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Chapter 4
Page 1
Arcing Faults
Overloads
MODELING METHODS
Introduction
Ohmic Model
Percent Model
Per-Unit Model
One-Line Diagram
Utility or Source
Transformers
Generators
Motors
Chapter 4
Page 2
Introduction
Utility or Source
Transformers
Conductors
PROBLEM
Impedance Diagrams
Chapter 4
Page 3
Chapter 4
Page 4
TYPES OF FAULTS/MAGNITUDES
THREE-PHASE FAULTS (I3)
Although three-phase faults (Figure 4-1) usually are the least often occurring type of
fault, they are often the worst case in most industrial power systems. Three-phase
bolted faults (I3), which are often called balanced faults, are represented by the
following equations.
I3 = IA = IB = IC = E/Z1
Ic = 0
Chapter 4
Page 5
OVERLOADS (IOL)
Overloads are not technically regarded as faults or short circuits. Very low level
faults (<250% of full load amperes) are often called overloads because they are
detected in the protective device overload (e.g., thermal) ranges rather than in the
fault (e.g., instantaneous or short time) ranges of the protective devices.
Chapter 4
Page 6
MODELING METHODS
INTRODUCTION
In order to calculate short circuit currents, line voltage drops, motor starting currents,
etc., the different impedance values for circuit elements (transformers, cables,
motors, generators, etc.) must be determined from nameplates, handbooks, and
catalogs. These impedance values can be modeled in ohms, percent, or per-unit on
a chosen base value. In most calculations, the per-unit modeling of circuit elements
is used because it is easier and more convenient to solve the problems when the
system contains several voltage levels. Impedances that are modeled in per-unit
can be combined in parallel or series regardless of the number of different voltage
levels.
OHMIC MODEL
Modeling an electrical circuit element, for example, a cable in ohms is quite simple;
however, if the power system contains more than one voltage level, which is almost
always the case, the ohmic value will change as the square of the ratio of the voltage
levels. In other words, the ohmic values change from one side of a transformer to
the other. For example, if a power system has three voltage levels, which is not
uncommon, each electrical circuit element (cable, transformer, motor, etc.) will have
three ohmic values (Figure 4-4). For this reason, power system studies are typically
not performed using ohmic models.
Example A: Referring to Figure 4-4, assume that the impedance (Z) of transformer
T1 is 0.2423 at 4.16 kV. What is the impedance of T1 at 13.8 kV? at
0.48 kV?
Answer:
1. Z @ 13.8 kV = Z @ 4.16 kV x a2
= (.2423)(11.004) = 2.666
2. Z @ 0.48 kV = Z @ 4.16 kV a2
= (.2423)/(75.111) = 0.0032
PERCENT MODEL
The percent method of modeling an electrical system differs from the per-unit
method by a factor of 100 (percent value = 100 x p.u. value). It is also not typically
used for power system studies calculations because it leads to simple math errors.
For example, 50% current x 100% impedance = 50% voltage and not 5000% voltage
as the math indicates (50 x 100).
Chapter 4
Page 7
OHMIC MODEL
Chapter 4
Page 8
PER-UNIT MODEL
When impedances of circuit elements are expressed in per-unit, the problems
mentioned for both the ohmic and percent models are eliminated. Impedances
expressed in per-unit on a defined base are the same on both sides of a transformer.
For example, referring to Figure 4-4, ZT1 = 7% on both the 13.8 kV primary and 4.16
kV secondary sides of the transformer, and ZT2 = 5.5% on both the 4.16 kV primary
and .48 kV secondary sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit model there are four basic quantities: base kilovolt-amperes (kVAb),
base kilovolts (kVb), base amperes (Ib), and base impedance or base ohms (Zb).
The relationship between the base values, per-unit values, and actual values is
defined as follows:
For example:
kVApu = kVA actual/kVAb
kWpu = kWactual/kVAb = KWactual/kWb
kVARpu = kVARactual/kVAb = kVARactual/kVARb
kVpu = kVactual/kVb
Ipu = Iactual/Ib
Zpu = Zactual/Zb
Rpu = Ractual/Rb = Ractual/Zb
Xpu = Xactual/Xb = Xactual/Zb
Note: Zb = Rb = Xb
kVAb = kWb = kVARb
Chapter 4
Page 9
PER-UNIT MODEL
The five steps that are used to model an electrical power system in per-unit are as
follows:
STEP 1
One-Line Diagram
-- The fault study results are only as accurate as the input data.
