SCHOOL OF MECHANICAL AND BUILDING SCIENCES

WINTER SEMSTER 2012-2013

MEE233L Heat Transfer Laboratory Record

for

B.Tech Mechanical with specialization in

Chemical Process Engineering

Name

: ----------------------------------------------------------

Branch

: ----------------------------------------------------------

Year

: ---------------------- Semester: -----------------------

Reg.No

: ----------------------------------------------------------

CERTIFICATE

Register Number: ________________

Certified that this is the bonafide record of work done by __________________________________

of ______________ semester of B.Tech Mechanical with specialization in Chemical Process
Engineering during the year 2012-2013 and is being submitted for the Practical Examination to be held
at Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore-632 014.

Date:

Faculty In-charge

Internal Examiner

External Examiner

ii

INSTRUCTION TO THE STUDENTS

Enter the lab with PROPER UNIFORM and ID card.

Avoid CELL PHONES inside the lab.

Necessary material such as data book, calculators etc... has to be brought for every lab class.

Do not switch ON/OFF the experimental set-up without the help of the Lab-assistant at any
point of time.

Perform the experiment individually and record the observations.

Get the signature of the Lab-in charge after noting down the observations of the experiment in
the lab record on the same day of performing the experiment.

ONE week time will be given for completing the calculations of the experiment. No new
experiment should be started without the evaluation of the previous experiment.

Maintain the laboratory record neatly. The record work contains a weightage of 20 MARKS
(out of 50 marks for internal assessment).

Every experiment will be evaluated for 20 marks based on the criteria given below in Table 1.
Table 1: Evaluation procedure
S. No.
1.

2.
3.

CRITERIA for Evaluation

Individuality of the student in

Marks allotted
5

performing the experiment

Observation & Completion of the
calculations in the stipulated time
General aptitude & Viva

10
5

TOTAL

iii

20

CONTENTS
S. No.

Name of the Experiment

I - CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS

1.

Thermal conductivity of a metal rod

2.

Thermal conductivity of an insulating powder

3.

Natural convection in a vertical surface

4.

Pin fin performance - Natural convection mode

5.

Pin fin performance - Forced convection mode

II - CYCLE OF EXPERIMENTS

6.

Emissivity measurement of a given test surface

7.

Heat transfer study in plate type heat exchanger

Heat transfer study in double pipe heat exchanger

8.

using parallel and counter flow of fluids

9.

Unsteady heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid

10.

Heat transfer study in Agitated Vessel

iv

Page No.

ASSESSMENT SHEET

Marks
S. No.

Name of the Experiment

(Out of 20)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
TOTAL MARKS
AVERAGE (OUT OF 20)

Signature of
the faculty
with date

Experiment: 01

Thermal conductivity of a metal bar

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To determine thermal conductivity of a metal rod and understand the heat conduction
process in a cylindrical rod.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A known rate of heat is conducted through a specimen of the material in the form of a
rod of cross sectional area A placed between an electric heat source generating heat
supply at a constant rate and heat sink (cold fluid chamber). The entire assembly is
embedded in low conductivity insulation in order to minimize lateral heat leakage
from the exposed surface of the specimen. Steady conduction temperatures at a 5
places along the rod are recorded by thermocouples. The inlet and outlet temperature
of the cold fluid is also recorded by thermocouples.

FORMULAE:
The Fouriers law of heat conduction is given by
Q = k A
Where, Q

dT
dX
=

amount of heat conducted,

mw Cpw (Two Twi)

mw

mass flow rate of water, kg/s

Cp,w

Specific heat of water, J/kg oC

Twi

Water inlet temperature, C

Two

Water outlet temperature, C

area of cross section normal to the direction of

heat flow

2
d
4

dT

temperature drop, o C

dX

distance over which temperature drop occurs, m

thermal conductivity of the material, W/m oC

d dia. of metal bar, m

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Length of metal bar, L

= _________ mm

2. Size of metal bar, d

= _________ mm

TABULATION:
S. No.

Heat

Temperature ( C)

Cold

supplied
Q (W)

water

temperature ( C)
X1

X2

X3

X4

X5

In

1.

2.

MODEL GRAPH:

Fig. 1 Temperature distribution along the Length of bar

A straight line is drawn to fit the data and its shape gives the temperature gradient

Out

MODEL CALCULATION: (for reading No:

mw, mass flow rate of water =

kg/s

Cp,w, Specific heat of water

J/kg oC

Twi, Water inlet temperature =

Two, Water outlet temperature =

quantity of heat conducted,

mw Cpw (Two Twi)

=
A

area of cross section normal to the direction of heat flow, m2

2
d
4

d - diameter of metal bar =

From Graph,
T

temperature drop =

distance over which T occurs =

thermal conductivity of the material, W/m oC

Q
T
A
X

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

S. No.

Heat supplied, Q

From Graph

Thermal conductivity, k

(W)

T/X (oC/m)

= Q/{A(T/X)} (W/m oC)

1.
2.

