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owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ rsm;rsm;pkaqmif;&ef owif;

axmufrsm;onf atmufygwdkYESifh qufoG,foifhonf/
if;a'owGif t&ifuwnf;u&Sad eaom odrYk [kwf rMumao;rDu jyefvnfa&muf
&Sv
d maom a'ocHowif;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;ESihf vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;? EIwjf zifah r;jref;
&if;jzihfyif vrf;TefpDpOfay;olwpfOD; (fixer)? ,mOfarmif;wpfOD;wdkYtjyif aep&m
ae&m? oGm;oiho
f nfah e&mrsm;udv
k nf; awGU&Sv
d mEdik rf nfjzpfonf/ vlrrI 'D ,
D may:
wGif tBuOH mPfrsm;zvS,&f ef owif;axmufrsm;\ tkypf ak qG;aEG;yGrJ sm; &SMd uonf/
Facebook ay:&Sd Vulture Club rSm om"uwpfckyif jzpfonf/
rdrdEdkifiHrS oHwrefrsm;ESifh ukvor*rS udk,fpm;vS,frsm; odkYr[kwf if;a'owGif
wm0efusaeaom tpdk;&r[kwfaomtzGJUtpnf;rsm;
a'oESit
hf uRr;f w0if&adS om okawoeynm&Sirf sm;? vlom;csi;f pmemaxmufxm;
rI tzGJU0ifrsm;ESifh ppfbufqdkif&m0efxrf;rsm;
tawGUtBuKH yrkd &kd adS om owif;axmufrsm; - if;wdo
Yk nf owif;&,lrrI sm;udk rnfuhJ
odkY vkyfaqmifonfudk ar;jref;Munhfyg/
xdkEdkifiH odkUr[kwf a'oodkYoGm;a&muf&eftwGuf vdktyfonfhcGifhjyKcsufrsm;? todtrSwf
16
jyKrrI sm;udk pHpk rf;od&ydS g/ AsLdu

k a&pDpepfonf ysi;f &dNi;D aiGUp&maumif;Ny;D tcsed u
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odaYk omfvnf; if;Edik if o
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cH&onfhtcg w&m;0ifcGifhjyKcsufrsm; ygaeonfhtwGuf pdwfoufom&m&vdrfhrnf/
pGefYpm;rI? tE&m,frsm;udk *kwpdkufoHk;oyfyg
rxGufcGmrD atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udk rdrdudk,fudk ar;Munfhyg/
rdrdoGm;a&mufrnfhae&mtaMumif; aumif;aumif;odovm;/
pGefYpm;NyD; owif;,l&avmufatmif tvGefaumif;wJh owif;wefzdk;&Sdovm;/
rnfonhftE&m,frsdK; &SdEdkifygvJ/ if;tE&m,frsm; ajz&Sif;udkifwG,fEdkifzdkYtwGuf
aumif;aumif;jyifqifxm;NyD;NyDvm;/
rdr\
d owif;Xme? rdom;pkEiS t
hf quftoG,rf jywfap&ef vkyaf qmifp&m &SmazGNy;D NyD
vm;/
rdrdonf trSefwu,foGm;csifpdwf &Sdovm;? kyfydkif;t&? pdwfydkif;t& tqifoifh
jzpfNyDvm;/
rdrd\tm;enf;csufrsm;udk odxm;yg
m;yg- rdrd,lrnfhwm0efonf cufcJNyD; oGm;csifpdwf
r&Syd gu rdom;pk0ifwpfO;D OD; odrYk [kwf refae*smtm; ajymjyyg/ rdr\
d yifupkd w
d u
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d ef;
ppfNyD; rdrdudk,fudk twif;tusyfrvkyfygESifh/
bDbDpDESifh tvGwfowif;axmufrsm;udk tultnDay;aeaom a&mf&Dyufx&yfpfxftzGJU
(Rory Peck Trust) wdkYonf wm0efxrf;aqmif&mwGif awGUBuHKEdkifonfhtE&m,frsm;ESifh
,if;tE&m,frsm;udk tenf;qHk;odkY avQmhcsEdkif&ef enf;vrf;rsm;udk pmjzifha&;om;oHk;oyf
&ef tBuHjyKxm;onf/ if;wdkYwGif usef;rma&;? &moDOwk? tajccHtaqmufttHk? vltkyf
pkrsm;? y#dyursm;? jyefay;qGJcH&rItE&m,fESifh AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufjcif; ponfwdkY yg0ifonf/
a&mf&Dyufx&yfpfxftzGJU (www.rorypecktrust.org) ESifh EdkifiHwumowif;vHkNcHKa&;Xme
f ;kH oyfEikd f
(www. newssafety.org) wdUk onf owif;axmufrsm;tm; tE&m,frsm; cefrY eS o
ap&efEiS hf rdr\
d owif;Xme? t"duqufo,
G &f rnfo
h rl sm;ESihf qufo,
G rf eI nf;vrf;rsm; jyif
qifxm;&Sdap&ef ppfaq;pm&if;rsm; (checklists) ESifh erlempm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;udk if;wdkY\
0ufbq
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kd rf sm;ay:wGif wifxm;onf/ odrYk o
S m owif;tcsut
f vufrsm; tNraJ y;Edik rf nf
jzpfNyD; ta&;ay:tajctaewGif tcsufay;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/
17
tapmifhta&Smufjzifh owif;,l&onfhtE&m,f
vufeufuikd yf #dyursm;owif;udk teD;uyf&,l&eftwGuf tapmift
h a&Smufrsm; xm;
&Sdjcif;jzifh vHkNcHKa&;&,lMu&ef owif;axmufrsm;pGmu axmufcHajymMum;Muonf/
qdv
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f yk pf w
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Yk rH S tumtuG,f
&&Srd nfjzpfonf/ od&Yk mwGif tjcm;wpfzufryS pfcwfr?I wdu
k cf u
kd rf cI &H rnft
h E&m,fwpfck
awmh&Sdonf/ xdkUaMumifh tapmifhta&Smufjzifh owif;,lonfhowif;axmufrsm;onf
ypfcwfaeonfh e,fajrrsm;wGif ydrk *kd kwpdu
k af eMuzdYk tBujH yKxm;onf/ wyfzUJG 0ifrsm;ESihf
uGJjym;jcm;em;aom t0wfudk 0wf&rnf/ wdkufyGJe,fajrwGif tMumBuD;ae&ojzifh jzpf
ay:vmwwfonfh pdwfydkif;qdkif&mjyemrsm; rjzpfatmif a&Smif&rnf/ PRESS
odrYk [kwf TV [lonfh pmwrf;ygaom trSwv
f uPm tNryJ g&rnf/ *seAD muGeAf ef;&Si;f
\ tydk'f 79 t& (aemufqufwGJ 1 udk Munfhyg) vufeufudkify#dyua'orsm;wGif
wm0efusaeaom owif;axmufrsm;udk t&yfom;tjzpf rSw,
f &l rnfjzpfNy;D if;wdo
Yk nf
ppfyGJrsm;wGif yg0ifwdkufcdkufjcif;rjyKvQif xdkodkYtumtuG,fay;oifhonf[k azmfjy
xm;onf/
2/ usef;rma&;twGuf BudKwifumuG,fjcif;
oifonf kyfydkif;qdkif&m? pdwfydkif;qdkif&m usef;rmaerSom tE&m,f&Sdonfh a'orsm;odkU
oGm;yg/ BudKwif aumif;pGmtpDtpOfcsyg/ tcsdKUumuG,faq;rsm;udk c&D;rxGufcGmrD 3
ywf BudK xdk;xm;yg/
jynfph akH om use;f rma&;aq;ppf&eftwGuf rdrt
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oGm;q&m0efxH oGm;yg/ wdu
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tBuHOmPfaumif;wpfck jzpfonf/
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rdrad oG;trsKd ;pm;ESihf "mwfrwnfo
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d taxmuftxm;jy
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;wGif tcsufrsm;udk rSwfom;xm;yg/
aq;aomufawmhrnfqdkygu atmufygwdkYudkaocsmygap
Edik if w
H umZmpfjrpfaq;trnf (generic name) ygonfh aq;Te;f udk aqmifxm;yg/
rdrw
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kd yfonfh aq;yrmP\ 2 q aqmif
xm;yg/
18
aq;0g;rsm;udk rdrdvufvSrf;rD&mwGif xm;yg/

umuG,faq;xdk;&mwGif yHkrSefxdk;ay;yg
qHkqdkUem? ar;cdkifa&m*gESifh taMumaoa&m*g
Muufnmacsmif;qdk;
0ufouf? yg;csdwfa&mifemESifh ul;pufa&m*g (*smref0ufoufa&m*g)
EdkifiHtvdkuf owfrSwfxm;aom umuG,faq;rsm; - tcsdKUumuG,faq;onf rjzpfrae
xdk;&rnfjzpfonf/ (rdrdEdkifiH&Sd usef;rma&;tmPmydkifrsm;rS tBuHmPf&,lyg/
tom;0ga&m*g (qm[m&atmufydkif; tmz&duwdkufESifh tarZkefa'o)
tla&mifief;zsm;a&m*g (wdkufzGdKuf) (zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;)
tonf;a&mifa&m*g (at) (zGHUNzdK;qJEdkifiHrsm;)
tonf;a&mifa&m*g (bD) (c&D;&Snfrsm;twGuf)
acG;l;jyefa&m*g (a0;vHacgifzsm;a'orsm;twGuf)
*syefOD;aESmuftajr;a&mifa&m*g (tdEd,ESifh ta&SUawmiftm&Sa'o&Sd aus;vuf
a'orsm;)
tif;qufwpfrsKd ; (tick) aMumifjh zpfaom OD;aESmufa&mifa&m*g (Oa&mytv,fyikd ;f
ESifh ta&SUydkif;&Sd orydkif;&moDOwka'orsm;)
OD;aESmuftajr;a&mifa&m*gtkyfpkrsm;jzpfaom (Meningococcal meningitis)
A+C+W135+Y (pm[Jvf Sahel ESifh rum Mecca twGuf)
EdkifiHtvdkuf xdk;oifhonfh umuG,faq;rsm;ESifhywfoufaom tBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk

http://www.pasteur.fr/en/ wGif 0ifa&mufMunfhIEdkifygonf/
iSufzsm;a&m*g umuG,fjcif;
iSufzsm;a&m*gonf urmESifht0Srf; t"duusef;rma&;jyemjzpfNyD; txl;ojzifh tylydkif;
a'orsm;ESihf qm[m&atmufyikd ;f tmz&duwGif trsm;qH;k awGU&onf/ wpfEpS v
f Qif iSuzf sm;
a&m*gjzpfyGm;rIrSm oef; 200 cefY&SdNyD; a&m*gaMumihf aoqHk;rIrSm tenf;qHk; ta,muf
500000 cefY &Scd o
hJ nf/ umuG,&f efenf;vrf;rsm;rSmvnf; urmah e&ma'oESihf aexdik o
f nfh
umvay: rlwnf ajymif;vJaeonf/ urmvSnchf &D;onfrsm;twGurf l atmufygtcsuf
rsm;ay:wGif tajccHonf/
jcifudkufrIudk umuG,fjcif; (jcifaq;jzef;Al;? jcifaxmif)
c&D;pOfwpfavQmufvHk; aq;aomufjcif;? c&D;rSjyefa&mufonfhtcg zsm;emjcif;&Sd? r&Sd
jyefvnfppfaq;jcif;? emrusef;jzpfrIrsm;udk ukojcif;
19
3/ a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif;ESifh tE&m,f&Sdaom ywf0ef;usifrsm;twGuf