STEP 2
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 5
Impedance Diagrams
Note: These five steps are typically the same for per-unit modeling of any
power system, regardless of the type of power study that
is being performed.
Chapter 4
Page 10
Chapter 4
Page 11
Bus 50:
Bus 250:
Bus 300:
Ib = kVAb/( 3 x kVb)
Bus 50:
Chapter 4
Page 12
Bus 50:
Zb = 692/100 = 47.61
Bus
Numbers
kVAb
kVb
Ib
Zb
50
100000 kVA
69.0 kV
836.8 A
47.61
100000 kVA
13.8 kV
4183.7 A
1.9044
300
100000 kVA
4.16 kV
13878.6 A
0.173
250
100000 kVA
0.480 kV
120281.3 A
0.0023
Chapter 4
Page 13
R and X in ohms ()
Chapter 4
Page 14
TRANSFORMERS
Transformers are modeled as an impedance (ZT) as shown in Figure 4-7.
following data are needed to model power transformers:
The
Chapter 4
Page 15
CONDUCTORS
Cables are modeled as an impedance (ZC) as shown in Figure 4-9. The following
data are needed to model a cable:
Size (e.g., kcmil or AWG) and length (e.g., per 1000 ft.)
Ohmic values of resistance (RC) and reactance (jXC) per unit of length
(Tables 5-2 and 5-3)
The
Type (e.g., plug-in, feeder, or current limiting) and length (e.g., per
1000 ft.) (Figure 4-10)
Ampacity
Ohmic values of resistance (RB) and reactance (jXB) per unit of length
(Table 4-4).
Chapter 4
Page 16
CONDUCTORS
In Magnetic Duct and Steel Interlock Armor
600 V & 5 kV
5 kV Shielded &
600 V & 5 kV
5 kV Shielded &
AWG
Non Shielded
15 kV
Nonshielded
15 kV
kcmil
(/1000 ft.)
(/1000 ft.)
(/1000 ft.)
0.811
0.0754
0.814
0.811
0.0860
0.816
(/1000 ft.)
0.811
0.0603
0.813
0.811
0.0688
0.814
*8
0.786
0.0754
0 790
0.786
0.0860
0.791
0.786
0.0603
0.788
0.786
0.0688
0.789
0.510
0.0685
0.515
0.510
0.0796
0.591
0.510
0.0548
0.513
0.510
0.0636
0.514
*6
0.496
0.0685
0.501
0.496
0.0796
0.502
0.496
0.0548
0.499
0.496
0.0636
0.500
0.312
0.0632
0.327
0.312
0.0742
0.329
0.312
0.0506
0.325
0.312
0.0594
0.326
*4
0.312
0.0632
0.318
0.312
0.0742
0.321
0.312
0.0506
0.316
0.312
0.0594
0.318
0.202
0.0585
0.210
0.202
0.0685
0.214
0.202
0.0467
0.207
0.202
0.0547
0.209
0.160
0.0570
0.170
0.160
0.0675
0.174
0.160
0.4560
0.166
0.160
0.0540
0.169
1/0
0.128
0.0540
0.139
0.128
0.0635
0.143
0.127
0.0432
0.134
0.128
0.0507
0.138
2/0
0.102
0.0533
0.115
0.103
0.0630
0.121
0.101
0.0426
0.110
0.102
0.0504
0.114
3.0
0.085
0.0519
0.0958
0.0814
0.0605
0.101
0.0766
0.0415
0.0871
0.0895
0.0484
0.0939
4/0
0.064
0.0497
0.0810
0.0650
0.0583
0.0929
0.0633
0.0396
0.0748
0.0640
0.0466
0.0792
250
0.0552
0.0495
0.0742
0.0557
0.0570
0.0797
0.0541
0.0396
0.0670
0.0547
0.0456
0.0712
300
0.0464
0.0493
0.0677
0.0473
0.0564
0.0736
0.0451
0.0394
0.0599
0.0460
0.0451
0.0644
350
0.0378
0.0491
0.0617
0.0386
0.0562
0.0681
0.0368
0.0393
0.0536
0.0375
0.0450
0.0586
400
0.0356
0.0490
0.0606
0.0362
0.0548
0.0657
0.0342
0.0392
0.0520
0.0348
0.0438
0.0559
450
0.0322
0.0480
0.0578
0.0328
0.0538
0.0630
0.0304
0.0384
0.0490
0.0312
0.0430
0.0531
500
0.0294
0.0466
0.0551
0.0300
0.0526
0.0505
0.0276
0.0373
0.0464
0.0284
0.0421
0.0508
600
0.0257
0.0463
0.0530
0.0264
0.0516
0.0580
0.0237
0.0371
0.0440
0.0246
0.0412
0.0479
750
0.0216
0.0445
0.0495
0.0223
0.0497
0.0545
0.0197
0.0356
0.0405
0.0203
0.0396
0.0445
* Solid Conductor
Chapter 4
Page 17
CONDUCTORS
In Magnetic Duct and Steel Interlock Armor
600 V & 5 kV
5 kV Shielded &
600 V & 5 kV
5 kV Shielded &
AWG
Non Shielded
15 kV
Nonshielded
15 kV
kcmil
(/1000 ft.)
