CH AP TE R ON E

Lifestyle of senior citizens

Introduction
The ageing process can be critical in any individual
because it involves changes. These changes and the loss
of control are the main factors that jeopardize individuals
quality of life; particularly when they are unpredictable and
the people are unprepared of them. There are changes in
w o r k ( r e t i r e m e n t ) , f a m i l y, s o c i e t y, o u r b o d i e s , a n d h e a l t h
related

problems

that

requires

adjustments

to

the

perceptions and structures of our lives.

All

of

these

psychological,

physical,

and

social

challenges, that can lead to a decline in quality of life if

t h e i n d i v i d u a l t h u s s e n i o r s w i t h t h e m i n t h e r i g h t w a y. O n
the

other

hand

this

stage

of

life

offers

the

chance

to

grasps new opportunities because people generally have

more time to participate in social activities. Senior citizens
also have a wealth of life experience that should not be
lost or wasted. Society can benefit from the seniors with
good quality of life, not only because of their increased

social

participation

but

also

through

lower

social

and

health service expenditure.

Existing research defines lifestyle of senior citizens in
terms of both objective and subjective perception. Some
parameters are available for evaluating seniors lifestyle,
therefore to take action to improve senior citizens quality
of life. Levels of quality of life may fall as a result of
several kinds of risk (e.g. loneliness, isolation, and may
rise

due

to

other

activities

that

promote

to

minimize

integration

or

communication).
Education

can

be

used

the

risk

and

maximize healthy lifestyle of senior citizens. The promotion

and enhancement of quality of life in senior

citizens is

highly positive as it not only lead to happier senior but

also to more active,

productive, participate healthy older

people who require fewer social

services and whose value

in society is increased.
Although

there

is

large

body

of

research

and

numerous publications focusing on disabled, marginalized

or dependent people, few studies have explored the issue
of senior citizens or retired people who capably manage
their lives, and whose health problems are only those that

typicall y

accompany

between

the

ages

ageing

65

and

process.
80

or

These

even

people

older

as

fall

health

conditions are improving.

People who are financially incapacitated and disabled
might

experience

experiences

depression

multiple

losses

in

including
their

old

persons
age.

With

who
this

scenario, the researchers were given impetus to determine

the perspective of senior citizens lifestyle.

Statement of the problem:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of :

a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

age
sex
C/S
religion
educational attainment
number of children
living arrangement

2. What

is

the

lifestyle

following aspects:
a. Diet
b. Exercise
c. Medication regimen

of

senior

citizens

along

the

d. Vices
e. Sex life

3. Is

there

experience

significant

difference

between

the

two

on

the

groups

lifestyle
of

the

respondents? (M or F )
4. What

measures

could

be

proposed

to

enhance

the

lifestyle of senior citizens?

Assumptions:
This study assumed that:
1. The respondents varied personal profile
2. There are routines or rituals in the lifestyle regimen of
senior citizens.
3. There is a significant

differences

among

male

and

female senior citizens regarding their lifestyle

4. There is a measure that can improve senior citizens
lifestyle.

Scope and Delimitation

This stud y focused primarily on the lifestyle of senior

citizens that can contribute on their quality of life. The
respondents were men and women ages 65 85 years old.
Respondents are those senior citizens that reside within
Tab a c o C i t y.

Significance of the study

This study will be beneficial to the following people

and agencies

Older adult. This study would serve as guide in doing

the right self care, preventive behaviors and practices that
would help them in adapting with the changes that could
their

during old age. This would make them realize that

they are still important members of their family and that

t h e y a r e s t i l l u s e f u l i n s o m e w a y.
F a m i l y. T h e f i n d i n g s o f t h i s s t u d y c o u l d h e l p f a m i l y
members to understand the perspectives of senior citizens.

This also can help them the needs of elders on how they
support them to adjust with the changes caused by aging.
Members of the health team. This study would help
them in providing holistic care without contradicting their
traditions

with

respect

to

the

rights

of

this

group

of

individuals, thereby enhance and improve not only their

care but in relating and communicating with them.
Nurse

educator.

The

finding

of

this

study

could

provide information about real setting and scenario when

dealing

with

the

elder

clients,

thus

they

may

find

awareness to implement, innovate, and formulate quality

RLEs to t heir students.
Students this would serve as a lesson to them to
study harder while they are still young so that when they
get old, all the knowledge that they had gained would be
useful in adapting to the changes of getting old on their
own

personal

c a p a c i t y.

This

would

give

them

also

knowledge about the coping mechanism or strategies for

them to be able to value elders.
You n g

adults.

