Need For Developing Green Building Concept in The Country

8/19/2016
NeedforDevelopingGreenBuildingConceptintheCountry
Dr.Y.P.Gupta,Chairman,ICIUPAllahabadCentre,TechnicalAdvisor,JamunaBridgeInformationCentre,
DIPLCOWIJV,Allahabad
WhatisGreenBuildings?
AgreenBuildinguseslessenergy,waterandothernaturalresourcescreateslesswaste&GreenHouse
GasesandishealthyforpeopleduringlivingorworkinginsideascomparedtoastandardBuilding.Another
meaningofGreenStructureiscleanenvironment,waterandhealthyliving.BuildingGreenisnotabouta
littlemoreefficiency.Itisaboutcreatingbuildingsthatoptimizeonthelocalecology,useoflocalmaterials
andmostimportantlytheyarebuilttocutpower,waterandmaterialrequirements.Thus,ifthesethingsare
keptinmind,thenwewillrealizethatourtraditionalarchitecturewasinfact,verygreen.Today,wehave
forgottenthathowtomakenaturalenvironment,insteadcopyingitfromdevelopedcountries.
Buildingsareamajorenergyconsumingsectorintheeconomy.About35to40%oftotalenergyisusedby
buildingsduringconstruction.ThemajorconsumptionofEnergyinbuildingsisduringconstructionandlater
inlightingorairconditioningsystems.Thisconsumptionmustbeminimized.Possibly,thisshouldbelimited
toabout80100wattspersqm.
Introduction
Wehaveheardofclimatechange.Theairisgettingwarmersummercomessoonerinmostcontinents
includingEuropeandAmerica.Sealevelisrising,Maldivesissinking.RiversliketheAmazon,theNile,the
Danube,etc,aredryingorrecedeseveralmeterseveryyear.Butit'snotjusthappeningelsewherebutalso
happeninginIndia.TheglaciersfeedingwaterfortheGangaaremeltingfasterthanitshould.Itmeansthe
Gangacoulddryupinanotherabout60yearsorso.Thiswouldleaveover50millionpeoplethirstywhoare
livingonthebanks.
MangroveforestsofSunderbanaretheworld'smostprosperousgroupof104RainforestIslands.However,
itappearsthattheseveryuniqueislandsarelikelytobewipedoutfromearth'smapverysoonoroverthe
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periodoftime.Infact,15%ofIndiansideSunderbanand17%ofBangladeshsideofSunderbanIslandare
alreadysubmergedintheocean.NowthethreatofsubmergingisloominglargeonSagardeep,the4th
biggestoftheexistingisland.ItisalsoonthisIsland,thattheannualMelaofGangasagarisheldandvisited
byMillionsofpilgrimseveryyear.ThisisallbecauseofthegenerationofGreenhousegases(GHG)and
sealevelisrising.
AthirdofallCarbonDioxideemissionsproducedareabsorbedintheoceans.Carbondioxidedissolvedin
oceanwaterbecomesacorrosiveacidwhichkillssealife.Thusfishcatchesarefalling.Thatwouldleave
hundredsofcoastalcommunitieshungry.
Thecoalisburntinelectricpowerplants,whichisamajorsourceoftheCO2generationanditisdoingallthe
damagemeltingtheglaciers,poisoningthesea,disruptingthemonsoonetc.AlternatesourceofEnergy
likeRenewableenergyfromthesun'srays,wind,seas'waves&geosourcesisclean,doesn'trelease
CO2andisnothostagetoaresourcethatwilldieout.InIndia,weareblessedwithatropicalsun,fastwinds
andthousandsofmilesofseacoast.Renewableenergyisthustheanswerforalltheseills.
Figure1:AdumpofWastegeneratedandluingonStreets
Similarly,buildingIndustryisproducingsecondlargestamountofDemolitionWasteandGHG(almost40%).
Buildingshavemajorenvironmentalimpactsovertheirentirelifecycle.Resourcessuchasgroundcover,
forests,water,andenergyaredepletedtoconstructandoperatebuildings.Resourceintensivematerials
providethebuildingenvelopeandlandscapingaddbeautytoitinturnusingupwaterandpesticidesto
maintainit.Energyconsumingsystemsforlighting,spaceconditioningandwaterheatingprovidecomfortto
itsoccupants.Hitechcontrolsaddintelligencetoinanimate'buildingssothattheycanrespondtovarying
conditions,andintelligentlymonitorandcontrolresourceuse,security,andusageoffiresystemsetc.inthe
building.Waterisanothervitalresourcefortheoccupants,whichgetsconsumedcontinuouslyduring
buildingconstructionandoperation.Severalbuildingprocessesandoccupantfunctiongeneratelarge
amountofwaste.Theseallarepollutingtheenvironmentandincreasing(GHG).