avhusifhoifwef;
owif;axmufrsm;taejzifh a&S;OD;olemjyKpek nf; oifwef;wuf&efEiS hf A[kow
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if;oifwef;wGif ta&;ay:tajctae rnfow
Ykd UkH jyef&rnfukd oifMum;ay;ygrnf/ Oyrm
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taejzifh bDbpD t
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rnfqdkonfhAGD'D,dkudk wifjyxm;onf/
tcsdKUaom t,f'Dwmrsm;ESifh tmrcHtzGJUrsm;uvnf; owif;axmufrsm;udk &ufaygif;
tenf;i,fMumNy;D ppfrx
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avhusifhoifwef;udk wuf&ef wdkufwGef;tm;ay;Muonf/ Oyrm owif;axmufrsm;onf
ppfajrjyifwiG f rnfov
Ykd yI &f mS ;&rnf? rdik ;f rsm;udk rnfoUkd &SmazG&rnf ponfwu
Ykd kd avhvmoif,Ml u
&NyD; jyefay;qGJ okyfjyavhusifhjcif;rsm;udkvnf; jyKvkyfay;Muonf/ yk*vduukrPDrsm;
uvnf; tqdkyg avhusifhoifwef;rsm; ay;Muonf/ odkUaomf jyifopfumuG,fa&;0efBuD;
Xmeu wpfESpfvQif2 Budrf tcrJhoifwef;ay;onf/ tm&ftdkiftufpfqDtzGJY (RISC)
(www.risctraining.org) uvnf; tE&m,frsm;Mum;wGif vkyfaqmifaeMuaom tvGwf
owif;axmufrsm;twGuf vSL'gef;onfhaiGaMu;rsm;jzifh tcrJhoifwef;rsm; ay;Muonf/
tqdkyg tzGJUtpnf;rsm;pm&if;udk aemufqufwGJ 7 wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
4/ b@ma&;? xHk;wrf;pOfvmrsm;? rdom;pkpdwfat;csrf;pGmjzifh xGufcGmjcif;

tmrcHxm;jcif;
rdrdonf tvGwfowif;axmuftjzpf vkyfudkifawmhrnfqdkygu zsm;emjcif;? rdrdEdkifiHodkY
jyefycYkd &H jcif;? ud,
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Ykd wGuf tmrcHxm;&S&d ef
vdktyfonf/ tmrcHay:vpDrsm;udk EdIif;,SOfavhvmNyD; tvkyfwm0eftaetxm;ESifh vdkuf
avsmnDaxG&Sdrnfh tmrcHudk tcsdef,l a&G;cs,fyg/ tcsdKUaom owif;axmufrsm;onf
ppfyGJ? tMurf;zufrI odkYr[kwf qEjyrIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaom tE&m,frsm;twGuf tmrcH
rxm;Muay/ wm0efcsed t
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20
udkvnf; od&Sdxm;&rnfjzpfonf/ xdkUtwl rdrdrxGufcGmrD rdrdESifh t"duqufoG,f&rnfhol

rsm;tm; xdktcsuftvufrsm;udk ay;xm;&rnf/
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a'orsm;odYk oGm;a&mufowif;,lMurnfh owif;axmufrsm;twGuf vdt
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aiGaMu;? ydkifqdkifrIESifh udk,fa&;udk,fwm

owif;,l wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGi;f ylyifae&rnft
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tmrcHponfh aiGaMu;ESifh vkyfief;udprsm;tm;vHk;udk c&D;rxGufcGmrD pDrHaqmif&GufoGm;yg/
rdrdonf ta0;wGif&SdaepOf rdrd\pdwf? tmHkpl;pdkufrIudk taESmifht,Sufjzpfaprnfh rdom;pk
twGif; rajz&Sif;&ao;aom tjiif;yGm;zG,fudprsm;udk ajz&Sif;oGm;yg/
'pf * spf w ,f v H k j cH K a&;

owif;axmufwpfOD;onf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; jyefay;qGJcH&ygu jyefay;qGJ
olrsm; yxrqHk;vkyfonfrSm rdrd\taMumif;udk ykdrdkod&Sd&ef rdrdemrnfudk tifwmeufwGif
&SmazGMunfhjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdkYtwGuf aoaocsmcsm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odxm;zdkY tBuH
OmPfay;ygonf/ (tcef; 4 udk Munhfyg)
vufyawmhuGefysLwmESifh prwfzkef;tygt0if tifwmeufay:wGif wwfEdkiforQ
]]&Si;f vif;aom}} 'pf*spw
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rnfonfu tE&m,ftBu;D rm;qH;k jzpfonf? rnfonfu ta&;tBu;D qH;k tcsut
f
vufrsm;jzpfonfudk qHk;jzwfyg//
'pf*spw
f ,fvNkH cKH a&;ud&,
d m (Digital safety tools) rsm;udk xnfo
h iG ;f xm;Ny;D if;wdYk
tm; toHk;jyKyHkudk avhvmxm;yg/
wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOftwGif; oufaocHpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; aysmufqHk;Edkifonfu wpf
aMumif;? wpfae&m&mwGif rdrdonf axmufvSrf;a&;orm;wpfa,mufr[kwfbJ owif;
axmufwpfO;D jzpfaMumif; oufaojy&ef vdt
k yfrnft
h aMumif;rsm;aMumifh vQKUd 0Suu
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k ef yH gwf
cHxm;aom ud,
k yf ikd 0f ufbpf mrsuEf mS wpfck aqmufxm;&rnf/ xk0d ufbpf mrsuEf mS odYk (rdr\
d
oufaocHu'fjym;? EdkifiHul;vufrSwfESifh aq;tTef;pmrsm;uJhodkYaom) udk,fa&;pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm;ESifh (rdrd\pme,fZif;oufaocHuwf? t,f'Dwmu wm0efay;onfhpmwdkYuJhodkY
aom) rdrdonf owif;axmufwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; taxmuftxm;rsm;udk wifxm;&ef vdk
onf/ 0ufbfpmrsufESmaqmuf&eftwGuf Wordpress uJhodkYaom tcrJhbavmhcfwpfck
zGifhNyD; pmrsufESmwpfck odkYr[kwf aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fudk zefwD;yg/ NyD;vQif rdrd\pm&Guf
21
pmwrf;rsm;udk wifyg/ ,if;odkY pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; rwifrDwGif advanced settings wGif

-MunfhEdkifrI? udk,fa&;taMumif; (Visibility: Private) odkYr[kwf ]]vQKdU0Sufuk'feHygwfjzifh
umuG,fxm;}} (Password protected) udk a&G;yg/ pm&Gufpmwrf;rdwLrsm;udk odrf;xm;
Edkif&ef tD;ar;vfvdyfpm topfwpfckudk oD;oefYzGifhxm;NyD; password udk pdwfxJwGif rSwf
xm;yg/ (rSwfcsuf? tqdkyg passwordonf wpfrlxl;jcm;NyD; rdrd\ wjcm;tD;ar;vfvdyfpm
rsm;udk tvG,fwulpOf;pm;Edkifapjcif; rjzpfap&) jyefay;qGJcH&ygu rdrdrnfoljzpfaMumif;
twnfjyKEdkif&ef? tD;ar;vf odkUr[kwf 0ufbfpmrsufESmudk MunfhEdkifaMumif; jyefay;qGJoludk
ajymjyyg/
22
5/c&D;aqmiftdwf jyifqifjcif;ppfaq;pm&if;
tE&m,frsm;aoma'orsm;wGif owif;&,l&eftwGuf toHk;taqmifypnf;
tdwfudk aqmifxm;yg
tE&m,frsm;aom a'orsm;odkYoGm;&mwGif ,laqmifoGm;&rnfh t"duypnf;rsm;udk
tajccHud&d,mypnf;tdwf (basic kit)u jyygonf/ ppfa&;uRrf;usifolrsm; tyg
t0if txl;uRrf;usifolrsm; tultnDjzifh attufzfyDowif;Xmeu toifh,l
aqmif&rnfh ypn;f tpHu
k kd pkaygif;xnfjh yxm;onf/ if;ypn;f tpHu
k kd tpOftNrJ aumif;
pGm xkyyf ;kd xm;&S&d rnfjzpfNy;D tajctaersm;tay:rlwnf oifah vsmo
f vdk ajymif;vJjcif;
xyfxnfhjcif;rsm; jyKvkyf&rnf/
ayghyg;aom oHcarmuf (light helmet)
"mwfrvdkufap&ef jyKvkyfxm;aom apmif (insulated blanket)
ta&mifrsm;ygonfh tvif;a&mifxGuf yvwfpwpf>yefacsmif;i,frsm;
(coloured glowsticks/ lightsticks)
csdwfuGif;rsm; (snap links)
pGefYypfypnf;xnfhtdwfrsm; (toilet waste bags)
rsdK;pHkoHk;Edkifaomud&d,mrsm; (multi-function tool)
jzL? eD? jym tvif;wef;rsm;xGufaom acgif;wyf"mwfrD; (Head lantern with
white, red and blue beams)
tdwu
f yfrsm;ygNy;D wGzJ uftoH;k taqmifypn;f rsm;csw
d &f ef uGi;f rsm;ESihf ausmyd;k tdwf
ta&mif&ifh (dark rucksack with several pockets and loops for attaching
accessories)
"mwfaiGUum rsufESmzHk; (gas mask)
atmufqD*sif rsufESmzHk; (oxygen mask)
yvyfayguftrsdK;rsdK;ESifh oHk;Edkifaom t'ufyfwm (multiple plug adapter)
uyftm;aumif;aom wdwf (strong adhesive tape)
uyfaumf (super glue)
aomhcavmuf (padlock)
vufESifh em;&GufaEG;aponfht&mrsm; (hand and ear warmer)
wD&Syf (Compressed T-shirt)
23
tumtuG,f rsufrSef (protective eye glasses)

tdwfaqmif"mwfrD; (pocket flashlight)
vSnfh "mwftm;oGif;Edkifaom vufESdyf"mwfrD;
(wind-up flashlight)
Zpfjzifh ydwfEdkifaomtdwfrsm; (zip lock bags)
qGpfZmvefpwdkif acguf"m;tjym; (Flat Swiss-style knife)
"mwfqm; (saline solution)
rD;jcpf (lighter)
acgufodrf;Edkifaom em;Muyf (foldable cutlery earplugs)
24
25
atmufygypnf;rsm;udkvnf; rarhygESifh
zdkifrsm;udk t&eful;,lxm;&ef USB flash drive 2 ck
um;xJwGif toHk;jyK&eftwGuf ae&mra&G;oHk;Edkifaom vQyfppftm;oGif;ypnf;
vQyfppfyvyfaygufrsm;wGif toHk;jyK&ef EdkifiHwumoHk; t'ufyfwm
wm;jrpfcsuf? zHk;uG,fxm;aom yHkESdyfpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;? "m;rsm; (if;wdkYtpm; bufpHk
oHk;ud&d,mudk toHk;jyKyg/
ta&;BuD;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; (rdwLrsm;udkvnf; ,laqmifvmyg)

tenf;qH;k 6 v oufwrf;&Sd Edik if u
H ;l vufrw
S ?f jynf0ifciG Ahf ZD m tqifrajyEdik af om
EdkifiHrsm;odkY oGm;rnfqdkygu EdkifiHul;vufrSwfaemufwpfck vkyf&ef pOf;pm;yg/
pme,fZif;oufaocHuwf (press card)
aoG;trsdK;tpm;ESifh "mwfrwnfhrIrsm;udk azmfjyxm;aomuwf
tjynfjynfqdkif&m umuG,faq;xdk;uwf
tjynfjynfqdkif&m um;armif;vdkifpif
vrf;TefajryHkrsm;ESifh NrdKUwGif;vrf;ajryHkrsm;
owif;Hk;? aumifppf0efHk;tmPmydkifrsm;? aq;Hkrsm;? tultnDay;tzGJUtpnf;
rsm;ponfhwdkY tygt0if ta&;ay:qufoG,f&rnfholrsm;pm&if;
a'ooH;k ESihf Edik if w
H umoH;k aiGta<ursm;udv
k nf; tdwu
f yfrsm;wGif cGx
J nfx
h m;yg/
t0wftpm;rsm;? t&rf;ray:vGifaom? cdkifcHhaom? &moDOwkESifhudkufnDaom

t0wftpm;rsm;
oufaomifhoufom&SdNyD; cdkifchH? a&r0ifaom bGwfzdeyfrsm;
ayghyg; ta&mifrEkr&ifh abmif;bD&Snf (umuDa&mifr[kwf)
wD&Syf? trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tusyGyGt&Snf
ta&mifrEkr&ifh *smuiftus (umuDa&mifr[kwf)
rdk;umtus
oJ? rsu&f nf,"kd mwfaiGUponfwu
Ykd kd umuG,Ef ikd &f ef vnfpnf;yk0g odrYk [kwf acgif;aqmif;
aoG;trsdK;tpm;rSwfxm;onfh vufaumuf^vufywf
tzd;k wefypn;f rsm;jzpfonfh em&D? a&T[ef;csed ;f odrYk [kwf a&TvufpyG rf sm;udk r0wf&
wdkufcdkufcH&onfhtcg odkYr[kwf rdrd&Sdonfhae&mudk jy&ef 0DpD (whistle)
26
attufzfyDu toHk;taqmifypnf;tdwf 2 tdwf aqmifxm;&ef tBuHjyKygonf/ rDwm

