Hydrodynamics (Question pool)

Basics
1) What is conservation of mass?
2) Derive the equation of continuity. Also write it in cylindrical coordinates.
3) What is material derivative?
4) Distinguish between Lagrangian flow and Eulerian flow.
5) Modify the above for incompressible flow.
6) What is conservation of momentum?Derive the Eulers equations.
7) Integrate this equation in space to derive the Bernoullis equation.
8) Write the stress tensor in fluid dynamics.
9) Distinguish between laminar flow and turbulent flow.
10) Write the Navier-Stokes equations. Also write it in cylindrical coordinates.
11) Define circulation and divergence mathematically. (Gauss theorem)
12) What is irrotational flow?
13) What is velocity potential?
14) Derive the equation of continuity for incompressible flow.
15) What is a streamline? What is as streakline? What is a pathline?
16) Prove mathematically that equipotential lines and streamlines intersect each other normally.
Sources, Sinks, Vortices
17) What is a source/sink? Derive the expressions for the equipotential lines & streamlines, in cylindrical coordinates.
18) What is a doublet? Derive the expressions for the equipotential lines and streamlines. Locate the stagnation
points. Use cylindrical coordinates.
19) What is a dipole? Derive the expressions for the equipotential lines and streamlines. Locate the stagnation points.
Use cylindrical coordinates.
20) What is a vortex? Derive the expressions for the equipotential lines and streamlines. Use cylindrical coordinates.
21) Model the flow past a rotating cylinder with a dipole, a free stream, and a vortex. Derive the expressions for the
equipotential lines and streamlines. Locate the stagnation points. Use cylindrical coordinates. Derive the pressure
coefficient on the surface. Derive the lift.
22) Explain plane Poisoulli flow. State the assumptions, set up the gorvening differential equations, state the
boundary conditions, derive the velocity profile. What are the average velocity and the wall shear stress?
23) Explain Couette flow. State the assumptions, set up the gorvening differential equations, state the boundary
conditions, derive the velocity profile. What are the average velocity and the wall shear stress?
24) ExplainHagen- Poisoulli flow. State the assumptions, set up the gorvening differential equations, state the
boundary conditions, derive the velocity profile. What are the average velocity and the wall shear stress?
25) Explain circular Couette flow. State the assumptions, set up the gorvening differential equations, state the
boundary conditions, derive the velocity profile. What are the average velocity and the wall shear stress?
Waves
26) How are waves created? What are the distinct causes of capillary waves, gravity waves, and tidal waves?
27) What is a wavelength? Wave number? Wave period? Wave circular frequency? Wave speed?
28) What is the kinematic and dynamic free surface boundary condition? Explain and combine them.
29) What are the assumptions of small-amplitude wave theory?
30) What is the surface elevation like? What is the water velocity potential like? Derive the dispersion relation.
31) How are deep and shallow water defined? Derive the deep and shallow water dispersion relation and the celerity.
32) Explain the statement : Electro-magnetic waves are non-dispersive while water waves are dispersive.
33) How are the water particle velocities, displacements, accelerations calculated?
34) How is the hydrodynamic pressure calculated? State Bernoullis relation. How does fluid pressure change with
depth?
35) Express the wave potential energy and the wave kinetic energy.
36) What is wave steepness? What is the wave breaking limit?

HYDROSTATICS AND STABILITY

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In lightship condition, how does the ship trim and why?

How does the ship react when weights are added or subtracted?
How does the curve of statical stability change with vertical shift of weights?
How does the curve of statical stability change with horizontal shift of weights?
A ship trims about which point? How is it calculated?
What are floundering and capsizing? Which is more likely? Why?
What are the 6 degrees of freedom?
Which are the DOF motions visible in sheer plan?
Which are the DOF motions visible in body plan?
Which are the DOF motions visible in half-breadth plan?
Define the form coefficients of the hull.
Write analytical formulae to calculate Water plane area characteristics. (Area and first moments)
Write analytical formulae to calculate Volume characteristics. (Volume and first moments)
Write analytical formulae to calculate Water plane area characteristics. (second moments)
Write the Simpsons rules formulae.
Define metacentre. Is it a function of draft, heel and damage?
Explain TPC and MCT_1cm with formulae.
What happens in grounding?
How is GMT calculated?
Explain free surface effect? What is a virtual rise in CG? How should tankers be framed?
What is the effect of suspended weights on the ships stability?
What is the effect of change of water density on the ships stability?
Explain the inclining experiment.
How is the stability at large angles calculated?
What are cross-curves of stability?
What is angle of loll?
In dynamical stability, when does the ship stabilize? What is the maximum angle of heel?
What is the value of the minimum GM in intact and damaged conditions according to IMO?
Explain the wall-sided formula.
What is the angle of loll in a wall-sided vessel?
Define : Margin line, floodable length, and Plimsoll line.
Explain the lost buoyancy method.
Calculate the area and moments of an isosceles right-angled triangle about it hypotenuse.
Explain the stability of a completely submerged body. Draw the curve of statical stability. BM =?
Explain Archimedes principle and Pascals law.
Explain what an offset table is.
What happens to draft, trim and heel in case of damage?
How is residual buoyancy calculated on damage?
For the same displacement, which is more stable : a monohull or a twin-hull vessel? Why?
Explain roll motion with respect to the curve of statical stability.