ClimateChangeandItsEffect
ClimateischangingfastgloballybecauseofincreasedenergyconsumptionandthusincreaseGreenhouse
gases(GHG)likeCO2.ThisgivesrisetoglobalWarming.TheWorldproducesabout0.6tones/year/per
capitaCO2.Indiaisthe5thlargestproducingGHG.Thisimpactstheclimatechangeresultingin:
Waterstressandreductionintheavailabilityoffreshwaterduetopotentialdeclineinrainwater.
Threatstoagricultureandfoodscarcity
Shiftsinareaandboundaryofdifferentforestandthreattobiodiversitywithadverseimplicationsfor
forestdependentactivities.
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Sealevelrisingoncostalareasandeffectonagriculture&habitation.
GreenBuildingConceptandArchitecturePlanning
TohaveGreenBuildingConcept,weshouldlookafterthefollowing:
1.OptimumuseofEnergyorpower
2.Waterconservation
3.SolidandWaterWastemanagement,itstreatmentandreuse
4.Energyefficienttransportsystems
5.EfficientBuildingSystemPlanningetc.
IfallBuildingsinurbanareasweremadetoadoptgreenBuildingconcepts,Indiacouldsavemorethan8400
MWofpowerwhichisenoughtolighthalfofDelhior5.5lakhhomesayearaccordingtoestimatesbyTERI.
Agreenbuildingdepletesverylittleofthenaturalresourcesduringitsconstructionandoperation.Theaimof
agreenbuildingdesignistominimizethedemandonnonrenewableresourcesandmaximizetheutilization
efficiencyoftheseresourceswheninuseandutilizationofrenewableresources.
Figure2:AwellplannedGreenStructure
BuildingPlanningshouldminimizetheuseofbuildingmaterialsandoptimizeconstructionpracticesand
sinksbybioclimaticarchitecturalpracticesuseminimumenergytopoweritselffortheuseofequipment
andlightingandairconditioningandlastlymaximizetheuseofrenewablesourcesofenergy.Itshouldalso
useefficientlywasteandwatermanagementpracticesandprovidecomfortableandhygienicindoorworking
conditions.Itisevolvedthroughadesignprocessthatrequiresallconcernedthearchitectandlandscape
designerandtheairconditioning,electrical,plumbingandenergyconsultantstoworkasateamto
addressallaspectsofbuildingincludingsystemplanning,design,constructionandoperation.Thus,
enhancethepositiveimpactsontheenvironment.
Architects&plannersshouldstartthinkinggreenintheplanningofBuildings.Integratingliving&vegetation
witharchitectureisfastgainingpopularityaroundtheworldandnowanewterm"Vegitecture"hasbeen
coinedforitanditisbecomingcommon.ThustheArchitectmaythinktobringconcretejunglestogreen
junglesthrough"Vegitecture".Thisissimilartothescenarioshowninfigurehere.
TheArchitectcanuselargewindowswithDoubleglasssystem.Theglazedtrappingwillactasinsulating
layerofairbetweenthetwolayersofglass.Oneoftheselayersofglassfiltersanddisperseslightandheat
withoutreflectingitbackoutsidethebuilding.Theairconditioningsystemwillalsobelessintensivebecause
thedoubleglazingsysteminsulatesthebuilding.Further,hollowflyashbrickscanbeusedinwallsduring
construction.Thiswillalsoprovidegoodinsulatingpropertiesapartfromusingwastematerials.
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ContributionofConcretetowardsGreenHouseGases
Amongtheprimaryconcretemakingmaterials,theemissionofCO2islargelyattributabletocement
production.Itisestimatedthatmoderncementscontainonanaverageofabout84%Portlandcement
clinkerandtheclinkermanufacturingprocessreleasesabout0.9tonofCO2pertonofclinker.TheConcrete
IndustryWorldwideconsumemorethan3.5billontonsofcement,sothecarboncontributionofthisindustry
isobviouslyquitelarge.Thusminimizingconcreteconsumptionthroughinnovativearchitectureand
structuraldesignsisonewaytosaveontheuseofcement.Anotherwayistousesmartconcretemixture
proportioningapproach.Thiscanbedonethroughfollowingapproaches:
1.MinimizeconcreteconsumptionthroughinnovativearchitectureandStructuralDesignmethods.
