2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand

Automatic Batik Motifs Classification using

Various Combinations of SIFT Features Moments
and k-Nearest Neighbor
Iwan Setyawan1 , Ivanna K. Timotius2 , Marchellius Kalvin3
Department of Electronic Engineering
Satya Wacana Christian University
Salatiga 50711, Indonesia
Email: 1 iwan.setyawan@ieee.org, 2 ivanna.timotius@ieee.org, 3 marchellka29@gmail.com
AbstractBatik cloth is Indonesias national heritage. Across
the archipelago, there are numerous patterns and motifs of batik,
each having its own meaning and cultural significance. In this
paper, we present the results of our investigation of various
combinations of SIFT features moments used in automatic classification of batik motifs. The classification method used in this
paper is the k-Nearest Neighbor. Our experiments show that the
best performance of the system is obtained using feature vectors
of length 7, yielding a classification accuracy rate of 31.43%
for 7 classes of batik motifs with no batik motif classes having
zero classification accuracy rate. Furthermore, our experiments
suggest that the feature moment that seems to be the best for the
classification process is the c , while the feature moment that
seems to hinder the classification process is the c2 .

(a) Parang

(b) Lereng

(c) Dutch

(d) Chinese

(e) Ceplokan

(f) Semen

KeywordsSIFT features, feature moments, pattern classification, batik motifs

I.

I NTRODUCTION

The batik cloth is Indonesias national heritage and is also

part of the national identity that has been recognized by the
UNESCO [1]. There are numerous variations of the batik
motifs and patterns produced in Indonesia. These variations
depends on the particular areas in which the batik is produced
and also shows influence of other cultures for example Chinese
and Dutch. These motifs and patterns are created not only to be
visually pleasant but they also carry philosophical meanings.
Examples of these batik motifs and patterns are presented in
Figure 1.
These variety of motifs and patterns can be classified
into several classes. Based on the collection of the Danar
Hadi Batik Museum in Solo, Central Java, Indonesia, the
classes are the Parang, Lereng, Dutch, Chinese, Ceplokan, Semen and Lunglungan. Each class has its own
distinctive patterns and motifs. The Parang motif (Figure
1a), is dominated by slanted lines comprised of ornaments
resembling the character S. The Lereng motif (Figure 1b)
is superficially very similar to the Parang motif in that it
is dominated by slanted lines. However, the Lereng motif
is missing the Mlinjon ornaments found in the Parang
motif (the Mlinjon ornament is shown circled in Figure 1a).
Dutch inspired batik motifs (Figure 1c) comprises primarily
of animals and plants pattern or even themes based on western
fairy tales such as The Red Riding Hood or The Snow White.
Chinese inspired batik motifs (Figure 1d) feature prominent

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269

(g) Lunglungan

Fig. 1: Examples of batik motifs and patterns

2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand

Chinese mythical animals like the dragon or the phoenix.

The Ceplokan motif (Figure 1e) is mainly comprised of
geometric shapes such as squares, circles or diamonds. The
Semen motif (Figure 1f) has a particular characteristic
namely the Meru decoration (the large diamond-shaped
decoration shown in the image). Finally, the Lunglungan
(Figure 1g) motif is a derivation of the Semen motif. The
main distinction between the two motifs is that the Meru
decoration is not always present in the Lunglungan motif.
In general the available batik motifs can be classified into
two major classes, i.e. those containing geometrical motifs
and those containing non-geometrical motifs [2]. Batik with
geometrical motifs contains geometrical shapes that appear
repeatedly. Looking at the examples provided in Figure 1, we
see that the Parang, Lereng and Ceplokan motifs fall into
this category. On the other hand, batik with non-geometrical
motifs does not follow any certain pattern rule. Again referring
to Figure 1, we see that the Dutch, Chinese, Semen and
Lunglungan motifs fall into this category.
The classification of batik motifs into the aforementioned
classes are usually performed manually by batik experts. Some
research to automatically classify batik motifs into different
classes have been performed in the literature. Most of these
works utilize the Gray-Level Co-occurence Matrix (GLCM)
as feature descriptors [3][4][5]. The authors in [4] also give
performance comparison of their feature descriptor with the
feature descriptors constructed using Canny edge detectors
and Gabor filters. The authors in [2] use color co-occurence
matrices, difference between pixels of the scan pattern, and
color histogram to build their feature descriptors. It should be
noted that since batik motifs variation depends on the area
in which they are produced, none of these works share the
same batik motifs classes between them. Furthermore, the batik
classes used in these works are also slightly different from
those we use in this paper.
In this paper we propose a digital image based method
of automatically classifying these batik motifs. The features
used for classification are various combinations of SIFT [6]
feature (i.e., the gradient magnitude and the orientation angle)
moments. The feature moments used in this paper are the
mean, variance, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis.
Each combination forms an -dimensional feature vector.
The classification is performed using the k-Nearest Neighbor
method [7]. Our experiments show that the highest overall
classification rate is achieved using 4- and 5-dimensional
feature vectors. However, in these cases some motifs cannot
be classified at all. Using 7- and 8-dimensional feature vectors
yields a slightly lower overall classification rate but all motifs
can be classified.