(/1000 ft.)
(/1000 ft.)
(/1000 ft.)
0.811
0.0577
0.813
0.811
0.0658
0.814
0.811
0.0503
0.812
0.811
0.0574
0.813
*8
0.786
0.0577
0 788
0.786
0.0658
0.789
0.786
0.0503
0.787
0.786
0.0574
0.788
0.510
0.0525
0.513
0.510
0.0610
0.500
0.496
0.0457
0.512
0.510
0.0531
0.513
*6
0.496
0.0525
0.499
0.496
0.0610
0.500
0.496
0.0547
0.498
0.496
0.0531
0.499
0.312
0.0483
0.325
0.312
0.0568
0.326
0.312
0.0422
0.324
0.312
0.0495
0.325
*4
0.312
0.0483
0.316
0.312
0.0508
0.317
0.312
0.0422
0.315
0.312
0.0495
0.316
0.202
0.0448
0.207
0.202
0.0524
0.209
0.202
0.0390
0.206
0.202
0.0457
0.207
0.160
0.0436
0.166
0.160
0.0516
0.168
0.160
0.3800
0.164
0.160
0.0450
0.166
1/0
0.128
0.0414
0.135
0.128
0.0486
0.137
0.127
0.0360
0.132
0.128
0.0423
0.135
2/0
0.102
0.0407
0.110
0.103
0.0482
0.114
0.101
0.0355
0.107
0.102
0.0420
0.110
3.0
0.085
0.0397
0.0898
0.0814
0.0463
0.0936
0.0766
0.0346
0.0841
0.0805
0.0403
0.090
4/0
0.064
0.0381
0.0745
0.0650
0.0446
0.0788
0.0633
0.0332
0.0715
0.0640
0.0389
0.0749
250
0.0552
0.0379
0.0670
0.0557
0.0436
0.0707
0.0541
0.0330
0.0634
0.0547
0.0380
0.0666
300
0.0464
0.0377
0.0598
0.0473
0.0431
0.0640
0.0451
0.0329
0.0328
0.0492
0.0375
0.0530
350
0.0376
0.0373
0.0539
0.0386
0.0427
0.0576
0.0368
0.0328
0.0492
0.0375
0.0375
0.0530
400
0.0356
0.0371
0.0514
0.0362
0.0415
0.0551
0.0342
0.0327
0.0475
0.0348
0.0366
0.0505
450
0.0322
0.0361
0.0484
0.0328
0.0404
0.0520
0.0304
0.0320
0.0441
0.0312
0.0359
0.0476
500
0.0294
0.0349
0.0456
0.0300
0.0394
0.0495
0.0276
0.0311
0.0416
0.0284
0.0351
0.0453
600
0.0257
0.0343
0.0429
0.0264
0.0382
0.0464
0.0237
0.0309
0.0389
0.0246
0.0344
0.0422
750
0.0216
0.0326
0.0391
0.0223
0.0364
0.0427
0.0197
0.0297
0.0355
0.0203
0.0332
0.0389
* Solid Conductor
Chapter 4
Page 18
CONDUCTORS
0.0219
0.0190
0.0126
0.0116
0.0075
0.0057
0.0037
0.0085
0.0050
0.0044
0.0035
0.0031
0.0025
0.0016
0.0235
0.0196
0.0134
0.0121
0.0081
0.0062
0.0040
Chapter 4
Page 19
CONDUCTORS
Aerial (overhead) lines are modeled as an impedance (ZOHL), as shown in Figure 411. Although the resistance (ROHL) of an aerial line is modeled exactly the same as
other conductors, the reactance (XOHL) consists of two components (Xa and Xd). Xa
is found in a cable handbook, like most other cable data; however, Xd is a function of
the overhead line configuration and spacing and it (Xd) must be calculated. The
following data are needed to model an aerial line:
Resistance (ROHL) per unit of length @ t oC (per mile) (Tables 4-5 and
4-6)
Reactance (Xa) per unit of length (per mile) (Tables 4-5 and 4-6)
Reactance (Xd) per unit of length (per mile) based on the conductor
configuration and spacing.