2.Usesmartconcretemixtureoricreteasproportioningapproachtosaveoncementinconcretemix.
3.ConsumelessCementinconcrete/mortarmixtures.
4.ConsumelessClinkerinCementmakingbyaddingPozzolanalikeflyashorGGBFSinCementor
Concrete.
CharacteristicsofGreenBuilding
Buildingconstructionanditsupkeepforlivableconditionsrequireshugeenergyinlighting,airconditioning,
operationofappliancesetc.GreenBuildingi.e.energyefficientbuildingistheonewhichcanreduceenergy
consumptionbyatleast40%ascomparedtoconventionalbuilding.Thecostofconstructingenergyefficient
buildingisestimatedtobe1520%higherascomparedtoconventionalbuildingwithoutenergyefficiency.
However,thisismorethancompensatedovertheperiodoftimei.eduringlifecyclecostandoperation&
living.Usinggreenbuildingmaterialsandproducts,promotesconservationofnonrenewableresources
internationally.Inaddition,integratinggreenbuildingmaterialsintobuildingprojectscanhelpreducethe
environmentalimpactsassociatedwiththeextraction,transport,processing,fabrication,installation,reuse,
recycling,anddisposalofthesebuildingindustrysourcematerials.
GreenBuildingProductsandMaterials
BuildingandConstructionactivitiesworldwideconsumeabout3billontonsofrawmaterialseachyear.Using
greenbuildingmaterialsandproductspromotesconservationofdwindlingnonrenewableresources.In
addition,integratinggreenbuildingmaterialsintobuildingprojectscanhelpreducetheenvironmental
impactsassociatedwiththeexcavation,extraction,transport,processing,recyclinganddisposalofthese
buildingindustrysourcematerials.
Greenbuildingmaterialsarecomposedofrenewable,ratherthannonrenewableresourcesandare
environmentallyresponsiblebecauseimpactsareconsideredoverthelifecycleperiod.
Dependinguponprojectspecificgoals,anassessmentofgreenmaterialsmayinvolveanevaluationofone
ormoreofthefollowingparameters:
1.Resourceefficiency
2.Energyefficiency
3.Affordability
4.PossibleRecyclingofMaterialandWastegeneration
5.Waterconservation
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6.EffectiveIndoorairquality
A)ResourceEfficiency:Itcanbeaccomplishedbyutilizingmaterialsthatmeetthefollowingcriteria.
Resourceefficientmanufacturingprocess:Productsmanufacturedwithresourceefficientprocesses
includingreducingenergyconsumption,minimizingwaste(recycled,recyclableandorsourcereduced
productpackaging)andthusreducinggreenhousegases.
Localavailability:Buildingmaterials,componentsandsystemsfoundlocallyorregionallywillsaveenergy
andresourcesintransportationtotheprojectsite.
Salvaged,refurbished,orremanufactured:Itavoidsthematerialfromdisposalandrenovating,repairing,
restoring,orgenerallyimprovingtheappearance,performance,quality,functionalityorvalueofaproduct.
Durable:Materialsthatarelongerlastingorarecomparabletoconventionalproductswithlonglife
expectancies.
B)EnergyEfficiency:Itcanbemaximizedbyutilizingmaterialsandsystemsthatmeetthevariouscriteria
thathelpreduceenergyconsumptioninbuildingsandfacilitiesasindicatedabove.
C)Affordability:Itcanbeconsideredasthecostforthebuildingproductwhenlifecyclecostsare
comparabletoconventionalmaterialsorasawholeitiswithinaprojectdefinedpercentageoftheoverall
budget.
Figure3:AtypicalGreenHouse
D)PossibilityofRecyclingofMaterialandresultantWasteGeneration:Itshouldsatisfythefollowing:
RecyclableContentProductswithidentifiablerecycledcontentandminimumwastegeneration,including
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postusecontentwithapreferenceforpostconsumerusecontentshouldbeconsidered.
ReusableorrecyclableSelectmaterialsthatcanbeeasilydismantledandreusedorrecycledattheendof
theirusefullife.