This

study

could

serve

as

an

e ye

opener hat problems caused by aging could be prevented

as long as they know the right preventive measures to be

done.
General public. This would serve as an instrument to
be

open

to

the

fact

that

the

elders

are

not

totally

dependent to their family that can take care of themselves

w i t h t h e l o v i n g a n d s u p p o r t o f t h e i r f a m i l y. T h i s w i l l a l s o
serve as a lesson to them about self-care and preventive
behaviors for older adults.
The

researchers.

additional

knowledge

This
for

the

study

would

researchers

serve
about

as
the

perspective of older adults to aging process and will gave

them valuable input in this scholarly undertaking.
Future

researchers.

This

study

would

serve

as

guide or reference to those who would undergo researches

s i m i l a r a n d p a r a l l e l t o p r e s e n t s t u d y.

CHAPTER TW O

Review of related literatures and studies

This

chapter

presents

review

of

literature

and

studies related to the present undertaking. It includes the

synthesis of the state of the art, research gap, theoretical
and conceptual framework and respective paradigms and
the definition of terms.

Erickson (2006) states that personality development of

the

elderly:

ego

integrity

versus

despair,

which

is

characterized by a process of looking back over ones life,

evaluating it, and coming to terms with it. Integrity comes
when

old

people

they

have

realized

and

fulfilled

the

p o s s i b i l i t i e s t h a t h a v e c o m e t h e i r w a y. D e s p a i r o c c u r s w h e n
they

feel

dissatisfied

with

their

life,

and

experiences

gloom, unhappiness, depression, anger or the feeling that

they have failed.
Caldwell (2006) states the physical signs of aging are
easily

recognized

in

the

hand

and

face

of

the

e l d e r l y.

Character and experience are etched in each advancing

from infanc y to old age. An indi vidual accum ulates a wealth
of

impression,

skills,

and

knowledge

and

develop

particular life style. By the time old-edge is reached, life

has fashioned a unique and very special person a person of
exceeding value and worth with distinct characteristic and
idiosyncrasies,

possessing

human

dignity

and

deserving

respect and support.

Peck (2006) suggests that the elderly is occupied by
three major developmental tasks or challenges. The first is
redefinition
which

of

means

self-versus

preoccupation

that

are

those

old

age

with
must

work-role,
redefine

themselves in ways that do not relate to their work-role,

which

means

that

those

are

old

age

must

redefine

themselves in ways that do not relate to their work-roles or

occupational. The second major task is body transcendence
versus body preoccupation a period in which they must
learn to cope with and move be yond changes in physical
capabilities as a result of aging. The third developmental
task is ego transcendence versus ego pre occupation in
which old people must come to grips with their coming
death.
Cumming and Henry (1961) states that disengagement
theory

"aging

is

an

inevitable,

mutual

withdrawal

or

disengagement, resulting in decreased interaction between

the

aging

belongs

person

to".

The

and

others

theory

in

claims

the
that

social
it

is

system
natural

he
and

a c c e p t a b l e f o r o l d e r a d u l t s t o w i t h d r a w f r o m s o c i e t y. T h u s ,
t h i s t h e o r y h a s h i s t o r i c a l s i g n i f i c a n c e i n g e r o n t o l o g y. S i n c e
then, it has faced strong criticism since the theory was
proposed as innate, universal, and unidirectional.
Atchley

(1971)

proposed

that

continuity

theory

of

normal aging states that older adults will usually maintain

the same activities, behaviours, relationships as they did
i n t h e i r e a r l i e r y e a r s o f l i f e . Ac c o r d i n g t o t h i s t h e o r y, o l d e r

adults

try

adapting

to

maintain

strategies

experiences.

this

that

Continuity

continuity

are

of

connected

theory

can

be

to

lifestyle
their

by
past

classified

as

micro-level theory because it pertains to the individual,

and

more

functionalist

specifically

it

perspective

can
in

be

which

viewed
the

from

the

individual

and

society try to obtain a state of equilibrium.

J . H a v i g h u r s t ( 1 9 6 1 ) a c t i v i t y t h e o r y, a l s o k n o w n a s t h e
implicit theory of ageing, normal theory of ageing, and lay
theory of ageing, proposes that successful aging occurs
when

older

adults

stay

active

and

maintain

social

interactions. It takes the view that the ageing process is

dela yed and the quality of life is enhanced when old people
remain socially active. The theory assumes that a positive
relationship

between

activity

and

life

satisfaction.