II.

The Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) is an approach for extracting image features [6]. The features extracted
using this approach are invariant to image scaling and rotation
and are also partially robust against changes in illumination
and camera angle (in 3-dimensional space) [6]. The extracted
features are usually referred to as SIFT keys.
Due to the robustness of the SIFT keys, this approach has
been widely used in various applications. One such application
is in the detection of particular objects within an image
[6]. Another example is provided by [8], where the authors
proposed an approach to construct facial templates based
on SIFT features extracted from multiple facial images. The
authors in [9] use adapted SIFT features in a face recognition
application. The SIFT feature extraction is adapted so that the
scheme is much more robust against illumination changes. The
authors in [10] incorporates SIFT to extract features from video
frames that are used to detect whether a particular video has
duplicates within a certain set of videos. The ability of the
SIFT approach to detect robust points from an image has also
been used to combat desynchronization (geometric) attacks on
digital watermarking systems. Examples of such approaches
are presented in [11] and [12]. Despite the wide range of
applications of SIFT features, to the best of our knowledge
the use of SIFT features for automatic classification of batik
motifs is novel.
The SIFT approach essentially consists of four steps,
namely [6]:
1)

270

Detection of scale-space extrema: This step searches

extrema across all scales and all spatial areas of the
input image. These extrema are potential points that
are invariant to scale and rotation. For efficiency, this
step is implemented using a difference-of-Gaussian
function as follows.
D(x, y, ) = L(x, y, k S ) L(x, y, )

(1)

In Equation (1), L(x, y, ) is a convolution between

a Gaussian and the input image I (x, y), i.e.,
L(x, y, ) = G(x, y, ) I (x, y)

(2)

where
1 (x 2 +y 2 )/2 2
e
2 2
The parameter k S defines the separation between two
adjacent scales while controls the width of the
Gaussian.
Localization of keypoints: This step determines the
location and scale of each potential point identified
in the first step. Keypoints are selected based on their
stability.
Assignment of orientation: In this step, one (or
more) orientations are assigned to each keypoints
found in the previous step. The assigned scale, location and orientation are then used as a basis for
all future operations. Specifically, images are first
transformed relative to this basis prior to undergoing
such operations. This is done to achieve invariance to
scaling and rotation.
G(x, y, ) =

2)

3)
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2
we provide a more detailed discussion of the SIFT algorithm.
In Section 3 we discuss the feature moments combinations
used to construct the feature vectors. In Section 4 we present
the our proposed system. In Section 5 we discuss the experimental setup and results. Finally, in Section 6 we provide our
conclusions and pointers to our future works.

S CALE I NVARIANT F EATURE T RANSFORM

2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand

4)

Keypoint descriptor: Local image gradients are then

measured at the selected scale, within the region of
each identified keypoint. These gradients are then
transformed into a representation such that it is tolerant against local geometric distortion and illumination
change.

In this paper, we do not use the full SIFT descriptor.

Instead, we use the largest gradient magnitude, m(x, y) and
its corresponding orientation, (x, y) of a keypoint located at
the spatial position L(x, y) of the input image at a chosen
scale. The gradient magnitude and orientation are computed as
follows [6]. First, let d h (x, y) and d v (x, y) be the horizontal
and vertical image gradient of L(x, y), respectively. These are
calculated as follows:
d h (x, y) = L(x + 1, y) L(x 1, y)
d v (x, y) = L(x, y + 1) L(x, y 1)

(3)
(4)

The gradient magnitude and orientation are then given by:

q
m(x, y) = d h (x, y) 2 + d v (x, y) 2
(5)
!
d v (x, y)
(x, y) = tan1
(6)
d h (x, y)
III.