E)WaterConservationItcanbejudgedfromutilizingthematerialsandsystemsthathelpreducewater
consumptioninbuildingsandconservewaterinlandscapedareas.Thisissimilartochemicaladmixture
usedinconcretetoreducewatercontent.
F)EffectiveIndoorAirQualityItshouldenhancebyutilizingsuchmaterialandmeetthefollowingcriteria:
LowornontoxicMaterialsthatemitfewornocarcinogens,reproductivetoxicantsorirritantsas
demonstratedbythemanufacturerthroughappropriatetesting.
MinimalchemicalemissionsProductsthathaveminimalemissionsofVolatileOrganicCompounds
(VOCs).Productsthatalsomaximizeresourceandenergyefficiencywhilereducingchemicalemissions.
LowVOCassemblyMaterialsinstalledwithminimalVOCproducingcompounds,ornoVOCmechanical
attachmentmethodswithminimalhazards.
MoistureresistantProductsandsystemsthatresistmoistureorinhibitthegrowthofbiological
contaminantsinbuildings.
SomeStepsforMaterialSelection
Materialselectioncanbeginaftertheestablishmentofprojectspecificenvironmentalgoals.The
environmentalassessmentprocessforbuildingmaterialinvolvesthreebasicsteps.
1.Survey
2.Evaluation
3.Selection
1.Survey:Thisstepinvolvesgatheringofalltechnicalinformationaboutthematerialwhichcanbe
indentified,includingmanufacturers'informationsuchasMaterialSafetyDataSheets(MSDS),IndoorAir
Quality(IAQ)testdata,productwarranties,sourcematerialcharacteristics,recyclablecontentdata,
environmental,performanceanddurabilityinformation.Inaddition,thisstepmayalsoinvolveinvestigating
otherissueslikebuildingcodes,governmentregulations,buildingindustryperformance,modelgreen
buildingproductspecificationsetc.Suchsurveywillhelpinidentifyingthefullrangeoftheproject'smaterial
options.
2.Evaluation:Thisstepinvolvesconfirmationofthetechnicalinformation,aswellasfillingininformation
gaps.Forexample,theevaluatormayrequestproductcertificationsfrommanufacturerstohelpsortout
possibleexaggeratedenvironmentalproductclaims.Evaluationandassessmentisrelativelysimplewhen
comparingsimilartypesofbuildingmaterialsusingtheenvironmentalcriteria.However,theevaluation
processismorecomplexwhencomparingdifferentproductswiththesamefunction.Thenitmaybecome
necessarytoprocessbothdescriptiveandquantitativeformsofdata.
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Alifecycleassessment(LCA)isanevaluationoftherelative"greenness"ofbuildingmaterialsandproducts.
LCAaddressestheimpactofaproductthroughallofitslifestages.ThistoolthatcanbeusedistheLCA
methodologythroughasoftwareevaluationlikeBEES(BuildingforEnvironmentalandEconomic
Sustainability)software.Suchsoftwarecaneasilybedevelopedorotherwiseavailablecommercially.It
allowsuserstobalancetheenvironmentalandeconomicperformanceofbuildingproducts.
3.Selection:Thisstepofteninvolvestheuseofanevaluationmatrixforscoringtheprojectspecific
environmentalcriteria.Thetotalscoreofeachproductevaluationwillindicatetheproductwiththehighest
environmentalattributes.Individualcriteriaincludedintheratingsystemcanbeweightedtoaccommodate
projectspecificgoalsandobjectives.
AdvantagesofGreenBuildingMaterials
Greenbuildingmaterialsoffersomeorallofthefollowingbenefitstothebuildingownerandbuilding
occupants:
Reducedmaintenance/replacementcostsoverthelifeofthebuilding
Energyconservation
Improvedoccupanthealthandproductivity
Lifecyclecostsavings
Lowercostsassociatedwithchangingspaceconfigurations.
Greaterdesignflexibility
SustainableDevelopmentorSustainableBuildingConcept
Itisadevelopmentthatmeetstheneedsofpresentwithoutcompromisingtheneedsoffuturegenerations
tocome.Theconceptofsustainablebuildingincorporatesandintegratesavarietyofstrategiesduringthe
design,constructionandoperationofbuildingprojects.Theuseofgreenbuildingmaterialsandproducts
representsoneimportantstrategyinthedesignofabuilding.Asmorethan40%populationislivinginthe
citiessothesecitesshouldbemadeSustainablefirst.