MOTION AND CONTROL

Question pool
Introduction
1) Why do translational ship motions occur?
2) Why do rotational ship motions occur?
3) What are the harmful effects of ship motions?
4) What are the 6 degrees of freedom? Name them.
Waves
5) How are waves created?
6) What is a wavelength? What is wave number?
7) What is wave period? What is wave circular frequency?
8) What is wave speed?
9) What is the kinematic free surface boundary condition?
10) What is the dynamic free surface boundary condition?
11) What are the assumptions of small-amplitude wave theory?
12) What is the surface elevation like?
13) What is the water velocity potential like?
14) How are deep and shallow water defined?
15) Derive the dispersion relation.
16) Derive the deep water dispersion relation and the celerity.
17) Derive the shallow water dispersion relation and the celerity.
18) How are the water particle velocities calculated?
19) How are the water particle displacements calculated?
20) How are the water particle accelerations calculated?
21) How is the hydrodynamic pressure calculated?
22) State the Bernoullis relation.
23) Express the wave potential energy.
24) Express the wave kinetic energy.
25) What is wave steepness?
26) What is the wave breaking limit?
27) How does fluid pressure change with depth?
Encounter Frequency
28) What is encounter frequency? Derive it.
29) What is encounter wavelength? Derive it.
30) What are head sea, following sea, and beam sea? What is bow quartering and stern quartering?
31) Which DOFs are excited by the above heading angles?
32) When does the encounter frequency become zero?
33) When does the encounter frequency become equal to the wave frequency?
34) When does the encounter wavelength become equal to the ship-generated wavelength?
Wave height probability distribution
35) Given a wave-height distribution, what is the average wave height?
36) What is the RMS wave height? How is it significant?
37) What is the significant wave height?
38) What is the modal wave height?
39) From the wave height distribution histogram, how is the probability density function generated derived?
40) Express the Rayleigh Distribution (RD).

41) How is the avg. wave height calculated from the RD?
42) How is the significant wave height calculated from the RD?
43) What is the area under the RD curve?
44) What is the relation between the avg. wave height and the RMS wave height? Derive from the RD.
45) Define standard deviation.
Sea spectrum
46) How is the sea spectrum generated?
47) What is the total energy of the sea?
48) How is the significant wave height calculated from the sea spectrum?
49) How are the moments of the sea spectrum calculated?
50) What is wave velocity spectrum?
51) What is wave accelerations spectrum?
52) What is the average zero-up crossing wave period?
53) What is the average wave period peak-to-peak?
54) What is the most probable largest wave amplitude, given N number of waves, and a sea spectrum?
55) Define fetch and duration.
56) What is a narrow-banded spectrum?
57) What is the correction factor to make a spectrum narrow?
58) What is the Beaufort scale?
59) What is a long-crested sea?
60) What is a short-crested sea?
61) How is a 3D spectrum designed from the 2D spectrum?
Ship motions in regular waves
62) What are the restoring forces in the ship motions?
63) Which DOF of the ship do not have restoring forces?
64) What is added mass?
65) What is radiation damping?
66) Write the equation of motion of damped free heave.
67) Derive the natural frequency of heave in undamped and damped conditions.
68) Write the equation of motion of damped, sinosoidally forced heave.
69) Write the solution for steady state forced heave motion.
70) What is the phase difference between the heave forcing and the heave response?
71) What is the amplification factor?
72) What is the tuning factor?
73) What is resonance? What are the amplitude and the phase of the response at resonance?
74) Write the heave-pitch coupled equations of motion in algebraic and matrix form.
75) Derive C33, C35, C53, and C55. Give proper units.
76) Derive the dimensions of A33, A35, A53, A55; B33, B35, B53, B55.
77) Formulate the restoring moment in roll.
78) Write the sway-roll coupled equations of motion in algebraic and matrix form.
79) Derive the undamped natural frequency of pitch and roll.
80) What is the phase difference between heave and pitch?
Ship Dynamics
81) Define added mass and damping from the radiation potential of the water.
82) Draw a phasor diagram to explain the radiation force in terms of the response.
83) What are the excitation forces for ship motion?

84) Explain incident wave potential and diffraction wave potential.

85) Write the heave equation of motion in terms of the wave potentials.
86) Set up the 2D Boundary value problem in heave.
87) Explain the body boundary condition in heave?
88) Derive the added mass and damping in terms of the heave radiation potential.
89) Explain Strip theory.
90) How are the 3D added mass and damping coefficients calculated?
Ship motions in irregular waves
91) Draw the heave excitation spectrum. Explain the zeroes and the peaks. Include the effects of head sea and following
sea.
92) Draw the pitch excitation spectrum. Explain the zeroes and the peaks. Include the effects of head sea and following
sea.
93) Define the response amplitude operator.
94) How is the encounter spectrum derived from the sea spectrum?
95) What is the transfer function to derive the response from the excitation?
96) How is the RAO spectrum derived from the excitation spectrum?
97) How is the response derived from the RAO spectrum?
Derived responses
98) Define deck-wetness.
99) Define slamming.
100) Express relative bow motion (RBM).
101) How is RBM spectrum derived?
102) What is the probability of deckwetness?
103) What is the probability of slamming?
104) What is the probability of sea-sickness?
105) Define whipping.
106) What is springing?
107) What are the detrimental effects of slamming?
Design considerations in seakeeping : motion stabilizers
108) How do the following parameters influence seakeeping : L, C wp , L/B, L/T, C b , C p , B/T?
109) How do the following influence ship motions : longitudinal radius of gyration, bulbous bow, freeboard, forward
section?
110) How is the non-dimensional heave heave period expressed in terms of the ship geometry?
111) What are the passive stabilizing systems?
112) What are anti-roll tanks? What is the principle of its working?
113) What is the critical zone of the response? How are ships (large and small) moved out of the critical zone?
Maneuvering
114) Explain stabilities in maneuvering : straight line, directional, positional stability.
115) In working fixed condition, which stability is possible?
116) Explain the sign convention of surge, sway, and yaw.
117) Explain the relation (transformation matrix) between the earth-fixed and ship-fixed coordinate system.
118) Write the expressions for X,Y,N in terms of the mass, moment of inertia, and velocities and accelerations in
surge, sway, and yaw; with respect to the centre of gravity of the ship.
119) Write the expressions for X,Y,N in terms of the mass, moment of inertia, and velocities and accelerations in
surge, sway, and yaw; with respect to the midship.

