery 15
2. A
ny primary backing material manufactured by a method other
than weaving.
Moderate traffic: 100 to 1,000 traffics per day. Could also include some directional and nondirectional traffic, some pivoting
and little tracked-in dirt. See Foot traffic units.
N
Needle punched: Needle punched carpet is stitched into backing
material.
Nonwoven:
1. Any carpet manufactured by a method other than weaving, but
particularly those composed of fibres held together by chemical,
mechanical, adhesive or fusion means.
Glossery 16
O
Olefin fibre: Also known as polypropylene. It is used for molded
items, sheets, films and fibres. Made from a by-product of gasoline
refining, olefin has one ingredient: propylene. Since propylene is
widely available at a comparatively lower cost than nylon base
ingredients, olefin is less expensive than nylon. Olefin does not accept aqueous-based dyes or stains. Colour is added in the manufacturing process in the form of pigment. Printable modifications
are available but not extensively used. Olefin is a lightweight fibre
and can have good bulk and cover. However, the polymer base
creates a soft fibre which has poor resiliency, a lower melting point
and poor texture retention as compared to nylon. The carpet fibre
is available as bulked continuous filament yarn. Only when budget
is the main consideration, lower life expectancy is anticipated, and
long-term appearance retention is not a priority, olefin can be considered.
Glossery 17
Optimum twist: The term used to describe the amount of twist that
gives the best texture retention and/or necessary carpet aesthetic.
Ozone fading: The fading of colour from a dyed or pigmented
fibre caused by atmospheric contaminants of ozone.
P
Package dyed: This is similar to skein dyeing in as much as undyed yarn is wound on perforated tubes and the packages are
dyed by passing dye liquor through the packages under pressure.
Pad dyed: A process of dyeing carpet, yarn or fibre stock con
tinuously. The material to be dyed passes through a trough containing the dye liquor and then between heavy rollers that squeeze the
dye liquor evenly into the material.
Parallel spinning: Spinning method most commonly used in spinning nylon staple fibre into yarn. Staple fibres measuring 4 to
8 are paralleled by combing and drafting until the fibres are in
regular even slivers, or strands of combed yarn. Multiple slivers are
combined to make up one finely drafted sliver. This sliver can be
further blended for extreme consistency. The final sliver is put on
a spinning frame and further drawn (or pulled) as twist is applied,
turning the fibre into a cohesive singles yarn ready to be plied and
heatset. See Sliver.
Pattern match: Lining up patterned carpet in such a way that the
design element is continued across seams, making the finished
installation appear cohesive. Patterns must be matched in the same
way as they appear on the carpet itself either in a set match or
drop match.
Pattern streaks: Visually apparent streaking in patterned carpet
resulting from linear juxtaposition of pattern elements in one direction. It is usually most visible in the length direction. It is not a carpet
defect, but is inherent in certain designs. Contract specifiers should
view rolls of carpet laid out on a floor to evaluate geometric or
other busy patterns for this characteristic which may be objectionable in long corridors and other large areas, but not visible in small
rooms.
Patterned loop: A woven or tufted carpet style having all tufts in a
loop form in either a defined or random pattern or design.
Picks per inch: In woven carpet and fabric, the number of fill yarns
per inch of length. Comparable to stitches per inch in tufting.
Glossery 18
Glossery 19
Glossery 20
R
Radiant panel test: A test for the flammability of carpets or rugs
in which the specimen is mounted on the floor of the test chamber
and exposed to intense radiant heat from above. The rate of flame
spread is assessed. (ASTM-E-648 Class I .45 watts/cm; Class II
.22 watts/cm.)
Random sheared: A carpet texture created by lightly shearing
(shaving off) either level loop or high-low loop so only some of the
tufts are sheared. Shearing gives a cut and loop texture.
Red 40 Stain Scale: A standard comparison to rate degrees of
Red Dye 40 staining from 10 (no staining) to 1 (severe staining).
Repeat: The distance from a point in a design in a patterned carpet
to a point where the identical pattern appears again, measured
lengthwise and widthwise in the carpet. In matching the pattern,
there will inevitably be some waste of carpet in order to obtain the
best possible side matchwhether it is a drop or set match pattern.
Resilience: The ability of carpet to spring back to its original texture
and thickness after being walked on or compressed by the weight
of furniture. Also known as resiliency.
Rippling: Heat and humidity can cause ruffles or waves in wall-towall carpet. A professional carpet retailer or installer can re-stretch
the carpet with a power stretcher.
Rows or wires: In woven carpet, this is the number of pile yarn tufts
per running inch lengthwise. Called rows in Axminster and wires
in Wilton and Velvet carpet. Analogous to stitches per inch in
tufted carpet.
