Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Static Analysis

Suramadu Bridge, Indonesia
Approach Bridge
CALCULATIONS
Vol I: Static Analysis
Consortium of Chinese Contractors

CCCC Highway & Bridge Consultants Co., Ltd
November, 2006
CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

F6, Botai Mansion, Wangjing Xi Yuan No. 221, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China
http://www.ccgbt.com
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CONTENTS
1
Longitudinal Calculation of Continuous Box Girder ....................................1
1.1 Technical Specifications ............................................................................................................1

1.2 Longitudinal Static Analysis......................................................................................................1
1.2.1 Arrangement of spans.......................................................................................................1
1.2.2 Calculation contents and load combinations ...................................................................1
1.3 Brief introduction of the calculating method ............................................................................2
1.4 Beam elements partition chart...................................................................................................2
1.5 Calculation step .........................................................................................................................3
1.6 Calculation Result .....................................................................................................................6
1.6.1 Sign specification .............................................................................................................6
1.6.2 Result of normal stress of box girder................................................................................7
1.6.3 Result of principal stress of box girder.............................................................................9
1.6.4 Checking longitudinal rigidity of box girder.................................................................. 11
1.6.5 Checking bearing capacity of box girder ....................................................................... 11
Calculation of Pile Cap....................................................................................13
2.1 Pile cap P37~40, P43~44, P49~50, and P53~56.....................................................................13

2.1.1 General...........................................................................................................................13
2.1.2 Calculation method ........................................................................................................13
2.1.3 Calculation result ...........................................................................................................14
2.2 Pile cap P41~42 and P51~52...................................................................................................15
2.2.1 General...........................................................................................................................15
2.3 Pile cap P45 and P48 ...............................................................................................................17
Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations
Volume I: Static Analysis

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2.3.1 General...........................................................................................................................17
Calculation of Pile Foundation.......................................................................21
3.1 Parameters of Materials...........................................................................................................21

3.2 Combinations of Action...........................................................................................................21
3.3 Content and methods of Calculation .......................................................................................21
3.4 Actions on Top of Piles and Forces of Combination...............................................................22
3.4.1 Longitudinal actions at the top of piles ..........................................................................22
3.4.2 Combination of longitudinal actions the top of piles .....................................................25
3.4.3 Transverse actions at the top of piles .............................................................................28
3.4.4 Combination of transverse actions at the top of piles ....................................................31
3.5 Related Parameters ..................................................................................................................34
3.5.1 Levels of sea bed and scour depths ................................................................................34
3.5.2 Boring depths and parameters .......................................................................................35
3.5.3 Allowable bearing capacity of soil at pile base..............................................................41
3.6 Calculation of Length of Piles.................................................................................................42
3.6.1 Length of pile..................................................................................................................42
3.6.2 Check of bearing capacity at pile base ..........................................................................43
3.7 Internal Forces and Strength Capacity of Pile.........................................................................46
3.7.1 Piles of V-pier .................................................................................................................46
3.7.2 Piles of other piers .........................................................................................................46
Transverse Analysis of Box Girder ................................................................55
4.1 Check of Top Plate ..................................................................................................................55

4.1.1 Analysis model................................................................................................................55
4.1.2 Material ..........................................................................................................................55

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4.1.3 Load................................................................................................................................55
4.1.4 Analysis results ...............................................................................................................56
4.1.5 Check of top plate...........................................................................................................57
4.2 Check of Bottom Plate ............................................................................................................61
4.2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................61
4.2.2 Analysis model................................................................................................................62
4.2.3 Analysis results ...............................................................................................................62
4.2.4 Check of bottom plate.....................................................................................................63
4.3 Counterweight Calculation at Bridge End...............................................................................63
4.3.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................63
4.3.2 Results of bearing reactions ...........................................................................................64
4.3.3 Check of bottom plate.....................................................................................................64


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1
Longitudinal Calculation of Continuous Box Girder
1.1 Technical Specifications

1) Span arrangement: 40m+780m+40m prestressed continuous box girder bridge
2) Design running speed of vehicle: 80km/h
3) Width of bridge deck: dual running, the width of deck is 30m totally. Transverse
arrangement: 0.4m (side parapet) + 3.05m (pedestrian and motorcycle way) + 1.3m (side reserve)
+ 9.75m (carriageway) + 1m (central reserve) + 9.75m (carriageway) + 1.3m (side reserve) +
3.05m (pedestrian and motorcycle way) + 0.4m (side parapet);
4) Load standard
Vehicle load: Highway-I class in JTG D60-2004;
Load on motorcycle way: For integral structural analysis, p = 4.0kPa; for calculating
members directly acted by pedestrian load, p = 5.0kPa;
Maximum system temperature is taken to be 40.0C, and minimum system temperature is
taken to be 15.0C. Closure temperature is assumed to be 30.0C.
1.2 Longitudinal Static Analysis

1.2.1 Arrangement of spans
40+7*80+40m=640m prestressed continuous box girder
1.2.2 Calculation contents and load combinations

3 conditions are considered in calculation of superstructure of approach bridge.
(1) Elastic stress calculation for every section of box girder: Normal and primary stress are
both calculated. Characteristic value of each action are taken to use in the loads combination,
that is say, load factors are all 1.0.
(2) Calculation of service limit state: The longitudinal box girders elements are all
considered to be all prestressed concrete members. Deflection of girder is also calculated in SLS.
(3) Calculation of ultimate limit state: Calculating the bearing capacity of box girder

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considering the effect of prestressed tendons and without regard to the reinforcements in
concrete.
Three primary combinations, as listed in Table 1.2.2, are taken into account in the
calculation. In the result, every factors are considered according to the specifications.
1.2.2 Load combinations
Load Comb
Actions
Permanent load + vehicle + pedestrian
Permanent load + vehicle + pedestrian + uniformly temperature
increase + gradient temperature
Permanent load + vehicle + pedestrian + uniformly temperature

decrease + gradient temperature Permanent
1.3 Brief introduction of the calculating method

Plan structural mechanics of beam system is applied to analyze the longitudinal box girder
of approach bridge and the box girder is divided into 194 beam elements. Calculation stages are
plotted according to the construction procedures of form traveler movements and balanced
cantilever construction method. Software QJX is used to analyze the longitudinal girder.
1.4 Beam elements partition chart

Total 205 elements are partitioned in the calculation model.


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Figure 1.4 Element partition
1.5 Calculation step

According to assumed construction steps in the design documents, 71 calculation steps are
plotted in our calculation. Please refer to the follow Table 1.5.1.
Table 1.5.1 Calculation steps
Construction
Construction Calculation
Time
Accumulated
(day)
Time (day)
Descriptions
location
Item
Substructures
Piers
Step
1
Construct pile foundations
100
100
Construct piers
100
200
10
210
Cast A0 concrete and temporarily fasten

3
For all piers
pier and segment A0
Segment A0
First balancing
construction piers
A1
A2
Tension tendons T0
211
Install form traveler on A0
214
Cast concrete of segment A1
218
Tension tendons T1 and W1
219
Move form traveler from A0 to A1
221


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Construction
Time
Accumulated
(day)
Time (day)
Descriptions
location
Item
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
A10
Cast side span
Step
9
225
10
226
11
228
12
232
13
233
14
235
15
239
16
240
17
242
18
246
19
247
20
249
21
253
22
254
23
256
24
260
25
261
26
263
27
267
28
Tension tendons T8
268
29
270
30
Cast concrete of side span A10
274
31
Tension tendons B1,B2,B3
275
279
and close mid
Cast segment A9 to close mid span 1 and

32
span 1
7
A9
Second balancing
A1
33
Uninstall former traveler
280
34
Tension tendons B5~B9
282
35
Install form traveler on A0
285


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Construction
Time
Accumulated
(day)
Time (day)
Descriptions
location
Item
construction piers
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
A8
Close mid span 2

to 6
A9
Step
36
289
37
290
38
292
39
296
40
297
41
299
42
303
43
304
44
306
45
310
46
311
47
313
48
317
49
318
50
320
51
324
52
325
53
327
54
331
55
332
56
334
57
338
58
Tension tendons T8
339
59
Move traveler from A7 to A8
341
60
Close mid span 2 with segment A9
345
61
347
62
351
63
353


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Construction
Time
Accumulated
(day)
Time (day)
Descriptions
location
Item
Service phase
Step
64
Close mid span 4,6 with segment A9
357
65
359
66
363
67
365
68
Uninstall former traveler
366
69
Construct the bridge appurtenances
60
426
70
429
71
Concrete shrinkage and creep
1071
1500
72
Regular service
1.6 Calculation Result

1.6.1 Sign specification
Bending moment Mpositive if lower fiber of beam element being tensioned and negative if
upper fiber of beam element being tensioned.
Shear force Qpositive if shear force make beam element to rotate in clockwise, if counter
clockwise, shear force is negative.
Axial force Npositive if element in compression and negative in tension.
Stresscompression stress is positive and tensile stress is negative
Displacementupward is positive and downward is negative.