F EATURE M OMENTS C OMBINATIONS AS F EATURE

V ECTORS

The gradient magnitude and orientation values obtained

from an input image is then further processed to construct the
feature vectors used in batik motifs classification. We calculate
the moments of (x, y) and c(x, y) = m(x, y) (x, y). Then,
we combine these moments to form feature vectors of varying
lengths.
A. Calculation of SIFT feature moments
In this paper, we use five moments of the SIFT features:
mean, variance, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis.
These moments are computed as follows. Let i and ci ,
i = 1, 2, . . . , N be the set of (x, y) and c(x, y) obtained
from an input image. The mean, variance, standard deviation,
skewness and kurtosis are obtained, respectively:
N

1 X
Xi
N i=1
PN
(X i X )
2X = i=1
N
1
s
PN
i=1 (X i X )
X =
N 1
E[(X X ) 3 ]
3X =
3X
E[(X X ) 4 ]
4X =
4X
X =

(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

It should be obvious that after performing these calculations, we have 10 different feature moments for any given input
image. These feature moments are then combined to construct
the feature vectors. We choose to use the moments of the SIFT
features rather than the SIFT features directly because the
number of SIFT features generated from the batik cloth images
varies widely and it is very difficult to pick the best features
to use. The feature moments, on the other hands, give us the
general properties of the SIFT features extracted from each
image. In other words, these moments act like a digest or a
hash that can represent the properties of the batik motif.
B. Construction of the feature vectors
The feature vectors used in this paper are constructed
by combining the available feature moments into vectors of
varying length. The length of the vectors varies from 1 (using
a single moment) to 10 (using all available moments). For
example, the vector constructed by using 4 different moments
would have a length of 4. An example of such a vector is
V = { , c , c , 4 }.
The number of vectors of a given length , constructed
from the 10 available feature moments, can be computed as
follows
10!
C10 =
(13)
!(10 )!
Thus, for example, the number of feature vectors of length
= 4 is 210.
IV.

In this section we present the details of our proposed automatic batik motifs classification system, presented in Figure
2. Our proposed system consists of two main steps, namely
the training and testing steps. During the training step, we
construct the feature vectors based on our training images.
During the testing step, we generate feature vectors based on
the testing images. The training- and testing-vectors are then
fed into a k-NN algorithm to classify the batik motifs. The kNN algorithm is one of the very basic classification algorithm.
We use this algorithm because our main interest in this paper
is to investigate the suitability of SIFT feature moments for
batik motifs classification. By using a basic classifier, the
overall system performance will reflect the suitability these
features for this particular application. Additionally, the k-NN
algorithm is suitable in a multi-class classification scenario.
Other, more advanced algorithm, such as Support Vector
Machines (SVM) are basically a 2-class classifier algorithm [7]
and thus in this particular application we would need multiple
SVMs.
The steps to construct the feature vector of length from
an input image I (x, y), are as follow:
1)

In the previous equations, X can be either or c. For

example, the variance of the gradient orientation, 2 , would
be computed as follows:
PN
( i )
2
= i=1
(12)
N 1

271

P ROPOSED S YSTEM

2)
3)
4)

Convert I (x, y) into an 8-bit grayscale image since

the standard SIFT only support grayscale images.
Compute the SIFT keys from the image (i.e., mi and
i , i = 1, . . . , N).
Calculate the feature moments (mean, variance, standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis).
Construct feature vectors of length .

2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand

Training image

Testing image

Grayscale
conversion

TABLE I: Average classification accuracy

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

Grayscale
conversion

SIFT keys
calculation

SIFT keys
calculation

(k S , )

Feature moments
calculation

Feature moments
calculation

Feature vectors
construction

The performance of the proposed system is evaluated

based on the average classification accuracy of the seven
different batik motifs classes. The result of the experiments
are summarised in Table I, showing the maximum (A+ ) and
minimum (A ) average classification accuracy rates for each
feature vector length (). Note that since for = 10 there is
only one feature vector available, we get A+ = A .

k-NN
classifier

Classification result
Fig. 2: Proposed batik motifs classification system

The result of this process is C10 feature vectors. The vectors

constructed from training images are called the training vectors
while those constructed from the testing images are called the
testing vectors.
V.