120) Write the expressions for X,Y,N in terms of the mass, moment of inertia, and the first order hydrodynamic
derivatives; with respect to the midship.
121) Assuming the changes in surge, sway and yaw velocities to be exponential functions in time i.e. et, re-write the
equations of motion in the matrix form.
122) Which among the 18 hydrodynamic derivatives are zero? Why?
123) Recognize the added mass and damping terms in surge, sway, and yaw. Include the cross-coupling terms. Express
them in terms of A ij and B ij .
124) Explain the nature of response under a horizontal disturbance, depending on the nature of .
Control fixed stability
125) Setting up the system of homogeneous systems of equations, set up the expression for the determinant.
126) Setting the determinant equal to zero for a non-trivial solution, find the quadratic in .
127) What are the coefficients of the above quadratic? Express A, B, and C in terms of the hydrodynamic derivatives.
128) What are the 8 non-zero important hydrodynamic derivatives. State their magnitude and signs.
129) Explain the magnitudes and signs of the self-coupled hydrodynamic derivatives.
130) Explain the magnitudes and signs of the cross-coupled hydrodynamic derivatives.
131) What are the necessary and sufficient conditions for stability?
132) How are the hydrodynamic derivatives non-dimensionlized?
Control working stability
133) How do the equations of motion in the horizontal plane change due to rudder action?
134) Explain the signs of Y and N with respect to the rudder angle.
135) What is the change in sway velocity due to rudder action?
136) What is the change in the yaw velocity due to rudder action?
137) What is the turning circle radius due to rudder action?
138) What is the drift angle due to rudder action?
139) How is the trajectory of the ship calculated due to rudder action?
Maneuvering trials
140) Explain the spiral maneuvering trial.
141) Explain the instability at around zero rudder angle, with reference to the hysteresis loop.
142) Explain the zig-zag maneuvering trial.
143) Plot the rudder angle, the yaw angle and the non-D sway as functions of time.
144) Explain overshoot in sway and yaw, reach and period of the maneuver.
145) Explain the turning circle maneuvering trial. What are the four phases of the turn?
146) As functions of time, plot ruder angle, sway velocity and acceleration, yaw velocity and acceleration, and the drift
angle.
147) Explain, advance, transfer, tactical diameter, and the pivot point in the trial.
148) Express the turning circle radius. Explain how is depends on the forward speed and the rudder angle.
Experimental determination of hydrodynamic derivatives
149) In the pure sway test, where are the sway velocity and acceleration zero and maximum?
150) What are the derivatives obtained from the pure sway test?
151) Formulate the force balance equation of the struts Fs and Fb, in terms of Yv and Yvdot.
152) Formulate the outputs from the pure sway test.
153) In the pure yaw test, where are the way velocity and acceleration zero and maximum?
154) What are the derivatives obtained from the pure yaw test?
155) Formulate the force balance equation of the struts F s and F b , in terms of Y r and Y r dot.
156) Formulate the outputs from the pure yaw test.

157) What is the phase difference between the motions of the struts in terms of the forward velocity, distance between
the struts and the frequency of strut motion?
Rudder
158) Why is the rudder placed at the aft of a ship?
159) How much is rudders planform area w.r.t. the LxT of the ship?
160) Draw the three views of the rudder geometry.
161) How do chord length and thickness vary from the root to the tip?
162) What is the quarter chord line? What is the taper ratio? What is the aspect ratio?
163) Given a certain heading angle , and a rudder angle , what is the angle of attack on the rudder?
164) Draw the streamline pattern around an aerofoil = 0, 10 degrees.
165) How does and aerofoil section generate lift?
166) Why is a circulation necessary to generate lift?
167) How do lift and drag forces vary with the angle of attack?
168) What is stall? Why does it happen?
169) Define lift and drag coefficients.
170) What are the normal and tangential forces on the aerofoil in terms of the drag and the lift?
171) What is the torque required to turn the rudder against the stock?
172) What is the bending moment due to the hydrodynamic force at the root section?
173) What causes cavitation over an aerofoil section?
174) What is the difference between induced drag and viscous drag?
175) What is ground-board effect?
176) What is a flap rudder? What is a horn rudder?
177) What is the hydrodynamic advantage of a tail fin?
178) What is a balanced rudder? Why does it rattle?
179) What is an unbalanced rudder?
180) What is the effect of a fixed structure ahead of the rudder?
181) How does the location of the centre of pressure vary with the angle of attack?
182) When does the hydrodynamic torque reinforce the steering torque and when does it oppose it?

RESISTANCE AND PROPULSION

Spring 2011
Pre-mid Term theoretical question pool
Hydrodynamics
1) Explain the equations of continuity in hydrodynamics.
2) What are the equations for motion for hydrodynamics?
3) Give the expression for hydrodynamic pressure.
4) What is a source? What is a sink? Formulate the velocity potential and the stream function of a source/sink.
5) What is a vortex? Formulate its velocity potential and stream function.
6) What is a streamlined body?
7) What is a boundary layer? What are its three zones?
8) When does the boundary layer separate? Explain mathematically.
9) What is wave energy?
10) What is Reynoldss number? What is Froudes number?
11) What is a Rankines oval? Derive its velocity potential and stream function.
12) What is a dipole? Derive its velocity potential and stream function of a dipole in a free stream.
13) What are laminar and turbulent flows? Distinguish w.r.t. (a) streamlines and (b) the cause of shear stresses.
14) What is no slip? What is no penetration?
Ship resistance
15) Explain performance criteria of ships.
16) What are the various allowances for a ship?
17) What is the effective power of a ship?
18) What is Dimensional Analysis?
19) What are the six parameters over which the ships resistance depends?
20) What are the coefficients of total resistance, frictional resistance and residuary resistance?
21) What are the components of pressure resistance?
22) What are the components of frictional resistance?
Viscous pressure resistance
23) How does the pressure distribution over a hull look like?
24) What is viscous pressure drag?
25) Explain vortex-shedding.
26) How is a moving ship brought to rest? (What acts as a brake?)
27) What is DAlemberts paradox?
28) What causes a high pressure at the bow and the stern?
29) What cause s a low pressure at the shoulders?
Ship-Model correlation
30) What makes a ship and its model geometrically and kinematically similar?
31) What is Froudes hypothesis? What are the assumptions (which components of resistance are small)?
32) How are the ship and its model in a towing tank similar?
33) How are a ship and its model in a wind tunnel similar?
34) How do the residuary resistance of the ship and its model compare?
Skin-Friction resistance
35) What is frictional resistance?
36) What is the Hughes formula for 2D frictional resistance coefficient?
37) What is 1957 ITTC line for frictional resistance coefficient?
38) What is the Hughes run-in point in the plot of Coefficient of total resistance versus speed?
39) How does the ratio of roughness to the boundary layer thickness vary along the length of the ship?
40) What is the roughness allowance for ships?
41) What is a hydraulically smooth surface?