500 odrYk [kwf udu
k f 500 cefu
Y kd ausmyd;k ajy;Edik af p&ef tBujH yKjcif; jzpfonf/ tdwrf sm;udk
t&rf;rav;apbJ tdwfuyfaygif;rsm;pGm yg&Sdoifhonf/ ta&;rBuD;onfhypnf;rsm; xnfh
xm;onft
h w
d u
f kd [dw
k ,fcef;wGif xm;cJEh ikd Nf y;D usew
f pftw
d u
f kd oGm;av&m,lomG ;yg/ tvSr;f
a0;aomae&mwGif&Sdonfh t&mrSeforQonf toHk;r0ifaMumif;udk rarhygESifh/
yxrtdwfwGif atmufygypnf;rsm;udk toifhxnfhxm;&rnf

tylcsed Ef iS hf oifah vsmaf om tdy&f mvdyt
f w
d Ef iS hf iSuzf sm;a&m*gjzpfymG ;onfh a'orsm;
wGif jcifaxmifwpfvHk;
avhusifha&;zdeyf odkYr[kwf tajy;orm;zdeyfuJhodkY ayghyg;onfh zdeyftydkwpf&H
tydkabmif;bD&Snf
yGJ0iftcrf;tem;rsm;twGuf &Syftus
atmufcHabmif;bDtydk 3 4 xnf
wpfu,
kd af &oH;k ypn;f rsm; qyfjym? oGm;wdu
k w
f ?H El;nHah omrsuEf mS okwyf 0g tao;
(a&tjrefajcmufap&ef)
trsdK;orD;oHk;oefYpifypnf;rsm;
tnpftaMu;oefY t0wfp? puLptxkyfao;rsm;
eHygwfjzifhcwf&aom aomhcavmuf
udsK;? uGJonfhypnf;rsm;udk jyefuyf&ef tjyif;pm;aumf (Superglue)
tdwfaqmif tyfcsKyfypnf;rsm;
a&vHkonfh Zpfygtdwfi,frsm;
oifESifhtwlxm;&rnfh 'kwd,tdwfwGif atmufygypnf;rsm;udk toifhxnfhxm;&rnfta&;BuD;aom pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh ydkufqHrsm;
zkef;ESifh qufpyfypnf;rsm; tm;oGif;BudK;? bufx&D? EdkifiHwumoHk;Edkifaom yg0g
t'ufyw
f m/ oif\
h ta&;ay:eHygwfuv
kd nf; shortcut key jzifh odr;f xm;&rnf/
oHvkduftdrfajrmif
ajryHk
rSwfpkpmtkyfESifh cJwHrsm;
aeumrsufrSef? OD;xkyfESifh aeavmif'PfcHvdrf;aq;
vufoefYpifaq;ESpf
a&oefYpifaq;jym;rsm;
27
jcifaq;acG? jcifaq;Al;
puL? wpfSL;puLxkyfrsm;
a&r0ifonfh Zpfygtdwfi,frsm;
vHNk cKH a&;qdik &f mypn;f rsm; pme,fZif;vufarmif;ywfEiS hf tjcm;tvG,w
f uljzKwEf ikd f
aom oufaocHuwf
rnfonfhrsufESmjyifay:wGifrqdk PRESS odkYr[kwf TV[k a&;Edkifrnfh Gaffertype wdwfacG
usnfumtusESifh oHcarmufuJhodkYaom tumtuG,fypnf;rsm;
qlnHoHavQmUcsay;aom em;usyf
rsuf&nf,dk"mwfaiGUrsm;udk umuG,f&efEdkif&ef a&ul;rsufrSef
ESmacgif;ygzHk;Edkifonfh rsufESmzHk;
toufu,fypnf;rsm; (survival equipment)
bufpHkoHk;Edkifaom qGpf"m; (Swiss knife)
rD;jcpf
bufx&Dtydkygonfh odkYr[kwf vSnfh"mwftm;ay;Edkifonfh acgif;wyf"mwfrD;
tm;jznfhtpm;tpmrsm; (Cereal or energy bars)
a&oefYAl;
BudK;
toufu,fapmif
a&S;OD;olemjyKypnf;tdwf
aq;0g;rsm; tudu
k t
f cJaysmufaq;rsm;? 0rf;avQm0rf;ysuaf &m*g aysmufaq;rsm;?
y#dZD0aq;rsdK;pHk? taMumqGJ <uufwufaysmufaq;? "mwfrwnfhaysmufaq;rsm;?
iSuzf sm;a&m*gaysmufaq;rsm;? a&rygbJ aomufEikd af omypn;f rsm;udk jzpfEikd o
f rQ ,lyg/
ta&;ay:tajctaewGif aoG;,dkxGufjcif;udkumuG,f&ef aoG;wdwfywfwD;rsm;?
vufawGUtoHk;usrnfh ayghyg;NyD; vufwpfzufwnf;jzifh pnf;Edkifaom Oyrm rdrd
udk,frdrd pnf;Edkifaom aoG;wdwfywfwD;
aoG;xGuv
f eG jf cif;wGif toH;k jyK&ef aoG;wdwaf paom tcktcHypn;f (haemostatic
kd o
f nft
h ajctaewGif toH;k jyK&rnfjzpfNy;D
cushion) aoG;xde;f ywfw;D tpm; jzpfEi
OD;acgif;? vnfyif;ESifh cEmudk,f&Sd'Pf&mrsm;twGuf oHk;oifhonf/
'Pf&mwGif ydk;r0ifap&ef toHk;jyKaomydk;owfaq; (antiseptic)
uGJ? NyJ 'Pf&mrsm;udk csKyfEdkifrnfh aumf (adhesive sutures)
ydk;uif;pifonfh 'Pf&may:zdonfh t0wfprsm;
28
taygufi,fav;rsm;ygaom yvmpwm
vdkoavmuft&G,ftpm;odkY jzwfawmuf,lEdkifrnfh ywfwD;
ywfwD;? t0wfpwdkYudk jzwf&ef ta&;ay:uwfaMu;
ywfwD;
usHKUEdkif? qefYEdkifaom ywfwD;
rD;avmif'Pf&mrsm;twGuf vdrf;aq;
zl;a&mifjcif;ESifh taMumvGJ? taMuma&mifjcif;wdkYudk oufomaprnfh tqifoifh
a&cJxkyf (instant cold pack)
tumtuG,ftjzpf oHk;rnfh touf&SLrsufESmzHk;
tumtuG,ftjzpf oHk;rnfh yvwfpwpfvuftdwfrsm;
rsufvHk;? ESmacgif;wdkYwGif toHk;jyK&ef oifhavsmfonfhqm;&nf
tyfcsdwf
Zm*em? nyf
trdIufxnfh yvwfpwpftdwf
owd & yg
rxGufcGmrD
umuG,faq; xdk;xm;yg/ usef;rma&;aumif;aeygap/
a&S;OD;olemjyKpkenf;ESifh ab;tE&m,fuif;&Sif;a&;oifwef;rsm; wufxm;yg/
wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf BuKH awGU&rnft
h E&m,frsm;udk oH;k oyfyg? tqd;k qH;k tajctaetwGuf jyifqif
xm;yg/
rdrd\rdom;pktm; BudKwifowday;xm;NyD; vHkNcHKpdwfcs&ygap/
rdrd,laqmifoGm;&ef vdktyfrnfhypnf;rsm;twGuf ppfaq;pm&if; a&;xm;yg/
29
tcef; 3 - wm0efxrf;aqmifcsdef tE&m,fuif;atmif

aexdkifjcif;
owif;vdkufwm0efwpfckpD\tajctaersm;onf rwlnDMuyg? odkYaomfvnf; toHk;csEdkif
onfh a,bk,spnf;rsOf;rsm;&Sdygonf/
ESdrfYcsyg? rdrdudk,fudk ,HkMunfrIvGefuJjcif;onf tE&m,f&Sdonf/ wm0efcsay;
rIwikd ;f udk rdr\
d yxrqH;k aom wm0efxrf;aqmifr[
I k rSw,
f cl sO;f uyfyg/ <um;<um;
0g0graebJ tjcm;olrsm;ESifh a'o"avhxHk;wrf;rsm;tm; av;pm;yg/
toif&h adS eyg/ tE&m,frsm;udk arQmv
f ifx
h m;yg/ if;ywf0ef;usit
f wGi;f odYk twwf
EdkifqHk; a&maESm0ifa&mufedkif&ef tvdkYiSm ,if;EdkifiH? a'o\ ,Ofaus;rItaMumif;
oiftwwfEdkifqHk; &SmazGavhvmyg/ tcsKdUEdkifiHrsm;wGif kyfydkif;qdkif&m uGJjym;rIrsm;
tjyif tjyKtrlyikd ;f qdik &f m uGjJ ym;rIrsm;udv
k nf; azmfxw
k af vhvmEdik rf nf/ Oyrmtm;
jzifh rGwq
f vifbmom0ifrsm;\ Oykof (Ramadan) umvtwGi;f aq;vdyaf omuf
jcif;? trsKd ;orD;wpfO;D tm; EIwq
f uf&ef vufukd a&SUodq
Yk efx
Y w
k jf cif;wdaYk Mumifh tH0if
cGifus rjzpfwwf/
yHrk eS t
f odOmPfukd toH;k jyKyg/ oif\ yifut
kd odOmPfrsm;udk ,HMk unfr&I &dS jdS zifh aeyg/
owd&Sdyg? tajrmftjrif&Sdyg/ owday;tcsufjyrIrsm;udk odxm;yg/ pdwfvIyf&Sm;rI
odkYr[kwf todtrSwfjyKcH&a&; apYaqmfrIrsm;udk xdrf;rEdkifodrf;r&rjzpfygapESifh/
owif;wpfyk'f odkYr[kwf "mwfyHkwpfyHku oifhtoufavmuf wefzdk;r&Sdyg/
1/ ae&mxdkifcif;? c&D;oGm;vmjcif;ESifh qufoG,fjcif;
avqdyfodkY qdkufa&mufonfhtcg Oyrmtm;jzifh vkyfazmfudkifzufwpfOD;? pDpOfay;olwpfOD;
odkYr[kwf tjcm;,HkMunf&aom a'ocHtquftoG,fwkdYu vludk,fwdkif vmBudKygu ydkrdk
aumif;rGefonf/ xdkolu oif aemufxyfbmvkyf&rnfudkvnf; tBuHay;Edkifonf/
ae&mxdkifcif; a&G;cs,frI
oift
h aejzifh ab;uif;vHNk cKH pmG tvkyv
f yk Ef ikd ?f rvkyEf ikd [
f al omtcsuo
f nf rnfonfah e&m
wGif aexdik &f rnfukd a&G;cs,&f mwGif t"dupHxm;csuf jzpfoifo
h nf/? if;onf [dw
k ,fwpfck
odrYk [kwf ud,
k yf ikd t
f rd w
f pfv;kH jzpfEikd o
f nf/ odaYk omf t"dutcsurf mS if;onf oift
h wGuf
ab;uif;vHkNcHKrI ay;Edkif&rnf/
30
wcsKd Utajctaersm;wGif oifonf tjcm;owif;axmufrsm;ESit