WasteGeneration
Hugeamountofwasteisgeneratedeverydayineachcity.Forexample,Delhialonegeneratesmorethan
6,500tonsofGarbageeveryday.By2020itsamountwillreach1800tonseveryday.Suchamountofwaste
disposalisaHerculeantaskandwillneedspacefordumpingandfuelcostsfortransportationofwasteupto
disposalareas.Inthecitiesthedisposalareasareoutsidecitywhicharemilesapart.Therefore,thiswaste
mustbeprocessedatnearbyplacesandreusedasmuchaspossible.
Localprocessingofthewastewillnotonlykeepthecitycleanbutalsogenerateenergyandresource
materials.Itwillalsogeneratehugeemploymentopportunitiesandgiveseveralotheradvantagesandthus
sustainable.
SomeBenefitsofaGreenBuildingConcept
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Greenbuildingsaredesignedtobehealthierandhavingmoreenjoyableworkingenvironment.
Workplacequalitiesthatimprovetheenvironmentandwhichhelpindevelopingtheknowledgeofworkers
andmayalsoreducestressandleadtolongerlivesformultidisciplinaryteams.
Reducedenergyandwaterconsumptionwithoutsacrificingthecomfortlevel.
Significantly,betterlightingqualityincludingmoredaylighting,betterdaylightharvestinganduseof
shading,greateroccupancycontroloverlightlevelsandlessglare.
Improvedthermalcomfortandbetterventilation.
Limitedwastegenerationduetorecyclingprocessandreuse.
Increaseproductivityofworkersandmachines.Itisreportedthatproductivitycanbeincreasedbyabout
25%whilefollowingsuchgreenhousenorms.
Attractingandretainingthebestemployees,canbelinkedtothebenefitsandqualitiesofworkers
receive,includingthephysical,environmentalandtechnologicalaspects.
Greenbuildingactivitiesresultinreductionofoperatingcostsby2530%.
NeedtoDevelopAGreenBuildingPolicy(GBP)inINDIA
TheGreenBuildingmovementinIndiawasstartedin2003andreceivedamajorimpetuswhen,CII
sohrabjiGodrejGreenBusinessCentreBuildinginHyderabadbecamethefirstgreenbuildinginIndiawhich
wasawardedwiththeprestigiousandthemuchcoveredLEED(LeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmental
Design)PlatinumratingbytheUSGreenBuildingCouncil(USGBS)andalsobecametheworld'sgreenest
Buildingin2003.
LEEDIndiaConcept
TheIndianGreenBuildingCouncil(IGBC)Designedandstarted.TheLeadershipinEnergyand
EnvironmentalDesign(LEEDIndia)systemiscalledGreenBuildingRatingSystem.Itisaninternationally
acceptedbenchmarkforthedesign,constructionandoperationofhighperformancegreenbuilding.
LEEDcertifiedbuildingsutilizelesstoxicmaterials,lowemittingadhesives&sealants,paints,carpets,and
compositewoods,andindoorchemical&pollutantsourcecontrol.
WhatIsToBeDone?
Figure4:Atypicalhighwaywithgreeneryaround
Essentialtoaneffectivegreenbuildingpolicythatdeliversenergyefficiencyisbyusingsimple,standardized
andbetterenergyperformancematerialsthroughouttheconstructioninallphasesofbuildingdesignand
operation.Thus,tohavegreenBuildingconcept,someorallofthefollowingstepsneedtobefollowed.
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Planeachoffice/home'sorientationtothesuntoharnessenergyandshielditfromheati.e.Proper
BuildingOrientationandLandscapeandemphasisonnaturallight.
Highefficiencyinsulatedglasswindowscanreducerequirementsofenergyduringtheoperationoruseof
Building.ThusitwillemitminimumcarbondioxideCO2
MinimizeCement/concreteconsumptionthroughinnovativearchitectureandStructuralDesignfor
optimumuseofcement.
MaximumuseofwastePozzolanicmateriellikeflyashinConcreteMixturealongwithCement.
Nontoxicpaintsshouldbeusedonthewalls.Theseusewaterratherthanpetroleumbasedsolvents
anddonotemitsmogproducingpollutants.ThiswillimproveIndoorAirQuality.
UseSewagetreatmentandrecyclethewastewaterfrombathroomandKitchen.