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1.6.2 Result of normal stress of box girder
Figure 1.6.2-1 Normal stress diagram of girder in step 71
Figure 1.6.2-2 Normal stress diagram in service phase (combination I)


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Figure 1.6.2-3 Normal stress diagram in service phase (combination II)
Figure 1.6.2-4 Normal stress diagram in service phase (combination III)

In the bridge completion step, all sections of girder are all in compression. Maximum
compression stress is 11.96MPa.
In the service phase, all sections are in compressive state. Maxium compression stress is
14.79MPa.
Clause 7.1.5 in Chinese standard Code for Design of Highway Reinforcement Concrete
and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Culverts prescribe:


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As regard to the prestressed concrete flexural members on service stage, the compression
stress on concrete right section shall apply the following article:
Concrete maximum stress on compression zone should less than half of the characteristic
value of axial compression stress of concrete fck. For concrete C50, maximum compression stress
should not bigger than 16.2MPa.
According to our calculation, compression stress in service stage, maximum stress can
satisfy the specification in Chinese standard.
1.6.3 Result of principal stress of box girder

As specified in clause 6.3.3, the formula of principal compression stress cp and principal
tension stress tp are as the following:
tp =
cp =
cx + cy
2
cx + cy
2
cx cy

2
+ 2
cx cy
+
2
+ 2
According to the above formulas, we can get the principal stress diagrams as shown in
Figure 1.6.3-1 and 1.6.3-2. For each section, 6 points principal stresses are given in the diagram.


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Figure 1.6.3-1 Principal stress of box girder (1)
Figure 1.6.3-2 Principal stress of box girder (2)

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According to above figure, maximum principal tension stress is 1.01MPa, and the allowed
maximum principal tension stress is 1.06MPa according to clause 6.3 in Chinese standard Code
for Design of Highway Reinforcement Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Bridges and Culverts.
That is to say the maximum principal tension stress can satisfy the specification in Chinese
standard.
From above figure, we can see maximum compression stress is 11.56MPa and less than the
allowed maximum principal compression stress 16.2MPa.
1.6.4 Checking longitudinal rigidity of box girder

Under vehicle and pedestrian load, the maximum downward deflection on the center of
span is 33.4mm and maximum upward displacement is 24.4mm. According to Chinese standard,
the deflection of flexural members should consider the affection of long-term effect of load in
service stage. The long-term growth factor is 1.425. So the calculated maximum downward
deflection should be 47.6mm.
According to Chinese standard, the allowed maximum deflection is:
L/600=80000/600=133mm
From above calculation, we can conclude that the longitudinal rigidity of girder can meet
the demand in the standard.
1.6.5 Checking bearing capacity of box girder

According to the configuration and reinforcement and prestressing arrangement in box
girder, we can get the bearing capacity of every section of box girder. We can also get the
maximum and minimum bending moment under live load combinations. Figure 1.6.5 shows the
details.

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Figure 1.6.5 Bearing capacity of box girder (Unit: tonf-m)
In the above figure, the outside 2 lines means the bearing capacity of sections, inside 2 lines
represent maximum and minimum moment of flexure of sections.
From above figure, we can see that the bearing capacity of box girder can meet the demand
of actions combinations.

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2
Calculation of Pile Cap
2.1 Pile cap P37~40, P43~44, P49~50, and P53~56

2.1.1 General
Pile cap of P37~40, P43~44, P49~50 and P53~56 are in rectangle in plane, C35 concrete,
2550cm in length, and 1200cm in width. The diameter of pile is 180cm, and the pile adopts C30
underwater concrete. Longitudinal and transverse spacing between piles is 450cm.
Arrangement of pile cap and piles is shown in Figure 2.1.1.
Figure 2.1.1 Arrangement of pile cap and piles of P37~40, P43~44, P49~50 and P53~56
2.1.2 Calculation method

The calculation of pile cap refers to chapter 8.5 of Chinese standard JTG D62-2004.
Calculation diagram of pile cap is shown in Figure 2.1.2.

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Figure 2.1.2 Calculation diagram of pile cap
2.1.3 Calculation result

(1) Refer to Section 8.5.3 of JTG D62-2004, under general worst-case longitudinal
combination load action, the calculation result of bearing capacity of pile cap is listed in Table
2.1.3-1.
Table 2.1.3-1 Stay bar-tension rod calculation mode
Side pile maximum total counterforce Nmax (kN)
53115
Stat bar (concrete) design value of compression force 0Did (kN)
84964
Design value of concrete compression resistance tbsfcd,s
532369
tbsfcd,s>0Did, stay bar meet the require

Tension rod (rebar) design value of tension force 0Tid (kN)
61687
Design value of stretching resistance of rebar fsdAs
103358
fsdAs>0Tid, tension rod meet the require
Under general worst-case transverse combination load action, the calculation result of
bearing capacity of pile cap is listed in Table 2.1.3-2.
20846
28633
295268

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17148
19203
(2) Shearing resistance calculation of pile cap

Refer to Section 8.5.4 9f JTG D62-2004:
0Vd=58427kN ((0.9x10-4(2+0.6P)fcu,k1/2)/m)bsh0=780423kN, meeting the requirement.
(3) Cutting action calculation of pile cap
Refer to Section 8.5.5 of JTG D62-2004:
The cutting resistance calculation of pier cutting downward pile cap:
0Fld=136329 kN0.6ftdh0(2apx(by+ay)+2apy(bx+ax))= 178925 kN, meeting the requirement
The cutting resistance calculation of corner pile and side pile cutting upward pile cap:
Corner pile:
0Fld=9738 kN0.6ftdh0(a'px(by+ay/2)+a'py(bx+ax/2))=18062kN, meeting the requirement.
Side pile:
0Fld=9738 kN0.6ftdh0(a'px(bp+h0)+0.667(2bx+ax))=20453kN, meeting the requirement.
(4) Conclusion
Through the above analyzing, we can see that the pile caps of P37~40, P43~44, P49~50,
and P53~56 can meet the requirement of bearing capacity.
2.2 Pile cap P41~42 and P51~52

2.2.1 General
Pile caps of P41~42 and P51~52 are in rectangle in plane, C35 concrete, 2550cm in length,
and 1600cm in width. The diameter of pile is 180cm, and the pile adopts C30 underwater
concrete. Longitudinal spacing between piles is 650cm, and the transverse spacing is 450cm.
Arrangement of pile cap and piles is shown in Figure 2.2.1.