hf wl &Sad eEdik af om vHNk cKH a&;
tqifhjrifhonfh EdkifiHwumtqifh[dkw,fwpfckwGif wnf;cdkoifhonf/ odkYaomf [dkw,f
tao;wpfck odkYr[kwf udk,fydkiftdrfwpfvHk;\ tcef;wpfcef;wGif oif at;csrf;pGm rjrif
uG,f&mwGif tvkyfvkyfEdkifonf/ tqifhjrifh[dkw,ftrsdK;tpm;onf txl;ojzifh EdkifiHa&;
orm;rsm;ESifh bmoma&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rMumcP wnf;cdkwwfonfhae&m jzpfojzifh
AHk;cGJwkdufcdkuf&mwGif t"duypfrSwfjzpfEdkifonfhtajctaersm;vnf; &Sdonf/ jzpfEdkifygu
oifjh yifqifr\
I wpfpw
d w
f pfyikd ;f taejzifh oif rxGucf mG rDuwnf;u (tcef; 2 wGif Munfyh g)
wnf;cdk&rnfhae&mrsm;udk Munfhxm;yg/
tcsKd Uaom tajccHtBujH yKcsurf sm;a0;vHacgifoND y;D wpfvrf;armif;vrf; odrYk [kwf wpfbuf
ydwfvrf;ay:&Sd tdrf? wkdufcef; odkYr[kwf [dkw,fwkdYudk a&G;cs,fjcif;udk a&Smifyg/ vlwpfOD;
tvG,w
f ul 0ifa&mufvmEdik o
f nfh ajrnDxyf odrYk [kwf vomaqmif&o
dS nfh tcef;rsm;udk
a&Smifyg/ wHcg;rBuD;ay:wGif oifhtrnfudk uyfrxm;ygESifh/
oifonf [dw
k ,fwpfcu
k kd a&G;cs,Ef ikd af om aiGtiftm;&So
d nft
h ajctaejzpfygu rSwo
f m;
xm;oifo
h nfh tcsuw
f csKd UrSm taqmuftOD 0ifciG u
hf kd aeYa&mnyg xde;f csKyx
f m;oifo
h nf/
if;wGif tjyifr;D rsm;? pdwcf s&aomaomhrsm;? jywif;aygufrsm;ESihf wHcg;rBu;D rsm;&SNd y;D wHcg;r
Bu;D rsm;wGif acsmif;Munfah ygufrsm; wyfqifxm;oifo
h nf/ teD;em;wGif vrf;rBu;D wpfvrf;
ESihf avqdyw
f pfc&k ydS gu vdt
k yfvQiNf rKd UrS vQijf refpmG xGucf mG oGm;Edik o
f nf/ wdu
k cf u
kd cf &H rnfh
tvm;tvm ydrk sm;onfh taqmuftOD\rsuEf mS pmbuf tcef;rsm; odrYk [kwf um;&yfem;
uGi;f udk rsuEf mS rlxm;onfh tcef;rsm;udk a&Smifyg/ ,if;tpm; taqmuftOD\ aemufausm
buf&Sd tcef; odkYr[kwf 0if;NcHbufudk a&G;cs,fyg/ jzpfEdkifonfh xGufayguftm;vHk;udk od
xm;yg/
wnf;cdrk nfah e&modYk 0ifNy;D aemufwiG f 0ifayguftm;vH;k ESihf ta&;ay:xGuaf yguftm;vH;k udk
Munfx
h m;yg/ nwkid ;f aomhtm;vH;k udk ppfyg/ arSmifvmonfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf wkwu
f yfreS f
rsm;ESifh cef;qD;rsm;udk ydwfxm;yg/ wHcg;qDodkY vmaomoltm;vHk;tm; wHcg;rzGifhrD rnf
olrnf0gjzpfonfukd aocsmatmifvyk yf g/ wdu
k cf u
kd rf I odrYk [kwf azmufcrJG w
I pfc\
k tE&m,f
jrifrh m;rI&o
dS nf[k ,lqygu rSepf rsm;vGiphf ifvmEkid rf nfv
h rf;rS umuG,&f ef ckwifukd jywif;
aygufrS a0;&modaYk &TUxm;yg/ wHcg;udt
k wGi;f rSyw
d &f ef oyfwpfacsmif;aqmifxm;Ny;D jzpfEikd f
ygu vl0ifa&mufygu tcsufay;onfhud&d,mwpfck xm;&Sdyg/ aoewfESifh ypfcwfrI? AHk;
prsm;ESifh xdrSefrIrsm;rS vGwfajrmuf&ef a&TUajymif;Edkifrnfh vHkNcHKaomtcef;wpfcef;udk Munfh
xm;yg/ jywif;aygufrygaom tcef;? Oyrm a&csdK;cef;wpfcef;jzpfoifhNyD; if;wGif odk
avSmifxm;onfh a&? tpm;tpm? vQyfppfrD;ESifh qufoG,fa&;enf;vrf;wpfckjzpfonfh
w,fvDzkef;wkdY yg0ifoifhonf/
31
rSwfcsuf? oif\ ud,

k af &;ud,
k w
f mvGwv
f yfciG o
hf nf raocsmaMumif; pdwx
f w
J iG f xm;yg/
rD;cHaowmwpfvHk;onf oifhpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;ESifh ud&d,mrsm;\vHkNcHKrIudk tmrrcHEdkif
aMumif; odxm;yg/ oift
h csut
f vufrsm;udk uk'v
f yk x
f m;Ny;D uGeyf sLwmESihf w,fvzD ek ;f rsm;udk
taotcsmxm;yg/ ('pf*spw
f ,fvNkH cKH a&;udk tcef; 4 wGif Munfyh g)/ aemufq;kH wGif oift
h
cef;udk taumif;qH;k oyf&yfatmif xm;yg/ odrYk o
S m olwpfyg;0ifa&mufxm;onfh vuPm
rsm;udk oif owdxm;rdvdrfhrnf/
teD;tem;oGm;vmjcif;ESifh ,mOfarmif;ESifh um; a&G;cs,fjcif;
,mOfarmif;wpfO;D tm; a&G;cs,jf cif;if;\ tawGUtBuKH EiS hf rnfrQyifyef;aeonfukd pdppfyg?
(c&D;a0;rS armif;vmcJjh cif;jzpfygu if;\um;eHygwfjym;u jyoaevdrrhf nf) if;\rsuv
f ;kH
rsm;udk Munfyh g? tay:pD;u &atmifaeyg? ,mOfarmif;u tE&m,f&pdS mG armif;vQif ,if;onf
xkEd ikd if \
H pHwpf&yfjzpfonf[k r,lqvku
d yf gESi/hf oift
h oufonf if;\ vufxw
J iG &f o
dS nf/
um;a&G;cs,jf cif; a'owGi;f a&mif;tm; xdyq
f ;kH wGi&f adS om trsKd ;tpm;onf rMumcPqdk
ovdkyif vltkyfpktwGif; a&maESmvdkufa&;twGuf aumif;aoma&G;cs,fp&mwpf&yfjzpf
onf/ tajccHtcsut
f m;vH;k udk ppfaq;yg pufyikd ;f qdik &f mtajctae? wm,mrsm;? tif*sif
0dkif? b&dwf? bD;tydkESifh *sdKufwdkY jzpfonf/
EdkifiHwumtoHvTifhkH RFI ESifh kyfjrifowif;vdkif; FRANCE 24 wkdY yg0ifonfh jyifopf
rD',
D mtzGUJ rGe'Yf jf yifopfr'D ,
D mu tBujH yKxm;onfrmS oifa&G;cs,Nf y;D onfEiS hf wpfNyKd ief uf
,mOfarmif;ESifh um;\"mwfyHkudk xkwfvkyfonfhEdkifiHESifh eHygwfjym;wdkY xif&Sm;ay:vGifpGm
jzifw
h JG u
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32
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atmifvkyfyg/ (tcef; 4 udk Munfhyg/)
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33
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34
nrxGuf& tcsdefowfrSwfxm;jcif; &Sd? r&Sd pHkprf;yg/

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onftxd apmifhyg/
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onfht&mwpfck yg&Sdavh&Sdonf/ yHkrSefppfom;rsm;u rsm;aomtm;jzifh vlrsm;ESifh if;wdkY\
35
pm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;? w&m;r0ifarSmifcdkrIrsm;udk ppfaq;&eftwGuf ,mOfudk&yfwefYcdkif;avh

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odrf;,lonf/ odkYr[kwfygu ,mOfay:ygvmolrsm;udk zrf;qD;xm;vdrfhrnf/ ppfaq;a&;
*dwfwpfckodkY oifcsOf;uyfoGm;onfhtcg *dwf&Sdvlrsm;onf vufeuftenf;i,f odkYr[kwf
rsm;jym;pGmudkifaqmifxm;ovm;? if;wdkY rnfodkY0wfqifxm;ovJ (ppfom;rsm;uJhodkYvm;?
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vm;qdkonfrsm;udk NcHKiHkoHk;oyfMunfhNyD; rdrdudk,frdrd toifhjyifxm;yg/
wcsdKUaom BudKwifjyifqifxm;&rnfhtcsufrsm;
vrf;ay:wGif ,mOftoGm;tvmudk apmifhMunfhyg/ oifha&SUum;rsm;onf rarQmf
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tm;qufoG,fum oif\wnfae&mudk ay;NyD; oif\ wpfudk,fa&oHk; tE&m,f
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*dwf[k cHpm;&ygu aemufjyefvSnfhNyD; xdkae&mrSxGufoGm;yg/
odaYk omfvnf; owdxm;yg/ txl;ojzifh ppfaq;a&;*dwo
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wHcg;rsm;udak omhcsxm;Ny;D ,mOfarmif;bufrS jywif;wHcg;rSeu
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pifNydKiftkyfpkrsm;xHrS vufrSwfrsm;pGm&Sdygu if;wdkYudk a&mrxm;ygESifh/
36
if;wdkYrcdkif;bJESifh um;ay:rS rqif;ygESifh/ um;pufudk r&yfygESifh/