Organicwaste,bothsolidandliquid,producealargequantityofMethanewhichis23timesstrongerthan
CO2asgreenhousegases(GHG).Suchorganicwastemustbeprocessedtotapgaswhichcanbeused
ascookinggasorfuel.
ProvideRainwaterHarvestingsystemsontheroofofBuildingtocollectwater,whichcanbeusedtoflush
Toiletsorforgeneralwashorrechargetheground.
UseSolarPanelstoheatbathwaterandgeneratelittleelectricityforusewhentherearepowercuts
insteadofusingInvertors.
InstallsimpleWindturbinesontheroof,whichcanbeusedtogenerateelectricityforusewhenthereis
nopower.
Araingardencanhelpreducestormwaterrunoff.
UseDripIrrigationtowatertheplantsorNativelandscapingaroundbuilding.Thisrequireslesswaterfor
irrigationandmaintenance.
GovernmentorMunicipalcorporationsshouldprovideenoughincentivesliketaxrebatesortaxbreaksfor
greenbuildingsduringapprovals.
Governmentshouldmakebasicgreennormslikegraywaterrecyclingandrainwaterharvesting
compulsoryforallnewbuildingsinall5,161cities,townsandurbanagglomerationsinthecountry.
Conclusion
Thepovertyalleviationinthedevelopingcountriescanbeeffectivelyachievedbyconservationofenergy
andcreationofemploymentopportunities.Theenergysavedcanbeploughedbackforfurtherdevelopment
whichcreatesalargeemploymentopportunity.Thetechnologiesandthematerialsusedfordevelopment
shouldcomplementtheuseoflocalandwasteresources.Thelaborforcesenhancingtheircapabilityand
standardoflivingbeusedtoavoidthewideningofgapbetweenhavesandhavenot.Processingofwaste
mustbetakenupatalargescaleandlocallyineachof5,161citiesandtowns.Thiswillnotonlygenerate
jobsbutalsogiveoutenergy&resourcesofmaterialwhichcanbeusefullyutilized.
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ItcanbeablessingforthefastdevelopingcountrylikeIndiathatthemeasurescalledforsustainable
developmentcanbethemeasuresofpovertyalleviationaswellasillustratedinthethemeofSeminar
throughsustainabledevelopmentandreprocessingofwaste.
References
LynnM.Froeschle,"EnvironmentalAssessmentandSpecificationofGreenBuildingMaterials,"The
ConstructionSpecifier,October1999.
D.M.RoodmanandN.Lenssen,"ABuildingRevolution:HowEcologyandHealthConcernsare
TransformingConstruction,"WorldwatchPaper124,WorldwatchInstitute,Washington,D.C.,March
1995.
RossSpiegelandDruMeadows,"GreenBuildingMaterials:AGuidetoProductSelectionand
Specification,"JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,NewYork,1999.
Acknowledgement
Thearticlehasbeenreproducedfromtheproceedingof"NationalSeminaronGreenStructuresfor
Sustainability"withthekindpermissionfromtheeventorganisers.
City,Multiplicity,andSpecificity
S.K.Das,Architect,S.K.DasAssociatedArchitects,Delhi.
OneofthelegaciesoftheBritishcolonialrulewasthatindependentIndiainheritedlargeinfrastructural
provisionssuchasroads,railways,damsandbridgesand,withthat,alargenumberofprofessional
engineers.Thearchitecturalprofession,however,wasoutofbalance,practicallynonexistent.Jawaharlal
Nehru,thefirstmodernistofindependentIndia,waswellawareofthedevelopmentsbeingmadeglobally
inarchitectureinthe50s.HisdesiretoputIndiaontheworldmapresultedinaninvitationtoLe
CorbusiertoplananddesignChandigarh,whichisthemostsignificantmilestoneinthedevelopmentof
modernIndianarchitecture.
ChandigarhallowedLeCorbusiertorealizehislongstandingurbanisticvisionofanIdealurbanfutureand,
atthesametime,assimilateeasternwaysofthinkingandlivingonatropicalplain.Thustheverybirthof
modernarchitectureinIndiawaslinkedtourbanismandcityplanning.
ThoughLeCorbusiermadeabigimpressiononpolicymakers,Chandigarhremainedanisolatedshowpiece,
whilethedesignofothertowns,citiesandbuildingsbythebureaucracyreflectedthedissonancebetween
planningandarchitecture.Planningremainedtheprivilegeofthegovernmentasatwodimensionalexercise
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