DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Introduction to
GEOSTATISTICS
Derived from: buku Penuntun Matakuliah
Geostatistik oleh: Dr.Ir. Totok Darijanto,
Rekayasa Pertambangan ITB, 1999-2000

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

INTRODUCTION OF TERMS
We known: Diffractogram, Seismogram,
Correlogram
gram = pictures/ graph
VARIOGRAM = variance + gram
SEMIVARIOGRAM = half of variance.
Variance, indicates the total (sigma) of the
two value difference, square it, divided by
the total number of data/ pair of data

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SEMIVARIANCE

One of the basic statistical measure in

geostatistics is SEMIVARIANCE
Use to indicate the rate of change of one
regional variable in defined orientation.
Show the level of spacial dependence between
observed ponits, its is the measurement point of
a property/ value, such as: depth, elevation,
chemical element content etc.

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SEMIVARIANCE
h

nh
2
(
x

x
)
i
i
ih

2n

X i = Value of one regionalized variable X which find in a

location i-th; and X i+h is another value from other
location is separated by a distance h .
Total of pair data are n
We calculate the semivariance for some difference in h
and the result are plotted as a variogram, it is an
analogue from correlogram
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SEMIVARIOGRAM
The picture named the experimental
semivariogram, and it differs from the
theoretical semivariogram.
The values in experimental
semivariogram are estimated by a
mathematical model which named
theoretical semivariogram

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

SEMIVARIOGRAM
The Semivariance can be used to identify the
difference values, the formula is:

( xi xi h )

(x x

i i h )
n

2n

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

LAG
By calculating the values (SAMPLING) WITH SAME
DISTANCE /INTERVAL (VERTICAL OR HORIZONTAL)

h=1

h=2
h=3

h=4
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
X
s

1
n

1
x

1
n
X

1
2

i
x

VARIANCE
STANDARD DEVIATION = SQUARE ROOT
OF VARIANCE
ARITHMATICS MEAN from samples have
closed relationship with the population mean.

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STATISTICAL PARMETERS
Class midpoints,
Xi (cm)

Frequencyi,
f

fi Xi

153

765

158

20

3.160

163

42

6.846

168

26

4.368

173

1.211

100

16.350

16350
163,50 cm
100
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
MEDIAN: The value in the middle position (after sorting)
Odd number: 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
have median: 6
even number: 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9, 10
have median: (6+8)/2 = 7
MODUS (mode): The value which is most frequently occurs
set of: 3,4,4,5,6,8,8,8,9,10 have a modus 8
set of : 3,4,4,5,6,8,8,9,10 have a modus 4 and 8, named bimodal. If there
are more than two modus, named: multimodal
set of : 3,4,5,6,8,9,10 have no modus
notasi modus:

X
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STATISTICAL PARAMETERS

Coefficient of Variation):
Coeffisient of Variation CV

Standard Deviation S

Mean
X

The higher of Coefficient of variation indicates the data

values are widely scattered. In mineralization the
scattered values in general show a lower values of ore
and the long tail of graph indicates the higher values
(type of positive skewness distribution)
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
Value 7

8 10 9

11 11 13 11 12 16

Location1

3 4

10

12 10 11

10 12

15 ppm

11 12 13 14

15 16

17

frequency
4
3
2
1
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

ppm

If we randomized the data, the form of histogram will same, mean=mode=median

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Case Study

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

1 1 1 1 2 2 2

1 1

1 1 2 2 2 3 2

2 2

1 2 2 2 2 4 3

3 2

1 2 2 4 4 5 5

3 3

2 2 3 7 8 6 7

2 2

2 2 4 7 9 7 6

4 2

2 2 4 5 8 6 5

4 2

1 2 3 3 2 4 5

2 2

1 1 2 2 2 2 3

1 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 2

1 1

1
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

In a mining area, with some kinds of data

in metalic elements (or rock porosities), as
a population, if we select the specified
area, then it will result a different
histogram form (the distribution form will
also difference)

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

8

Histogram for red

area.

1
1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3

2 2 1

1 2 2 2 2 4 3 3

3 2 1

1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5

3 3 2

2 2 3 7 8 6 7 6

2 2 2

2 2 4 7 9 7 6 5

4 2 2

2 2 4 5 8 6 5 7

4 2 1

1 2 3 3 2 4 5 3

2 2 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

Histogram for
data of green
and red area

1
1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3

2 2 1

1 2 2 2 2 4 3 3

3 2 1

1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5

3 3 2

2 2 3 7 8 6 7 6

2 2 2

2 2 4 7 9 7 6 5

4 2 2

2 2 4 5 8 6 5 7

4 2 1

1 2 3 3 2 4 5 3

2 2 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

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GRID of MINING BLOCK

Histogram for all data
data (yellow, green,
and red area)

40
30
20
10

1 2

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 2 3 2 3

2 2 1

1 2 2 2 2 4 3 3

3 2 1

1 2 2 4 4 5 5 5

3 3 2

2 2 3 7 8 6 7 6

2 2 2

2 2 4 7 9 7 6 5

4 2 2

2 2 4 5 8 6 5 7

4 2 1

1 2 3 3 2 4 5 3

2 2 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 3 2

1 1 1

1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 1

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

For example, if we know the cut-off grade

is 2% (the prospect value) then the block
(i.e. dimension 50 x 50 m2) which has a
same content of ore, or might be greater
than 2% , it will have distribution as the
picture follows:

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

1

5
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

GRID of MINING BLOCK

The histogram form for
each area is nonsymetric.
For example: Because
the technical reason of
mining, the activity can
be done in an area of
100 x 100 m2 (four
nearest blocks) then it
is not all blocks can be
mined.