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Figure 2.2.1 Arrangement of pile cap and piles of P41~42 and P51~52

combination load action, the calculation result of bearing capacity of pile cap is shown in Table
2.2.2-1.
58493
117626
383104

98468
145563
bearing capacity of pile cap is listed in Table 2.2.2-2.
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23100
30392
400307

16673
25604

0Vd=64343 kN((0.9x10-4(2+0.6P)fcu,k1/2)/m)bsh0=524454kN, meeting the requirement.
(3) Refer to Section 8.5.5 of JTG D62-2004:
0Fld=150135 kN0.6ftdh0(2apx(by+ay)+2apy(bx+ax))=198007kN, meeting the requirement.
Corner pile:
Side pile:
(4) Conclusion
Through the above analyzing, we can see that pile caps of P41~42, P51~52 meet the
requirement of bearing capacity.
2.3 Pile cap P45 and P48

2.3.1 General
Pile caps of P41~42 and P51~52 are in rectangle in plane, C35 concrete, 2550cm in length,
and 1600cm in width. The diameter of pile is 180cm, and the pile adopts C30 underwater
concrete. Longitudinal spacing between piles is 650cm, and the transverse spacing is 450cm.
Pile caps of P45 and P48 are in rectangle in plane, C35 concrete, 3680cm in length, and
2580cm in width. The diameter of pile is 220cm, and the pile adopts C30 underwater concrete.
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Longitudinal and transverse spacing between piles is 550cm.
Arrangement of pile cap and piles is shown Figure 2.3.1.
Figure 2.3.1 Arrangement of pile cap and piles of P45 and P48

2.3.2-1.
58270
84719
1071457

55398
105511

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bearing capacity of pile cap is shown Table 2.3.2-2.
41769
71267
508523

54479
73643
Under 2500 years recurrence interval seismic load and general worst-case longitudinal
combination load action, the calculation result of bearing capacity of pile cap is shown Table
2.3.2-3.
85274
123981
1041759

81071
126614
Under 2500 years recurrence interval seismic load and general worst-case transverse
2.3.2-4.

55895
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95369
480852

72903
88371

0Vd=64095 kN((0.9x10-4(2+0.6P)fcu,k1/2)/m)bsh0=2031366kN, meeting the requirement.
(3) Cutting action calculation of pile cap
0Fld=210597kN0.6ftdh0(2apx(by+ay)+2apy(bx+ax))=647335kN, meeting the requirement.
Corner pile:
Side pile:
(4) Conclusion
Through the above analyzing, we can see that pile caps of P45, P48 meet the require of
bearing capacity.

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3
Calculation of Pile Foundation
3.1 Parameters of Materials

The parameters of all kinds of materials are as follow:
Concrete: C30
Elastic modulus E3.00104MPa
Design value of axial compressive strength fcd=13.8Mpa
Ordinary reinforcing bars: SD40
Elastic modulus E=2.00105MPa
Design value of axial compressive strength fsd=326MPa
3.2 Combinations of Action

Basic combination: permanent action + variable action (partial safety factor: 1.0, 1.0)
Accidental combination 1: permanent action + variable action + accidental action 1 (partial
safety factor: 1.0, 0.5, 1.0)
Accidental combination 2: permanent action + accidental action 2 (partial safety factor: 1.0,
1.0)
3.3 Content and methods of Calculation

The calculation of pile foundation includes calculation of length of piles and checking
calculation of piles force.
The piles of the approach bridge are all designed as friction type. As specified in JTJ 024-85,
axial compressive permissible bearing force for single friction pile is calculated by the following
method:
[P] = (Ul p + A R )/ k
Where:
[P] Axial compressive permissible bearing force for single pile (kN)half of gravity of
pile shaft is considered as external force below partial scouring line.
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k Safety factorFor basic combination, k=2.0; for accidental combination 1, k=1.5; for
accidental combination 2, k=1.33.
U Perimeter of pile (m);
L Effective length (m) of pile below partial scouring line;
A Section area at bottom of pile (m2);
p Average ultimate friction force (kPa), exerted by soil around the pipe wall;
R Ultimate bearing capacity of pile toe soil (kPa), which can be calculated by the
following formula:
R = 2m0 {[ 0 ] + k 2 2 (h 3)}
[0] allowable bearing capacity of pile toe soil (kPa);
h Buried depth of pile toe (m), for scouring foundation, the buried depth should be
calculated from the general scour line; For no scouring foundation, the buried depth should be
calculated from natural ground line or ground line after actual excavation; the value of h shall be
no more than 40m, when it is more than 40m, its value shall be 40m or be confirmed by test;
k2 Coefficient of modification of allowable bearing capacity of surface soil along with
the depth, it shall be chosen according to Table 2.1.4 in JTJ 024-85;
2 Unite weight of pile toe soil (kN/m3);
Coefficient of correction, which can be referred to Table 4.3.2-2 in JTJ 024-85;
m0 Coefficient of cleaning up of bottom, which is adopted according to Table 4.3.2-3 in

JTJ 024-85.
Pile group is calculated with m method in accordance with JTJ 024-85, and scouring has
been taken into account.
3.4 Actions on Top of Piles and Forces of Combination

3.4.1 Longitudinal actions at the top of piles
The longitudinal actions at the top of piles are listed in Table 3.4.1-1 ~ 3.4.1-3.

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Table 3.4.1-1 Longitudinal basic action (Unit: kN, m)
Basic action
Pier No.
Permanent
action
Horizontal
variable
action
action
P37
97729.4
8651.2
2213.2
P38
104078.3
9096.4
2377.8
P39
106071.4
9266.6
2368.2
P40
108152.9
9433.6
2362.1
P41
126381.8
9466.4
2310.2
P42
128038.9
9262.6
3982.0
P43
114862.3
9036.4
2384.9
P44
111567.6
8609.4
2208.4
P45
264959.2
13110.4
1215.5
P48
264959.2
13110.4
1215.5
P49
111567.6
8609.4
2208.4
P50
114862.3
9036.4
2384.9
P51
128038.9
9262.6
6161.4
P52
126381.8
9466.4
3900.2
P53
108152.9
9433.6
2362.1
P54
106071.4
9266.6
2368.2
P55
104078.3
9096.4
2377.8
P56
97729.4
8651.2
2213.2

Vertical
variable
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Table 3.4.1-2 Longitudinal accidental action 1 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
P37
-2246.4
92515.1
13052.1
P38
2318.2
93432.6
10562.1
P39
2233.6
107712.0
9626.1
P40
2706.7
114661.0
8657.7
P41
2658.6
170488.3
6768.5
P42
-3326.6
135429.6
5957.8
P43
2362.1
114758.2
4898.0
P44
2865.2
116878.7
4419.4
P45
-6666.7
275423.5
15429.8
P48
6833.9
258016.5
19256.2
P49
-2549.6
117826.6
5665.7
P50
4040.6
115885.1
5679.7
P51
2659.4
189324.9
7524.0
P52
2812.1
208576.1
8432.6
P53
2198.3
109385.3
8382.4
P54
2292.0
112449.6
9375.0
P55
3260.4
84034.9
8117.5
P56
2516.2
71597.6
9604.9

Accidental action 1
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Calculations
Table 3.4.1-3 Longitudinal accidental action 2 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
Accidental action 2
N
P37
-3184.7
89899.0
24012.8
P38
3674.8
103657.4
17750.9
P39
-3817.5
131269.8
16793.1
P40
-4854.8
140684.5
12949.4
P41
-4740.2
326899.9
13848.1
P42
5096.0
312878.4
11349.1
P43
4149.3
191781.1
9863.8
P44
-3955.7
153012.3
8765.0
P45
9629.4
489736.8
30244.6
P48
-9440.9
411025.7
34294.3
P49
-4599.7
155336.9
9878.9
P50
-4584.8
181073.9
10184.3
P51
5520.1
253794.9
13189.0
P52
4636.3
372796.1
15102.2
P53
3899.8
133322.8
13564.2
P54
-3884.8
144824.3
13824.7
P55
3532.0
152156.0
16392.4
P56
-3038.2
99477.6
15155.4
3.4.2 Combination of longitudinal actions the top of piles

Force combination of longitudinal action at the top of piles of all piers are listed in Table
3.4.2-1 ~ 3.4.2-3.