Average value of k =

W/m oC

The thermal conductivity of given metal rod is determined and is found to be

____________ W/m oC

ANALYSIS OF RESULT / CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

Experiment: 02

Thermal conductivity of an insulating powder

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To determine thermal conductivity of the given insulating powder and understand the
heat conduction process involved.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

The set up for the experiment consists of two concentric copper spheres between
which the insulating powder, whose thermal conductivity to be determined, is filled.
Heater is provided inside the inner sphere for uniform heating of the sphere. Six sets
of thermocouples are provided to measure the temperature difference across the
powder specimen. Provision has been made to measure the heat input.

FORMULAE:
The thermal conductivity of the powder is calculated using the following expression
valid for a sphere

Ti To
1 1 1

4 k ri ro

Where, Ti =

4k ro ri Ti To

T T T T ,
4
1

ro ri

To = T5 T6 T7 T8

Nomenclature
Q

Heat input, W

ri

Inner sphere radius, m

ro

Outer sphere radius, m

Ai

Inner sphere area, m2

Ao

Outside sphere area, m2

Ti

Inside surface temperature oC

To

Outside surface temperature oC

Thermal conductivity, W/m K

PROCEDURE:
The heater is switched on. The heat supply can be adjusted to a suitable level.
Temperature readings are noted at frequent intervals till consecutive set of readings
are same indicating that steady state has been reached. The readings of heat input,
temperature readings and the geometrical data of the setup are noted in the following
table of measurements.

OBSERVATIONS:
Inner sphere diameter di = _________ mm
Outer sphere diameter do = _________ mm
TABULATION:
Thermocouple Readings, (o C)

Heat input, Q

Thermal

(Amps)

(Volts)
Current, I

Voltage, V

S. No

(W)

Inner sphere
Q=VI
(W)

Outer sphere

conductivity
k

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

T8

(W/m oC)

CALCULATIONS :

di = _________ mm

ri = _________ mm

do = _________ mm

ro = _________ mm = ____________ m

Ti =

To =

= ____________ m

T1 T2 T3 T4
=
4

T5 T6 T7 T8
4

Q=VxI

(W)

Q=

Ti To
1 1 1

4 k ri ro

1 1
Q
r r
k= i o =
Ti To 4

W/m oC

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

The thermal conductivity of the given insulating powder is determined and is found to
be _____________ W/m oC

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS/ CONCLUSIONS

1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

Experiment: 03

Natural convection in a vertical surface

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the free convective heat transfer coefficient between the given fluid and the
solid surface by both experimental and empirical methods.
EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:
The experimental unit consists of a vertical tube made of stainless steel material enclosed
in a rectangular duct open at both top and bottom. The duct is of sufficient dimensions as
not to interfere with the convection process while at the same time preventing external
disturbances to affect the data. One side of the duct is made of transparent heating
element embedded in the stainless steel tube and acts as the heat source. The surface
temperature of the tube is measured at different heights using thermocouples. The surface
of the tube is polished to minimize radiation heat losses. A Voltmeter and an ammeter
enable the determination of heat input to the heater.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the mains.
2. Allow the unit to stabilize so as to reach steady state conditions.
3. Note down the readings by operating the band switch.
4. Note down the local chamber temperature.
5. Repeat the experiment for different heat inputs and tabulate the readings for
calculations.

FORMULAE:
Energy input, Q

V x I (W)

The heat transfer coefficient is determined by using the Newtons law of convection,
Q

hexp As (Ts T)

Where
Q

Rate of heat transfer; Heat input, W

hexp

Average heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC

As

Surface area of the cylinder, m2

Ts

Mean surface temperature of hot body, oC

Ambient fluid temperature, oC

Thus
hexp. =

Q
W/m2 oC
As Ts T

For a vertical cylinder transferring heat to the surroundings, the following empirical
relations hold.
Nuav

0.59 (GrL . Pr)0.25

for 104 < GrL Pr < 109

(Laminar flow)

Nuav

1/3

for 10 < GrL Pr < 1013

0.10 (GrL . Pr)

(Turbulent flow)
Where
Nuav

Average Nusselt number

Nuav

hL/k

Free convective heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC

Height of cylinder, m

Thermal conductivity of fluid, W/m oC

GrL

Grashof number based on length

GrL

T L3
2

Where

Coefficient of thermal expansion,

10

T
f

Tf

Ts T

Temperature difference, Ts - T in oC

Kinematic viscosity in m2/s

Prandtl number,

Pr

Where Tf is mean film temperature in K

2 Where Ts and T are in oC

Cp
k

The fluid properties k, , , , Cp are all evaluated at the film temperature Tf

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Note down the readings only when the steady state has been reached.
2. Do not touch any electrical connection.
3. Handle the selector switch gently.