10

1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

TYPE OF SCATTER DIAGRAM

Y

Linear

Parabolic, non-linier

No relationship
between X and Y

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

BASIC FORMULA
1 n
s xy
( xi x)( yi y )

n 1 i 1
r

s xy
sx s y

(covariance)

COEFFISIENT OF CORRELATIO N

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Example:

xi yi

( xi x) ( yi y ) ( xi x) 2

( yi y ) 2 ( xi x)( yi y )

-1

-3

-1

10

+1

+4

16

18

12

26

S2 =

13

S=

3.6

x2

y6

Sxy = 3.5

3.5
r
0.97
(1)(3.6)
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CONCEPT OF REGIONALIZED VARIABLE

A Variable said as regionalized variable if it is

distributed in space and commonly indicates a
specified phenomena (i.e. metal content which
indicates a characteristic of mineralization)
Locally, it has an erratic aspect (there is a rich
zone comparing to others).
The sample from rich zone will have higher
mean if compared with the poor zone.

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CONCEPT OF REGIONALIZED VARIABLE

Consequently, the value of regionalized

variable f(x) will depend on the position/ location
of x in space.
In general (the mean) will indicates structural
aspect with special function.
Due to erratic aspects, the direct evaluation to
the regionalized variable is impossible and we
need some hypothesis.
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

An unknown point can be expected its value according to

the difference of two known points (their values), or
sampling points, which have a given interval (for
example: h).
The difference value could be < 0 (negative) or > 0
positive), and then square powered become always
positive ( > 0)
This difference assumed as an expectation of:

z ( xi ) z ( xi h )
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

The definition of Variogram then as follows:

2 ( h ) var z ( xi ) z ( xi h )
where :
2 ( h ) variogram,

var variance

From this function, we can defines the

semivariogram as follows:
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

semivariogram:
N

(h )

z
(
x
)

z
(
x
)

i
ih
i 1

2 N(h)

where:
(h) = (semi) variogram for given direction and distance h
h = 1d, 2d, 3d, 4d (d = interval between sample)
z(Xi) = value (data) at point Xi
z(Xi+h) = data at a point with distance h from Xi
N(h) = number (total of) the pair of data
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

simple example:
2

N(a) = 6
N(2a) = 5
N (3a) = 5

(0) 0
(a) 1 (12 32 0 2 0 2 2 2 2 2 ) 1.5
12

( 2a ) 1 ( 2 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 ) 3

10
(3a ) 1 ( 2 2 32 32 4 2 0 2 ) 3.8
10
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

4
3
2

1
0

2a

3a

>>

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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

Example: Data of gold content (in ppm) along the quartz

veins with sampling interval (d) is every two meter:

Value (ppm)

location

10

11

11

13

11

11

10

12

15

14 15

16

17

12

16

10

32

11

12

10

12 13

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

(7 9) 2 (9 8) 2 (8 10) 2 ...... (10 12) 2 (12 15) 2
(2)
ppm 2
2 16
(4 1 4 ......... 4 9) 74

2,31 ppm 2
32
32
(1 1 1 1 ....... 1 25) 101
( 4)

3.36 ppm 2
2 15
30
(9 0 9 1 ......... 4 4 16) 99
(6)

3.54 ppm 2
2 14
28
(4 4 9 9 ........ 25 0 16) 100
(8)

3.85 ppm 2
2 13
26
(9 4 4 4 36) 57
(24)

5.70 ppm 2
25
10
Notes: sampling interval 2m,

(2) = (2m) ; (4) = (4m)

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dst

DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

CALCULATE THE VARIOGRAM

9.00
8.00

Variance of
population

7.00
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00

Variogram

2.00
1.00
0.00
0

10 12 14 16

18 20

22 24
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Elements of (semi) variogram

Semi variogram

sill

= sampel
= model
nugget

range

Lag

m(h)
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Model of Variogram (theoritical variogram)

Model Spheris

(h)
() = C

2/3 a

h
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Model of Variogram (theoritical variogram)

Model Exsponential

(h)

() = C

2a

3a

h
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Model of Variogram (theoritical variogram)

(h)

Model Parabolik

() = C

2a

h
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DJOKO WINTOLO - TEKNIK GEOLOGI FT-UGM

Thanks you

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