One

author suggests that activity enables older adults adjust to

retirement and is named the busy ethic.

The society can already utilize the elderly population

capabilities

in

the

future,

there

will

be

rich

human

resources in large numbers with the increasing number of

o l d e r p e r s o n s i n t h e c o u n t r y, t h e r e i s a g r o w i n g c o n c e r n t o

know their health needs and care and how the support
s y s t e m s c a n h e l p t h e e l d e r l y. T h e t r a d i t i o n a l d e f i n i t i o n o f
health as the as the absence of disease or infirmity is
clearly not applicable to
bodys

primary

and

older population because their

secondary

lines

of

defences

are

declining that is why they should focus on health as a state

of mind and as the ability to live and function effectively in
s o c i e t y. Ag i n g i s n o t n e c e s s a r i l y a p r e l u d e t o d e a t h o n t h e
contrary it can be postulate to the more abundant life a
grand finale to the beautiful symphon y and existence on
the earth and a climax to lifes intriguing drama. Indeed,
the best wine is served at the end of the feast. This can
only be so if they perceive aging as a state of becoming
rather than of being. Being old is a part of every individual
and how they are going to present themselves attractive so
that people will look at them as old persons.
Haughust (2001) describes a developmental task as
one that arises at a certain period in life, the successful
achievement of which leads to happiness ad success with
later

task;

unhappiness,

on

the

social

other

hand

disapproval

this

and

also

leads

difficulty with

to

later

task: ph ysical maturation, personal sources, and pressure

in

the

s o c i e t y.

The

task

of

old

age

falls

into

three

categories:

adjusting

to

ph ysical

and

physiological

changes, adjusting to the changes in famil y life cycle and

relationship with friends and changes in lifestyle such as
retirement, income and living accommodations
Kozier (2008) emphasizes that many factors influence
a persons health status. These factors maybe internal or
external to the individual, any may or may not be under
conscious

control.

Misconceptions

about

health

are

ingrained in our culture. The path to understanding the

process of maintaining and restoring health has been so
extensive and twisted one. Health practices relate to the
human dimensions. Emotional dimension is how the mind
and body interacts to affects the declining body function
and

conditions

of

old

age.

Intellectual

dimension

encompasses cognitive abilities, educational background,

and past experiences which plays a major role in health
beha viou r.

Environmental

dimension,

expects

sanitation,

climate, and pollution of air, food and water influences on

health and illness. Sociocultural dimension, dictates that
health practices and beliefs are strongly influenced by an
older

persons

economic

status,

lifestyle,

f a m i l y,

and

culture to which the elderly belongs determine patterns of

living and values about health and illness. Lastly is the

spiritual

dimension.

person,

which

This

can

be

factor

also

observed

impinges

in

the

and

old

individuals

behaviour and altitude towards immediate problems.

As a process of growing old, aging is not something
that just happens to old persons. It is a part of a lifelong
process

of

maturation

because

as

they

grow

old

they

experience a lot of changes in the body that will make them

realized

that

they

belong

to

the

old

group,

which

is

considered as an end period of life. Perhaps age 65 and

older require health care services more frequently than any
other age group because a majority of the population is
e l d e r l y.
It is important that one understands how to full their
specific care needs. In the ordinary adult life, the changing
life that the older people is forced to confront include lots
of

word,

role,

i d e n t i t y,

diminished

revenues,

loss

of

significant persons in life onset of pathological condition,

loneliness

and

increased

dependence

to

others.,

These

aspects are quite hard to accept especially if one had been

so independent and so active before old age.

Related Studies

The following studies cited are considered relevant to

t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y. Th e y s e r v e d a s a b a s e l i n e m a t e r i a l f o r
this manuscript.
Gandul,

et

al.s (2008)

study discovered

that

most

elders alwa ys exercise dail y and maintain proper hygiene.

They

are

also

contented

and

satisfied

with

their

life.

Majority of them agreed that in order for them to enjoy

their

present

status,

there

must

be

strengthening

and

increasing of the cooperation and coordination of the home

help and health center home services.
In the conducted b y the American National Institute of
Mental

Health,

disproportionately

it

is

reported

like

to

fie

by

that

older

suicide.

Am ericans

Although

they

comprise 12% of the U.S population, people ages 65 and

older accounted 16 percent of suicide in 2004 higher than
t h e r a t e o f a bo u t 11 pe r 1 0 0 , 00 0 in g e ne r a l p op u la t i o n .
Non-Hispanic white men aged 85 and older were most likely
to die by suicide, with a rate of 46.9 suicide deaths per
100,000 in that age group.
An
citizens

assessment
of

Barangay

of

the

health

Malabog,

status

Alba y

was

of

the

senior

conducted

by

Luces (2006) wherein individuals of the study stated that

the senior citizens health problems are usually secondary

to

old

age.