42) What is the critical Rn for a smooth flat plate?

43) What is local Rn?
Form resistance
44) Define form resistance.
45) What is effect of the 3D-form on the pressure distribution on the ship?
46) What is effect of the 3D-form on the separation?
47) What is form factor? How is it different from the skin-friction form factor?
48) How does the skin-friction form factor vary with speed?
Wave-making resistance
49) What is wave-making resistance?
50) Why are waves created?
51) Describe the Kelvin wave pattern.
52) What is the wave resistance of a submarine at different depths?
53) What is the influence of the angle of entrance on the bow wave system?
54) What is influence of the waterline slope on the wave-making resistance?
55) What is the wavelength of a ship wave created, both transverse and divergent?
56) Draw the four transverse systems along the length of a ship.
57) What is the distance between the fore and the aft pressure points on the ship?
58) What is the effect of the boundary layer on the ship wave systems?
Wave interference
59) What is parallel middle body? What is entrance and what is run?
60) Why is the bow finer than the stern?
61) Why is a transom stern more common than a cruiser stern?
62) What is wave interference?
63) Which is the most prominent wave system and why?
64) What are the Froude numbers for humps and hollows in the wave resistance plot versus Froude number?
65) What are the two effects of a bulbous bow?
66) What is dynamic sinkage?
67) Calculate the Froude numbers for the first three humps and hollows in the wave resistance curve Vs. Fn.
Air resistance
68) What is air resistance?
69) What are the effects of beam wind?
70) What is the windage area in axial wind?
71) What causes deck-house vibration?
72) Why do taller ships have more air resistance than shorter ships with the same windage area?
73) Explain the Hughes formula of air resistance.
Appendage resistance
74) What is appendage drag?
75) What causes rudder flutter?
76) Why is a propeller preferred to be locates behind a ship?
77) What are bilge keels? What are they used for?
78) In ballast condition, what is trim?
79) Why is a trim by stern necessary?
80) What is harmful effect of trim by stern?
81) Why is a trim by bow undesirable?
Separation drag
82) For a flow past a ship, where is the viscosity important?
83) For a flow past a ship, where is the flow potential?
84) What causes separation?

85) What is wake? What causes it?

86) What is the influence of separation on frictional resistance?
87) After separation, is the drag coefficient dependent on R n ?
Wave-breaking resistance
88) What is wave steepness?
89) At what wave steepness does the wave break?
90) What is wave-breaking resistance?
91) Is the wave-breaking more prominent at the bow or at the stern?
92) Why are bulbs important for slow speed ships?
93) Distinguish between a spilling breaker and a plunging breaker.
Water wave mechanics
94) What is deep, intermediate and shallow water?
95) A Tsunami is a deep wave or a shallow wave?
96) What is the small-amplitude theory wave dispersion relation for shallow, deep and intermediate water?
97) What is the small-amplitude theory wave celerity for shallow, deep and intermediate water?
98) What is the kinetic energy per wavelength per area of a wave?
99) What is the potential energy per wavelength per area of a wave?
100)
How does a ship wave decay along the length of a ship?
101)
What is the potential energy of a damped ship wave?
Shallow water effects
102)
In shallow water, how does a moving ships draft and trim change?
103)
In shallow water, what is the critical speed of a ship w.r.t. wave-making resistance?
104)
What is the ships Fn w.r.t. the water depth?
105)
Draw the ship wave pattern for a Fn = 0.4, 0.99, 1.4.
106)
bow = a sin kx, bulb = a sin k ( x d ) , where d is the distance between the bow and the bulb pressure
points, which is a design criterion. Calculate the design value of d for design speeds V = 5 m/sec, 8 m/sec, and
10 m/sec.
Hull form and Resistance
107)
How does the fullness of the ship influence the resistance?
108)
How does the shape of the sectional area curve influence the resistance?
109)
Draw a section are curve for a tanker and a container.
110)
Draw the curve of statical stability for a bulker and a destroyer.
111)
How does the shape of the Waterplane area influence the resistance?
112)
How do changes in Length and breadth influence the resistance?
113)
What are the characteristics if a U-shaped form?
114)
What are the characteristics if a V-shaped form?
115)
Draw plots of Cw for U-shaped and V-shaped forms vs. Fn.
116)
Distinguish between a cruiser stern and a transom stern.
117)
If the height of the section area curve is changes, keeping the displacement constant, how does the
resistance change?
Resistance Data presentation
118)
Define Circular K, circular S, Circular C.
119)
Define U, Circular M, Circular B, Circular D, Circular A.