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Calculations
Table 3.4.2-1 Longitudinal basic combination (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
P37
106380.6
35057.3
2213.2
P38
113174.7
45218.1
2377.8
P39
115338.0
52744.7
2368.2
P40
117586.5
60295.7
2362.1
P41
135848.2
67405.1
2310.2
P42
137301.5
124083.2
3982.0
P43
123898.7
82121.8
2384.9
P44
120177.0
79851.7
2208.4
P45
278069.6
58725.8
1215.5
P48
278069.6
58725.8
1215.5
P49
120177.0
79851.7
2208.4
P50
123898.7
82121.8
2384.9
P51
137301.5
188238.2
6161.4
P52
135848.2
109122.0
3900.2
P53
117586.5
60295.7
2362.1
P54
115338.0
52744.7
2368.2
P55
113174.7
45218.1
2377.8
P56
106380.6
35057.3
2213.2

Basic combination
26

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Calculations
Table 3.4.2-2 Longitudinal accidental combination 1 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
P37
99808.6
132065.1
14158.7
P38
110944.7
134486.7
11751.0
P39
112938.3
151175.3
10810.2
P40
115576.3
160499.3
9838.8
P41
133773.6
219195.3
7923.6
P42
129343.6
211098.3
7948.8
P43
121742.6
166037.7
6090.5
P44
118737.5
166222.8
5523.6
P45
264847.7
346127.5
16037.6
P48
278348.2
337329.8
19863.9
P49
113322.7
169040.1
6769.9
P50
123421.1
168337.1
6872.1
P51
135329.6
299812.1
10604.7
P52
133927.2
281053.7
10382.7
P53
115067.9
154810.5
9563.4
P54
112996.7
155536.3
10559.1
P55
111886.9
121422.2
9306.4
P56
104571.2
105976.8
10711.5

Accidental combination 1
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Calculations
Table 3.4.2-3 Longitudinal accidental combination 2 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
N
P37
94544.7
130804.8
24012.8
P38
107753.1
135487.6
17750.9
P39
102253.9
161763.0
16793.1
P40
103298.0
165516.3
12949.4
P41
121641.6
357453.2
13848.1
P42
133135.0
339141.3
11349.1
P43
119011.6
212319.8
9863.8
P44
107611.9
171738.2
8765.0
P45
274588.5
571035.0
30244.6
P48
255518.3
501435.8
34294.3
P49
106967.9
175733.7
9878.9
P50
110277.5
202093.4
10184.3
P51
133559.0
283277.6
13189.0
P52
131018.2
405544.1
15102.2
P53
112052.6
159076.8
13564.2
P54
102186.6
170865.0
13824.7
P55
107610.3
181948.5
16392.4
P56
94691.2
127097.1
15155.4
3.4.3 Transverse actions at the top of piles

The transverse actions at the top of piles of all piers are listed in Table 3.4.3-1 ~ 3.4.3-3.

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Calculations
Table 3.4.3-1 Transverse basic action (Unit: kN, m)
Basic action
Pier No.
Permanent
Horizontal
variable
P37
97729.4
8651.2
0.0
P38
104078.3
9096.4
0.0
P39
106071.4
9266.6
0.0
P40
108152.9
9433.6
0.0
P41
126381.8
9466.4
0.0
P42
128038.9
9262.6
0.0
P43
114862.3
9036.4
0.0
P44
111567.6
8609.4
0.0
P45
264959.2
13110.4
0.0
P48
264959.2
13110.4
0.0
P49
111567.6
8609.4
0.0
P50
114862.3
9036.4
0.0
P51
128038.9
9262.6
0.0
P52
126381.8
9466.4
0.0
P53
108152.9
9433.6
0.0
P54
106071.4
9266.6
0.0
P55
104078.3
9096.4
0.0
P56
97729.4
8651.2
0.0

Vertical
variable
29

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Calculations
Table 3.4.3-2 Transverse accidental action 1 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
P37
1611.5
71617.3
8926.6
P38
2179.2
115471.2
7100.0
P39
2289.5
139515.3
7696.3
P40
-2825.2
114661.3
7300.7
P41
-2474.8
131524.7
6301.5
P42
2530.7
189833.4
7908.5
P43
2269.3
170750.3
6420.5
P44
-2259.7
92892.6
4522.5
P45
-6771.9
271856.8
17867.7
P48
7051.2
297108.3
21716.7
P49
-3360.3
114500.5
5230.5
P50
3121.0
211242.1
8624.3
P51
3315.8
231263.8
10760.0
P52
-2614.0
126810.4
8628.6
P53
-2491.2
175022.3
9066.4
P54
-2359.5
190164.5
9435.7
P55
-2398.9
119734.1
8251.4
P56
-1943.5
67037.1
7738.4

Accidental action 1
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Calculations
Table 3.4.3-3 Transverse accidental action 2 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
Accidental action 2
N
P37
-3533.5
148478.4
14735.9
P38
3346.1
162633.5
14137.7
P39
3652.4
219323.0
13641.8
P40
3995.9
212755.6
15397.3
P41
3842.6
238794.3
10765.3
P42
-4670.1
297498.8
16046.1
P43
4195.6
255235.8
12183.4
P44
4079.5
156552.7
7692.8
P45
9154.3
301184.7
30685.3
P48
-10200.2
537346.9
36478.7
P49
-3655.6
247228.5
9529.5
P50
4351.8
271440.6
14200.1
P51
4117.8
412948.2
15938.1
P52
-4081.3
302302.9
16577.8
P53
3953.6
241837.4
14846.7
P54
3458.3
270577.4
16187.2
P55
-3225.9
235596.1
15287.0
P56
-3531.9
122936.8
12962.5
3.4.4 Combination of transverse actions at the top of piles

Force combination of transverse action at the top of piles of all piers are listed in Table
3.4.4-1 ~ 3.4.4-3.

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Calculations
Table 3.4.4-1 Transverse basic combination (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
P37
106380.6
5319.0
0.0
P38
113174.7
5658.7
0.0
P39
115338.0
5766.9
0.0
P40
117586.5
5879.3
0.0
P41
135848.2
6792.4
0.0
P42
137301.5
6865.1
0.0
P43
123898.7
6194.9
0.0
P44
120177.0
6008.9
0.0
P45
278069.6
13903.5
0.0
P48
278069.6
13903.5
0.0
P49
120177.0
6008.9
0.0
P50
123898.7
6194.9
0.0
P51
137301.5
6865.1
0.0
P52
135848.2
6792.4
0.0
P53
117586.5
5879.3
0.0
P54
115338.0
5766.9
0.0
P55
113174.7
5658.7
0.0
P56
106380.6
5319.0
0.0

Basic combination
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Calculations
Table 3.4.4-2 Transverse accidental combination 1 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
P37
103666.5
90109.9
8926.6
P38
110805.7
131552.6
7100.0
P39
112994.1
156595.1
7696.3
P40
110044.5
131255.8
7300.7
P41
128640.3
149108.0
6301.5
P42
135200.9
210306.7
7908.5
P43
121649.8
186350.1
6420.5
P44
113612.7
105469.9
4522.5
P45
264742.4
325634.8
17867.7
P48
278565.6
359546.7
21716.7
P49
112512.0
128139.9
5230.5
P50
122501.5
230147.6
8624.3
P51
135986.0
256727.3
10760.0
P52
128501.1
148466.3
8628.6
P53
110378.5
194265.3
9066.4
P54
108345.2
209853.2
9435.7
P55
106227.6
137542.4
8251.4
P56
100111.5
83747.5
7738.4

33

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Calculations
Table 3.4.4-3 Transverse accidental combination 2 (Unit: kN, m)
Pier No.
N
P37
94195.9
175468.7
14735.9
P38
107424.4
189043.9
14137.7
P39
109723.8
245089.3
13641.8
P40
112148.8
241259.2
15397.3
P41
130224.4
263952.7
10765.3
P42
123368.8
331981.5
16046.1
P43
119057.9
279253.9
12183.4
P44
115647.1
173670.2
7692.8
P45
274113.5
383474.5
30685.3
P48
254759.0
632672.0
36478.7
P49
107912.0
267101.1
9529.5
P50
119214.0
298483.8
14200.1
P51
132156.8
447241.8
15938.1
P52
122300.5
337633.1
16577.8
P53
112106.4
269515.0
14846.7
P54
109529.7
300161.8
16187.2
P55
100852.4
263730.4
15287.0
P56
94197.5
147267.0
12962.5
3.5 Related Parameters

3.5.1 Levels of sea bed and scour depths
The levels on pile top of all piers are all -0.99m. The levels of sea bed and scouring depths
are showed in Table 3.5.1.