Luces

also

suggested

that

senior

citizens

should be encouraged to participate in community activities

to promote health.
A study on sleeping pattern of the elderly by Gottlieb
(2007) and his group revealed that a person must sleep not
less than five hours and not more than nine hours each
night. Change in this sleep pattern means increased risk
for the development of disease particularly in old age.
The study conducted by Beers (2005) defined criteria
of determining potentially inappropriate medication use by
the

e l d e r l y.

The

findings

identified

medication

whose

adverse outcomes were also categories of drugs that are

inappropriate in persons with any of the known medical
conditions.
The classic study of Neugarten (2006), gave a broader
understanding

on

why

the

elderly

behave

as

they

are

because rather than focusing on commonalities of aging it

focused on the different ways that old people cope with
a g i n g . B a s e d o n t h e s t u d y, f o u r d i f f e r e n t p e r s o n a l i t y t y p e s
among in their 70s are disintegrated and disorganized,
passive-dependent and disorganized personalities include

unable to accept aging, expensive despair as they aged

and often end-up in nursing homes or hospitalized. Those
with passive-dependent personalities led lives filled with
tears, illness, inability to cope and may seek to ward off
a g i n g , m a y t r y t o a c t y o u n g , e x e r c i s e v i g o r o u s l y, e n g a g e d
in youthful activities and unrealistic expectation may lead
to

disappointment.

While

those

with

integrated

personalities are most successful, cope comfortably with

aging,

accept

becoming

older

and

maintain

s e l f - d i g n i t y,

m o s t e l d e r l y s t u d i e d e n d t o f i n a l c a t e g o r y.
Baldano
adult.

In

activities

(2005)

her
and

focused

work
daily

she

her

research

identified

practices

of

the

on

the

different
elderly

elder

self-care

residing

at

B a r a n g a y B o g t o n g , L e g a z p i C i t y. E l d e r l y i n d i v i d u a l s e n g a g e
in self-care activities to maintain a healthy life which can
b e c a t e g o r i z e d a s p r i m a r y, w h i c h i n c l u d e s d a i l y e x e r c i s e
secondary
vitamins.

to
She

intake
also

of

gave

prescribed
emphasis

medications
to

the

social

and
and

cognitive factors of her respondents wherein she found out

that

the

insecurity

is

the

most

common

hindrance

that

affects the social function of the aged. But on the other

hand these elders are willing to learn new things and give
s u p p o r t t o t h e i r f a m i l y.

In the stud y of Albert (2006), it was noted that se veral

large community-based students have examined the factors
that predict which individuals are likely to maintain good
m e m o r y, l a n g u a g e s k i l l s a n d o v e r a l l c o g n i t i v e f u n c t i o n a s
they age. Despite the geographic and cultural differences
of the population studied, they have all reached similar
conclusions
contribute

about
to

the

lifestyle

maintaining

factors

that

healthy cognitive

seem

function

to
into

advance age.
Another study of similar nature is that of Kuan (2001)
about the views on old age, longevity treat, self-reliance
and

apostolate

of

aging

among

This

research

of

three

years

inspiring

revelations.

Based

religious

older

concluded

from

the

study

with
of

persons.
several
religious

older persons look at aging and old age as a vehicle to

b e c o m i n g m o r e p u r i f i e d t o w a r d s a n c t i t y. T h e g r o u p a l s o
believes

that

old

age

without

pains

or

regrets.

Though

aware of diminished physical force, all the participants are

in active working status. These old persons assume varied
forms of apostolate, namely teaching counselling or even
traveling

that

they can

claim

Ignites

youth

and

e n e r g y.

They observe faithful annual physical check-up and take

vitamins daily together old people have overcome the hear

of congevity treat and manifested positive and confidence

in their regard toward aging and living long in old age,
Practical and wise strategies on how to maintain and even
enhance self-reliance in aging and old age were cited, to
include fidelity to pra yer life, moderation of activities and
work, love to do assignments, humility of heart, sense of
hum ou r, grateful heart and balance living.

S y n t h e s i s o f t h e S t a t e - o f t h e - Ar t
The

series

of

literature

and

studies

provided

the

researches with the baseline information and insights of

t h e s t u d y. O n c e a p e r s o n r e a c h e d t h e t w i l i g h t y e a r s o f h i s
live the challenge is whether to step back or to go forward.
These final stages are based on the developmental tasks,
the moment to recapitulate events in life as cited on the
works

of

J.