SPECIFICATION:
Stainless steel cylinder: Inner Diameter

39 mm

Outer Diameter

45 mm

450 mm

Height of the section,

11

TABULATION:

No

(W)

(o C)

(Volts)

(Amps)

Surface Temperature

Current I

Heat input

Voltage V

S.

Q=V.I
(W)

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

Average Ambient
surface

fluid

Temp.

Temp.

Ts

(o C)

(o C)

T7

1.

2.

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading No:

To find hexp

Ts

T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7

7
o

T =
As

(do) L.

m2

Where do Outer diameter of the tube, in m

hexp

hexp

Q
As Ts T

W/m2 oC

12

To find hemp
Tf

Ts T
2

From HMT data book, properties of air at Tf

Pr

m2/s

W/m oC

Gr

1
=
Tf

K-1

T L3
2

GrL Pr =
Since GrL Pr =
Nuav

Nuav

Nuav

hemp L / k

hemp

Nuav k / L

(W/m2 oC)

hemp

W/m2 oC

13

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

The free convective heat transfer coefficient between the given fluid (air) and the solid
surface (vertical cylinder) is determined by both experimental and empirical methods.
The results are tabulated as below

Temperature of the
S. No.

vertical surface, (Ts)

C

hexp

hemp

(W/m2 oC)

(W/m2 oC)

1.

2.

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

14

Experiment: 04
-

Pin fin performance Natural convection mode

- 2013

OBJECTIVE
To study the pin-fin performance under natural convection mode and determine the
efficiency of the pin-fin.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a pin fin placed inside an open duct, (one side open) the other
end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower, the delivery side of the
blower is taken up through a gate value and an orifice meter to the atmosphere. The air
flow rate can be measured with the help of a water tube manometer connected to an
orifice meter. A heater is connected to the one end of the Pin-Fin and five thermocouples
are connected at equidistant to measure the surface temperature and the sixth is left on the
duct to measure the air temperature.

PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION IN FREE CONVECTION MODE:

FORMULAE
For the Pin-Fin with insulated tip condition the temperature distribution is given by

T T
Cosh mL x

Ts T
Cosh mL

The heat loss from the fin is given by

Q=

h p k fin A Ts T tanh mL

The efficiency of the pin fin for insulated tip condition is given by
f =

tanh mL
mL

15

Where m

hp
h D

k fin A
k fin D 2
4

4h
k fin D

D is the diameter of the pin fin (m)

Evaluation of heat transfer coefficient h :

Natural convection
Nuavg =

1.09 (Gr. Pr)1/5

for 1< Gr Pr <104

Nuavg =

0.53 (Gr. Pr)1/4

for 104< Gr Pr <109

Nuavg =

0.13 (Gr. Pr)1/3

for 109< Gr Pr <1012

Where Nuavg =

average Nusselt number

= (h D / k)

heat transfer coefficient, W/m2 oC

diameter of the Pin Fin, m

thermal conductivity of air, W/m oC

Gr

Grashof number

acceleration due to gravity, m/s2

coefficient of thermal expansion, K-1

Ts - T, oC

kinematic viscosity, m2/s

= (g

T D3 /

The fluid properties , cp, k, are evaluated at the film temperature given by
Tf =

Ts T
2

Where Ts is the average fin surface temperature and T is the surrounding temperature.
PROCEDURE:
1. The system is switched on and allowed to reach steady state.
2. Once steady state is attained the temperature along the length of the fin, and the
ambient air temperature are noted. Care should be taken to maintain constant power
supply to the heater.
3. The heat input is varied and the readings are noted.

16

4. The heat transfer coefficient and the efficiency of the pin-fin are calculated.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Length of the fin, L

= 15 cm

2. Diameter of the fin D

= 12.5 mm

3. Duct width, b

= 10 cm

4. Duct height, w

= 15 cm

5. Orifice diameter, do

= 12.5 mm

6. Orifice discharge coefficient, Cd = 0.64

7. Thermal conductivity of fin material, kfin = 375 W/m oC
TABULATION:
S.
No
.

Power Input
V
(Volts)

I
(Amps)

(o C)

Fin Temperature,
Q
(W)

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

Average
Surface
temp.
Ts (oC)

1.

2.

