Question 1

Fill in the blanks. Note: one word for each blank.

The fundamental unit of life is Blank 1

. Living systems are incredibly

diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. The smallest organism

discovered, the Mycoplasma, is only about 0.1 Blank 2
. In contrast, the
frog egg can be as large as 1 Blank 3

. Despite the diversity, cells resemble

each other to an astonishing degree in their chemistry. Blank 4

are

important architectural and catalytic components within the cell, helping to

determine its chemistry, its shape, and its ability to respond to changes in the
environment, and they are all made from the same 20 Blank 5
Blank 6
. All cells store their genetic information in Blank 7
made from the same 4 types of Blank 8
are Blank 9

. The molecules that store energy

and they form large molecules called polysaccharides. The

major component of all cell membrane is Blank 10

10 points
Question 2
The terms prokaryote and bacterium are synonyms.
True

False

3 points
Question 3

, which is

Prokaryotes can adopt several different basic shapes, including spherical, rodshaped, and spiral.

True

False

3 points
Question 4
The number of mitochondria inside a cell remains constant over the life of the cell.
True

False

3 points
Question 5
The Golgi apparatus is made up of a series of membrane-enclosed compartments
through which materials destined for secretion must pass.
True

False

3 points
Question 6
Primitive plant, animal, and fungal cells probably acquired mitochondria after they
diverged from a common ancestor.
True

False

3 points
Question 7
With respect to cellular respiration, the only organelles used by animal cells are
mitochondria, while plant cells use both mitochondria and chloroplasts.
True

False

3 points
Question 8
Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand
cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following
characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory
studies?
a. all of the above
b. rapid rate of reproduction
c.

amenability to genetic manipulation

d. ability to grow under controlled conditions

4 points
Question 9
Fill in the blanks. Note: one word for each blank.
Proteins are Blank 1

built from amino acids, which each have an amino

group and a Blank 2

group attached to the central -carbon. There are

twenty possible Blank 3

Blank 4

that differ in structure and are

generally referred to as R. In solutions of neutral pH, amino acids are Blank 5

, carrying both a positive and negative charge. When a protein is made,

amino acids are linked together through Blank 6

Blank 7

, which

are formed by condensation reactions between the carboxyl end of the last amino
acid and the Blank 8
end of the next amino acid to be added to the
growing chain.

choose from:
amino
ionized
polypeptides
length
protein
carbon
noncovalent
R group
carboxyl
peptide bonds
side chains
hydroxide

8 points
Question 10
Fill in the blanks. Note: one word for each blank. Each word can only be used at
most once.
By definition, catalysis allows a reaction to occur more Blank 1
reactions occur only when there is a loss of Blank 2

. Chemical

energy. Enzymes act

more Blank 3

than other catalysts. A catalyst decreases the Blank 4

energy of a reaction.

choose from:
activation
free
selectively
chemical bond
kinetic
slowly
completely
rapidly
unfavorable
favorable

4 points
Question 11
The chemistry of life is carried out and coordinated primarily by the action of small
molecules.
True

False

3 points
Question 12
The chemical reactions in living systems are loosely regulated, allowing for a wide
range of products and more rapid evolution.

True

False

3 points
Question 13

During cellular respiration, carbon-containing molecules become successively more

oxidized until they reach their most oxidized form, as CO2.

True

False

3 points
Question 14

Enzymes increase the probability that any given reactant molecule will be converted
to product.

True

False

3 points
Question 15
H, C, O, and N are the most common elements in biological molecules because they
are the most stable.
True

False

3 points
Question 16
There are 20100 different possible sequence combinations for a protein chain with
100 amino acids. In addition to the amino acid sequence of the protein, what other
factors increase the potential for diversity in these macromolecules?
a. the planar nature of the peptide bond
b. the directionality of amino acids being added
c. noncovalent interactions sampled as protein folds
d. free rotation around single bonds during synthesis
4 points
Question 17
G indicates the change in the standard free energy as a reactant is converted to
product. Given what you know about these values, which reaction below is the most
favorable?
a. ADP + Pi ATP

G = +7.3 kcal/mole

b. glucose + fructose sucrose

c. glucose CO2 + H2O

G = +5.5 kcal/mole
G = 686 kcal/mole

d. glucose 1-phosphate glucose 6-phosphate

G = 1.7 kcal/mole

4 points
Question 18

Activated carriers are small molecules that can diffuse rapidly and be used to drive
biosynthetic reactions in the cell. Their energy is stored in a readily transferable

form such as high-energy electrons or chemical groups. Which of the molecules

below is the most widely used activated carrier?

a.

NADPH

b.

ATP

c.

NADH

d.

FADH2

4 points
Question 19
Two college roommates do not agree on the best way to handle the clutter piled up
in your dorm room. Roommate 1 explains that chaos is inevitable, so why fight it?
Roommate 2 counters that maintaining an organized environment makes life easier
in many ways, and that chaos is not inevitable. What law of thermodynamics drives
the thinking of Roommate 1? What thermodynamic argument can be used to
support Roommate 2?

essay-ans-_1511

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3 points
Question 20
Fill in the blanks. Note: one word for each blank. Each word can only be used at
most once.

The helices and sheets are examples of protein Blank 1

structure. A

protein such as hemoglobin, which is composed of more than one protein Blank 2
, has Blank 3
structure. A proteins amino acid sequence is
known as its Blank 4

structure. A protein Blank 5

is the modular

unit from which many larger single-chain proteins are constructed. The threedimensional conformation of a protein is its Blank 6
structure.

choose from:
allosteric

ligand

domain

primary

helix

quaternary

secondary
subunit
tertiary

6 points
Question 21
The variations in the physical characteristics between different proteins are
influenced by the overall amino acid compositions, but even more important is the
unique amino acid ______________.
a.

orientation

b.

bond

c.

number

d.

sequence

4 points
Question 22
Which of the following statements is true?

a The sequence of the atoms in the polypeptide backbone varies between

. different proteins.
b Nonpolar amino acids tend to be found in the interior of proteins.
.
c The polypeptide backbone is free to rotate about each peptide bond.
.
d Peptide bonds are the only covalent bonds that can link together two
. amino acids in proteins.
4 points
Question 23
Which of the following is not a feature commonly observed in helices?
a. amino acid side chains that point outward
b. left-handedness
c. one helical turn every 3.6 amino acids
d. cylindrical shape
4 points
Question 24
Which of the following is not a feature commonly observed in sheets?
a.

coiled-coil patterns

b.

extended polypeptide backbone

c.

antiparallel regions

d.

parallel regions

4 points
Question 25
Which of the following statements about allostery is true?

a Allosteric regulators are often products of other chemical reactions in the

. same biochemical pathway.
b Allosteric regulation is always used for negative regulation of enzyme
. activity.
c Enzymes are the only types of proteins that are subject to allosteric
. regulation.
d Binding of allosteric molecules usually locks an enzyme in its current
. conformation, such that the enzyme cannot adopt a different conformation.