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Calculations
Table 3.5.1 Levels of sea bed and scouring depths (Unit: m)
Levels of sea
Scouring
bed
depth
P37
-7.691
8.350
P38
-11.588
P39
Levels of sea
Scouring
bed
depth
P48
-14.375
8.900
8.790
P49
-14.091
5.340
-13.282
9.270
P50
-13.426
5.350
P40
-13.886
8.880
P51
-12.900
6.170
P41
-16.191
9.420
P52
-12.644
6.160
P42
-16.730
8.940
P53
-12.389
5.280
P43
-17.268
7.410
P54
-12.133
5.190
P44
-17.807
6.700
P55
-11.589
5.090
P45
-18.261
10.200
P56
-10.903
4.990
Pier No.
Pier No.
3.5.2 Boring depths and parameters

The boring depths and parameters of soil around piles are listed Table 3.5.2-1 ~ 3.5.2-18.
Table 3.5.2-1 Ultimate friction force of soil around pile of P37
Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
15.60
30
17.00
40
27.40
65
30.00
65

Layer No.
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
5.50
25
7.00
30
11.50
55
23.50
65
30.00
55

Total depth
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Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
5.50
25
7.00
30
18.00
65
29.00
70
41.00
65
59.00
60

Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
5.50
45
16.40
50
20.40
65
45.90
55
49.00
60
60.45
55

Layer No.
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
5.00
50
18.40
55
22.00
60
42.70
55
49.50
60
60.45
50

Total depth
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Calculations
Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
10.00
50
12.20
55
16.45
50
20.00
60
41.80
55
52.00
65
56.00
50
60.45
60

Layer No.
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
4.50
50
15.00
55
20.50
50
34.00
55
40.25
50
47.00
60
53.00
65
70.45
65

Total depth
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Calculations
Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
1.50
25
10.50
50
13.50
45
28.00
55
30.00
40
44.50
50
45.50
55
60.00
50

Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
6.45
50
9.00
50
11.00
45
14.00
60
28.00
60
56.45
60
70.45
50

Layer No.
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
12.00
20
30.00
50
60.00
50

Total depth
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Calculations
Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
11.30
20
13.50
80
30.00
55
69.00
50
80.45
55

Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
11.00
20
12.00
65
14.00
70
20.00
50
30.00
50
38.00
60
60.00
55
68.00
50
75.00
50
10
80.00
50

Layer No.
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
13.00
20
28.00
65
34.10
55
76.00
60
80.45
50

Total depth
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Calculations
Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
10.00
25
17.00
50
60.00
55

Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
11.00
20
15.45
50
23.00
50
29.00
50
54.00
50
80.95
50

Layer No.
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
10.00
25
16.00
65
20.00
50
25.00
55
51.30
50
52.00
60
60.00
50

Total depth
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Calculations
Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
10.00
20
12.50
60
14.50
45
18.25
50
20.45
50
49.20
50
84.95
50

Layer No.
Total depth
(m)
Ultimate
friction force
(kPa)
10.00
25
15.00
45
30.00
50
60.00
50
60.50
55
85.50
50
93.00
50
95.00
45
The boring depths and parameters of piers are listed Table 3.5.2-1 ~ 3.5.2-18.
3.5.3 Allowable bearing capacity of soil at pile base

The allowable bearing capacities of soil at pile base are listed in Table 3.5.3.

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Table 3.5.3 Allowable bearing capacities of soil at pile base (Unit: kPa)
Pier No.
Allowable bearing
capacities of pile toe soil
Pier No.
Allowable bearing
capacities of pile toe soil
P37
450.00
P48
250.00
P38
340.00
P49
350.00
P39
520.00
P50
300.00
P40
350.00
P51
400.00
P41
340.00
P52
250.00
P42
450.00
P53
300.00
P43
450.00
P54
350.00
P44
200.00
P55
300.00
P45
430.00
P56
250.00
3.6 Calculation of Length of Piles

3.6.1 Length of pile
The calculation of length of piles is controlled by the longitudinal basic combination. In
calculating the capacity of piles, the safety factor is 2.0 and the capacity of pile toe is controlled
within 25% of total capacity.
The calculated lengths of piles of all piers are listed in Table 3.6.1.
Table 3.6.1 Length of pile (Unit: m)
Pier No.
Length
Pier No.
Length
P37
61.00
P48
86.00
P38
71.00
P49
86.00
P39
69.00
P50
84.00
P40
80.00
P51
94.00
P41
89.00
P52
92.00
P42
93.00
P53
83.00
P43
86.00
P54
77.00
P44
90.00
P55
77.00
P45
80.00
P56
73.00

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Calculations
3.6.2 Check of bearing capacity at pile base
The safety factors for capacity of pile toe are 2.0, 1.5 and 1.33, respectively for basic
combination, accidental combination 1 and 2. The Utilization ratios of capacity are listed in
Table 3.6.2-1 ~ 3.6.3-3, respectively.
Table 3.6.2-1 Bearing capacity at pile base at basic combination
Maximum Vertical
Pier No.
Force at Single Pile
Pile Weight
Head
Total Vertical Force
Bearing Capacity
Utilization
at Single Pile Toe
of One Pile
Ratio
P37
6861.56
2508.14
9369.70
9460.59
0.990
P38
7550.27
2983.99
10534.26
10552.17
0.998
P39
7852.42
2997.99
10850.41
10923.13
0.993
P40
8117.22
3354.35
11471.57
11496.34
0.998
P41
8692.32
3741.81
12434.13
12464.83
0.998
P42
9817.70
4007.86
13825.56
13840.50
0.999
P43
8911.73
3623.21
12534.94
12614.88
0.994
P44
8612.48
3722.00
12334.48
12343.94
0.999
P45
8186.46
5289.38
13475.84
13537.33
0.995
P48
8178.21
5307.07
13485.28
13532.72
0.996
P49
8506.53
3416.41
11922.94
11982.29
0.995
P50
8778.83
3359.25
12138.08
12146.93
0.999
P51
10792.55
3817.78
14610.33
14697.04
0.994
P52
9358.68
3734.35
13093.03
13161.52
0.995
P53
8004.22
3288.05
11292.27
11364.02
0.994
P54
7736.51
3052.73
10789.24
10809.28
0.998
P55
7468.09
3052.77
10520.86
10548.97
0.997
P56
6858.50
2881.32
9739.82
9802.71
0.994

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Table 3.6.2-2 Bearing capacity at pile base at accidental combination 1
Maximum Vertical
Pier No.
Pile Weight
Head
Bearing Capacity
Utilization
at Single Pile Toe
of One Pile
Ratio
P37
9263.60
2508.14
11771.74
12614.12
0.933
P38
9602.24
2983.99
12586.23
14069.56
0.895
P39
9679.11
2997.99
12677.10
14564.17
0.870
P40
10005.33
3354.35
13359.68
15328.46
0.872
P41
10447.11
3741.81
14188.92
16619.78
0.854
P42
10467.05
4007.86
14474.91
18454.00
0.784
P43
9861.13
3623.21
13484.34
16819.84
0.802
P44
9595.69
3722.00
13317.69
16458.59
0.809
P45
10482.08
5289.38
15771.46
18049.78
0.874
P48
10310.05
5307.07
15617.12
18043.63
0.866
P49
9766.92
3416.41
13183.33
15976.38
0.825
P50
10289.12
3359.25
13648.37
16195.90
0.843
P51
10686.21
3817.78
14503.99
19596.06
0.740
P52
10775.82
3734.35
14510.17
17548.70
0.827
P53
9564.36
3288.05
12852.41
15152.03
0.848
P54
9472.12
3052.73
12524.85
14412.37
0.869
P55
9125.71
3052.77
12178.48
14065.29
0.866
P56
8575.55
2881.32
11456.87
13070.28
0.877