S
Sawtooth crimp: Also called zigzag crimp, this is a two-dimensional crimp that gives yarn cohesion, texture and bulk.
Glossery 21
Saxony: The carpet fibre loops are cut and twisted to create a
relatively dense, consistent look. Saxony carpet presents a smooth,
luxurious surface and is generally for formal settings.
Seams: The line formed by joining two pieces of carpet. The
pieces can be sewn together, or fastened with various seaming
tapes or other adhesives.
Secondary backing: See Backing.
Selvage: The edge of the carpet. Most commercial carpets are
shipped with the selvage on. Residential carpet is usually trimmed
to the face yarn.
Set match: Refers to a pattern in a carpet which continues straight
across the installed carpet at right angles to the seams.
Shading: Apparent colour shade difference between areas of the
same carpet caused by normal wear and/or random difference in
pile lay direction. It is a characteristic of cut pile carpet. It is not a
manufacturing defect.
Shearing: Finishing process in cut pile carpet manufacturing to create a smooth carpet face. The shearing process can also be used
to create texture, as in random shearing.
Shedding: New carpet tends to shed for a few weeks after installation. Regular vacuuming can resolve this problem. Shedding is
more common in cut pile carpet and in wool carpet. Synthetic fibre
carpet (such as nylon) does not shed as much.
Singles yarn: One yarn end of either continuous filament yarn or
spun yarn. Singles yarn is most often plied, twisted, or air-entangled
with additional singles yarns to create a two-ply, three-ply or
four-ply yarn bundle.
Sisal: A type of woven floor covering originally made of vegetable fibres such as grass and jute. Now synthetic alternatives are
available that offer a more comfortable feel as well as interesting
textures, patterns and prints.
Skein dyed: A method of dyeing yarn. Undyed spun or filament
yarns are plied and heatset, then reeled into skein form and dyed
in skein dye kettles.
Glossery 22
Glossery 23
this stage that the fibre cross section, fibre size and the number of
filaments in a yarn bundle (for continuous filament) are determined.
Spinning: The conversion of staple fibre into spun yarn.
Sprouting: The raising up of an individual tuft or fibre above the
level of the pile. These may be cut with scissors. If the sprouts are
large, however, call in a professional carpet cleaner, retailer or
installer to resolve the problem.
Spun yarn: Yarn that is made up of short lengths of fibre, either
synthetic staple or natural fibre.
Stain resistance: The ability of a carpet fibre to resist the absorption of stain and maintain its original appearance. For carpets to
resist stains, some manufacturers use a topical stain resist treatment
that may be removed after hot water extraction.
Staple fibre: Also called staple. Short lengths of fibre which have
been chopped from continuous filament in lengths of 4 to 7,5.
Staple fibre must be further processed (spun) into yarn before it can
be tufted/woven into carpet. Nylon and polyester are examples of
synthetic fibres available in staple form.
Static control test: A measurement of the amount of static discharge that occurs under specified conditions.
Static control: See Antistatic properties .
Static electricity: Cold and low humidity often create isolated
motionless charges of electricity. Some carpets provide static resi
stance. Humidifiers also limit static electricity buildup.
Static shock: Buildup of electrostatic energy on a carpet and the
subsequent discharge to a conductive ground such as a file cabinet. Various static control conductive systems are used in commercial carpet to dissipate static charge before it builds to the human
sensitivity threshold, which is 3.5kV.
Stitches: The number of yarn tufts per running inch of a single row
in a tufted carpet.
Stitches per inch (SPI): Number of yarn tufts per running inch
along the length of the carpet (as opposed to the gauge which is
the number of stitches across the width of the carpet).
Glossery 24
Stock dyed: Used for staple fibre only. Undyed, loose staple fibres
are dyed in a vat. They are then blended, carded and spun into
yarn.
Stretch-in: The procedure for installing residential carpet over a
separate cushion using a tackless strip with a power-stretcher.
Suessen: A trade name of a German manufacturing company and
its continuous heatsetting process. In Suessen setting, dry heat is
applied to twisted yarn. The heat builds bulk and locks twist into
the thermoplastic fibres memory.
Superba: A trade name of a French manufacturing company and
its continuous heatsetting process. In Superba setting, steam and
pressure are applied to twisted yarn. Heat and pressure are applied to build the bulk and lock twist into the thermoplastic fibres
memory.
Surface area: The perimeter of an individual fibre filament or multiple filaments.
Surface energy: Technical measure of the tendency of a surface
in this case, the carpet yarn to repel molecules of another substance. Low surface energy refers to a repelling action.
Synthetic fibre: Produced by man-made means, not available in
nature in the same form.
