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Introduction
The ageing process can be critical in any individual
because it involves changes. These changes and the loss
of control are the main factors that jeopardize individuals
quality of life; particularly when they are unpredictable and
the people are unprepared of them. There are changes in
w o r k ( r e t i r e m e n t ) , f a m i l y, s o c i e t y, o u r b o d i e s , a n d h e a l t h
related
problems
that
requires
adjustments
to
the
of
these
psychological,
physical,
and
social
other
hand
this
stage
of
life
offers
the
chance
to
social
participation
but
also
through
lower
social
and
due
to
other
activities
that
promote
to
minimize
integration
or
communication).
Education
can
be
used
the
risk
and
citizens is
in society is increased.
Although
there
is
large
body
of
research
and
typicall y
accompany
between
the
ages
ageing
65
and
process.
80
or
These
even
people
older
as
fall
health
experience
experiences
depression
multiple
losses
in
including
their
old
persons
age.
With
who
this
age
sex
C/S
religion
educational attainment
number of children
living arrangement
2. What
is
the
lifestyle
following aspects:
a. Diet
b. Exercise
c. Medication regimen
of
senior
citizens
along
the
d. Vices
e. Sex life
3. Is
there
experience
significant
difference
between
the
two
on
the
groups
lifestyle
of
the
respondents? (M or F )
4. What
measures
could
be
proposed
to
enhance
the
Assumptions:
This study assumed that:
1. The respondents varied personal profile
2. There are routines or rituals in the lifestyle regimen of
senior citizens.
3. There is a significant
differences
among
male
and
This also can help them the needs of elders on how they
support them to adjust with the changes caused by aging.
Members of the health team. This study would help
them in providing holistic care without contradicting their
traditions
with
respect
to
the
rights
of
this
group
of
educator.
The
finding
of
this
study
could
with
the
elder
clients,
thus
they
may
find
personal
c a p a c i t y.
This
would
give
them
also
adults.
This
study
could
serve
as
an
e ye
open
to
the
fact
that
the
elders
are
not
totally
researchers.
additional
knowledge
This
for
the
study
would
researchers
serve
about
as
the
researchers.
This
study
would
serve
as
CHAPTER TW O
chapter
presents
review
of
literature
and
elderly:
ego
integrity
versus
despair,
which
is
old
people
they
have
realized
and
fulfilled
the
p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t h a v e c o m e t h e i r w a y. D e s p a i r o c c u r s w h e n
they
feel
dissatisfied
with
their
life,
and
experiences
recognized
in
the
hand
and
face
of
the
e l d e r l y.
impression,
skills,
and
knowledge
and
develop
possessing
human
dignity
and
deserving
of
means
self-versus
preoccupation
that
are
those
old
age
with
must
work-role,
redefine
means
that
those
are
old
age
must
redefine
"aging
is
an
inevitable,
mutual
withdrawal
or
aging
belongs
person
to".
The
and
others
theory
in
claims
the
that
social
it
is
system
natural
he
and
a c c e p t a b l e f o r o l d e r a d u l t s t o w i t h d r a w f r o m s o c i e t y. T h u s ,
t h i s t h e o r y h a s h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n g e r o n t o l o g y. S i n c e
then, it has faced strong criticism since the theory was
proposed as innate, universal, and unidirectional.
Atchley
(1971)
proposed
that
continuity
theory
of
adults
try
adapting
to
maintain
strategies
experiences.
this
that
Continuity
continuity
are
of
connected
theory
can
be
to
lifestyle
their
by
past
classified
as
more
functionalist
specifically
it
perspective
can
in
be
which
viewed
the
from
the
individual
and
older
adults
stay
active
and
maintain
social
between
activity
and
life
satisfaction.
One
in
the
future,
there
will
be
rich
human
know their health needs and care and how the support
s y s t e m s c a n h e l p t h e e l d e r l y. T h e t r a d i t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f
health as the as the absence of disease or infirmity is
clearly not applicable to
bodys
primary
and
secondary
lines
of
defences
are
task;
unhappiness,
on
the
social
other
hand
disapproval
this
and
also
leads
difficulty with
to
later
the
s o c i e t y.
The
task
of
old
age
falls
into
three
categories:
adjusting
to
ph ysical
and
physiological
control.