Propulsion Question Pool

Marine Propulsion
1) Define EHP, DHP, SHP.
2) What is a propeller?
3) What is Indicated power in steam reciprocating engine?
4) What is Shaft power in turbines?
5) What is brake power in internal combustion engines?
6) What is velocity of advance?
7) Explain a 4-stroke diesel cycle.
8) Explain the principal of a steam turbine.
9) Explain the principal of a gas turbine.
10) What is propulsive coefficient?
11) How does the pressure distribution over a ship (length-wise) change due to the presence of a propeller?
12) What is a gear?
13) What is a clutch?
14) What are CODOG and CODAG marine engines?
Momentum Theory of propeller action
15) What is the principle of an actuator disk?
16) Draw the pressure distribution diagram through the actuator disk.
17) What is the axial inflow factor?
18) What is the change in the momentum of water as it passes through the actuator disk?
19) What is the thrust produced on the propeller?
20) What is the increase in the kinetic energy of the water as it passes through the actuator disk?
21) What is the work done by the thrust on the water?
22) What is the useful work obtained per unit time?
23) What is the ideal efficiency by momentum theory?
24) What is the slip velocity? What is the slip ratio?
25) What is the efficiency in terms of the slip ratio?
26) Define the thrust loading coefficient.
27) Express the ideal efficiency in terms of the thrust loading coefficient.
28) Derive the thrust developed on the propeller by Bernoullis principle.
29) What is the angular impulse provided to the water by the propeller?
30) What is the rotational inflow factor?
31) What is the elemental thrust and the elemental torque on one annular element of the blade?
32) What is the kinetic energy lost in translation?
33) What is the kinetic energy lost in rotation?
34) What is the efficiency of the disk, taking rotational motion into account?
35) Define advance ratio.
36) Define the thrust coefficient.
37) Define the torque coefficient.
38) Define propeller open water efficiency.
39) What are the three factors on which thrust depends?
40) Draw a propeller blade section.
41) Explain pitch of a propeller.
42) What is a helix?
43) What is a helicoidal surface?
44) How does the streamline pattern over an aerofoil look like?
45) How does the pressure distribution over an aerofoil look like?
46) What is wake?

Blade Element Theory

47) What is angle of attack on an aerofoil?
48) What is drag and what is lift on an aerofoil?
49) What are the coefficients of drag and lift of an aerofoil?
50) How do the drag and lift coefficients vary with the angle of attack?
51) What is planform area?
52) What is the blade section efficiency?
53) What is the resultant water velocity on a propeller blade section?
54) What is slip? What is real slip ratio and apparent slip ratio?
55) Why does the root section does not develop much thrust?
56) What is stall?
57) Draw the pressure distribution over an aerofoil section.
Propeller Geometry
58) Draw a well-labelled propeller blade diagram.
59) What is a right-handed screw propeller?
60) Define root, boss, face, back, leading edge, and trailing edge of a blade.
61) How much is the boss diameter?
62) What is rake? What is skew?
63) What is projected area, developed area, and expanded area?
64) Why does the pitch angle vary from the root to the tip of the blade?
65) What is pitch ratio?
66) What is the maximum thickness line?
67) What are the boss thickness ratio and root thickness ratio?
68) Where is the thickness where and why?
69) What is a helix? Write its equation. What is the radius of a helix?
70) Explain how a propeller section is a part of a helicoidal surface?
Law of similitude of propellers
71) What are the four non-dimensional coefficients on which a propeller thrust depends?
72) Which two of the above coefficients can be scales between a propeller and its model?
73) Which two of the above coefficients cannot be scales between a propeller and its model?
74) Explain Froudes similarity between a propeller and its model.
75) What is the thrust ratio between a propeller and its model?
76) What is the power ratio between a propeller and its model?
77) What is the rpm ratio between a propeller and its model?
78) What is the torque ratio between a propeller and its model?
Hull-Propeller Interaction
79) Define propeller open water efficiency.
80) Define Froude wake fraction and Taylor wake fraction.
81) Define Thrust deduction fraction and augment in resistance factor.
82) Define hull efficiency.
83) What is relative rotative effiency.
84) Define quasi-propulsive coefficient.
85) What is propeller-induced vibration?
86) What is hull-resonance diagram?
87) Define KT and KQ. Get the dimensions.
88) Plot KT, KQ, efficiency versus the advance ratio. What are the slips?
89) Where should be the design point in the above plot and why?
90) What is the Bollard pull condition?

Propeller Design
91) What are preliminary steps of propeller design?
92) What is a B4.60 propeller like?
93) What is a Bp- diagram? What is the information available from it?
94) What is the maximum efficiency line in this diagram?
95) How is a design propeller chosen from a Bp- diagram?
96) What is the design process for calculating the thrust and the torque of the propeller from the circulation theory?
97) What restricts the propeller diameter?
98) How is the propeller strength calculated?
99) Explain the model self-propulsion test.
100)
For propeller model testing, what criteria need to be satisfied between the prototype and the model?
Cavitation
101)
What is cavitation? Why does it happen?
102)
What are the three factors on which cavitation depend?
103)
Why is the effective blade area ratio reduced due to cavitation?
104)
What are the detrimental effects of cavitation?
105)
How is cavitation prevented?
106)
What is transient cavitation?
107)
What is cavitation number?
108)
What is local cavitation number?
109)
What is the cavitation number for cavitation to begin?
110)
What are the five types of cavitation in marine propellers?
111)
Which part of the blade is the most likely to cavitate and why?
112)
Draw the cavitation bucket. Explain it.
113)
How does cavitation vary with the angle of attack?
114)
What is stagnation pressure?
115)
Draw the streamlines past an aerofoil.
116)
What is a super-cavitating propeller?
Non-conventional propulsion devices
117)
What is a controllable pitch propeller? What are its advantages?
118)
Which kinds of vessels require CPP?
119)
What is a contra-rotating propeller?
120)
What are the advantages of a CRP?
121)
What is a Kort-Nozzle propeller?
122)
Distinguish between accelerating and decelerating Kort-Nozzle propellers.
123)
What is a Voith-Schneider propeller?
124)
What is a pod propeller? Why is it used?
125)
What is a bevel gear?
Speed trials and Service performance Analysis