Havighurst,

Haughust, Erickson and

some

remain

stable

are

A t c h l e y,

Cumming

and

H e n r y,

Peck. Personality traits, though

determined

by

coping

with

the

problem s encountered in aging. According to Neugarten,

the personality type which an older person identifies the
wa y he is coping. Aging is said to be s ynon ym ous wi th
regression, deterioration, and burden. Kozier mentions that

physical

and

psychological

changes

occur

with

advance

age. As an older person increase depending on his fam il y

m ore stresses, needs and even abuse arise. Aging is a
matter

of

lifestyle

modification.

The

studies

of

Melte r,

Gottheb, Beers, Gandul and Baldano are in agreement that

health

habits,

pattern,

nutrition,

socialization,

exercise,

hygiene,

medication,

and

sleeping
treatment

compliance, and consolation must be predicted to reduce

incident of health problems and illness.
The present study about the perception of aging has
the same line of thought with the objective of researcher
Kuan, in fostering self- reliance and quality living in a
responsive environment.
Research Gap
From the review of the literatures and studies, it could
be said that there is no evidence of a study conducted
which inquire on ones own perception on aging in relation
with the physical, social, and psychological aspects with
t h e a g e b r a c k e t o f 6 5 8 5 y e a r s o l d i n P a w a a n d Ta y h i ,
Tab a c o

C i t y.

Studies

on

researched,

especially

on

trend

population

of

the
the

change

elderly
local
and

attracted

scene.
the

The

fewer
present

researches

observations

on

the

age-

related

crisis

the

elderly

population are going through urged them to engage in this

unpopular
inspiration

investigation.

This

present

creating awareness on

the

study

can

perception

be

an

of the

older people whether it is positive or negative and which

can help them to not to doubt themselves but to enjoy their
remaining time of their life happy and contented.
These are the gap this study had to bridge.

Theoretical Framework

The theories of three major Psychosocial Theories,

R o y a n d E r i k s o n a n c h o r e d t h i s s t u d y. F i g u r e 1 i l l u s t r a t e s
the theoretical paradigm.
Roy

proposed

that

humans

are

bio

psychosocial

b e i n g s w h o e x i s t w i t h i n a n e n v i r o n m e n t ( Tom m e y, 2 0 0 4 ) .
Human stimuli create needs in one or more interrelated
models such as physiologic modes involve

bod ys basic

physiologic needs and ways of adapting in regards to fluids

a n d e l e c t r o l y t e s , a c t i v i t y, a n d r e s t , c i r c u l a t i o n a n d o x y g e n ,
nutrition

and

elimination,

protection,

the

senses

and

neurologic and endocrine function. The self-mode includes

two components: the ph ysical self, involves self-ideal, selfconsistency and the moral- ethical self. The role function
mode is determined by the need for social integrity and
refers to the performance of duties based on given position
w i t h i n s o c i e t y. T h e i n t e r d e p e n d e n c e m o d e i n v o l v e s o n e s
relations with significant others and support systems that
provide help, affection and attention. Through two adaptive
mechanisms,

regulator

and

cognate,

an

individual

demonstrates

adaptive

responses

or

ineffective

responsibilities that require nursing intervention.

Adaption
process

levels

describe

integrated,

represent

on

three

c o m p e n s a t o r y,

the

condition

different

and

of

levels

compromised,

the

life

such

as

She

stated

that every human life is purposeful in a universe that is

creative

and

persons

are

inseparable

from

their

environment.
In

order

researches

to

further

incorporated

understand
Eric

this

Ericksons

study

the

Psychosocial

T h e o r y. E r i c k s o n t h e o r i z e d t h a t a p e r s o n s l i f e c o n s i s t s o f
eight staged, each representing a crucial turning point in
the life span stretching from birth to death with its own
developmental conflict to be resolved. The staged are as
follo ws. Trust vs . m istrust, autonom y vs . sham e and doubt,
i n i t i a t i v e v s . g u i l t , i n d u s t r y v s . i n f e r i o r i t y, i d e n t i t y v s . r o l e
confusion,

intimacy

vs.

stagnation,

achieve

ego

isolation,
integrity

generativity
or

suffer

vs.

despair.

According to him major development task of old age is to

either achieve ego integrit y or suffer despair. Achieving
ego integrity requires accepting ones life. Despair results
when an older person feels dissatisfied and disappointed
with

his life and would live differently if given another

chance.