tajctaewif;rmvmygu ndESdKif;NyD; tBuD;tuJESifhajymcGifh awmif;qdkyg/
yl;aygif;aqmif&u
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onf wif;rmrIavsmo
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rSom ,ckuJhodkY vkyfaqmifyg/
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wpfOD;omjzpfNyD; wdkufcdkufa&;orm;wpfOD;r[kwfaMumif; xif&Sm;atmifvkyfyg/
ajrtaetxm;ESihf ypfcwfaeolw\
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umtuG,f,lyg/ (tif*sifpuftydkif;? bD;rsm;ESifh 0ifkd;rsm;onf oifhudk aoewf
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f jref
ajy;yg/ tu,f uGif;jyifudkjzwfajy;&rnfqdkygu cEmudk,fudkESdrfhxm;NyD; yHkrSef
r[kwfaom tauGUtaumufvrf;aMumif;jzifh ajy;yg/ ypfcwfrIjyif;xefvmygu
cPtMum wdkufyGJpJoGm;onftxd wpfae&mwnf;wGifaeyg odkYr[kwf ao[ef
aqmifaeyg/
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acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwforl sm; (snipers) acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwforl sm;onf aeYtcsed w
600 wpfcgwpf&H rDwm 1000 (udkuf 650 rS 1100)txdvnf;aumif; ntcsdefwGif
300 rDwm (328 udkuf) tuGmta0;xdatmif ypfEdkifpGrf;&Sdonfh aoewfudk toHk;jyKavh
37
&Sdonf/ acsmif;ajrmif;ypfcwfolonf taygufrsm;pGm&Sdonfh wdkufcef;wpfckwGif ae&m,l

avh&Sdonf/ tay:qHk;xyfESifh rsufESmpmwGif rnfonfhtcgrQ aeavhr&Sd/ if;wdkYonf
acgifrdk;ESihf trdk;atmufxyfcdk;wGif ykef;uG,f&m uRrf;usifonf/ if;wkdYonf oJtdwfrsm;
aemufwiG x
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yJhwifoH\jyem -aoewfwpfcsuf\toHonf wpfpuefYvQif 330 rDwm (360 udkuf)
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vufeufrsm;ESifh if;wkdYypfEdkifonfhtuGmta0;rsm;taMumif; tusOf;NcHKiHk

Munfhjcif;
atmufygwdkYudk Sovereign Global Acadmieu pDpOfNyD; rGefY'fjyifopfowif;Xmeu
if;\0efxrf;rsm;odYk ydcYk saom &efvadk omywf0ef;usiaf vhusio
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11.43 rr (.45 vu) Mum;&SNd y;D rDwm 50 (55 udu
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d nf/ if;wdo
Yk nf ppfajrjyifwiG f us,u
f s,jf yefjY yefY tok;H jyKaom
vufeufjzpfonf/ xda&mufpmG ypfEikd af omtuGmta0;rSm 300 rDwm (328 udu
k )f
jzpfNyD; 1500 rDwm (1640 udkuf) txd tE&m,fay;Edkifonf/
wma0;ypf odkYr[kwf pEdkufygdkifz,frsm; (long-range or sniper rifles) (M21,
38
Ultima Ratio ponf)xda&mufpmG ypfEi

kd o
f nft
h uGmta0; 50 rS 1300 rDwm (55 rS
1422 udu
k )f ESit
hf xuf/ if;udk ykeu
f efvyI &f mS ;rIrsm;twGuf ydrk Ekd pS o
f ufpmG toH;k jyK
Muonf/
pufaoewftBu;D rsm; (Heavy machine-guns)aoewfajymif;tus,f 7.52 rr
(.3 vufr) ESi1hf 4.5 rr (.57 vufr) Mum;? xda&mufpmG ypfEikd af om tuGmta0;
600 rDwmausmf (656 udkuf)
vufypfA;kH rsm; (grenades)vufjzifyh pf&aom odrYk [kwf dik zf ,fEiS yhf pf&aomAH;k (vl
ypf odrYk [kwf wifu
h m;ypf)? xda&mufpmG ypfEikd af omtcsi;f 0ufrmS 30 rDwm (33 udu
k )f
jzpfonf/ yHpk H odrYk [kwf rd'k ,f(kid zf ,fEiS yhf pf&aomtrsKd ;tpm;)udk vdu
k Nf y;D 300 rDwm
(328 udkuf) txd ypfEdkifonf/
'Hk;usnfavmifcsm(rocket-launcher) pGrf;tm;tBuD;qHk;trsKd;tpm;rsm;\ ypfEdkif
aomtuGmta0;rSm 15 rDwm rS 500 rDwm (16.4 rS 547 udkuf) jzpfonf/
armfwmrsm; (mortars)tuGmta0;rSm 50 rDwm (55 udu
k )f rS 13 uDvrdk w
D m (8 rdik )f
twGif;jzpfonf/ aoapavmufaomZkef? xdaomtrSwfrS 35 rDwm (38 udkuf)
av,mOfypfaoewfrsm; (anti-aircraft guns)aoewfajymif;tus,2f 0 rr (.787
vufr) rS 128 rr (5.04 vufr)? tuGmta0;rSm 2 uDvrkd w
D m (1.24 rdik )f ausmf
onf/
tajrmufBu;D rsm; (artillery guns)aoewfajymif;tus,2f 0 rr (.787 vufr) rS
800 rr (31.5 vufr) twGi;f ? tuGmta0;rSmuDvrkd w
D m^rdik af ygif; 'gZiftenf;
i,ftxd a&mufEdkifonf/
'H;k usnrf sm; (missiles) tuGmta0;rSm 100 rDwm (109 udu
k )f ESihf uDvrkd w
D m^rdik f
aygif; 'gZiftenf;i,ftwGif; a&mufEdkifonf/ tuGmta0;trsdK;rsdK;&SdEdkifonf/
bufpo
kH ;kH 'H;k ysaH vmifcsmrsm; (multi rocket launchers)90 uDvrdk w
D m (56 rdik )f txd
tuGmta0;trsKd ;rsKd ;ypfEikd o
f nf/ if;wkrYd S xl;jcm;aom0DprD w
I o
f u
H o
hJ Ykd toHxu
G o
f nf/
acsmif;ajrmif;typfcH&jcif;rS umuG,f&ef
oifhc&D;pOfudk BudKwifjyifqifxm;yg/
oifonf owif;axmufwpfO;D jzpfaMumif; &Si;f &Si;f vif;vif;jyoxm;yg/ t&m&mwdik ;f
ay:wGif PRESS odkYr[kwf TV [k a&;xm;yg/
wdu
k cf u
kd af &;orm;ESihf rrSm;ap&eftwGuf ppfwyfypkH H t0wftpm;rsm; r0wf&/ oifu
h &d d
,mrsm; o,faqmifyHkudk owdxm;yg/ ta0;rSMunfhvQif oifhuifr&mESifh teD;qGJ
39
rSefbDvl;rsm;onf vufeufESifhwlEdkifonf/
rdk;? ESif;? avESifh jrLwkdYonf acsmif;ajrmif;ypfol\&efrS tumtuG,fay;rnfh oif\
r[mrdwfrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/
tajrmufvufeufBuD;rsm;? avaMumif;wdkufcdkufrIrsm;ESifh "mwkvufeufrsm;
tajrmufvufeufBuD;rsm;ESifh avaMumif;rS AHk;BuJwdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;jzpfyGm;ygu aygufuGJrI
rsm;rSvnf;aumif; AHk;qH? tajrmufqHtptersm; rxdatmif oifhudk,foif umuG,f&ef
vdktyfonf/
NrdKUawmfrsm;? NrdKUrsm;wGifaexdkifolrsm;tm; xdkae&mrS xGufcGmoGm;&ef odkYr[kwf
tdrw
f iG f qufaevQif ,if;vdyrf sm;csxm;Ny;D wkwu
f yfreS rf sm; ydwx
f m;&ef BuKd wif
owday;xm;Edik o
f nf/ xko
d aYkd omowday;xm;onfh trSwv
f uPmrsm;udk Munfyh g/
txdww
f vefrY jzpfygESi/hf xGuaf jy;&efBuKd ;yrf;rnft
h pm; ajray:wGijf ym;jym;0yfum
oufa&mufrrI sm;rS oifu
h ,
kd u
f u
kd muG,&f ef teD;qH;k vHNk cKH onfah e&m Oyrmtm;jzifh
ajrwGi;f wpfck odrYk [kwf taqmuftODwpfc\
k tv,fA[d?k avScg;cGipf onfw
h EYkd iS hf
eD;&modkY wGm;oGm;yg/ (rSefuGJprsm;xdrSefjcif;rS oifhudk,foifumuG,f&eftwGuf)
jywif;aygufrsm;rSa0;&modYk oGm;yg/ NyKd us&efv,
G af om ajratmufcef; odrYk [kwf
trd;k xyfc;kd rsm;udk toH;k rjyKygESi/hf tjyifxu
G &f ef xGuaf ygufrsm;pGmudk Munfx
h m;
yg/ ajrjyifay:wGif qufvufjym;jym;0yfaeNyD; OD;acgif;udkumuG,fxm;yg/
typftcwfpo
J nft
h csed rf sm;wGif 'Pf&m&olrsm;udu
k ,fxw
k Nf y;D ae&mrStjrefq;kH
xGucf mG yg/ tajrmufypfcwfrrI sm;Ny;D ygu ajcvsiw
f yfrsm;wdu
k cf u
k d rf I qufjzpfwwfonf/
opfawmxJwiG f vufeufBu;D ypfcwfygu opfom;prsm;ESiahf usmufw;kH rsm; ys0H v
J m
Edik Nf y;D ysupf ;D rIrsm;aponf/ vufeufBu;D ypfcwfonft
h cg ajrwGi;f uJo
h aYkd omcdv
k IH
p&m&Sm&ef ajrtaetxm;udMk unfu
h m wpfenf;enf;jzift
h umtuG,,
f yl g/ AH;k BuJ
wdkufcdkufonfhae&m ydkrdkus,f0ef;ygu vufeufBuD;usnfqH\ pl;&S&StoHudkem;
pGifhNyD; twwfEdkifqHk; tjrefqHk;xGufajy;yg/ xkdtoHMum;ygu ajrjyifay:vJScsNyD;
jym;jym;0yfaeyg/ aygufurJG NI y;D ygu jyefxNy;D qufajy;yg/ aemufxyfvufeufBu;D
usnfqHvmoHMum;vQif jyefvJScsyg/ NyD;aemuf qufajy;yg/
"mwkESifhZD0vufeufrsm;
"mwkESifh ZD0vufeufrsm;udk a0[ifrSAHk;BuJjcif;jzifhvnf;aumif; tajrmufjzifhypfcwfjcif;
jzifhvnf;aumif; jzefYBuJavh&Sdonf/ oifhudkowday;rnfhtcsufay;trSwftom;rsm;rSm
jrifuiG ;f 0g;oGm;jcif;? kww
f &uf acgif;udu
k jf cif;? wHawG;tvGet
f uRx
H u
G jf cif;ESihf ESm&nf,kd
40
jcif;wdkY jzpfonf/
tajccHvrf;Tecf surf sm;rSm tjcm;aomAH;k Buw
J u
kd cf u
kd rf rI sm;ESihf twlwyl ifjzpfonf/ ajrjyif
ay:vScJ syg/ cdv
k pIH &mae&m &Smyg/ xdak e&mrS xGucf mG yg/ t"dujcm;em;csurf mS toufLS rsuf
ESmzH;k pGyu
f kd wyfyg/ oift
h em;&Sv
d rl sm;udk xdak e&mrS tjrefq;kH xGucf mG oGm;apzdYk owday;&ef
]]"mwfaiG?Y "mwfaiGU}} [k atmfyg/ "mwkwu
kd cf rH cI &H Ny;D cgpae&modYk OD;wnfrad eygu csucf si;f
&yfyg? "mwfaiGYysHUESHYvmEdkifojzifh avwdkuf&mbufudk a&SmifNyD; xGufcGmyg/
owd & yg
wdkufcdkufaeonfhZkefwpfckwGif
usnfumtus0wf oHcarmufaqmif;yg/ owif;axmufwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; &Sif;vif;pGm trSwf
tom; jyxm;yg/
c&D;roGm;rD c&D;pOfudk taotcsmjyifqifxm;yg/
ppfaq;a&;*dwfrsm;wGif pdwfwnfwnfNidrfNidrfxm;NyD; tapmifhrsm;ESifh yl;aygif;yg/
ypfcwfonfhMum;a&mufygu ajrjyifay:wGif vJavsmif;NyD; tumtuG,f,lyg/
3/ rdkif;AHk;rsm;ESifh ya'omAHk;rsm; (twGJvdkufAHk;rsm;)