Chapter 4
Page 20
CONDUCTORS
Size
Approx.
Resistance (R)
cmil
Ampacity
DC
AC
or
250C 500C
250C 500C
AWG*
amps**
ohms/mile
ohms/mile
4(1)
170
1.374 1.053 1.374 1.503
4(3)
180
1.388 1.518 1.388 1.518
2(1)
220
.864
.945
.864
.945
2(3)
240
.873
.955
.873
.955
2(7)
230
.881
.964
.882
.964
1/0(7)
310
.555
.606
.555
.606
2/0(7)
360
.440
.481
.440
.481
3/0(7)
420
.349
.381
.350
.382
4/0(7)
480
.276
.302
.278
.303
* number of strands as indicated by (x)
** for conductor at 750C, air at 250C, wind 1.4 mi/hr
Reactance (Xa)
60 Hz
1 ft spacing
ohms/mile
.609
.599
.581
.571
.574
.546
.532
.518
.503
Approx.
Ampacity
DC
25 C 500C
ohms/mile
3.560 3.920
2.240 2.470
1.410 1.550
1.120 1.230
.885
.974
.702
.773
.556
.612
.441
.485
0
amps**
100
140
180
200
230
270
300
340
AC
25 C 500C
ohms/mile
3.560 3.980
2.240 2.570
1.410 1.690
1.120 1.380
.888 1.120
.706
.895
.560
.723
.445
.592
0
Reactance (Xa)
60 Hz
1 ft spacing
ohms/mile
.673
.659
.665
.665
.656
.641
.621
.581
Chapter 4
Page 21
GENERATORS
Generators, similar to the utility, are modeled as a voltage (Eg) behind an impedance
(Zg), as shown in Figure 4-12. The following data are required to model a generator.
Voltage rating
Chapter 4
Page 22
MOTORS
Motor impedance models are modeled the same as utility and generators, as shown
in Figure 4-14; however, the impedance data (Zm = Rm + jXm) that are required to
model a motor depends on the system and motor voltages.
Lump sum (for motors applied at 480 V and below, each less than 50
hp).
Over 1000 Volts: For system studies over 1000 volts (multivoltage studies), low
voltage motors are modeled using both a 1st-cycle and an interrupting network.
Mutlivoltage system studies motors (1st cycle network) are modeled as follows:
For LV induction motors that are greater than 50 hp, assume that X =
1.2Xd, or assume that 1.2Xd = 20% on the motors rating. Use an X/R
ratio of the largest motor. Note: For purposes of this Tab use X =
1.2Xd = 20% and an X/R ratio of 10.
Chapter 4
Page 23
MOTORS
Multivoltage system studies motors (interrupting network) are modeled as follows:
For LV induction motors that are greater than 50 hp, assume that X =
3.0 Xd or assume that 3.0 Xd = 50% on the motors rating. Note: For
purposes of this Tab use X = 3.0 Xd = 50% and an X/R ratio of 10.
Large motors over 1000 volts (medium voltage) are modeled as follows:
Assume that Xd = 17% if the actual data are not available for induction
motors, and assume that Xd = 20% for synchronous motors. Assume
that Xd 1.5Xd.
X/R ratio (if available), or see Figure 4-15 for induction motors and
Figure 4-13 for synchronous motors.