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Table 3.6.2-3 Bearing capacity at pile base at accidental combination 2
Maximum Vertical
Pier No.
Pile Weight
Head
Bearing Capacity
Utilization
at Single Pile Toe
of One Pile
Ratio
P37
10604.91
2508.14
13113.05
14226.45
0.922
P38
10502.40
2983.99
13486.39
15867.92
0.850
P39
11380.96
2997.99
14378.95
16425.76
0.875
P40
11390.00
3354.35
14744.35
17287.74
0.853
P41
12053.85
3741.81
15795.66
18744.11
0.843
P42
11931.76
4007.86
15939.62
20812.78
0.766
P43
11819.30
3623.21
15442.51
18969.74
0.814
P44
11431.44
3722.00
15153.44
18562.32
0.816
P45
12111.99
5289.38
17401.37
20356.89
0.855
P48
12060.00
5307.07
17367.07
20349.96
0.853
P49
12016.47
3416.41
15432.88
18018.47
0.857
P50
12558.59
3359.25
15917.84
18266.05
0.871
P51
13471.66
3817.78
17289.44
22100.82
0.782
P52
13926.65
3734.35
17661.00
19791.76
0.892
P53
11509.98
3288.05
14798.03
17088.75
0.866
P54
11684.50
3052.73
14737.23
16254.55
0.907
P55
11393.20
3052.77
14445.97
15863.11
0.911
P56
10300.73
2881.32
13182.05
14740.92
0.894
In the tables above, Weight of Pile includes the weight of the pile shaft and steel pile
casing whose length is 15m. For pile shaft above the scour line, the weight is the total weight of
pile, while for pile shaft under the scour line, 50% of the weight is taken into account according
to JTJ 024-85.
From the tables above, the capacities of pile toe f all piers are satisfied.

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3.7 Internal Forces and Strength Capacity of Pile
3.7.1 Piles of V-pier
For pies V, the effect of pier48 is the worst under the transverse accidental combination 2.
Internal forces of pile are listed in Table 3.7.1-1.
Table 3.7.1-1 Internal forces in one pile of P48 under transverse accidental combination 2
FE. model
Time history
Ns (MN)
My (MNm) Mz (MNm)
Vy (MN)
Vz (MN)
Mt (MNm)
Vymax
-271.64
-32.72
513.19
25.99
0.11
103.06
Mzmax
-271.51
-22.01
587.61
25.33
0.32
83.73
Mtmax
-270.27
-4.91
411.14
16.76
0.11
170.98
-279.58
-79.43
495.48
22.88
1.32
147.46
Response spectrum
From the table above it can be found that results from response spectrum model is bigger
than the former one. But since these values from response spectrum model are the biggest for
each force component, which will not occur simultaneously in fact, they are more conservative
compared with the results in time-history model.
There are 64 main reinforcing bars, whose diameter is 25mm, in single pile of pier V. The
strength capacities of pile foundation and the utilization ratios are listed in Table 3.7.1-2.
Table 3.7.1-2 Strength Capacity of one pile of P48 under transverse accidental combination 2
FE. model
Ns (MN)
My (MNm) Mz (MNm) M (MNm)
Utilization
ratio
Vymax
-4.45
3.85
13.37
13.91
0.968
Mzmax
-4.18
3.30
12.60
13.02
0.905
Mtmax
-5.15
6.53
11.26
13.02
0.850
Response spectrum
-4.26
5.05
13.20
14.13
0.999
Time history
From the table above, the capacities of pile foundation of pier V are satisfied.
3.7.2 Piles of other piers

Because the special effect is not obvious, for ordinary piers except from pier V, calculation
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of piles force is carried out separately in longitudinal and transverse direction.
Internal forces of pile are listed in Table 3.7.2-1 ~ 3.7.2-4.
Table 3.7.2-1 Minimum vertical force on top of pile in longitudinal direction (Unit: kN)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination 2
P37
5018.5
2831.9
918.1
P38
5107.0
3218.1
1544.7
P39
5056.6
2416.9
2370.4
P40
5034.4
1908.0
1338.7
P41
6382.7
4132.9
3118.9
P42
5506.8
3950.0
3416.9
P43
4914.0
3102.1
1670.8
P44
4773.5
3274.6
2422.8
P49
4853.0
2920.9
3383.9
P50
5002.8
3185.3
2673.5
P51
4546.6
3868.3
2518.7
P52
5730.1
4181.0
3035.5
P53
5068.4
2439.6
472.4
P54
5082.6
2913.6
2023.4
P55
5107.0
3108.6
1859.4
P56
4950.5
2777.9
1916.5
Pier No.

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Calculations
Table 3.7.2-2 Bending moment on top of pile in longitudinal direction (Unit: kN-m)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination 2
P37
727.0
5200.1
8866.4
P38
1029.3
5217.9
7793.9
P39
1123.1
6353.9
7316.9
P40
1144.8
5318.5
5778.6
P41
1301.0
4610.5
6370.3
P42
2297.7
4830.0
5538.4
P43
1345.5
3744.4
4488.2
P44
1272.9
3503.4
3914.4
P49
1034.4
3165.9
4341.2
P50
1079.1
3815.1
4554.1
P51
2894.6
5191.4
5537.3
P52
1811.2
5053.1
6500.9
P53
1042.8
4821.9
6363.3
P54
1044.9
5612.7
7216.5
P55
1029.4
5669.7
7433.4
P56
930.9
5860.6
6997.2
Pier No.

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Table 3.7.2-3 Minimum vertical force on top of pile in transverse direction (Unit: kN)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination 2
P37
5389.9
3525.2
2560.3
P38
5600.4
4119.4
2997.5
P39
5621.0
4141.7
2157.8
P40
5659.6
4263.3
1279.9
P41
6576.3
5621.2
4044.6
P42
5860.0
4423.7
1908.7
P43
5735.5
3938.0
1663.2
P44
5567.3
4380.1
4081.5
P49
5610.8
4861.3
3221.4
P50
5784.1
4070.0
1521.7
P51
5057.1
4489.4
990.1
P52
6030.7
4450.1
3028.3
P53
5678.3
3905.5
1961.0
P54
5635.4
3162.2
678.5
P55
5600.4
3843.0
2589.4
P56
5352.4
4122.8
3023.7
Pier No.

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Table 3.7.2-4 Bending moment on top of pile in transverse direction (Unit: kN-m)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination 2
P37
782.9
3186.8
5056.5
P38
1095.1
3100.4
5658.1
P39
1199.5
3798.1
6826.8
P40
1233.6
3881.6
8304.3
P41
1351.9
3583.6
6235.6
P42
2387.6
4930.0
9365.3
P43
1463.5
4168.9
7954.5
P44
1387.2
2721.4
5204.3
P49
1158.5
3044.7
5356.5
P50
1208.2
4398.0
7922.0
P51
3038.7
5424.4
8924.7
P52
1899.1
3968.9
6919.8
P53
1135.3
4197.2
7134.6
P54
1123.9
4655.3
8552.5
P55
1095.2
4118.3
6442.6
P56
979.7
3158.9
5463.6
Pier No.
There are 48 main reinforcing bars, whose diameter is 29mm, in single pile of ordinary pier.
For basic combination and accidental combination 1, the design values of the capacities of
the materials are used; for accidental combination 2, the standard values are used.
Strength capacities of pile in longitudinal and transverse direction are listed in Table 3.7.2-5
~ 3.7.2-8.