rdkif;AHk;rsm; (Mines)
ppfajrjyifrsm;wGif owif;axmufrsm;onf ajrjrK yrf ikd ;f rsm; (landmines)ESihf &ifqikd &f Edik o
f nf/
wcsKd Uu ajrrsuEf mS jyifEiS u
hf yf jrK yx
f m;vsuaf omfvnf;aumif; odrYk [kwf ausmufw;Hk rsm;
ESihf zk;H vsuaf omfvnf;aumif; xm;&SMd uonf/ tcsKd Urdik ;f rsm;rSm opfyifrsm;wGif uyfxm;vsuf
vnf;aumif; cvkww
f u
kd af p&ef BuKd ;wGicf snv
f suf vrf;ab;rsm;wGicf sxm;vsuv
f nf;aumif;
odrYk [kwf a&xJEpS x
f m;vsuv
f nf;aumif; &Sad eMuonf/ if;wdt
Yk m; (avQmjh cif;? wif;jcif;jzpf
onf)h cvkww
f u
kd Bf uKd ;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? zdtm; (odrYk [kwf zdtm;avsmu
h somG ;jcif;)jzifv
h nf;
aumif;? rDwmwpfck (intelligent rdkif;rsm;onf ta&twGufwpfck&Sdonfh vl odkYr[kwf
,mOfrsm;jzwfomG ;Ny;D aemufro
S m aygufuaJG p&efaxmifxm;onf) jzifv
h nf;aumif; aygufuJG
aponf/ wcsKd Uaomrdik ;f rsm;udk avhusio
hf ifMum;rIr&Sad omwdu
k cf u
kd af &;orm;rsm;u BuKd wif
rajymEdik af om enf;vrf;rsm;jzifah xmifxm;wwfonf/ rdik ;f axmif xm;Edik af omae&mrsm;rSm
,cifppfajrjyifa[mif;rsm;? e,fpyfa'orsm;? vuf&t
dS oH;k jyKaeaom odrYk [kwf vlr&Sad wmh
41
aom ppfwyfae&mrsm;? taqmuftODysufrsm;? vlraeaomtdrfrsm;? wHwm;rsm;? opf

awmrsm;? toHk;rjyKonfhuGif;jyifrsm;? csdKifhrsm;ESifh vrf;ab;jrufcif;pyfrsm; jzpfMuonf/
rdkif;uGif;rsm;twGuf tajccHBudKwifumuG,frIrsm;
oefpY ifcef;oGm;rnfqv
kd Qiaf wmifrS vlo;kH rsm;aomvrf;r? vrf;oG,rf sm;rS aoGz
D
roGm;ygESifh/
nbuf avQmufroGm;ygESifh/ oifoGm;onfhvrf;udk jrifae&rnf/
vrf;udk vlrsm;rsm; toHk;jyK? rjyK owdxm;yg/ qufoGm;r&aomvrf; jzpfygu
owdxm;yg/
rdik ;f \oJveG pf rsm;vnf; &SEd ikd o
f nf? opfuikd ;f rsm;udk Muufajccwfxm;jcif;? ajray:
wGif wkwfwpfacsmif; pdkufxm;jcif;? ausmufp&pfcJrsm; puf0dkif;o@mefjyefYaejcif;
odrYk [kwf opfyifrsm;wGif tzktxH;k o@efawGU&jcif;wdo
Yk nf jzpfwwfaom oJveG pf
rsm; jzpfMuonf/ rsufpd&Sif&Sifxm;yg/
wpfv;kH wnf;axmifxm;aom rdik ;f qdo
k nfrmS &Sm;onfukd odxm;yg/ {&d,mwpfcw
k iG f
'gZif0ufcefY&Sdwwfonf/ odkYr[kwf if;wdkYudk tvHk; 30 cefY tNyHKvdkuf odkYr[kwf
twef;vdu
k f (ajrjyifwiG f wkwrf sm;pdu
k v
f suf rSwo
f m;xm;avh&o
dS nf) axmifxm;
wwfonf/
axmifacsmufrikd ;f (booby trap) wpfcu
k kd awGyY gu oift
h vmuajc&mrsm; odrYk [kwf
um;bD;&mwdkYudk wdwdususjyefaumufvsuf xdkae&mrS csufcsif;xGufoGm;&onf/
raygufuaJG o;onfrh ikd ;f odrYk [kwf aygufuaJG pwwfonfu
h &d ,
d mudk rnfonft
h cgrS
udkifwG,fjcif; rjyKESifh/ rdkif;wpfvHk;tm;trSwfw&tjzpf ,laqmifoGm;EdkifzdkY wpfpHk
wpfO;D tm; rnfonft
h cgrQ deactivate (raygufuaJG p&efvyk jf cif;)vky&f ef wdu
k w
f eG ;f
jcif; rjyKygESifh/
,cifu rodao;onfhrdkif;uGif;tm; awGYrdygu &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;rSwfom;xm;NyD;
ajryHkay: odkYr[kwf wnfae&mjypepf (GPS)wGif rSwfom;xm;NyD; a'otmPm
ydkifrsm;tm; owif;ydkYyg/
rdkif;uGif;wGif touf&SifoefaexdkifEdkif&ef tBuHjyKcsufrsm;
vrf;avSsmufomG ;yguwpfO;D ESiw
hf pfO;D tuGmta0;rsm;rsm;xm;um wpfO;D aemufrS wpfO;D
wef;pDomG ;yg/ pdwaf t;at;xm;yg/ rvIy&f mS ;ygESi?hf oifEiS t
hf wl&adS eonfh tjcm;olrsm;tm;
wyfveS jYf cif;rjyKygESi/hf oif0h ef;usiu
f kd *kwpdu
k pf pfaq;Ny;D tE&m,fuakd wGUatmif BuKd ;pm;
yg/ oifhajc&mrsm;udk wduspGmjyefaumufNyD; rdkif;axmifxm;onfhe,fajrrS xGufcGmyg/
42
odkYr[kwf if;{&d,mxJrSvludk xdktwdkif;vkyf&ef ajymyg/

rkid ;f uGi;f tv,fwiG f xdcu
kd 'f Pf&m&rIrsm;jzpfcyhJ gu if;wdt
Yk aejzifv
h nf; rvIy&f mS ;rdatmif
BuKd ;pm;oifNh y;D useo
f rl sm;uvnf; csucf si;f ulnzD Ykd rvkyo
f if/h a&S;OD;jyKprk &I &S&d ef vHNk cKH pw
d cf s&
onfhvrf;aMumif;udk&SmNyD;rS olwdkYudk u,fxkwf&rnf/ 0yfaeonfhtaetxm;jzifh xdyfcRef
aomud&,
d mtm; 30 'D*&Dapmif;vsuf ajrjyifupkd pfyg/ wpfpw
kH pf&mwif;rmonft
h &mudk
awGyY gu tm;roH;k ygESi/hf odaYk omf xdak e&mudrk w
S x
f m;Ny;D ab;rSuiG ;f oGm;yg/ cvkww
f u
kd af p
rnfBh uKd ;awGUygu ausmrf oGm;ygESi?hf ,if;udrk w
S x
f m;Ny;D a&SmifuiG ;f oGm;yg/ xdt
k awmtwGi;f
pum;ajymay;jcif;jzifh 'Pf&m&olrsm;tm; pdww
f nfNird rf &I adS tmifjyKvyk yf g/ if;wdt
Yk eD;tem;
odkYr[kwf ajratmufudkrdkif;&SmazG&ef rarhygESifh/ xdkYaemuf a&S;OD;olemjyKenf;jzifh jyKpkyg/
(rSwo
f m;&eftu,foifonf aoG;wdwyf wfw;D udt
k oH;k jyKygu pwifpnf;onft
h csed u
f kd
rSwfom;xm;yg) jzpfEdkifygu if;wdkYtm; vHkNcHKonfhae&modkYajymif;a&TUay;yg/ (toufu,f
enf;vrf;rsm;twGuf tcef; 6 udk Munfhyg/)
,mOftoHk;jyKyguvrf;ab;jrufcif;pyfrsm;? csdKifhrsm;? avmavmvwfvwf oJ? ajrBuD;
odkYr[kwf ausmufcJrsm; zHk;xm;onfh ae&mrsm;ay: jzwfrarmif;&/ tu,f rdkif;AHk;
aygufuGJcJhygu
'Pf&mr&onfh c&D;onfrsm;onf rdik ;f ay:wufeif;rdEikd o
f nfh tE&m,f&adS omaMumifh
um;ay:rS tvsifpvdkrqif;&/ ab;uif;onfhae&modkY a&muf&ef um;taemufrS
qif;um bD;&mtwdik ;f vrf;avQmufomG ;oifo
h nf/ 'Pf&m&olrsm;tm; a&TUajymif;&ef
vnf; wlnDonfhvrf;aMumif;udk oHk;oifhonf/
armfawmf,mOfudk vmvrf;twdkif;jyefqkwf&ef jyefrvSnhfygESifh/ xdkae&mrS ajcvsif
qif;avQmufNyD; rdkif;&Sif;vif;onfhtzGJY vma&muf&Sif;vif;onfudk apmifhyg/
ya'omAHk;wGJrsm; (Cluster munitions)
ya'omAHk;wGJrsm;onf av,mOfrsm;? &[wf,mOfrsm;? oabmFrsm; odkYr[kwf ajrjyifay:rS
ypfvw
T &f aom yifrcJ,rf;rD;ausmufrsm; (a0[ifryS pfvw
T &f aom AH;k rsm;? tajrmufqefrsm;?
'H;k usnrf sm;) jzpfMuonf/ if;wdo
Yk nf abmvH;k uGi;f i,ftus,t
f 0ef;ESihf nDrQonfh {&d,m
tus,ft0ef;ay: jyefYusJusa&mufEdkifonfh aygufuGJtm;BuD;onfh ydk*sufwdkifrsm; (projectiles) yg0ifonf/
xdonfESifhaygufuGJ&ef wDxGifxm;jcif;jzpfaomfvnf; trsm;tjym;rSm csufcsif;aygufuGJrI
r&SdbJ ajrjyifay:wGif tE&m,ftjzpf qufvufwnf&Sdaewwfonf/ ya'omAHk;wGJrsm;
onf (vufypfA;kH rS ajymif;0i,fonfAh ;kH ao;av;rsm; bomblets) txd trsKd ;rsKd ;tpm;pm;
43
uGjJ ym;Ny;D yHpk t