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no:

Mean film temperature, Tf

Ts T
2

Properties of air at Tf are as follows:

k

Pr

W/m oC

m2/s

17

Ambient
temp.
T (oC)

g
Grashof number, Gr

Gr

T D fin 3
2

Gr Pr =

Since Gr Pr =

Nuav

Nuav

Nuav

hemp D / k

hemp

Nuav k / D

(W/m2 oC)

hemp

W/m2 oC

4h
k fin D

m-1

Fin efficiency,

18

tanh mL
mL

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

The efficiency of the given pin fin was determined under natural convection mode for
various base surface temperatures and the results are given below.

S.
No.

Heat Input
(W)

h
(W/m2K)

Ts (oC)

1.
2.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
1.

2.

19

fin

Experiment: 05
-

Pin fin performance Forced convection mode

- 2013

OBJECTIVE
To study the pin-fin performance under forced convection mode and determine the
efficiency of the pin-fin.
DESCRIPTION
The apparatus consists of a pin fin placed inside an open duct, (one side open) the other
end of the duct is connected to the suction side of a blower, the delivery side of the
blower is taken up through a gate value and an orifice meter to the atmosphere. The air
flow rate can be measured with the help of a water tube manometer connected to an
orifice meter. A heater is connected to the one end of the Pin-Fin and five thermocouples
are connected at equidistant to measure the surface temperature and the sixth is left on the
duct to measure the air temperature.

PERFORMANCE ESTIMATION IN FORCED CONVECTION MODE:

FORMULAE FOR FORCED CONVECTION

The efficiency of the pin fin for insulated tip condition is given by
f =
Where m

tanh mL
mL
hp
h D

k fin A
k fin D 2
4

4h
k fin D

D is the diameter of the pin fin (m)

20

H w w

Head of air, Ha =
Where

= density of water, kg/m3

= density of air, kg/m3 = (P / RT)

Mass flow rate of air through the duct,

air

2
d o Cd
4

2g H a

ma

Where do

= Orifice diameter,

Cd

= coefficient of discharge for the orifice

Reynolds number,
Re

=VD/
= kinematic viscosity, m2/s

Where
V

= velocity of air through the duct,

= breadth of duct, m

= height of the duct, m

m/s

ma
b w a

Nusselt number correlations

Nu

= 0.683 Re0.466 Pr1/3

0.618

= 0.193 Re

40< Re <400

1/3

Pr

400< Re <4000

All the properties for air are evaluated at the film temperature given by
Tf

Ts T
2

PROCEDURE
1. The system is switched on.
2. The amount of heat input is measured by using the wattmeter.

21

3. The blower is switched on and a particular amount of air flow is fixed by adjusting
the pressure drop across the orifice.
4. The system is allowed to reach the steady state and the temperatures for the fin and
air are noted.
5. The above procedure is repeated for various air flow rates, keeping the heater input
same.

SPECIFICATIONS:
1. Length of the fin, L

= 15 cm

2. Diameter of the fin D

= 12.5 mm

3. Duct width, b

= 10 cm

4. Duct height, w

= 15 cm

5. Orifice diameter, do

= 12.5 mm

6. Orifice discharge coefficient, Cd = 0.64

7. Thermal conductivity of fin material, k = 375 W/m K

TABULATION:
S.
No.

Power Input
V
(Volts)

I
(Amp)

Q
(W)

Pressure
drop
across
orifice
Hw
(cm H2O)

Fin Temperature, o C

T1

T2

1.
2.

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no:

kg/m3

kg/m3
22

T3

T4

T5

Average
surface
temp.
Ts (oC)

Ambien
t temp.
T (oC)

Head of air, Ha

H w w

Mass flow rate of air through the duct,

ma

air

2
d o Cd
4

2g H a

Mean film temperature, Tf

m/s

Ts T
2

Properties of air at Tf are as follows:

k

Pr

W/m oC

m2/s

Reynolds number,
Re

=VD/
=
=

Since Re =
Nuav

23

Nuav

Nuav

hemp D / k

hemp

Nuav k / D

(W/m2 oC)

hemp

W/m2 oC

4h
k fin D

=
m-1

Fin efficiency,
f

tanh mL
mL

24

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

The efficiency of the given pin fin was determined under forced convection mode for
various air flow rates face temperatures and the results are given below.
S.

Heat input

Velocity

No.

(W)

(m/s)

Re

Nu

1.
2.

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS
1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

25

h
(W/m2K)

fin

Experiment: 06

Emissivity measurement of a given test surface

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the emissivity of the given test surface by conducting radiation studies.

THEORY:
An ideal black surface is one which absorbs the entire radiation incident on it and its
reflectivity and transmissivity are zero. The radiation emitted per unit area per unit time
from the surface of the body is called emissive power. It is denoted by the term E.
Black surface has the maximum amount of emissive power for a given temperature. The
ratio of emissive power of given surface at a given temperature (E) to that of the emissive
power of a black body at the same temperature (Eb) is defined as emissivity (). For a
black body, emissivity is 1. Emissivity depends upon temperature, wavelength and nature
of the surface.