Chapter 4
Page 24
Voltage
Resistance (e.g., 40 , 6 )
Reactors (grounding, current limiting, or tuning) are modeled as shown in Figure 416b. The following data are needed to model reactors (jXL):
Capacitors are modeled as shown in Figure 4-16c. The following data are needed to
model capacitors (-jXc): Note: Capacitors are not modeled for short circuit studies.
Chapter 4
Page 25
Zu = kVAb/KVASCA or
= MVAb/MVASCA or
= Ib/ISCA or
= Z/Zb
Ru = Zu cos[tan-1(X/R)]
Xu = Zu sin[tan-1(X/R)] or
= (Ru)(X/R ratio)
Example C: What is the per-unit impedance (R + jX) of the utility system that is
shown in Figure 4-5?
Answer:
1. Zu = MVAb/MVASCA
= 100/950 = 0.1053 p.u.
2. Ru = Zu cos [tan-1(X/R)]
= 0.1053 cos [tan-1 (11.4)] = 0.0092 p.u.
3. Xu = Ru (X/R ratio)
= (0.0092)(11.4) = j0.1049 p.u. or
4. Xu = Zu sin [tan-1(X/R)]
= .1053 sin [tan-1 (11.4)] = j0.1049 p.u.
Chapter 4
Page 26
TRANSFORMERS
The nameplate impedance of a transformer is provided in per-unit (Zpu(old)) on the
transformers kVA (kVAb(old)) and voltage (kVb(old)) ratings. Calculating the per-unit
impedance values of the transformer to the new kVA (kVAb(new)) and voltage
(kVb(new)) base ratings requires use of the change-of-base formula, as follows:
RT = ZT cos[tan-1(X/R)]
Example D: What are the per-unit impedances of the three transformers that are
shown in Figure 4-5?
Answer:
1. ZT = Zpu(old) (kVAb(new)/kVAb(old))(kVb(old)/kVb(new))2
ZT1 = (0.070)(100000/5000)(69/69)2 = 1.40 p.u. or
ZT1 = (0.070)(100/5)(13.8/13.8)2 = 1.40 p.u.
RT1 = 1.4 cos[tan-1(14)] = 0.0997 p.u.
XT1 = (0.0997)(14) = j1.3958 p.u.
2. ZT2 = (0.0550)(100/0.75)(0.48/0.48)2 = 7.333 p.u.
RT2 = 7.333 cos[tan-1(6)] = 1.2056 p.u.
XT2 = (6)(1.2056) = j7.2336 p.u.
3. ZT3 = (0.05)(100/2)(4.16/4.16)2 = 2.500 p.u.
RT3 = 2.500 cos[tan-1(8)] = 0.3101 p.u.
XT3 = (8)(0.3101) = j2.4808 p.u.
Chapter 4
Page 27
Xpu(new) = (Xpu(old))(kVAb(new)/kVAb(old))(kVb(old)/kVb(new))2 or
Example E: What are the per-unit impedances of the three motors that are shown
in Figure 4-5?
Answer:
Chapter 4
Page 28
CONDUCTORS
Conductor impedance data are provided in ohms (R + jX) per unit of length (e.g.,
1000 ft). Calculating the per-unit impedance of the conductors requires dividing the
given ohmic value by the base ohms (Zb) at the given voltage, as represented by the
following formulas:
Example G: What is the per-unit impedance of the cable (C2) that is shown in Figure
4-5?
Answer:
AERIAL LINES
Aerial line resistance data are provided in ohms (R1) per unit of length, for example,
1 mile, at a given temperature (t1 oC). If the operating temperature (t2oC) is different,
the resistance must be changed to a value (R2) for the operating temperature.
Aerial line reactance (Xa) that is based on the type of material is also provided in
ohms per unit of length, for example, 1 mile. Aerial line reactance (Xd) must be
calculated based on the configuration and spacing of the overhead lines (Figure 417).
Chapter 4
Page 29
AERIAL LINES
The per-unit calculations for aerial line conductors are represented by the following
formulas:
X = Xa + Xd
where: Xa
Xd
Chapter 4
Page 30
AERIAL LINES
Example H: What is the per-unit impedance of the overhead aerial line (C1) that is
shown in Figure 4-5? Assume an ambient temperature of 40oC.
Answer:
Chapter 4
Page 31
Note: Resistors are modeled as resistive ohms (R) and reactors are modeled as
reactive ohms (jX).