The

researches

maximize

the

stage

that

is

so

called ego integrity vs. despair; where in this will be the

bridging path toward the major goal of the respondents.
As Erickson theorized that a persons life consists of
eight stages, each representing a crucial turning point in
the life span stretching from birth to death with its own
developmental

conflict

to

be

resolved.

However

the

researchers selected only the last stage which suits in said

s t u d y.
With these three theories combined as one, a persons
view

towards

aging

process

varies

from

one

person

to

anothe r. Assum ing that an older adult can adapt and adjust
to his own physiologic status and self-awareness and is
confident with his own role and place in the society he
belongs and being able to accept his present life, there is
a possibility he would be able to look positively on the
aging process thereby enabling him to cope with whatever
problems specially with regrets to health. Should he be
unable to conquer his fears towards aging brought by his
incapacity to adjust to his present life, not knowing how to
interact with others, nor react to problems he might face, it
would

be

negative.

expected

that

his

view

on

aging

would

be

By these three theories the study was given a choice

either

to

fully

have

ego

integrity

towards the adaptive environment.

or

to

be

in

despair

ERICK ERICKSONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
EGO INTEGRITY
VS
DESPAIR

Three major Psychosocial

Theories

Activity theory

Continuity theory

Disengagement theory

Sister Callista Roys Adaptation

model

Role function Mode

Interdependence Mode
Self-concept Mode
Physiological Mode

Figure 1
Theoretical paradigm
Adapted with Modification from Ericksons Psychosocial Theory, Three major
Psychosocial Theories
and Sister Callista Roys Adaptation Model

Conceptual Framework
The

study used

process-output

the

model

system

devised

approach

by

Stoner,

or

the

input-

Freeman

and

Gilbert Jr. (Binon, 2005). The input included the profile of

the

respondents

educational

such

as

attainment,

age,

sex,

occupation,

age,

civil

average

status,
monthly

income, living arrangement, and no. of children as well as

the

problems

encountered

by

the

respondent

along

the

following dimensions such as the physical, psychological,

health and social aspects dealing with the problem are also
included as well as the anal ysis and interpretation of the
data and its implication. The output as the action plan
which will be a great helped in improving the health care
needs

of

the

aging

adults

along

with

the

proposed

measures that can help them to enjoy their present status.

Input

*Personal profile of the

respondents:
Age
Sex
C/S
Religion
Educational
attainment
Number of
children
Living
arrangement
*What is the lifestyle of
senior citizens along the
following aspects?
Diet
Exercise
Medication
regimen
Vices
Sex life
*Significant difference
on the lifestyle
experience between the
two groups of the
respondents? (M or F)
*Measures could be
proposed to enhance
the lifestyle of senior
citizens

Process

Data Gathering

Statistical
Treatment

Output

Data analysis
and
interpretation

Preparation of
measures

Measures to
enhance the
senior citizens
understanding
regarding
aging process

FEEDBACK

Figure 2.
Conceptual paradigm
Adapted and modified from the System Approach Model devised by Stoner. ET.

The suggested measure serves as the feedback in the

respondents.

D e f i n i t i o n o f Ter m s
The

following

terms

are

defines

conceptually

and

operationally for the readers understanding:

Older

adults

perspective.

This

pertains

to

the

v i e w p o i n t o f o n e s s e l f ( K o z i e r, 2 0 0 8 ) . O p e r a t i o n a l l y, i t i s
defined

as

the

elderl ys

understanding

towards

aging

process.
Aging. The process or the effect of growing mature or
old (Mosby Medical Dictionary 2005). In this study it refers
to the natural changes experienced by a person as he ages
and

approach

the

elderly

stage,

particularly

in

the

psychosocial aspect.
Aging process.
happened

to

person

It is the deteriorating process that

naturally

(Kozier,

2008).

In

This

stud y it refers to the degenerative manner of the partaker.

Aging Process per older adults perspective. In this

study it pertains to the point of view of the respondents on
the topic of aging process.
E g o i n t e g r i t y. I t r e f e r s t o t h e e i g h t h d e v e l o p m e n t a l
task

based

on

Ericksons

theory

of

personality

development. It means coming to turns with your life. In

t h i s s t u d y, t h e r e s p o n d e n t i s s a i d t o h a v e a c h i e v e d e g o
integrity if he is satisfied of his past and present life and
look forward to a normal and happy life in the future.
M iddle age adults. According to (Kozier, 2008) It has
an age range of 40-65. It refers to the group of adult
p e o p l e w i t h a n a g e r a n g e s f r o m 5 0 - 5 9 i n t h i s s a i d s t u d y.
Older adult. According to (Kozie r, 2008) It has an age
range

of

75-85 years

old.