E XPERIMENTAL S ETUP AND R ESULTS

The performance of the automatic batik motifs classification system is evaluated by performing classification on
seven different batik motifs, as shown in Figure 1. In our
experiments, the batik motifs images are taken from the
collection of the Danar Hadi Batik Museum in Solo, Central
Java, Indonesia. These images are taken using a DSLR camera
on auto settings using only the incandescent light available
in the museum (no additional lighting or flashlight is used).
The images are taken such that the position of the camera
is perpendicular to the batik cloth. All images used for the
experiments are resized to 500331 pixels. For the training
image database, we use 10 images for each batik motif class
(a total of 70 images). For the testing image database we use
5 images for each batik motif class (35 images in total). For
each image, the number of feature vectors constructed, nV , is
given by
nV =

10
X

C10

A (%)
5.71
5.71
5.71
5.71
5.71
8.57
8.57
8.57
11.43
11.43

The parameters used for the SIFT keys

extraction are the
ones recommended in [6], namely k S = 2 and = 1.6. The
SIFT keys used in our experiments are taken from the third
octave. This is done because our experiments show that these
provide sufficient differentiating power between batik motifs.
For the classifier, we use the k-NN classifier with k = 1.

Feature vectors
construction

A+ (%)
31.43
28.57
34.29
37.14
37.14
34.29
31.43
31.43
25.71
11.43

(14)

=1

= 1023

Table I shows that the highest overall classification accuracy rates are achieved by feature vectors with = 4 and
= 5. Specifically, the 4-dimensional vectors giving the highest accuracy rate are { , c , 3c , 4 } and { c , , 3c , 4 },
while for the 5-dimensional vectors the highest accuracy
rate are achieved by the vectors { , c , , 3 , 3c } and
{ c , , 3 , 3c , 4 }. The table also shows that the lowest
overall accuracy rate is achieved by the feature vector containing 10 feature moments.
Although the 4- and 5-dimensional feature vectors give
the highest overall accuracy rates, in both of these cases not
all batik motifs can be classified. Specifically, in both cases
the Semen motif has zero accuracy rate. The next highest
overall accuracy rate is given by the 3- and 6-dimensional
feature vectors (34.29%). Again, in these cases not all batik
motifs can be classified. The 3-dimensional feature vector
that give the highest accuracy rate, { c , 3c , 4 } fails to
classify both the Chinese and Semen motifs while the
6-dimensional feature vector with the highest accuracy rate,
{ , c , , 3 , 3c , 4 }, fails to classify the Semen motif.
The 7- and 8-dimensional vectors both give lower maximum
average accuracy rate of 31.43%, but in these cases all batik
motifs can be classified (i.e., have non-zero classification
accuracy rate). Using 1-dimensional vector also gives a maximum average accuracy rate of 31.43%, but in this case the
Chinese motif cannot be correctly classified. The 7- and 8dimensional vectors that give the highest accuracy rates are
listed in Table II. Since both the 7- and 8-dimensional feature
vectors give the same accuracy rate, these results suggest that
using 7-dimensional feature vector is enough for batik motifs
classification using the proposed system.
Table III shows the overall average accuracy rates (for all

272

2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand

TABLE II: 7- and 8-dimensional vectors with highest accuracy

rates (31.43%)

Vectors
{ , c , 2, , c , 3 , 4c }
{ , c , 2, , c , 3c , 4c }
{ , c , 2, , c , 4 , 4c }

(a) Chinese #4

{ , c , 2, c , 3 , 3c , 4c }
{ , c , 2, c , 3c , 4 , 4c }
{ , c , 2, c , 3 , 4 , 4c }
{c , 2, , c , 3 , 3c , 4c }
{c , 2, , c , 3 , 4 , 4c }
{c , 2, , c , 3c , 4 , 4c }
{c , 2, c , 3 , 3c , 4 , 4c }
{ , c , 2, , c , 3 , 3c , 4c }
{ , c , 2, , c , 3 , 4 , 4c }
{ , c , 2, , c , 3c , 4 , 4c }
{c , 2, , c , 3 , 3c , 4 , 4c }

(c) Lunglungan #4

Fig. 3: Batik motifs samples that are consistently misclassified

(have zero classification accuracy rate)

TABLE III: Average accuracy rates for each batik motif class
Motif class
Parang
Lereng
Dutch
Chinese
Ceplokan
Semen
Lunglungan

(b) Lereng #3

Average accuracy rate (%)