Example I: What is the per-unit impedance of the 6 , 400-ampere grounding
resistor (ZR) that is shown in Figure 4-5?
Answer:
Capacitor data is typically provided in kVARs, MVARs, and voltage. The per-unit
impedance calculation of a capacitor is represented by the following formulas:
Zcap = Z/Zb
Example J: What is the per-unit impedance (Zcap) of the capacitor bank (1200
kVAR) that is shown in Figure 4-5?
Answer:
1. Z = (13.8)2/(1.2) = 158.7
2. Zcap = 158.7/1.9044 = - j83.3333 p.u.
Chapter 4
Page 32
Chapter 4
Page 33
Chapter 4
Page 34
PROBLEM
PROBLEM 3: ONE-LINE DIAGRAM
Model the following power system (Figure 4-22) in per-unit on a 100 MVA base.
Chapter 4
Page 35
Chapter 4
Page 36
Interrupting Duty Network: Motors and generators are modeled for the interrupting
network as follows: Note: See Table 4-7.
Chapter 4
Page 37
Interrupting Duty
(Per Unit)
Momentary Duty
(Per Unit)
1.0Xd
1.0Xd
Hydro-generators without
amortisseur windings
0.75Xd
0.75Xd
1.5Xd
1.0Xd
1.5Xd
1.0Xd
3.0Xd
1.2Xd
Neglect
Neglect
3.0Xd (Note 5)
Neglect
1.2Xd (Note 3)
1.67Xd (Note 4)
Induction Motors
Above 1000 hp at 1800 r/min or less
Above 250 hp at 3600 r/min
All others, 50 hp and above
All smaller than 50 hp
(a)
Induction Motors (Note 2)
All others, 50 hp and above
All smaller than 50 hp
(b)
Notes: 1. Resistance values should also use same multipliers.
2. For comprehensive multivoltage calculations.
3. Or X = .20 p.u. based on motor rating.
4. Or X = .28 p.u. based on motor rating.
5. Or X = .50 p.u. based on motor rating.
* Source IEEE Red Book
Chapter 4
Page 38
IMPEDANCE DIAGRAMS
Answer:
Chapter 4
Page 39
Chapter 4
Page 40
Utility
Zpu (new) = (MVAbase / MVAavail)
determine Rpu and Xpu from given X/R ratio from utility
Transformers
Zpu(new)
Refer to Figure 4-8 of the notes and estimate the X/R ratio
Break down Zpu into Rpu and Xpu
Chapter 4
Page 41
Cables
Find R(ohms) and X(ohms) from cable manufacturer,
If not available, refer to Tables 4-2 and 4-3 of the notes to
estimate the cables R and X per 1000 feet
Calculate R and X (in ohms) by multiplying by the length of the
cable
Rp.u =
R(ohms) / Zbase
Xp.u. =
X(ohms) / Zbase
Induction Motors
Xpu (new)
Synchronous Motors
If the motor has 0.8 P.F.
1 Hp = 1 KVA
1 KVA = 0.8 HP
Xpu(new)
= Xpu(old) * (100,000/KVA)
Chapter 4
Page 42
Generators
Their per unit impedances stay the same (as per Table 4-7)
Synchronous motors
Their per unit impedance stays the same (as per Table 4-7)
Induction Motors
Above 1000 Hp motors: Their per unit impedance stays the same (as
per Table 4-7)
50-1000 Hp motors: Multiply their per unit impedance by a factor of 1.2
(as per Table 4-7)
Individual motors, each less than 50 HP motors:
neglect, or lump
together as one big induction motor, and also use a multiplying factor of
1.2
Chapter 4
Page 43
Chapter 4
Page 44
Chapter 4
Page 45
Generators
Their per unit impedances stay the same (as per Table 4-7)
Synchronous motors
Their per unit impedance is multiplied by 1.5 (as per Table 4-7)
Induction Motors
Above 1000 Hp motors: Their per unit impedance is multiplied by 1.5 (as
per Table 4-7)
50-1000 Hp motors: Multiply their per unit impedance by a factor of 3.0
(as per Table 4-7)
Individual motors, each less than 50 HP motors:
neglect, or lump
together as one big induction motor, and also use a multiplying factor of
3.0
Chapter 4
Page 46
Close and Latch rating greater than Ifault asymm.( at half cycle),
and
Interrupting rating (corrected for voltage) is greater than Ifault
symm (at 5 cycles)
Chapter 4
Page 47
APPLICATION PROBLEM
Chapter 4
Page 48
Solution
For the utility
Zpu = 100/500 = 0.2 PU
X/R = 10
R = Z/(1+(X/R)2) = 0.0199 PU
X = R * (X/R) = 0.199 PU
assume (X/R) = 12
R = Z/(1+(X/R)2) = 0.0996545 PU
X = R * (X/R) = 1.195854 PU
Chapter 4
Page 49
R = 0.0199
Utility
X = 0.199
R = 0.0997
Transformer
X = 1.196
R = 0.274
Motor
X = 8.50
Chapter 4
Page 50
R = 0.0199
Utility
X = 0.199
R = 0.0997
Transformer
X = 1.196
R = 0.274
Motor
X = 8.50
Chapter 4
Page 51
R = 0.0199
Utility
R = .1196
R = 0.0997
Transformer
R = 0.274
R = .0.274
Motor
= 0.08326 P.U.