H rsKd ;rsKd ;? t&G,t
f pm;trsKd ;rsKd ;jzifh &Sad eMuonf/ if;wku
Yd kd wnfNird rf rI &Sad om?
BudKwifrajymEdkifaom? tE&m,f&Sdonfhrdkif;AHk;trsdK;tpm;tjzpf rSwf,loifhonf/ pufjzifh
odrYk [kwf vltm;jzifah xmifaomrdik ;f rsm;ESirhf wlonfrmS if;wku
Yd kd yHak or[kwf upOfu
h vsm;
BuJcsvdkufjcif;jzpfojzifh if;wkdY\ae&mudk zrf;,lr&Edkif/
owd & yg
rdkif;AHk;rsm;tm; a&Smif&ef
vltrsm; toHk;jyKaeaomvrf;rsm;ESifh vrf;usOf;uav;rsm;rSom oGm;yg/
AHk;wpfvHk;udkawGUygu teD;tem;wGifvnf; wjcm;AHk;rsm;&SdzdkY aocsmonf/
ajc&mrsm;&Sdaom? um;bD;&mrsm;&Sdaomae&mrS avQmufyg/
4/ axmifacsmufAHk;rsm;? AHk;jzifhwdkufcdkufrIrsm;? NcHKcdkwdkufcdkufrIrsm;

rMumao;rDESpfrsm;twGif;u owif;axmufrsm;onf jyefay;qGJjcif;? AHk;cGJwdkufcdkufjcif;ESifh
vlowfrIrsm;twGuf ydkrdkESpfoufp&m ypfrSwfrsm;jzpfvmonf/ jyefay;qGJrItjzpfrsm;onfh
tE&m,frsm;aomae&ma'orsm;odo
Yk mG ;vmonft
h cg owif;axmufrsm;ESihf "mwfyq
kH &m
rsm;taejzifh owdtBuD;rm;qHk;xm;oifhonf/
a,bk,s vHkNcHKa&;pnf;rsOf;rsm;
vHkavmufaomavhusifhcef;? vHkavmufaomtem;,ljcif;jzifh oifhudk,foif udk,f
a&m? pdwfyg usef;rmatmif aexdkifyg/
a'o"avhEiS t
hf nD 0wfpm;qif,ifNy;D k;d k;d ukyu
f yk jf yKryl g/ tpvmrfEikd if rH sm;wGif
e,fcHrsm; xdwfvefYthHtm;oifhjcif;rsm; rjzpfap&eftwGuf trsdK;orD;rsm;onf
xoGm;xvmt0wftpm;rsm;udk a&SmifMuOfoifhonf/ (vnf[dkufrsm;? cEmudk,f
oPmefukd ay:vGiaf paom wif;usyo
f nft
h 0wftpm;rsm; odrYk [kwf puwfwrkd sm;
r0wf&/ vdktyfygu ycHk;ESifhOD;acgif;udk zHk;tkyfxm;yg)
tkyfpkvdkufomoGm;vm&efESifh vloGm;vlvmrsm;onfh trsm;jynfoloGm;vmonfh
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44
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48
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49
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50
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h aYkd om NGOrsm;\vrf;Tecf surf sm;udk vdu
k ef m&ef tBujH yKco
hJ nf/
owif;axmufrsm;onf xdt
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h el mjyKrsm;? vlemrsm; odrYk [kwf emvefxrsm;ESihf
qufoG,fcJh&onf/
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tajccHpnf;rsOf;rsm;udk vdkufemzdkY attufzfyDu axmufcHajymxm;ygonf/
a&oefAY ;l rSa&udk aomufo;kH yg/ rnfonfah e&mrSvmonf? rnfuo
hJ cYkd sujf yKwx
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onfukd odro
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dk ajccHxm;aom
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yef;uefrsm;ay:rS olwpfyg;\cEmud,
k rf x
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k f u
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vuf&Snfudk 0wfqifyg/
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f Nl y;D a&m*gyd;k rul;pufEikd o
f nfh yvwfpwpfbw
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zdeyf&Snfwpf&H aqmifxm;yg/
taygif;toif;rsm;ESifhawmifrS vufqGJEIwfqufjcif;rjyKygESifh/ rnfolwpfOD;wpf
a,mufudkrQ oifhum;xJodkY t0ifrcHygESifh/ vdktyfygu aiGaMu;jzifhom ulnDay;
vdkufyg/ wd&pmefqdkvQif tdrfarG;wd&pmefudkawmifrS rudkifygESifh/ abmvfyif odkY
r[kwf rdkbdkif;zkef;uJhodkYaom rnfonfht&mudkrQ riSm;ygESifh/ oifh udk,fydkifypnf;
ud&d,mrsm;udk oefY&Sif;pGmxm;yg/
vl tvGefxlxyfaomae&mrsm;udk a&Smif&Sm;yg/ ntcsdef tjyifrxGufygESifh
(wcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif nrxGuf&trdefY xkwfjyefxm;Edkifonf)/ vl ydkrdkxlxyfaom
51
ae&mwpfckckxuf [dkw,fpm;aomufqdkifudkom toHk;jyKyg/

awmdkif;w&dpmefom;rsm;udk rnfonfhtcgrQrpm;ygESifh/ xdawmifrxdygESifh/
owd & yg
obm0ab;tE&m,frsm; odkYr[kwf ul;pufa&m*grsm; jzpfyGm;cJhygu
oifhavsmfaom t0wftpm;0wf tumtuG,fud&d,mrsm; wyfqifxm;yg/
wjcm;olrsm;ESifh wdkufkdufxdawGUjcif;ESifh ypnfrsm;vJvS,fjcif;wdkYudk a&Smifyg/
oifhvufrsm;tm; ydk;aoap&ef wpfSL;tpdkrsm;udk aqmifxm;yg/
52
6/ vlpkvla0;rsm;? qEjyrIrsm;ESifh kef;&if;qefcwfjzpfrIrsm;

qEjyyGJwpfck\ owif;&,ljcif;
tajctaersm; xde;f rEdik o
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hf pfO;D owday;Edik &f eftwGuf tkypf k
vdu
k f odrYk [kwf tenf;qH;k twGv
J u
kd t
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f yk zf Ykd BuKd ;pm;yg/ vGwaf jrmufrnfv
h rf;aMumif;
rsm;udk&Smxm;NyD; vdktyfvmygu rnfuJhodkYxGufajy;rnfudk pDpOfxm;yg/ NrdKUrsm;ESifhNrdKUBuD;
rsm;wGif qdkifydkif&Sifrsm;ESifh a'owGifaexdkifol tcsdKUudkBudKwifrdwfzGJUxm;jcif;onf tBuH
aumif;wpfcjk zpfonf/ qEjyrIrS tMurf;zufro
I Ykd ajymif;vJomG ;ygu xdo
k w
l x
Ykd w
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ygvdrfhrnf/
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h m; qEjyolwpfO;D tjzpf rrSw,
f al p&eftwGuf vdt
k yfonfah e&mwGif
&Jrsm;tm; oifonf owif;axmufwpfOD;jzpfaMumif; qEjyyGJtpwGif ajymjyxm;yg/ rnf
onfhvufeufrsm; odkYr[kwf wjcm;enf;vrf;rsm;toHk;jyKrnfudk odatmifvkyfxm;yg/ odkYrS
om rnfodkYaom tE&m,frsm;jzpfvmEdkifonfudk wGufqEdkifNyD; rdrdtwGuf BudKwifjyifqif
xm;Edik v
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axmufwpfOD;tjzpf &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; trSwftom;jyxm;oifhovm;? odkYr[kwf uJh
odjYk yxm;jcif;u qEjyorm;rsm;\ &efvrkd u
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&efvdkrnfhtvm;tvm&Sdonfhvltkyf\ jrifuGif;twGif; um;&yfrxm;jcif; odkYr[kwf oifh
ypnf;ud&d,mrsm;tm; jyifqifrIrjyKjcif;jzifh vk,ufcH&jcif; odkYr[kwf wdkufcdkufcH&jcif;
tE&m,fudk avQmhcsyg/ qEjyyGJtpwGif tumtuG,fypnf;rsm; 0wfqifrxm;ygESifh/
qEjyolrsm;onf rdrw
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d nfh BuKd ;ygaom&SL;zdeyfukd
53
pD;yg/ awme,fwiG jf zpfygu zdeyfonf a&pdck yH gap/ &TUH xlygu 'l;qpfrS ajcusi;f 0wf
txdzHk;aom ydwf odkYr[kwf om;a& tumtuG,fudk 0wfqif&ef pOf;pm;yg/
at;aom&moDwGif taqmuftODjyify tcsdefMumjrifhpGmae&rnfqdkygu a&vHk
acgif;pGyyf gonfh rd;k umavumtaEG;xnf (anorak) ESihf aEG;axG;aom twGi;f cHrsm;?
ajctdwf? vuftdwfESifh ESif;avQmpD;OD;xkyfwdkYudk 0wfqifxm;yg/
vdit
f Murf;zufrrI u
S muG,&f eftwGuf trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf 0Dpw
D pfcak qmifxm;oifh
onf/ cEmudk,fudkzHk;xm;&eftwGuf tay:wGif t0wfyGtvTmtenf;i,fESifh t
wGi;f wGif ud,
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suit) udk0wfqif&ef wcsdKUu axmufcHtBuHjyKonf/ (vdiftMurf;zufrIESifh trsdK;
orD;rsm;twGuf tBuOH mPfrsm;taMumif; a&;om;xm;onfh qufvufazmfjyrnfh
tydkif;udkvnf; Munfhyg/)
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k rf sm;jzifh du
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udk cHEikd o
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tE&m,fudk oHk;oyfyg xdkodkY0wfqifxm;ygu oifhtm; t&yf0wfjzifh&Jt&m&Sd[k
f om;udw
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txifrmS ;Edik Nf y;D owif;rD',
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Y siaf &; tMurf;zufrEI iS hf BuKH awGU&rnfh taet
xm;jzpfaeonf/
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pm;wpfvHk;? rawmfwqrdk;&GmrnfhtajctaetwGuf avaygufrygonfh trsdK;t
pm;jzpfvQif ydkaumif;onf/
"mwfaiGYumrsufESmzHk; odkYr[kwf a&ul;rsufrSef? ESif;avQmpD;rsufESmzHk; odkYr[kwf
ESmacgif;ESifh yg;pyfudkzHk;tkyfonfh yef;csDqGJ&mwGifoHk;onfh rsufESmzHk;
vlpck &JG ef toH;k jyKonfh rsu&f nf,Akd ;kH odrYk [kwf rD;owfyu
kd jf zifah &vTwjf cif;rsm; toH;k
jyKvmonft
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[kwf vufudkify0gwpfxnf/
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twGuf atmufygypnf;rsm;udk ,laqmifoGm;zkdY rarhygESifh/
a&
tm;jznft
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twGuf)
54
"mwfcJtydkrsm;
a&S;OD;olemjyKaowm
wpfoQL;puLrsm;
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wpfck
tarSmifusvmNyD;aemuf qufvufjzpfyGm;aom tumtuG,fr&Sd awme,f
[if;vif;jyifwiG jf yKvyk o
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wpfck
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&Jrsm;? ppfom;rsm;ESihf qEjyolrsm;tMum; odrYk [kwf usnv
f rf;aMumif;twGi;f rnf
onft
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ove cocktail)? raoapEdi
onfh,mOfrsm;udk owdxm;yg/
tE&m,fjyKvmEdik q
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rsufESmzHk;? acgif;pGyfrsm; wyfqifxm;aomolrsm;)udk owdxm;yg/ qEjyolrsm;\
rsufvHk;rsm;ESifh trlt&mrsm;udkMunfhvsuf vltkyfpk\vIyf&Sm;rIudk BudKwifcefYrSef;
Edkif&ef BudK;pm;yg/
NrKd Ursm;? NrKd Uawmfrsm;wGif ausmufcrJ sm;jzifyh pfaygufEikd o
f nfh txyfjrift
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rsm;udk owdxm;yg/
oifonf tEdik u
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ndEdIif;rIjyKvkyfyg/
udk,fxdvufa&mufrIudk a&Smif&Sm;yg/ oifhtm; udk,fxdvufa&mufwdkufcdkufjcif;
odrYk [kwf cJjzifah ygufjcif;cH&ygu xGuaf jy;Ny;D tumtuG,,
f u
l m xdak e&mrS xGuf
oGm;yg/ oifdkufESufcH&ygu oif\rsufESmESifh OD;acgif;udk umuG,fxm;yg/
"mwfyq
kH &mrsm;ESihf &Jrsm;udk rsujf cnfrjywfMunfyh g/ if;wkYd oHcarmufaqmif;ygu
oifvnf; oHcarmufEiS hf rsuEf mS zH;k pGyu
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tcsdefa&mufygNyD/
rsuf&nf,dkAHk;rsm;\ tm;tif,kwfavsmhapaom tmedoifudk avQmhrwGufygESifh/
55
"mwfaiGUumrsuEf mS zH;k wyfvsuaf jy;&ef cufonfukd awG;xm;yg/ kww