EXPERIMENTAL SET UP:

The experimental set up consists of two circular plates identical in size and provided with
heating coils at the bottom. The plates are mounted on asbestos cement sheet and are kept
in an enclosure so as to provide undisturbed natural convection surroundings. The heat
input to the heater is varied by dimmerstat and is measured by an ammeter and voltmeter.
The average temperature of the plates is evaluated by noting the temperatures at 3
different locations on each plate which are measured by thermocouples. One
thermocouple is kept in the enclosure to read the ambient temperature. One plate is
blackened by a thick layer of lamp black to from the idealized black surface whereas the
other plate is the test plate whose emissivity is to be determined. The heat dissipated by
conduction and convection is same in both cases.

26

FORMULAE:
The power input given for black surface, Pb = Ib * Vb

Watts

The power input given for test surface, Pt

Watts

= It * Vt

The average temperature of the test surface, Tt =

T1 T2 T3

The average temperature of the black surface, Tb =

in 0C

T4 T5 T6

in oC

The ambient temperature T= T + 273 in K

E Tt T

Eb Tb 4 T 4
4

Emmisivity, =

(Based on Stefan Boltzmann law)

PROCEDURE:
1. Give same power input to black surface and the given test surface.
2. Adjust the dimmerstat to a desired value and allow sufficient time for steady state.
3. Measure the steady state temperatures reached by the black body and the test surface.
4. Calculate the mean temperature of both the surfaces.
5. Measure the ambient temperature.
6. Repeat the experiment for different equal power inputs to both the surfaces.

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS:
Power input Temp. of the black surface
( C)

to test

Temp. of the test surface

o

( C)

to black

surface Pt
(Watts)

Power input

temp.

surface Pb
T1

T2

T3

Tb

(Watts)

27

Air

T
T4

T5

T6

Tt

(oC)

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no:

The average temperature of the test surface, Tb

Tb

Tb

= Tb + 273 K

Tb

The average temperature of the black surface, Tt

Emmisivity, =

in 0C

T4 T5 T6

in oC

Tt

Tt

= Tt + 273 K

Tt

The ambient temperature T= T + 273 K

4
4
E Tt T

Eb Tb 4 T 4

T1 T2 T3

=
Emmisivity, =

28

TABLE OF RESULTS:

S. No.

Average temperature

Average temperature of

of the test surface, Tt

the black surface, Tb

(C)

(C)

Emissivity,

1.
2.
3.

Average Emissivity () =
The emissivity of the given test surface is determined by carrying out the radiative heat
transfer study with it. The average value of the emissivity of the test surface is ________.

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

29

Experiment: 07

Heat transfer study in plate type heat exchanger

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE:
1) To analyze the performance of the given plate type heat exchanger.
2) To calculate overall heat transfer coefficient and effectiveness for the given plate type
heat exchanger.
3) To analyze the effects of changing the flow rate for hot & cold fluid streams.
THEORY:
The plate heat exchanger normally consists of corrugated plates assembled into a frame.
The hot fluid flows in one direction in alternating chambers while the cold fluid flows in
true counter-current flow in the other alternating chambers. The fluids are directed into
their proper chambers either by a suitable gasket or a weld depending on the type of
exchanger chosen. Plate heat exchangers are best known for having overall heat transfer
coefficients (U-values) in excess of 35 times the U-value in a shell and tube designed
for the same service. The significantly higher U-value results in far less area for a given
application. The higher U-values are obtained by inducing turbulence between the plate
surfaces. Owing to this they are also known to minimize the fouling.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill the thermic fluid tank with about 75 litres of thermic fluid (say water - here).
2. Switch on the immersion type heater (6 kW) provided in the thermic fluid tank and
heat the thermic fluid to the desired temperature (about 50-60 C). Intermittently
switch ON the pump with bypass line valve fully open and supply valve fully closed
to ensure thorough mixing of thermic fluid in the tank to obtain uniform temperature.
3. After achieving the desired temperature of thermic fluid in the thermic fluid tank,
switch ON the pump (0.5 HP) and allow the hot thermic fluid to flow through plates
and adjust the flow rate to the desired value using the valve to have a residence time
of 5 minutes. Recycle the exit of the hot thermic fluid to the thermic fluid tank.

30

4. Start the cold water supply through the plates and adjust the flow rate to the desired
value.
5. Monitor the hot thermic fluid inlet temperature and maintain it at the constant value
by switching the heater either ON/OFF with the help of thermostat provided on the
control panel of the tank.
6. Observe the inlet and outlet temperature of both cold water and hot thermic fluid
streams and note down them after they achieve steady state.
7. Also note down the flow rates of hot thermic fluid and cold water streams with the
help of rotameters.
8. Repeat the above procedure either by changing the flow rates or by changing the inlet
temperature of the hot thermic fluid.