37.88
17.18
8.55
3.94
16.83
10.95
8.61

values of ) of each batik motif classes. From this table we can

see that the Parang motif has the highest average accuracy
which suggests that this motif is easiest to classify using
the proposed system. The next two highest accuracy rates are
achieved by the Ceplokan and Lereng motifs. All these
three motifs have strong geometric patterns. This suggests
that the proposed system is most suitable for classifying batik
motifs dominated by geometric patterns. Table III also shows
that the most difficult batik motif to classify is the Chinese
motif. This is possibly due to the complexity of the motif and
lack of geometric patterns.
During our experiments, we also find that some batik motifs
samples cannot be correctly classified, irrespective of the value
of . These are shown in Figure 3. On the other hand, some
batik motifs samples are consistently classified correctly by
the system irrespective of the value of . These samples are
shown in Figure 4. As can be seen in this figure, the motifs
that are consistently classified correctly are mostly dominated
by geometric shapes. Although the samples for the Dutch
(Figure 4a), Lunglungan (Figure 4b) and Semen (Figures
4i and 4j) do not have much geometric structure, similar motifs
to these test images are also available in the training image
database and this influences the performance of the system on
these motifs.
Further analysis is also performed to determine which fea-

273

ture moments are most suitable for batik motifs classification.

In order to do so, we will first look at the accuracy rates
of the 1-dimensional vectors since this shows the individual
contributions of each feature moment. The accuracy rates of
these vectors are shown in Table IV. This table shows that
c2 and c are two feature moments that give the lowest
accuracy rates. This suggests that the inclusion of these feature
moments in feature vectors will produce low accuracy rates.
On the other hand, c is shown to give the highest accuracy
rate and correspondingly its inclusion in feature vectors will
increase accuracy rates. Looking at the vectors giving the
highest accuracy rates for = 4, 5, 7 and 8 that have been
presented above, we see that c is a feature moment that is
always present in these vectors. Meanwhile, c2 is the feature
moment that is never present in vectors giving the highest
accuracy rates. Similar observations are also made for other
values of (with an exception of = 10 since there is
only one vector). On the other hand, feature moment c is
not present in feature vectors giving highest accuracy rates
for = 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, but is always present in such vectors for
= 7, 8, 9. From these observations, we can conclude that the
best feature moment for batik motifs classification is c while
the worst feature moment is the c2 . However, the roles of
the other feature moments (or combinations thereof) still need
further investigation.
VI.

C ONCLUSIONS AND F UTURE W ORK

In this paper we present an automatic batik motifs classification system. The feature vectors used for the classification
process is constructed from various combinations of SIFT
feature moments extracted from the batik cloth images. The
classification was performed using the k-NN method. Our
results show that the most suitable feature vectors for the
classification are the 7- and 8- dimensional vectors, yielding
an overall average classification accuracy of 31.43%. Higher
overall classification accuracy rates can be achieved using the
3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-dimensional feature vectors (yielding accuracy
rates of 34.29%, 37.14%, 37.14% and 34.29%, respectively).

2015 7th International Conference on Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (ICITEE), Chiang Mai, Thailand

TABLE IV: 1-dimensional vectors accuracy

(a) Dutch #5

Feature moment

c
2
c2

c
3
3c
4
4c

(b) Lunglungan #3

(c) Ceplokan #4

(d) Ceplokan #5

(e) Lereng #4

(f) Lereng #5

In our future work, we will continue our investigation to

find the best feature descriptors (or combinations thereof) for
batik motifs classification in order to increase the classification
accuracy. We will also investigate other combinations of the
SIFT parameters (k S and ). Furthermore, in this paper we use
a very simple classifier (i.e., the k-NN). In the future, we will
also investigate the combination of the features proposed in
this paper with more advanced classifiers, such as the Support
Vector Machine, to classify batik motifs.
R EFERENCES
[1]

(g) Parang #4

(h) Parang #5

(i) Semen #2

(j) Semen #4

Accuracy (%)
14.29
31.43
17.14
5.71
17.14
5.71
14.29
8.57
14.29
8.57

Fig. 4: Batik motifs samples that are consistently classified

correctly

However, in all of these cases some batik motifs cannot be

classified at all (i.e., have zero classification accuracy rate).
The use of 7- and 8-dimensional feature vectors, on the other
hand, results in no batik motifs having zero classification
accuracy rate. Therefore, using 7-dimensional feature vector
is enough for batik motifs classification using the proposed
system. Finally, our experiments also suggest that the feature
moment that help the classification process is the c , while the
feature moment that seems to hinder the classification process
is the c2 .

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