In

this

study

it

refers

to

the

respondents with age 65 and above.

Perspective.

Defines

as

the

objectivity;

the

art

of

drawing so as to give an impression of the relative solidity

( W e b s t e r U n i v e r s a l D i c t i o n a r y, 2 0 0 9 ) . I n t h e s t u d y i t r e f e r s
to the understanding of the respondents.
Physical dimension. Refers to the activities of daily
living, nutrition and exercise of the participant.

Social dimension. Refers to the visiting with common

friends, mingling with others and taking part on a certain
a c t i v i t y.

Notes
E r i c E r i k s o n , C h i l d h o o d a n d S o c i e t y, 1 0 t h e d . , ( N e w
Yor k : W W N o r t o n a n d C o m p a n y, 2 0 0 6 ) , 2 6 7
Ester

Caldwell,

and

Barbara

Hegne r,

Geriatrics,

s t u d y o f M a t u r i t y , 4 t h e d , ( N e w Yo r k : D e l a m a r P u b l i s h i n g
Inc., 2006), 32
Barabara
Nursin,

8th

Kozier

and

ed.,

Elenore

(Singapore:

Erb,

Fundamentals

Pearson

of

Inc.,2008),

410,416,418
Jeffrey

Metter,

Evaluation

of

Moment,

Speed,

and

Reaction Time as Predictors of all cause mortality in men.

( T h e J o u r n a l o f G e r o n t o l o g y, a n d T h e E r o t o l o g i c a l S o c i e t y
o f Am e r i c a , J u l y, 2 0 0 5 )
Ann

Marriner

To m e y

and

Martha

Raile

Alligood,

Nursing Theoristsand their Works, (Philippines: Mosby inc.,

2004)
Geddes

and

Grosset,

Webster

Universal

D i c t i o n a r y,

(Philippines: WS Pacific Publications Inc., 2009).

Kuan,

Enhancing

Self-Reliance

among

Religious

Older Persons, Philippine Journal of Nursing, 2000-2001.

Merivi

Baldano,

Self-care

Ac tivities

and

Daily

P r a c t i c e Am o n g E l d e r l y i n B a r a n g a y B o g t o n g L e g a z p i C i t y,
( U n p u b l i s h e d U n d e r g r a d u a t e T h e s i s . B U C N , L e g a z p i C i t y,
2005).
Ed ward Andre w Gandol, et.al., Health Care Needs of
Senior

Citizen,

(Undergraduate

Thesis,

Am a n do

Cope

C o l l e g e , C o l l e g e o f N u r s i n g , Ta b a c o C i t y , 2 0 0 8 )
Elderly health.org/ageingwell.htm_Gottlieb
Elderly health.org/ageingwell.htm_Havinghurst. March 17,2011
Jama.ama_assn.org/cgi/content/extact_Weuve
Med.com-Beer. March 3, 2011
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disengagement_theory
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Activity_theory_(aging)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuity_theory

CH APTER THREE
Research and Design Methodology

This chapter is a presentation of the method of

procedures used by the researchers in order to answer the
research

problem.

sampling

design,

It

includes

research

the

research

instrument,

data

method,
gathering

procedures and the statistical treatment of fata.

Research Method
The

study

used

the

descriptive

method,

p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e d e s c r i p t i v e s u r v e y. D e s c r i p t i v e m e t h o d i s
designed to gather information about presenting existing
conditions in the environment (Sevilla, 2002). Descriptive
sur ve y according to Aquino (200) is an organized attem pt
to anal yse, interpret, and report the present status of a
social institution, group, and are. The principle emplo yed
in this method is to describe the nature of a situation as it
exists as the time of the study and explore the cause of the
particular phenomena.

This
designed

by

study
the

used

researchers.

checklist
Hence,

questionnaire,
a

descriptive

investigation was utilized to gain facts and information that

w a s i n t e n d e d t o s e e k a n s w e r s o n t h e s a i d s t u d y.