Structural Design and Computation Lab

0-0-3, 2 credits

Autumn 2012

Viva-Voce
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

State the displacement, slope, bending moment, and shear force of a Simply-Supported beam.
State the displacement, slope, bending moment, and shear force of a Clamped-Clamped beam.
State the displacement, slope, bending moment, and shear force of a Cantilever beam.
What are the end conditions of a hull girder?
For calm water condition, plot the load, shear, moment, slope and deflection distributions curves.
For wave sagging condition, plot the load, shear, moment, slope and deflection distributions
curves.
7. For wave hogging condition, plot the load, shear, moment, slope and deflection distributions
curves.
8. At which wavelength is bending maximum?
9. What is sagging? What is hogging?
10. What is a bulkhead?
11. Draw a uniformly distributed load, point load at the centre and hydrostatics pressure load on a
bulkhead.
12. How is the buoyancy distribution under a wave calculated?
13. What is pure bending?
14. How do stiffeners change the plate bending?
15. What is the relation between stress and strain for plate bending?
16. What is the relation between stress and bending moment for beam bending?
17. What is the relation between stress and bending moment for plate bending?
18. Which has superior strength-to-weight ratio : Angle, T-section, I-section, flat?
19. What is polar moment of inertia?
20. What is torsional rigidity?
21. What is shear modulus?
22. What is the difference between isotropic, orthotropic, and anisotropic substance?
23. Why is a typical ship structural panel orthotropic?
24. Derive the deflection of a SS beam under its own weight.
25. Derive the deflection of a cantilever under its own weight.
26. Derive the deflection of a CC beam under its own weight.
27. Derive the deflection of a free-free beam under its own weight.
28. What is section modulus?
29. How is the neutral axis calculated?
30. Is the neutral axis of a typical cross-section closer to the deck or to the keel?
31. How are deck stress and keel stress calculated?
32. How is the stress on the side shell calculated?
33. Which one should be thicker : deck or keel? Why?
34. What is the moment-curvature relationship in pure bending?
35. How is normal stress calculated from the bending moment : calculate by integration over the
cross-sectional area.
36. What is Poissons ratio?

37. Express the stress tensor. Express the strain tensor. Express the stress tensor in terms of the strain
tensor.
38. Define the bending moments M x , M y , M xy in terms of the plate bending curvatures.
39. What is the GDE for static plate bending?
40. How is shear stress of a section calculated?
41. Plot the shear stress distribution over the cross section over a rectangular cross section.
42. Plot the shear stress distribution over the cross section over a circular cross section.
43. Plot the shear stress distribution over the cross section over an I-cross section. Which is the web
and which is the flange?
44. What is the difference between an ordinary frame and a web frame?
45. What is shear flow?
46. What is average shear stress?
47. What is shear centre?
48. How do stiffeners change the neutral axis, section modulus, strength-to-weight ratio of a beam?
49. Define LOA, LWL, LPP.
50. The weight of the ship is distributed over which length?
51. The buoyancy of the ship is distributed over which length?
52. How is the LCG calculated from the weight distribution curve?
53. How is the LCB calculated from the buoyancy distribution curve?
54. How does the buoyancy distribution curve change when the ship by bow/stern?
55. How does the buoyancy distribution curve change for parallel sinkage/rise?
56. What is buckling?
57. Draw the stress-strain diagram of mild steel. Show the yield point and fracture point.
58. What is the potential energy stored due to mechanical strain?
59. Which bending of the hull girder is easier : horizontal or vertical?
60. What is the difference between sheet, plate, and slab?
61. What is a rolling machine?
62. Where is the fore bulkhead located? Where is the aft bulkhead located?
63. What is the difference between superstructure and deckhouse?
64. What is the frame spacing for a cargo ship?
65. Why do we need a double bottom?
66. Why is a bulker transverse framed? Why is a tanker longitudinally framed?
67. Draw the stress distribution around a hatch opening.
68. Why does a containership have less torisonal rigidity than a tanker?
69. Where are the derrick booms placed on the bulker deck (w.r.t. bulkheads)?
70. What is the yield strength for bending and shear for mild steel?
71. What is the yield strength for bending and shear for Ship-building steel (Grade IS-2062(A))?
72. What is a seam weld? What is a butt weld? What is staggered welding?
73. How do the stress levels on the stringers and bilges change w.r.t. the angle of heel?
74. What is a bracket? What is the end eixity?
75. Explain the Biles Method.
76. Define Safety factor.

Vibration of Floating Structures

Question Pool
Chapter 1 and 2
1) Derive the equation of free vibration for a spring mass system. Draw the phasor diagram. Integrate the force balance
equation over space to generate the energy balance equation.
2) Derive the equation of free vibration for a spring mass dashpot system. Draw the phasor diagram.
3) Derive the equation of harmonically forced vibration for a spring mass system. Draw the phasor diagram.
4) Derive the equation of harmonically forced vibration for a spring mass dashpot system. Draw the phasor diagram.
5) Define critical damping, damping ratio, undamped natural frequency, damped natural frequency.
6) How do initial conditions influence the response?
7) How is the forced vibratory response bifurcated into the transient and steady-state solutions?
8) Draw time-series plots for undamped, sub-critically damped, critically damped, and super-critically damped vibration.
9) What is logarithmic decrement? Formulate is for lightly and heavily damped motion.
10) How do the amplitude of vibration and potential energy decay in Coulomb damping?
Chapter 3
11) Define amplification factor and tuning factor of a spring-mass-dashpot system subjected to harmonic forcing. Plot it
versus the tuning factor. What is the maximum of each plot as a function of the damping ratio? Which are the halfpower points and how are the corresponding tuning factors calculated?
12) What is the amplification factor at tuning factor = 0, 1. Why?
13) Define resonance. What is the amplification factor, tuning factor, phase difference between the forcing and the
response at resonance? What causes this phase difference?
14) Define transmissibility. How does it depend on the tuning factor and the damping ratio? What is the phase difference
between the motion of a body and support connected by a spring and a damper?
15) How much energy is lost per cycle of vibration through the dashpot? How much energy is lost at resonance?
16) For a rotating imbalance of mass m at eccentricity e, rotating at a frequency rad/sec, what is the shaking
amplitude of the engine of mass M?
17) What is the acceleration of the centre of gravity of a rotating shaft w.r.t. to the whirl axis? Assume the whirl radius to
be r and eccentricity to be e; and the shaft frequency rad/sec. Explain each term. Can whirling of the shaft
happen without the eccentricity?
18) Synchronous whirl : How does the whirl axis change with the tuning factor? How does the phase angle between r
and e change with the tuning factor? What is the whirl radius at resonance?
Chapter 4
19) Define unit impulse and the delta function.
20) What is the response of a spring mass dashpot system to step function excitation? What is the dynamic loading factor?
21) What is the response of a spring mass system to constant excitation with a rise time? What is the dynamic loading
factor as a function of the rise time? Explain the quasi-static and dynamic behaviors.
22) What is the response of a spring mass system to a triangular excitation with a rise time? What is the dynamic loading
factor as a function of the rise time? Explain the zero, quasi-static and dynamic behaviors.
23) Drop Test : How does the maximum acceleration magnitude of the helipad (modeled as 1-DOF system) vary with the
drop height?
Chapter 5
24) For a multi degree-of-freedom system, explain the Eigen value analysis. Why are the Eigen values unique?
25) What are the Eigen vectors? How is the modal matrix generated?
26) Explain static and dynamic coupling. How is a matrix diagonalized?
27) What are normal modes? Explain their orthogonality.
28) Why is the fundamental mode most dominant? How does the frequency change with modeshapes? Why?
29) Define generalized mass, generalized stiffness, generalized forcing, principal coordinates.