Misconceptions
about
health
are
conditions
of
old
age.
Intellectual
dimension
Environmental
dimension,
expects
sanitation,
persons
economic
status,
lifestyle,
f a m i l y,
and
spiritual
dimension.
person,
which
This
can
be
factor
also
observed
impinges
in
the
and
old
individuals
of
maturation
because
as
they
grow
old
they
that
they
belong
to
the
old
group,
which
is
word,
role,
i d e n t i t y,
diminished
revenues,
loss
of
and
increased
dependence
to
others.,
These
Related Studies
et
al.s (2008)
study discovered
that
most
are
also
contented
and
satisfied
with
their
life.
present
status,
there
must
be
strengthening
and
Health,
disproportionately
it
is
reported
like
to
fie
by
that
older
suicide.
Am ericans
Although
they
assessment
of
Barangay
of
the
health
Malabog,
status
Alba y
was
of
the
senior
conducted
by
old
age.
Luces
also
suggested
that
senior
citizens
e l d e r l y.
The
findings
identified
medication
whose
on
why
the
elderly
behave
as
they
are
disappointment.
While
those
with
integrated
accept
becoming
older
and
maintain
s e l f - d i g n i t y,
m o s t e l d e r l y s t u d i e d e n d t o f i n a l c a t e g o r y.
Baldano
adult.
In
activities
(2005)
her
and
focused
work
daily
she
her
research
identified
practices
of
the
on
the
different
elderly
elder
self-care
residing
at
B a r a n g a y B o g t o n g , L e g a z p i C i t y. E l d e r l y i n d i v i d u a l s e n g a g e
in self-care activities to maintain a healthy life which can
b e c a t e g o r i z e d a s p r i m a r y, w h i c h i n c l u d e s d a i l y e x e r c i s e
secondary
vitamins.
to
She
intake
also
of
gave
prescribed
emphasis
medications
to
the
social
and
and
the
insecurity
is
the
most
common
hindrance
that
about
to
the
lifestyle
maintaining
factors
that
healthy cognitive
seem
function
to
into
advance age.
Another study of similar nature is that of Kuan (2001)
about the views on old age, longevity treat, self-reliance
and
apostolate
of
aging
among
This
research
of
three
years
inspiring
revelations.
Based
religious
older
concluded
from
the
study
with
of
persons.
several
religious
that
old
age
without
pains
or
regrets.
Though
that
they can
claim
Ignites
youth
and
e n e r g y.
S y n t h e s i s o f t h e S t a t e - o f t h e - Ar t
The
series
of
literature
and
studies
provided
the
of
J.
Havighurst,
remain
stable
are
A t c h l e y,
Cumming
and
H e n r y,
by
coping
with
the
physical
and
psychological
changes
occur
with
advance
of
lifestyle
modification.
The
studies
of
Melte r,
habits,
pattern,
nutrition,
socialization,
exercise,
hygiene,
medication,
and
sleeping
treatment
C i t y.
Studies
on
researched,
especially
on
trend
population
of
the
the
change
elderly
local
and
attracted
scene.
the
The
fewer
present
researches
observations
on
the
age-
related
crisis
the
elderly
investigation.
This
present
creating awareness on
the
study
can
perception
be
an
of the
Theoretical Framework
proposed
that
humans
are
bio
psychosocial
b e i n g s w h o e x i s t w i t h i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t ( Tom m e y, 2 0 0 4 ) .
Human stimuli create needs in one or more interrelated
models such as physiologic modes involve
bod ys basic
and
elimination,
protection,
the
senses
and
regulator
and
cognate,
an
individual
demonstrates
adaptive
responses
or
ineffective
levels
describe
integrated,
represent
on
three
c o m p e n s a t o r y,
the
condition
different
and
of
levels
compromised,
the
life
such
as
She
stated
and
persons
are
inseparable
from
their
environment.