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Table 3.7.2-5 Axial force capacity at the top of pile in longitudinal direction (Unit: kN)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination2
P37
36227.1
4989.7
951.9
P38
33003.7
5805.6
1910.8
P39
31879.8
3258.1
3332.8
P40
31596.6
3040.7
2271.6
P41
32877.7
9156.9
5456.5
P42
23041.5
8198.9
7275.9
P43
29199.7
8326.3
3920.2
P44
29557.9
9626.0
7308.6
P49
32364.6
9477.7
9800.0
P50
32227.3
8404.7
6838.6
P51
16757.1
7320.3
4985.6
P52
27185.3
8316.5
5146.7
P53
32773.0
4564.4
668.8
P54
32781.7
4707.6
2817.2
P55
33003.7
5032.7
2474.4
P56
33754.2
4221.2
2747.4
Pier No.

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Calculations
Table 3.7.2-6 Bending moment capacity at the top of pile in longitudinal direction (Unit: kN-m)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination2
P37
5955.9
9390.3
9226.1
P38
7429.7
9677.8
9728.5
P39
7879.8
8708.2
10432.0
P40
7988.5
8615.6
9911.7
P41
7481.7
10631.5
11391.3
P42
10514.6
10396.1
12126.8
P43
8835.9
10429.1
10708.3
P44
8717.1
10735.9
12139.3
P49
7689.4
10703.7
13016.1
P50
7743.9
10449.2
11957.2
P51
11429.3
10154.1
11188.0
P52
9456.8
10426.6
11258.2
P53
7524.6
9231.9
9073.5
P54
7521.0
9285.9
10182.7
P55
7429.7
9406.1
10013.3
P56
7111.5
9099.7
10148.4
Pier No.

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Table 3.7.2-7 Axial force capacity at the top of pile in transverse direction (Unit: kN)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination1
combination2
P37
36207.6
11703.9
5689.2
P38
33336.0
14264.2
6013.0
P39
32351.3
11518.3
3237.2
P40
32102.9
11613.6
1449.8
P41
32781.7
16736.1
7753.9
P42
23399.3
9166.8
1967.7
P43
30143.3
9749.7
2024.7
P44
30451.3
17125.6
9873.1
P49
32729.3
17004.3
7047.3
P50
32597.9
9512.3
1847.6
P51
17634.1
8316.5
1021.2
P52
27235.6
11884.8
4760.4
P53
33090.3
9576.6
2753.7
P54
33120.6
6534.3
719.1
P55
33336.0
9606.3
4291.7
P56
34037.0
14003.2
6350.5
Pier No.

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Calculations
Table 3.7.2-8 Bending moment capacity at the top of pile in transverse direction (Unit: kN-m)
Basic
Accidental
Accidental
combination
combination 1
combination 2
P37
5965.7
11112.2
11489.8
P38
7290.6
11380.8
11624.7
P39
7694.7
11084.3
10386.3
P40
7792.9
11098.8
9489.8
P41
7521.0
11429.8
12306.8
P42
10433.4
10633.8
9757.6
P43
8517.2
10762.3
9786.7
P44
8409.0
11417.9
13039.6
P49
7542.4
11422.2
12038.7
P50
7595.7
10711.3
9696.1
P51
11393.8
10426.6
9263.2
P52
9442.3
11138.3
11088.9
P53
7393.7
10725.3
10151.5
P54
7381.0
9916.2
9100.8
P55
7290.6
10731.7
10878.7
P56
6987.8
11363.4
11762.6
Pier No.
Form the tables above, the capacities of pile foundation are all satisfied.

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Calculations
4
Transverse Analysis of Box Girder
4.1 Check of Top Plate

4.1.1 Analysis model
A FE model of the concrete girder is created in order to determine the transverse effects. A
unit length long segment at mid span is modeled. The model is vertically supported at the bottom
of the concrete webs. The transverse prestressing tendons is j15.24-3 and be set 60cm at
intervals. The analysis model is shown in the following Figure 4.1.1.
Figure 4.1.1 Transverse analysis FE-model
4.1.2 Material
The material parameters of concrete and prestressing tendons are the same with the
longitudinal calculation.
4.1.3 Load
4.1.3.1 Dead load (self-weight of structure and equipment)
Dead load is in accordance with the Design Criteria and the design drawings.
4.1.3.2 Prestressing effect
The effective prestress has been taken as 60% of the breaking stress to account for
prestressing losses, relaxation of tendon, and creep and shrinkage of concrete. An effective
prestressing force of 780 kN/m along the bridge direction has been used.
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4.1.3.3 Live loads
(1) Traffic load in accordance with British standard BS 5400

Traffic load is in accordance with BS 5400. Axle loads from the HB loading have been used.
For SLS: HB30+HB30. For ULS: HB45+HB30.
(2) Traffic load in accordance with JTG D60-2004
According to Chinese standard JTG D60-2004, the vehicle load is Highway Class-I,
composed of lane load and car load.
4.1.4 Analysis results

4.1.4.1 Analysis results in accordance with BS 5400
Unfactored bending moments are summarised in Table 4.1.4.1.

Position 1 is the section of deck outside the web near motorcycle way. Position 2 is the
section of deck at mid span between the two webs. Sign convention of moments is positive for
sagging moments. Position 3 is the section of deck outside the web near medium strip.
Table 4.1.4.1 Bending moment in accordance with BS 5400
Maximum Moment (kNm/m)
Load
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Dead load
-163.78
8.1
-98.43
Prestressing effect
158.03
-40.14
162.63
HB30+HB30
43
-167
HB45+HB30
64
-246
Motorway load
-29
Position 1 and position 3 have the same section. From the table it can found that position 3
controls the design.
4.1.4.2 Analysis results in accordance with JTG D60-2004
Unfactored bending moments are summarised in Table 4.1.4.2. Position 1, 2 and 3 are the
same with those in Section 4.1.4.1.
Table 4.1.4.2 Bending moment in accordance with JTG D60-2004
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Maximum Moment (kNm/m)
Load
Position 1
Position 2
Position 3
Dead load
-163.78
8.1
-98.43
Prestressing effect
158.03
-40.14
162.63
HB30+HB30
26.88
-109.65
HB45+HB30
-29
Motorway load
-29
Position 1 and position 3 have the same section. From the table it can be found that position
3 controls the design.
4.1.5 Check of top plate

4.1.5.1 Check of top plate in accordance with BS 5400
(1) Ultimate limit state
Table 4.1.5.1-1 Bending moment resistance at ULS in accordance with BS 5400
Position 2
Position 3
Max. design moment (kNm/m)
69.11
346.14
Ultimate moment of resistance (kNm/m)
168.41
591.45
Utilisation ratio
0.41
0.59
(2) Serviceability limit state
1) Bottom fibre of position 2

Stress in compression caused by effective prestress pc:
N
N e y
pc = p A + p pn n I = 6.15MPa
n
n
Stress in tensility caused by short-term action effects:
st = M s W = 4.31MPa
0
st 0.8* pc = 0.61 < 0

Conclusion: bottom fibre of position 2 meets the requirement of serviceability limit State.
2) Top fibre of position 3
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N
N e y
pc = p A + p pn n I = 4.41 MPa
n
n
0
Stress in tensility caused by long-term action effects:
lt = M l W = 3.61MPa
0
st pc = 0.57 < 0.7 * ftk = 1.855MPa

lt pc = 0.8 < 0
Conclusion: top fibre of position 3 meets the requirement of serviceability limit State.
(3) Check of stress

Tensile stress caused by effective prestress pt:
N
N e y
pt = p A p pn n I = -0.565 Mpa
n
n
Stress caused by characteristic action effects:
kc =
Mk
8.1 + 64
*0.131 = 6.09 Mpa
y0 =
1.55e 3
I0
kt =
Mk
8.1 + 64
*0.129 = 6.00 Mpa
y0 =
1.55e 3
I0
Stress of prestressing tendons:
p = EP kt =
1.95*105
*6.00 / 0.129*0.069 = 18.14 MPa
3.45*104
The maximum compression stress of concrete:
kc + pt = 6.09 0.565 = 5.525 < 0.5* f ck = 16.2 MPa