Vibration of Floating Structures

Question Pool
Chapter 8
30) Derive the equation of motion for string vibration. What is the speed of wave propagation in the string? How can the
frequency be increased? What are the modeshape functions?
31) Derive the equation of motion for longitudinal vibration of rods.
32) Derive the equation of motion for torsional vibration of rods.
33) What is the difference between Euler-Bernoulli beam and Timoshenko beam?
34) How is the stress related to the bending moment and the curvature of the vibrating beam?
35) What are the boundary conditions of SS, CC, FF, CS, CF, SF beams?
36) Define generalized mass, generalized stiffness, generalized forcing, principal coordinates.
Vibration in life and Practical Aspects of Vibration.
37) Why is the shape of a santoor in the form of a trapezium (and not a rectangle like a harmonium)?
38) Why do two musical instruments with the fundamental frequency and amplitude sound different? (Define timbre).
Why does a guitar/sitar need a sound box?
39) What is the difference between female and male voice? Why and how does human voice change at teenage? Why
does self voice sound shriller when played back after recording? Why is every voice unique in this world (which helps
us recognize people)?
40) Why does human blood pressure tend to increase with age?
41) How are earthquake vibrations damped out? What happens if they are not damped out enough?
42) What would be the temperature of the universe if all vibrations cease to exist? How do the vibrations of
atoms/molecules change when its internal energy is increased?
43) Why do wooden shoes and chairs have rubber padding at the bottom?
44) Why is it more comfortable to travel by a passenger train than a goods train?
45) Why does a fully loaded ship vibrate less than the lightship condition?
46) How can noisy fans be made silent? How can vibration of grinders and washing machines be subdued?
47) What is fatigue? Explain the S-N diagram. Demarcate the safe and fatigue regions of the diagram and explain.
48) What causes axle failure in trucks and trains, and propeller shaft failure in ships?
49) Draw the stress-strain diagram of mild steel. Mention the yield stress and the ultimate stress. Which is region of
elastic vibrations? When is the onset of plasticity? What is a permanent set?
Ship vibrations
50) What causes ship vibration? Explain through global bending moments.
51) Define whipping and springing.
52) Why is viscous damping ignored in ship motions and vibrations?
53) What causes structural damping? How is the energy lost?
54) What is radiation damping? How is the energy lost? Does a vibration submarine have this damping? Why?
55) What is added mass? Does it depend on the shape of the body? What is the added mass of a deeply submerged
cylinder and sphere?
56) What is propeller-induced vibration PIV? What is the frequency of that vibration? What is rudder flutter?
57) Explain the hull resonance diagram. What is the optimum number of blades and why?
58) Formulate the dry vibration fundamental frequency of a hull girder by the energy method. Ignore damping.
59) Formulate the wet vibration fundamental frequency of a hull girder by the energy method. Ignore damping.
60) What is the hydrostatic restoring force in horizontal vibration? Why?
61) What is the restoring moment in torsional vibration for a horizontal floating circular cylinder? Why?
Marine dynamics
62) How do heave, pitch and vibration vary with wave profile?

Vibration of Floating Structures

Question Pool
63) Which modes of motion/vibration are excited by head/following sea, beam sea, and quartering seas?
64) How are the added mass and damping of ship vibration related to the velocity potential of the water in an otherwise
calm sea?
65) What is the kinetic energy of the fluid in contact with a longish vibrating body, vibrating in its mode j . If the 2-D
added mass is a 33 2D, derive the fluid inertia force and the associated added mass.
66) What is strip theory? How does each strip behave when the ship undergoes vertical, horizontal and torsional
vibrations? What is the limitation of strip theory? Explain the J factor : how does this factor change with the L/B ratio
of the ship?
67) How do the 2-D added mass and damping coefficients in heave vary over the vibration frequency range? Explain. For
a rectangular cross-section, why does a shallow draft has a larger damping coefficient than a deeper draft for the same
cross-sectional area?
68) As a vibrating submarine rises to the water surface , how does the natural frequency of vibration change?
69) Set up the boundary value problem of 2-D heave. Explain the body boundary condition.
70) Define and formulate in terms of a 33 2D : A37, A73, A57, A75, A77.
71) Define and formulate in terms of b 33 2D : B37, B73, B57, B75, B77.
72) Define and formulate in terms of a 22 2D and a 44 2D: A28, A82, A88, A49, A94, A99. Here, consider 8 as the index for
horizontal Vibration and 9 as the index for torsional vibration. Define the modeshape as , with the corresponding
index as the subscript.
73) Define and formulate in terms of b 22 2D and b 44 2D : B28, B82, B88, B49, B94, B99.
R-L-C circuit.
74) Draw the RLC circuit for dry vibration of a spring mass dashpot system. Formulate the impedance.
75) Draw the RLC circuit for wet vibration of a spring mass dashpot system. Formulate the impedance.
76) Mechanically, which are the inductances, resistances, and capacitances in a spring-mass-dashpot system vibrating on
the surface of water? What is are analogous to the current, the voltage and the charge?
77) What is the phase difference between the mechanical voltage and mechanical current in dry vibration?
78) What is the phase difference between the mechanical voltage and mechanical current in wet vibration?
Random Vibrations
79) When is a random phenomenon said to be stationary?
80) What is a sample and what is an ensemble?
81) For a random function in time x(t), formulate the expected value, the mean square value, and the variance.
82) For a single DOF vibratory system, what is the frequency response function (transfer function)?
83) How is the response (output) spectrum generated from the forcing and the transfer function (in the frequency
domain)?
84) What is a probability distribution function (pdf)? What is the area under the curve? How are the first and second
moments calculated?
85) What is an irregular wave? What is a random wave? How do their means and variances differ?
86) Formulate the Rayleigh distribution. Calculate the area under the curve by integration.
87) From the Rayleigh distribution, find the average wave height and the significant wave height by integration.
88) With increasing wind speed, how does the pdf change w.r.t. the H-axis?
89) What is sea spectrum? What does the area under the curve represent?
90) How does the sea spectrum change with increasing winds speeds?
91) Draw a wide-band record and a narrow-band record? What is a narrow-banded record?
92) What is auto-corelation function? What is cross-corelation function?
93) What is noise? What is noise-cancellation?
Non-Linear vibrations