In
order
researches
to
further
incorporated
understand
Eric
this
Ericksons
study
the
Psychosocial
T h e o r y. E r i c k s o n t h e o r i z e d t h a t a p e r s o n s l i f e c o n s i s t s o f
eight staged, each representing a crucial turning point in
the life span stretching from birth to death with its own
developmental conflict to be resolved. The staged are as
follo ws. Trust vs . m istrust, autonom y vs . sham e and doubt,
i n i t i a t i v e v s . g u i l t , i n d u s t r y v s . i n f e r i o r i t y, i d e n t i t y v s . r o l e
confusion,
intimacy
vs.
stagnation,
achieve
ego
isolation,
integrity
generativity
or
suffer
vs.
despair.
chance.
The
researches
maximize
the
stage
that
is
so
conflict
to
be
resolved.
However
the
towards
aging
process
varies
from
one
person
to
anothe r. Assum ing that an older adult can adapt and adjust
to his own physiologic status and self-awareness and is
confident with his own role and place in the society he
belongs and being able to accept his present life, there is
a possibility he would be able to look positively on the
aging process thereby enabling him to cope with whatever
problems specially with regrets to health. Should he be
unable to conquer his fears towards aging brought by his
incapacity to adjust to his present life, not knowing how to
interact with others, nor react to problems he might face, it
would
be
negative.
expected
that
his
view
on
aging
would
be
to
fully
have
ego
integrity
or
to
be
in
despair
ERICK ERICKSONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
EGO INTEGRITY
VS
DESPAIR
Activity theory
Continuity theory
Disengagement theory
Figure 1
Theoretical paradigm
Adapted with Modification from Ericksons Psychosocial Theory, Three major
Psychosocial Theories
and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model
Conceptual Framework
The
study used
process-output
the
model
system
devised
approach
by
Stoner,
or
the
input-
Freeman
and
respondents
educational
such
as
attainment,
age,
sex,
occupation,
age,
civil
average
status,
monthly
problems
encountered
by
the
respondent
along
the
of
the
aging
adults
along
with
the
proposed
Input
Process
Data Gathering
Statistical
Treatment
Output
Data analysis
and
interpretation
Preparation of
measures
Measures to
enhance the
senior citizens
understanding
regarding
aging process
FEEDBACK
Figure 2.
Conceptual paradigm
Adapted and modified from the System Approach Model devised by Stoner. ET.
D e f i n i t i o n o f Ter m s
The
following
terms
are
defines
conceptually
and
Older
adults
perspective.
This
pertains
to
the
v i e w p o i n t o f o n e s s e l f ( K o z i e r, 2 0 0 8 ) . O p e r a t i o n a l l y, i t i s
defined
as
the
elderl ys
understanding
towards
aging
process.
Aging. The process or the effect of growing mature or
old (Mosby Medical Dictionary 2005). In this study it refers
to the natural changes experienced by a person as he ages
and
approach
the
elderly
stage,
particularly
in
the
psychosocial aspect.
Aging process.
happened
to
person
(Kozier,
2008).
In
This
based
on
Ericksons
theory
of
personality
of
75-85 years
old.
In
this
study
it
refers
to
the
Defines
as
the
objectivity;
the
art
of
Notes
E r i c E r i k s o n , C h i l d h o o d a n d S o c i e t y, 1 0 t h e d . , ( N e w
Yor k : W W N o r t o n a n d C o m p a n y, 2 0 0 6 ) , 2 6 7
Ester
Caldwell,
and
Barbara
Hegne r,
Geriatrics,
s t u d y o f M a t u r i t y , 4 t h e d , ( N e w Yo r k : D e l a m a r P u b l i s h i n g
Inc., 2006), 32
Barabara
Nursin,
8th
Kozier
and
ed.,
Elenore
(Singapore:
Erb,
Fundamentals
Pearson
of
Inc.,2008),
410,416,418
Jeffrey
Metter,
Evaluation
of
Moment,
Speed,
and
Marriner
To m e y
and
Martha
Raile
Alligood,
and
Grosset,
Webster
Universal
D i c t i o n a r y,
Enhancing
Self-Reliance
among
Religious
Merivi
Baldano,
Self-care
Ac tivities
and
Daily
P r a c t i c e Am o n g E l d e r l y i n B a r a n g a y B o g t o n g L e g a z p i C i t y,
( U n p u b l i s h e d U n d e r g r a d u a t e T h e s i s . B U C N , L e g a z p i C i t y,
2005).