T
Tackless trip: Wood or metal strips fastened to the floor near the
walls. The strips have two or three rows of pins angled up toward
the walls on which carpet backing is fastened during a stretch-in
installation.
Tensile strength: The strength along the length of a fibre.
Texture: Visual and tactile surface characteristics of carpet pile,
including such aesthetic and structural elements as high-low and
cut and loop patterning, yarn twist, pile erectness or layover, harshness or softness to the touch, luster, and yarn dimensions.
Texture Retention: Texture retention or carpet memory is the ability
of tufts to retain their shape under traffic. Caring for care will help
texture retention.
Glossery 25
Two-ply: Most common yarn ply. Two single yarns are twisted
together, then heatset to maintain their twisted configuration. Can
be used in either cut or loop pile carpet.
Twist level: Twist level is the number of turns per inch of yarn.
U
Underlay: The cushion or padding that lays underneath rugs.
Unitary: A single lamination of fabric backing with high rubber
content latex or hot-melt resin compound for increased tuft bind.
Used primarily with loop pile carpet.
Urethane (polyurethane): A polymeric resin applied by the carpet mill in the finishing process. In the heat and curing chamber it
reacts and creates a foam-like texture. This backing encapsulates
the yarn for extra tuft bind with a cushion attached.
V
Velvet carpet: Woven carpet made on a loom similar to a Wilton
loom but lacking the jacquard mechanism. Velvet carpets are gene
rally level loop, level cut/loop or plush, in solid or tweed colors.
Vettermann drum test: An instrument to test pile floor coverings
to produce changes in appearance and colour due to changes
in surface structure by mechanical action. This accelerated test,
primarily used in the US, provides a specific rating of the ability of
the carpet to withstand crushing and matting.
Vinyl: Colloquial term for the synthetic polymer, polyvinyl chloride.
Also called PVC. PVC is used as a carpet back-coating for carpet
tiles and 6" goods. Vinyl foams have been used as attached cushions. Many walk-off mats have solid sheet vinyl backing.
Turns per tuft (TPT): The number of twists in the pile yarn above the
primary backing. A more accurate way of measuring relative twist
level in cut pile carpets. Generally, the greater the turns per tuft, the
better the performance.
Glossery 26
Glossery 27
Y
Yarn: A continuous strand of fibres used in tufting, weaving and
bonding to form carpet and other fabrics. Carpet yarn is often
plied and may be either spun staple or continuous filament.
Yarn construction: An indication of the number of singles yarns
combined to form a plied or heathered yarn.
Yarn count: A number used to describe the size of the yarn. Denier
is used for BCF yarns, and cotton count for spun yarns.
Yarn denier (bundle): The total weight in grams of 9,000 meters
of a filament yarn bundle. Common commercial carpet yarn deniers range from ~1,200d to 5,000d.
Yarn dyeing: Applying colour to yarns which are later used in
making carpet. It can be in continuous yarn dyeing methods such
as space dyeing or can be in batch methods such as skein dyeing.
Yarn ply: The number of single fibres twisted together to form a
plied yarn.
Glossery 28
Glossery 29
Z
Zippering: A loop pile carpet in which tufts are pulled from the
backing resulting in long, lengthwise pulls out of the carpet. Zippering occurs when the tuft base is not securely encapsulated by the
backing compound.
Glossary sources:
Stainmaster Carpet:
http://www.stainmaster.com/global/glossary.jsp
Antron Carpet Fibre:
http://antron.net/content/resources/carpet_glossary/ant06_03.
shtml
Carpet.org:
http://www.carpet.org/glossary.htm
Bibliography
Antron Carpet Fibre: http://antron.net/content/resources/carpet_
glossary/ant06_03.shtml
Carpet.org: http://www.carpet.org/glossary.htm
Cayless, SM, Slip, trip and fall accidents: relationship to building
features and coroners report, Applied Ergonomics, 155-62;2001
UN, The World Commission on Environment and Development,
Our Common Future, 1987
Hayley, France, Does flooring type affect risk of injury in order
in-patients?, Nursing Times (July), Vol. 90.
Jan Hansen, Hverdagens sm std kan skyldes kunstige
stolesder, Ingeniren
Mitchell W. Sauerhoff, Ph.D. DABT, Carpet, Asthma and Allergies
Myth or Reality, May 19, 2008
NFA (previously Arbejdsmiljinstituttet), Stj fra menneskelig akti
vitet et udredningsarbejde, 2006
Penetron International Newsletter, June 07: http://www.penetron.
com/newsletter/english/june07/pdf-June07.pdf
P. Trappl, Teppishbden auf Fussbodenheizungen, Textil-PraxisInternational, June 1981
Stainmaster
glossary.jsp
Carpet:
http://www.stainmaster.com/global/
Glossery 30
Bibliography 1
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