Vibration of Floating Structures

Question Pool
94) What are non-linear vibrations?
95) Graphically, draw the spring force vs. the displacement for a linear spring, a softening spring, and a stiffening spring.
96) Draw the amplification factor vs. the tuning factor plot for a linear spring, a softening spring, and a hardening spring.
Include linear damping.
97) Explain the jump phenomena in the amplification factor of hardening and softening springs.
98) What contributed to non-linear damping in hull vibrations?
99) Why is viscous damping ignored in hull vibrations?
100) Draw the phase plane for the oscillation of a simple pendulum, with not-so-small amplitude.
101) Find the natural frequency of vibration of a spring-mass dashpot system, where the stiffened has a linear and a
quadratic component.
102) Find the natural frequency of vibration of a spring-mass dashpot system, where the stiffened has a linear and a
cubic component.
Plate Vibration
103)
What is GDE for plate vibration? Explain all terms with dimensions.
104) Define flexural rigidity.
105) Expand the biharmonic operator.
106) What is the maximum potential energy stored in plate?
107) Formulate the plate modeshape as series sum of the product of the beam modeshapes.
108) How is the Eigen value analysis done for the above GDE?
109) Is there any cross-coupling in SSSS plate and CCCC plate? What causes cross-coupling?
110) How many groups of frequencies are there for a square FFFF plate vibration? What are they?
111) How many groups of frequencies are there for a square SSSS plate vibration? What are they?
112) How does the frequency change for a CSCS plate if the aspect ratio is increased/decreased?
113) How does the frequency change for a plate if the axial tension /compression is present?
114) How does stiffening a ship panel make it orthotropic?
115) Consider a deck plate with deck transverses and longitudinal welded below it. In longitudinal hull girder
vibration, which stiffeners increase the flexural rigidity, and which ones act as supports?
116) Consider a stiffened side shell of a tanker/bulker. It may vibrate longitudinally or transversely. Which one is more
prominent for either ship type?
117) The double bottom is supported by centre girder, side girders, and floors. Does it vibrate like a orthotropic plate or
a multi-span plate in the (i) longitudinal mode, in the (ii) transverse mode?
Timoshenko Beam
118) What is a Timoshenko beam? How is it superior to an Euler-Bernoulli beam?
119) How do the following change when the EB beam is promoted to the Timoshenko beam : natural frequency,
modeshape amplitude, maximum curvature, maximum stresses? Why?
120) Which geometrical parameter influences the early onset of EB theory failure?
121) Define pure bending. What is the moment-curvature equation? How is the normal stress related to the bending
moment?
122) Define section modulus.
123) Formulate the stress tensor.
Beam vibration with intermediate end fixities
124)
For intermediate end fixities, express the slope and the bending moment at the ends related to each other by
two constants and . How are the SS and CC end conditions derived from here? (Mention the end conditions of the
SS and CC beams in the process).
125)
At what value of these constants does the beam behave like an SS beam?

Vibration of Floating Structures

Question Pool
126)
At what value of these constants does the beam behave like a CC beam?
127)
As the end fixity increases, how do the following change: stress at the ends, natural frequency of the beam,
curvatures at the ends, amplitude of the modeshape.
128) What are the boundary conditions are a beam with intermediate fixities?
Axially loaded beam vibration
129) How does the beam vibration GDE change due to axial load?
130) How does the frequency change due to axial load?
131) How does the vibratory modeshape change due to axial load?
Non Uniform beam Vibration
132) How the GDE change due to a non-uniform distribution of mass and stiffness?
133) For a linearly tapered beam, how does the mass and stiffness vary as a function of x?
134) What do we resort to the Rayleigh-Ritz method for the free vibration analysis?
135) Why are the non-uniform modeshapes not orthogonal?
136) Are the non-uniform modes dynamically/statically coupled? (Are GM and GK diagonal?)
Multi-span beams
137) What is the condition to be satisfied at the intermediate support of a multi-span beam?
138) For a 2-span beam, how many frequency parameters are present?
Elastically supported beam
139) What are the end-conditions of an elastically supported free-free beam?
140) How do the frequencies change from a FF beam?
141) How do the modeshapes from a FF beam?
Encounter frequency
142) What is encounter frequency in sea? What are the two parameters on which it depends?
143) What is the heading angle for : head sea, following sea, beam sea, bow quartering sea, stern quartering sea?
144) How does the sea spectrum compress/stretch in head sea, following sea, beam sea?
145) Explain with diagrams how torsional mode of a hull is excited in oblique (quartering) seas.
Stiffened beam vibration.
146) How do stiffeners change the neutral axis of a beam?
147) How do stiffeners change the section modulus of a beam?
148) How do stiffeners change the natural frequency of a beam?
149) How do stiffeners change the strength-to-weight ratio of a beam?
150) Arrange in the ascending order of strength-to-weight ratio : angle section, T-Section and I-section stiffener.
151) How should the frame spacing be optimized?
152) Express D x , D y , B with stiffeners.