Sampling Design
The questionnaires were distributed to 30 older
a d u l t s i n s e l e c t e d B a r a n g a y P a w a a n d Ta y h i , Ta b a c o C i t y ,
This study used the quote sampling design this decision
d i v i d e d t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o h o m o g e n e o u s s t a t s ( Tan , 2 0 0 8 ) . A
total of 30 respondents aged 65-85 were the sources of
p r i m a r y d a t a o f t h i s s t u d y.
Quote sampling is a method for selecting survey
participants. In quote sampling, is a method for selecting
survey participant. In quote sampling, a population is
first segmented in to mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as
in stratified sampling. Then the judgement is used to select
the subjects or units from each segment based on specified
proportion.
This

second

step

makes

the

technique

non-

probability sampling in quote sampling, the selection of

sample

is

non-random

unlike

random

sampling

and

can

often be found unreliable.

Research Instrument
A c h e c k l i s t q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y.
A description of how the said tool was prepared follows
hereunder;
Preparation

of

the

questionnaire.

The

researchers prepared a checklist questionnaire as research

i n s t r u m e n t . I n i t i a l l y, t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e w a s t a k e n t o t h e
research
The

adviser

prepared

Thesis

for

suggestions

questionnaire

Committee

for

and

was

further

then

recommendations.
submitted

refinement.

to

Then,

the
the

questionnaire was revised by the researchers.

The questionnaire is composed of two parts. Part
I

covers

the

respondents

profile.

Part

II

tackled

the

perspective of older adults in aging process in terms of

physical,

social,

explores

the

and

problems

psychological
associated

aspect.
with

Part

aging.

III
The

researchers used a check list questionnaire and conducted

and interview with each respondent.

Data Gathering Procedure

The

researchers

utilized

the

questionnaire

guide.

Hereunder is a description how said tool was validated,

administered, and retrieved.
Validation of the questionnaire. The said tool was
presented to the thesis adviser for initial correction, then,
to

the

Thesis

suggestion.

Committee

Afterwards

the

for

further

corrected

correction

and

questionnaire

was

p r e - t e s t e d f o r v a l i d i t y, e m p l o y i n g s o m e r e s p o n d e n t s w h o
d i d n o t p a r t i c i p a t e i n t h e a c t u a l s u r v e y.
Administration and retrieval of the questionnaire.
After

the

conduct

consultation
the

s u r v e y,

with

the

the

proper

authorities

researchers

to

personally

adm inistered and retrieved the questionnaires. After wards

it was subjected for tall ying, tabulation, and analysis.

Statistical Treatment
The researchers utilized the following statistical
treatments to the gathered data:

Frequency

and

ranking

order.

It

is

computed

to

determine proportion of a part to a whole such as a given

number of respondents in relation to the entire population
and ranking is used to determine the order of decreasing or
i n c r e a s i n g m a g n i t u d e o f v a r i a b l e s ( Tan , 2 0 0 0 ) . I t w a s a l s o
be

used

totally

on

the

information

received

from

the

respondents regarding their personal profile listed in this

s t u d y.
Percentage.

This

tool

was

used

to

tally

the

data

received from the respondent regarding the profile which

are tabulated in terms of age, sex, civil status, monthly
income, and educational attainment (Zulueta and Costales,
2003). The formula thus goes:

Where:
P= percentage
F= frequency

P=

F
N

x100%

N = Total number of the respondents

100% = constant

Weighted Mean (WM). It refers to the overall average

of the responses / perception of the respondents. It is a

sum of its product of the frequency of respondents. It is a

sum of its product of the frequency of responses and the
researchers own scaling (Calmonin, 2003)

Formula:

(F1x1)+(F2x2)+(F3x3)+(F4x4)+

WM=

Where:
WM= the weighted mean
Fx = frequency of respondents multiplied by the
rate
N= total number of respondents
Ave rage

Weighted

Mean

( AWM ) .

It

is

the

most

c o m m o n l y u s e d m e a s u r e o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y. T h e a v e r a g e
weighted

mean

is

calculated

by

summing

the

numerical

values of a variable in asset of data and then dividing the

total by the number of observations involve. (Calmonin,
2003)

Formula:
WM
AW M =
Where:

AWM = average weighted mean

WM= sum of all the products of f and x where f is the
frequency of each option and x is the weight of each option
N = number of items
The

following

are

the

options

ranges

of

the

numerical interpretation with the corresponding adjectival

interpretation.
Numerical Interpretation

Adjectival Interpretation

Always

Often

Sometimes

Seldom

Rarely

Notes

Francisco, et. Al., Methods of Research Thesis

Writing

and

Applied

statistic,

Manila:

National

Book

Stores, 2003).
Melchor A. Calmonin, Methods of Research and
Thesis Writing. (Manila; Rex Bookstore,2003).
Sevilla, et. al., Introduction to Research Method,
(Manila: Rex Bookstore, 2002).