(Make sure during the test period, the hot thermic tank should not be emptied
totally and the heater must not be exposed to air if the heater is ON, otherwise it
will be damaged).

OBSERVATIONS:
Number of plates

Length of each plate = 165 mm

= 0.165 m

Width of each plate

= 0.085 m

= 85 mm

TABULATION:
Hot stream data
S.
No.

Flow rate
qh
(LPM)

Inlet temp
T1
(C)

Cold stream data

Outlet temp
T2
(C)

1.
2.
3.
4.

31

Flow rate
qc
(LPM)

Inlet temp
T3
(C)

Outlet temp
T4
(C)

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no:

The total area available for heat transfer is computed using the following equation:
A

= N * a = N * (L * W) =
=

Where, N

m2

= number of plates

= projected area of a single plate, m2 = (L * W)

= the length component of the projected area of the plate, m

= the width component of the projected area of the plate, m

Flow rate of hot fluid in kg/ s

mh

= qh * h / 60
=
=

kg/sec

Heat lost by the Hot fluid

Qh

= mh * Cph * (T1 T2)

=
=

Flow rate of cold fluid in kg/ s

mc

= qc * c / 60
=
=

kg/sec

Heat lost by the Cold fluid

Qc

= mc * Cpc * (T1 T2)

=
=

32

Logarithmic Temperature Difference

Tlm

T1 T4 (T2 T3 )
T T4
ln 1
T2 T3

=
o

Now, average heat transfer rate is

Q

= (Qh + Qc) / 2
=
=

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Q
A * Tlm

=
=

W/m2 oC

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger

= Q / [(m Cp)min * (T1 T3)]

=

where,
Qmax = (m Cp)min * (T1 T3)

33

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

Heat transfer study was carried out in given plate type heat exchanger. The performance
and the effectiveness of the heat exchanger were analyzed. The design heat transfer
coefficient was evaluated for various flow conditions of the hot and cold fluid streams.
The results are tabulated below.

S.
No

Mass flow rate

of cold fluid
mc (kg/s)

Mass flow rate

of hot fluid
mh (kg/s)

Average heat
flow rate
Q (W)

Overall heat
transfer
coefficient U
(W/m2 oC)

1
2
3
4

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

34

Effectiveness
E

Experiment: 08
-

- 2013

Heat transfer study in double pipe heat exchanger

using parallel and counter flow of fluids

OBJECTIVE:
To determine the effectiveness, NTU and overall heat transfer coefficient of a double
pipe heat exchanger under parallel and counter flow mode.

PROCEDURE:
1.

Start the experimental setup and check the water flow direction.

2.

Initially start the experiment with parallel flow of the hot and cold fluids.

3.

Adjust the flow rate of the hot and cold fluids to a known quantity and record them.

4.

Note down the inlet and outlet temperatures of both hot and cold fluid streams.

5.

Repeat the experiment for another set of flow rate of the hot and cold fluids.

6.

Repeat steps 3 to 5 for counter current flow mode.

TABULATION:

S.No
Mass flow
rate mh
(kg/s)

Hot stream data

Inlet temp
Outlet temp
Thi (oC)
Tho (oC)

Parallel flow data:

1.
2.
Counter flow data:
3.
4.

35

Mass flow
rate mc
(kg/s)

Cold stream data

Inlet temp
Outlet temp
Tci (oC)
Tco (oC)

SPECIFICATIONS:
Length of the heat exchanger (L)

1200 mm

Inner copper/brass tube I.D. (di)

9.5 mm

Inner copper/brass tube O.D. (do)

12.5 mm

Outer G.I. tube I.D. (Di)

28.5 mm

Outer G.I. tube O.D. (Do)

32.0 mm

MODEL CALCULATION:
Parallel flow: (for reading no:
Heat lost by hot water Qh

)
mh Cph (Thi Tho)

W
mc Cpc (Tco Tci)

Heat gained by cold water Qc =

Logarithmic mean temperature difference for parallel flow

Tlm

Thi Tci (Tho Tco )

T Tci
ln hi
Tho Tco

=
o

Now, average heat transfer rate is

Qpar

= (Qh + Qc) / 2
=

=
36

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Q
Ai * Tlm

where Ai = do L m2 (do Outer dia of inner tube)

=
W/m2 oC

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger for parallel flow mode

= Qpar / [(m Cp)min * (Thi Tci)]

=

where,
Qmax

NTU

= (m Cp)min * (Thi Tci)

= U Ai / (m Cp)min
=

Counter flow: (for reading no:

Heat lost by hot water Qh

)
mh Cph (Thi Tho)

37

mc Cpc (Tco Tci)

Heat gained by cold water Qc =

Logarithmic mean temperature difference for counter flow

Tlm

Thi Tco (Tho Tci )

T Tco
ln hi
Tho Tci

=
o

Now, average heat transfer rate is

Qcou

= (Qh + Qc) / 2
=

Overall Heat Transfer Co-efficient

Q
Ai * Tlm

where Ai = do L m2 (do Outer dia of inner tube)

W/m2 oC

38

Effectiveness of the heat exchanger for counter flow mode

= Qcou / [(m Cp)min * (Thi Tci)]

=
where,
Qmax

NTU

= (m Cp)min * (Thi Tci)

= U Ai / (m Cp)min
=

39

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

Heat transfer study was carried out in the given double pipe heat exchanger for both
parallel and counter flow modes. The effectiveness, NTU and overall heat transfer
coefficient under parallel and counter flow mode for the given fluid flow rates are as
follows:
S. No

LMTD
(oC)

Heat Flow rate

Q (W)

Uexp
W/m2k

Effectiveness
E

Parallel flow
1
2
Counter flow
3
4

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Marks obtained:

Signature of faculty:

Date:

40

NTU

Experiment: 09

Unsteady heat conduction in a semi-infinite solid

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE
To draw the temperature distribution and calculate the total heat transferred per unit area
in time t in unsteady state heating of a semi infinite solid.
THEORY
Transient or unsteady state conduction is a process in which temperature changes with
time. Applications of transient heat conduction are cooling and freezing of food, heat
treatment by quenching, heating and cooling of buildings, boiler tubes, rocket nozzles etc.
Sometimes solids are heated or cooled in such a way that the temperature changes are
confined to the region near or on the surface. The temperature near the hot surface will
change rapidly with time and more slowly farther away. If the wall is thick enough that
there will be no measurable change in the temperature of the other end for a considerable
time, then for this situation, the heat conduction equation is

dT
d 2T
2
dt
dx

where is thermal diffusivity of the material (m2/s)

Temperature T at any point at a distance x and time t from the hot surface is

Ts T

Ts Ta
for

z
e dz
2

T = Ts at x = 0 and t > 0
T = Ta at any value of x (x > 0) and t < 0

T T at t > 0 and x

where

x
2 t

41

Thermal diffusivity of the material, m2/sec

Time after change in surface temperature.

Distance from hot side

Ts

Hot surface temperature

Temperature at any time

Ta

Ambient temperature or initial uniform temperature at t = 0

The heat transferred in the solid is

QT
2k Ts Ta t

A
where
QT

Total quantity of heat transferred after completion of time t

Area of heat transfer, m2

Thermal conductivity of material = 45 W/m K

Thermal diffusivity = 1.172 10-5 m2/s

PROCEDURE
1. The wattmeter connections are checked and multiplication factor is noted.
2. The values of thermocouples are noted.
3. The heater is switched on and the heat input to the system is adjusted. The other end
is connected to water supply.
4. The observations are carried out till there is no further change in temperature for 10
min.

42

TABULATION:
o

Ambient temperature (Initial temperature of the specimen), Ta =

Temperature at different locations, C

Time, t
S. No.

(min)

Ts

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

(x=0 cm) (x=6 cm) (x=12 cm) (x=18 cm) (x=24 cm) (x=30 cm)

43

MODEL CALCULATIONS

1=

Ts T1
Ts Ta

(at t =

min.)

T1, T2 represent the temperature readings of the thermometers along the length of
the solid (refer table of measurements for distance in cm).

Q
2k T T
A
T

=
z

x
2 t

44

TABLE OF RESULTS
S. No.

QT/A,
W/m2

S. No.

Z1

Z2

Z3

45

Z4

Z5

GRAPHS
Plot graphs of T vs x and vs z

RESULTS & DISCUSSION:

ANALYSIS OF RESULTS / CONCLUSIONS

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date:

Signature:

Faculty Code:

46

Experiment: 10

Heat transfer study in Agitated vessel

-

- 2013

OBJECTIVE
To determine individual and overall heat transfer coefficient for steady state heat transfer
in an agitated vessel.
PROCEDURE
Fill the water in the agitated vessel. Switch on the water heater and maintain the
temperature at a particular value (say 50oC). Switch on the motor of the stirrer and note
down the speed of the agitators. Open the cooling water inlet valve and maintain the flow
at a particular flow rate and note the flow rate. Note the inlet temperature of cold water.
After attaining the steady state, i.e., constant water outlet temperature, note the cold water
outlet temperature. Repeat the same procedure by changing the bath temperature and cold
water flow rates.