The maximum tensile stress of prestressing tendons:
pe + p = 1168.43 + 18.14 = 1186.57 < 0.65* f pk = 1209 MPa

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Conclusion: top fibre of position 2 meets the requirement of stress check.
N
N e y
pt = p A p pn n I = -1.59 MPa
n
n
kc =
kt =
Mk
98.4 + 246
*0.276 = 6.38MPa
y0 =
1.49e 2
I0
Mk
98.4 + 246
*0.274 = 6.33MPa
y0 =
1.49e 2
I0
p = EP kt =
1.95*105
*6.33 / 0.274*0.214 = 27.94MPa
3.45*104
kc + pt = 6.38 1.59 = 4.79 < 0.5* f ck = 16.2 MPa

pe + p = 1168.43 + 27.94 = 1196.37 < 0.65* f pk = 1209 MPa

Conclusion: bottom fibre of position 3 meets the requirement of stress check.
4.1.5.2 Check of top plate in accordance with JTG D60-2004
(1) Ultimate limit state
Table 4.1.5.2-1 Bending moment resistance at ULS in accordance with JTG D60-2004
Position 2
Position 3
Max. design moment (kNm/m)
11.95
136.16
168.41
591.45
Utilisation ratio
0.07
0.23
(2) Serviceability limit state

59

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N
N e y
n
n
0
st 0.8* pc = 3.081 < 0

Conclusion: bottom fibre of position 2 meets the requirement of serviceability limit State.
N
N e y
n
n
0
st 0.8* pc = 0.628 < 0

Conclusion: top fibre of position 3 meets the requirement of serviceability limit State.
(3) Check of stress

N
N e y
pt = p A p pn n I = -0.565MPa
n
n
kc =
Mk
8.1 + 26.88
*0.131 = 2.96MPa
y0 =
1.55e3
I0
kt =
Mk
8.1 + 26.88
*0.129 = 2.91MPa
y0 =
1.55e3
I0
p = EP kt =
1.95*105
* 2.91/ 0.129*0.069 = 8.80MPa
3.45*104

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kc + pt = 2.96 0.565 = 2.395 < 0.5* f ck = 16.2 MPa

pe + p = 1168.43 + 8.80 = 1177.23 < 0.65* f pk = 1209 MPa

Conclusion: top fibre of position 2 meets the requirement of stress check.
2) Bottom fibre of position 3:
N
N e y
pt = p A p pn n I = -1.59MPa
n
n
kc =
Mk
98.4 + 109.65
*0.276 = 3.85MPa
y0 =
1.49e2
I0
kt =
Mk
98.4 + 109.65
*0.274 = 3.83MPa
y0 =
1.49e2
I0

1.95*105
*3.83 / 0.274*0.214 = 16.91MPa
p = EP kt =
3.45*104
kc + pt = 3.85 1.59 = 2.26 < 0.5* f ck = 16.2 MPa

pe + p = 1168.43 + 16.91 = 1185.34 < 0.65* f pk = 1209 MPa

Conclusion: Bottom fibre of position 3 meets the requirement of stress check.
4.2 Check of Bottom Plate

4.2.1 Introduction
Height of box girder varies in secondary-degree parabola, the equation is:

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200* x 2
Y = 240 +
cm.
36002
When tensioning the prestressing tendons in the bottom plate, radial force will be generated.
The curvature of box girder height equation:
K=
y
(1 + y2 )
=1
2
32400
The bending radius R = 1
( x=0 at the midspan)
= 324m
During the construction stage, the effective prestress has been taken as 90% of the tension
stress to account for losses, relaxation. The tension force of one j15.24-19 prestressing tendon
is 3339.6kN. The radial force is 10.3kN/m.
4.2.2 Analysis model

A FE model of the concrete girder was created in order to determine the transverse effects.
A unit length long segment at mid span was modeled. The model was vertically supported at the
bottom of the concrete webs. The analysis model is shown in Figure 4.2.2.
Figure 4.2.2 Transverse analysis FE-model
4.2.3 Analysis results

Table 4.2.3 Bending moment in bottom plate of box girder
Max Moment (kN*m/m)
Load
Mid span of bottom plate
Near web position

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Dead Load
31
-73
Radial Force
16
-49
4.2.4 Check of bottom plate

4.2.4.1 Ultimate Limit State
Table 4.2.4.1 Bending moment resistance in bottom plate of box girder at ULS
Mid span of bottom plate
Near web position
Design moment (kNm/m)
56.4
-146.4
196
196
Utilisation ratio
0.29
0.75
4.2.4.2 Check of section
Maximum compression stress of concrete:
c =11.2MPa
Maximum tensile stress of rebar:
t =171.5MPa
Conclusion: stress of concrete and rebar meets the requirement of stress check.
4.3 Counterweight Calculation at Bridge End

4.3.1 Introduction
Maximum uplift bearing reaction is 212kN in SLS when have no counterweight according
to BS5400. So counterweight is necessary for this bridge.
The arrangement of counterweight is shown in the Figure 4.3.1.

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Figure 4.3.1 Arrangement of counterweight
4.3.2 Results of bearing reactions

Positive bearing reaction is 60.2kN in SLS when have the counterweight.
4.3.3 Check of bottom plate

4.3.3.1 Ultimate limit state
Table 4.3.3.1 Bending moment resistance in bottom plate of box girder at ULS
Midspan of Bottom Plate
Near Web Position
Design moment (kNm/m)
319
-394.8
1099
1099
Utilisation ratio
0.29
0.36
4.3.3.2 Serviceability Limit State
Maximum compression stress of concrete:

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c =6.82MPa
Maximum tensile stress of rebar:
t = 85.46MPa
Conclusion: Stress of concrete and rebar meets the requirement.

65

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Static Analysis

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Suramadu Bridge, Indonesia

Consortium of Chinese Contractors

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Longitudinal Calculation of Continuous Box Girder ....................................1

1.1 Technical Specifications ............................................................................................................1

Calculation of Pile Cap....................................................................................13

2.1 Pile cap P37~40, P43~44, P49~50, and P53~56.....................................................................13

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Calculation of Pile Foundation.......................................................................21

3.1 Parameters of Materials...........................................................................................................21

Transverse Analysis of Box Girder ................................................................55

4.1 Check of Top Plate ..................................................................................................................55

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Longitudinal Calculation of Continuous Box Girder

1.1 Technical Specifications

1.2 Longitudinal Static Analysis

1.2.2 Calculation contents and load combinations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Permanent load + vehicle + pedestrian + uniformly temperature

1.3 Brief introduction of the calculating method

1.4 Beam elements partition chart

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Figure 1.4 Element partition

1.5 Calculation step

Construct pile foundations

Cast A0 concrete and temporarily fasten

pier and segment A0

Install form traveler on A0

Cast concrete of segment A1

Tension tendons T1 and W1

Move form traveler from A0 to A1

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations

CCCC HIGHWAY & BRIDGE CONSULTANTS CO., LTD

Cast concrete of segment A2

Tension tendons T2 and W2

Move form traveler from A1 to A2

Cast concrete of segment A3

Tension tendons T3 and W3

Move form traveler from A2 to A3

Cast concrete of segment A4

Tension tendons T4 and W4

Move form traveler from A3 to A4

Cast concrete of segment A5

Tension tendons T5 and W5

Move form traveler from A4 to A5

Cast concrete of segment A6

Tension tendons T6 and W6

Move form traveler from A5 to A6

Cast concrete of segment A7

Tension tendons T7 and W7

Move form traveler from A6 to A7

Cast concrete of segment A8

Move form traveler from A7 to A8

Cast concrete of side span A10

Tension tendons B1,B2,B3

and close mid

Cast segment A9 to close mid span 1 and

Uninstall former traveler

Tension tendons B5~B9

Install form traveler on A0

Suramadu Bridge, Approach Bridge, Calculations