Ed ward Andre w Gandol, et.al., Health Care Needs of
Senior
Citizen,
(Undergraduate
Thesis,
Am a n do
Cope
C o l l e g e , C o l l e g e o f N u r s i n g , Ta b a c o C i t y , 2 0 0 8 )
Elderly health.org/ageingwell.htm_Gottlieb
Elderly health.org/ageingwell.htm_Havinghurst. March 17,2011
Jama.ama_assn.org/cgi/content/extact_Weuve
Med.com-Beer. March 3, 2011
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disengagement_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_theory_(aging)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_theory
CH APTER THREE
Research and Design Methodology
problem.
sampling
design,
It
includes
research
the
research
instrument,
data
method,
gathering
Research Method
The
study
used
the
descriptive
method,
p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d e s c r i p t i v e s u r v e y. D e s c r i p t i v e m e t h o d i s
designed to gather information about presenting existing
conditions in the environment (Sevilla, 2002). Descriptive
sur ve y according to Aquino (200) is an organized attem pt
to anal yse, interpret, and report the present status of a
social institution, group, and are. The principle emplo yed
in this method is to describe the nature of a situation as it
exists as the time of the study and explore the cause of the
particular phenomena.
This
designed
by
study
the
used
researchers.
checklist
Hence,
questionnaire,
a
descriptive
Sampling Design
The questionnaires were distributed to 30 older
a d u l t s i n s e l e c t e d B a r a n g a y P a w a a n d Ta y h i , Ta b a c o C i t y ,
This study used the quote sampling design this decision
d i v i d e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o h o m o g e n e o u s s t a t s ( Tan , 2 0 0 8 ) . A
total of 30 respondents aged 65-85 were the sources of
p r i m a r y d a t a o f t h i s s t u d y.
Quote sampling is a method for selecting survey
participants. In quote sampling, is a method for selecting
survey participant. In quote sampling, a population is
first segmented in to mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as
in stratified sampling. Then the judgement is used to select
the subjects or units from each segment based on specified
proportion.
This
second
step
makes
the
technique
non-
sample
is
non-random
unlike
random
sampling
and
can
Research Instrument
A c h e c k l i s t q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y.
A description of how the said tool was prepared follows
hereunder;
Preparation
of
the
questionnaire.
The
adviser
prepared
Thesis
for
suggestions
questionnaire
Committee
for
and
was
further
then
recommendations.
submitted
refinement.
to
Then,
the
the
covers
the
respondents
profile.
Part
II
tackled
the
social,
explores
the
and
problems
psychological
associated
aspect.
with
Part
aging.
III
The
researchers
utilized
the
questionnaire
guide.
the
Thesis
suggestion.
Committee
Afterwards
the
for
further
corrected
correction
and
questionnaire
was
p r e - t e s t e d f o r v a l i d i t y, e m p l o y i n g s o m e r e s p o n d e n t s w h o
d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e a c t u a l s u r v e y.
Administration and retrieval of the questionnaire.
After
the
conduct
consultation
the
s u r v e y,
with
the
the
proper
authorities
researchers
to
personally
Statistical Treatment
The researchers utilized the following statistical
treatments to the gathered data:
Frequency
and
ranking
order.
It
is
computed
to
used
totally
on
the
information
received
from
the
This
tool
was
used
to
tally
the
data
Where:
P= percentage
F= frequency
P=
F
N
x100%
Formula:
(F1x1)+(F2x2)+(F3x3)+(F4x4)+
WM=
Where:
WM= the weighted mean
Fx = frequency of respondents multiplied by the
rate
N= total number of respondents
Ave rage
Weighted
Mean
( AWM ) .
It
is
the
most
c o m m o n l y u s e d m e a s u r e o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y. T h e a v e r a g e
weighted
mean
is
calculated
by
summing
the
numerical
Formula:
WM
AW M =
Where:
following
are
the
options
ranges
of
the
Adjectival Interpretation
Always
Often
Sometimes
Seldom
Rarely
Notes
and
Applied
statistic,
Manila:
National
Book
Stores, 2003).
Melchor A. Calmonin, Methods of Research and
Thesis Writing. (Manila; Rex Bookstore,2003).
Sevilla, et. al., Introduction to Research Method,
(Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2002).