Chapter 4
Page 52
Utility
X = 0.199
X1 = 1.395
Transformer
X = 1.196
Motor
X2 = 8.50
X = 8.50
= 1.2009
Ipu = 1 / (Zpu)
Ipu = 0.8327
Ibase = 13,878.6 (base voltage on a 4160 volt system)
Chapter 4
Page 53
Therfore, Ifault
= Ipu * Ibase
= 0.8327 * 13,878.6 = 11,556.93 amps
Mm = 1.512
Comparing that number with the close and latch breaker of the breaker
(58,000 amps), the breaker can close in on such a fault (58,000 greater
than 17,474)
Chapter 4
Page 54
Interrupting Duty
Only thing that changes are the Rpu and Xpu for the motor
They get multiplied by as factor of 1.5
The interrupting impedance diagram looks as follows:
R = 0.0199
Utility
X = 0.199
R = 0.0997
Transformer
X = 1.196
R = 0.274
0.411
Motor
X = 8.50
Chapter 4
Page 55
12.75
33,183 amps
Since breaker meets half cycle and 5 cycle criteria, it is properly applied
Chapter 4
Page 56
Chapter 4
Page 57
270 VCP-W 25
13.8
13.8
13.8
7.2
75 VCP-W 500
4.16
50 VCP-W 350
Class
4.16
Type
50 VCP-W 250
kV
Circuit
1000
750
500
500
350
250
Class
MVA
Voltage
Class
Breaker
Maximum
MVA
Class
27
15
15
15
8.25
4.76
4.76
kV rms
Rated
3-Phase
Voltage
Rated
1.0
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.25
1.19
1.24
60
36
36
36
36
19
19
kV rms
quency
125
95
95
95
95
60
60
kV Crest
1200
2000
3000
1200
2000
3000
1200
2000
3000
1200
2000
3000
1200
2000
3000
1200
2000
3000
1200
Amperes
25
37
28
18
33
41
29
kA rms
Cycles
V/K
Sec.
27
11.5
11.5
11.5
6.6
4.0
3.85
kV rms
25
48
36
23
41
49
36
kA rms
KI
Fre-
Short Circuit
Current
kV)
Capability
Carrying
Current
Time
Short-
kA rms
25
48
36
23
41
49
36
40
77
58
77
37
58
66
78
58
78
kA rms
Current
Circuit
Rated Short
67.5
130
97
130
62
97
111
132
97
132
kA Crest
Current
Circuit
Rated Short
2.7 K Times
(Momentary)
Capability
Latching
and
Closing
1.6 K Times
Current Values
3 Sec
K Times Rated
Low
Impulse
Capability
Max.
Inter-
rated
By K
rupting
Delay
Sym.
mum
(at
Divided
Voltage
Maxi-
Current
Tripping
sible
Max.
Current
Time
rupting
Permis-
Rated
at 60 Hz
Circuit
Short
Inter-
Rated
Factor
Contin-
Rated
Rated
uous
Test Voltage
Rated Withstand
Current
Rated
Rated Values
Insulation Level
Range
Voltage
Voltage
Nominal
Nominal
Identification
Chapter 4
Page 58
Chapter 4
Page 59
Chapter 4
Page 60