FORMULAE:
1. Inside heat transfer coefficient for the tube
hi,straight tube = (k/di) (0.023) (Re)0.8 (Pr)1/3
hi, coil
= hi {1+3.5 (di/Dc)}

W/m2 oC (assuming laminar flow)

W/m2 oC

2. Outside heat transfer coefficient for coil

ho, coil
= (k / Dv) 0.87 {dp2 Ns / }0.62 (Pr) 1/3
3. Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside area of tube
Ui = 1 / [(1/hi, coil) + (xw/km) (di/dlm) + (di/do) (1/ho, coil)]
Where
Re
Reynolds number
= (Vdi) /
Pr
Prandtl number
= (Cp / k),
k
Thermal conductivity of the fluid
km
Thermal conductivity of the coil
di
Inside diameter of the tube
L
Length of the tube
Dc
Diameter of the coil
47

W/m oC
W/m oC
m
m
m

Dv
dp
Ns
V

xw

Diameter of the agitated vessel

Diameter of the paddle
Speed of the agitator
Velocity of the fluid
Density of the fluid
Viscosity of the fluid
Tube wall thickness = (dodi)

m
m
rps
m/sec
Kg/m3
Kg/m sec
m

Fluid properties has to be determined at bath temperature

OBSERVATIONS:
Diameter of the agitated vessel, Dv

28.5 cm

Diameter of the coil, Dc

24 cm

Outside dia of the tube, do

1 cm

Inside dia of the tube, di

6.725 mm

Dia of the paddle impeller, dp

6.5 cm

Thermal conductivity of coil material, km

45 W/m oC

Rated speed of the stirrer, Ns

24 rps

Number of turns in the coil, n

TABULATION:

S.No

Bath temp
Tb (oC)

Cold water temp.

(T)c
o
C
Tc1 (oC)

Tc2 (oC)

1
2
3
4

48

qc
m3 / sec

Vc
m / sec

mc
kg/sec

Q (W)

Cold Water Properties (for calculation of Inside tube heat transfer coefficient)

S.No

Mean temp
= (Tc1+ Tc2)
(oC)

Cp
o

(J/Kg C)

(kg/m s)

(kg/m3)

K
(W/m oC)

Pr

1
2
3
4
Hot bath properties (for calculation of Outside tube heat transfer coefficient)

S.No

Bath Temp
Tb (oC)

Cp
o

(J/Kg C)

(kg/m s)

(kg/m3)

K
(W/m oC)

1
2
3
4

MODEL CALCULATIONS: (for reading no:

Overall heat transfer coefficient by experimental method

Mass flow rate of the cooling water, mc

qc

kg/sec

=
=
Temperature increase in the cold fluid, Tc =

kg/sec
Tc2 Tc1

=
o

Amount of heat transferred to cold fluid, Q =

49

mc Cpc Tc

Pr

=
=
LMTD, Tlm

Tb Tc1 (Tb Tc 2 )
T Tc1
ln b
Tb Tc 2

Heat transfer area, Ai

= di L

m2

Overall heat transfer coefficient, Ui,exp

m2

= Q / [Ai (T) lm]

W/m2 oC

Cross sectional area of the inside tube, A

W/m2 oC

= di2 / 4

m2

=
=

m2

Overall heat transfer coefficient by theoretical method

Velocity of fluid, Vc

= qc / A

m/sec

=
=

Reynolds number

= di Vc /
=

Inside heat transfer coefficient for tube, hi

m/sec

= (k / di) 0.023 (Re)0.8 (Pr)1/3

(assuming laminar flow)
50

W/m2 oC

Inside heat transfer coefficient for coil, hi coil = hi [1 + 3.5 (di / Dc)]
=
=

Outside heat transfer coefficient for coil,

ho, coil

W/m2 oC

= (k / Dv) 0.87 {dp2 Ns / }0.62 (Pr) 1/3

=

=
Overall heat transfer coefficient based on inside of the tube,
Ui,the

=1 / [(1/hi, coil) + (xw/km) (di/dlm) + (di/do) (1/ho, coil)]

=
W/m2 oC

xw

= Thickness of the tube = (do di) / 2 =

dlm

= (do di) / ln (do / di) =

51

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS:

Heat transfer study was carried out in the given agitated vessel. The overall heat transfer
coefficient for steady state heat transfer in an agitated vessel was determined by both
experimental and theoretical methods. The results are given as follows.
S.No

LMTD
(oC)

Ui,exp
W/m2 oC

Re

qc
m / Sec
3

hi,coil
W/m2k

1
2
3
4

ANALYSIS OF RESULT/ CONCLUSION

1.

2.

Remarks of the Faculty in-charge:

Date:

Signature:

Faculty Code:

52

ho,coil
W/m2k

Ui,the