f &uf touf
&SLr& jzpfwwfonf/
owd & yg
tMurf;zufqEjyrI jzpfaepOftwGif;
tumtuG,fypnf;rsm; ,loGm;yg/ oHcarmuf? rsufESmzHk;pGyf? vHkNcHKa&;*smuif
a&mufaeonfah e&mudk Munfx
h m;Ny;D rdwaf qGrsm;? vGwaf jrmufzv
Ykd rf;rsm;ESihf cdv
k pIH &mae&mrsm;udk
&Smxm;yg/
oif\owif;Xme? rdom;pkwdkYESifhqufoG,fonfhtcg yg;eyfygap/
vkHNcKHa&;wyfzGJUrsm;ESifh qEjyolrsm;tMum; raeygESifh/
56
7/ vdiftMurf;zufrIrsm;ESifh trsdK;orD;rsm;twGuf tBuHmPf r sm;

trsdK;om;ESifh trsdK;orD;owif;axmufrsm;onf ae&ma'owpfckwnf;wGif owif;vdkuf
Mu&m usm;? r cGJjcm; owif;ay;ydkYjcif;udk uefYowfrIrjyKvkyfoifh/ odkY&mwGif wcsdKUaom
tajctaersm;wGif trsdK;orD;rsm;taeESifh tE&m,frsm;jym;aoma'orsm;wGif if;wkdY\
vHkNcHKa&;pdwfcsa&;twGuf txl;BudKwifjyifqifrIrsm;jyKvkyfxm;&ef axmufcHtBuHjyKxm;
onf/
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zufwu
dk cf u
kd rf t
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Y sif
a&;qEjyyGrJ sm;twGi;f trsKd ;orD;owif;axmufrsm;pGm cHc&hJ aom vdit
f Murf;zufrrI sm;u
owif;axmufrsm;? txl;ojzifh trsKd ;orD;rsm;onf uGi;f qif;owif;,l&mwGif vdit
f Murf;
zufrIcH&Edkifonfhtajctaeudk rD;armif;xdk;jyvsuf&Sdonf/
tE&m,frsm;aoma'orsm;wGif tvkyfvkyfvsuf&Sdaom trsdK;orD;owif;axmuf
rsm;twGuf axmufcHtBuHjyKcsufrsm;udk atmufwGifazmfjyvdkufygonf/ if;tBuH
jyKcsuftrsm;pkudk tawGUtBuHK&ifhaom vkyfazmfudkifzufrsm;u ay;jcif;jzpfonf/
owif;axmufrsm;tumtuG,fay;a&; toif;tzGJYtpnf;rsm;twGuf tvkyf
vkyfudkifvsuf&Sdonfh vHkNcHKa&;ynm&Sif *sL;'pfrwfwfavmhzf (Judith Matloff)
qdkolu ,if;taMumif;t&mESifhywfouf 2011 ckESpfxkwf ]]udkvHbD,mowif;
pmynmqdkif&m jyefvnfoHk;oyfcsuf}} (Columbia Journalism Review) wG i f
aqmif;yg;wpfyk'f a&;om;cJhonf/
t0wftpm;ESifhtjyKtrl
vufxyfvufpGyf odkYr[kwf if;ESifhqifwlonfh uGif;wpfuGif; 0wfqifxm;yg/
a'o0wfpm;qif,ifrIyHkpHESifh orm;dk;ust,ltqrsm;udk av;pm;yg/ acsmifcsdNyD;
yHkoPmefrusaom t0wfrsm;udk 0wfyg/ vufryg oifwdkif;&SnfyGyG? acgif;pGyf&Syf
tusESifh abmif;bDyGyGwdkYudk cg;ywfxlxlESifh wGJ0wfyg/ if; t0wftvTmrsm;u
wdkufcdkufrnfholtm; aES;auG;apvdrfhrnf/
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kd Ef iS hf (cEmud,
k o
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k u
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yg/ vdktyfygu acgif;pnf;y0gudk pnf;xm;yg/
oiftvG,fwulajy;Edkif&ef oufaomifhoufom&Sdonfh&SL;zdeyfudk pD;yg/
wdkufcdkufrnfhol zrf;qGJxm;Edkifonfh qGJBudK;? b,uf0wfqifjcif;udk a&Smifyg/
57
oif\jyKryl u
kH kd owdxm;yg/ a'o,Ofaus;rIEiS hf "avhx;kH pHrsm;udk odxm;yg/ Oyrm
aq;vdyfaomufjcif;? trsdK;om;wpfOD;tm; vufqGJEIwfqufjcif;? t&ufaomuf
jcif; odkYr[kwf us,favmifpGm &,farmjcif;wkdYonf tcsdKUae&mrsm;wGif ysufacsmf
acsmfEdkifjcif;? awGU&mvlESifhaysmfwwfonfh vuPmrsm;tjzpf IjrifMuonf/
ud,
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Yl ultnD
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[dkw,fwpfckwGif
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tjcm;txyfwGif aeyg)
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tcg vJusvmrnfhukvm;xdkifwpfvHk;tm; wHcg;twGif;bufwGif xm;&Sdyg/
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vltkyfpkwpfpk odkYr[kwf tE&m,frsm;aomqEjyyGJtwGif;wGif
t0wftpm;udk wnfNird pf mG ? qifqifjcifjcif0wfqifzt
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*kjyKyg/ t0wftpm;txyfxyfatmufwiG f cEmud,
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wnf;jzpfonfh a&ul;0wfpHk (one-piece bathing suit) ESifh awmifhwif;aom
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vrf;tNrJwrf;&Smxm;yg/
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acR;eHYaysmufaq;uJhodkYaom zdtm;jzifhjzef;onfh Al;i,fwpfckudk ,laqmifoGm;yg/
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58
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59
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60
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61
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vkyfxm;NyD; ,if;\aumfyDwpfcktm; tdrfwGifxm;yg/ rdrduGef
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if;tm; rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfudkrodygu hard disk topfwpfckudk install vkyfNyD;
Hard disk
udk
backup
62
ta[mif;udk tdrfwGifodrf;xm;yg/ aemufxyfvkyf&rnfrSm hard disk topfxJodkY operating system xnfhay;yg/ xdkYtwGuf oif\ ,cifu vkyfaqmifxm;orQtm;vHk;udk
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awGUEdkifao;onf/
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prwfzkef;wpfvHk;wGifvnf; tvm;wljyKvkyfyg/ rdrdtdrfwGifxm;cJhEdkifonfh aemufxyfMum;
cHypnf; (a medium) ay:wGif tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; t&efodrf;xm;NyD; zkef;udk rlv
yuwd settingsrsm;twdkif; jyefxm;yg/
pnf;rsOf;2- tcsuftvufrsm; &Sif;xm;NyD;ygu 'pf*spfw,fvHkNcHKa&;ud&d,mrsm;
xnfhoGif;yg/
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ESihf (ClamXav, ClamTk, Avast, MSE, McAfee okrYd [kwf Norton uJo
h aYkd om) Adik ;f &yfpf
umuG,fonfhaqmhzf0Jrsm;udk vHkNcHKEdkiforQvHkNcHKrI&Sdaeap&ef tBuHjyKxm;aom updates
rsm;udk vkyfyg/ Firewall vHkNcHKa&;pepfudk zGifhyg/ tE&m,fay;Edkifaom aqmhzf0J odkYr[kwf
pydkif0J (spyware) rsm;udk trSwfwrJh download vkyfrdEdkifojzihfh oifhtaejzihf uGif;qif;
onfhtcg uGefysLwmwGif rnfonfh update udkrQ rvkyfygESihf/
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odkYr[kwf BitLocker ponfh applicationrsm;udkvnf;aumif; oHk;NyD; hard diskwpfckvHk;
udk uk'fjzifhxm;yg/ oif\tcsuftvufrsm;tm; umuG,fxm;&ef tcsufu tvGef
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tavQmhray;rnhfhacker qkdygu rdrd\ hard disk tm;xdef;csKyfNyD; zGifh0ifEdkifvdrfhrnfjzpf
onf/
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rSwf&vG,fulaomfvnf; aqmhzf0Jjzifh tvG,fwulrazmfEdkifaom BuHK&mpum;vHk;rsm;jzifh
aygif;pyfxm;onfh &Snfvsm;aomvQKdU0Sufpum;pk (Oyrm? ''spider in pyjamas knitting
bandanas'') udkoHk;yg/ rSwfom;&ef? ydk*&rftrsdK;rsdK;twGuf rwlnDaom password
rsm;udo
k ;kH &ef tBujH yKvykd gonf/ vdt
k yfygu LastPass, 1Password odrYk [kwf KeyPass
63
uJhodkYaom password manager rsm;udk oHk;yg/

rdrd\tifwmeufcsdwfqufrIrsm;udk 0Sufpmpepfjzifhvkyfay;Ekdifrnfh Virtual Private Neth iG ;f xm;yg/ ,if;pepfaMumihf rdr\
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work (VPN) udk xnfo
jcif;? xdk;azmuf0ifa&mufjcif; (hacking) wdkYrS vHkNcHKpdwfcs&NyD; wjcm;rnfolrQzwfEdkif
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0SufpmpepfjzifhpDrHxm;aom tifwmeufcsdwfqufrIrSwpfqifh ta&;BuD;aom0ufbfqdkuf
rsm;udk oifhtm;rodapbJ 0ifa&mufMunhfIEdkifrnfh Tor Browser udk xnfhoGif;yg/ if;udk
VPN serverjzifh toHk;jyKEdkifygonf/
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aqmhzf0J (cryptographic software) ESifh applications rsm;udk xnfhoGif;yg/ if;wdkYudk
toH;k jyKjcif;jzifh email rsm;? chat ESihf rufaqh*sw
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tD;ar;vftwGuf - Thunderbird odkYr[kwf Enigmail
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uJhodkYaom application rsm;udk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
64
pnf;rsOf;3 - tE&m,frsm;udkod&Sdxm;&efESifh oif\vIyf&Sm;vkyfaqmifrIrsm;udk

oD;oefYcGJjcm;xm;yg/
uGeyf sLwmynm&Sirf [kwo
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cGJjcm;odrf;xm;jcif;tm;jzihf if;taMumif;t&mrsm; qufpyfraeawmhyJ oif\
owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk aumif;pGmumuG,fEdkifrnfjzpfonfh om"utcsdKUrSmta&;BuD; trSm;rcHaomae&mwpfckodkY qufoG,f&ef BudKwifaiGjznfhxm;onfh
rdb
k ikd ;f zke;f wpfv;kH udk oH;k Edik o
f nf/ ,if;zke;f onf olrsm;apmifMh unfch &H jcif;r&Sb
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cJNy;D qufaeusae&mrsm;udk qufjcif;r[kwo
f nfh wpfcPMumrQom toH;k jyKaom
zkef;jzpf&rnf/
ta&;BuD; trSm;rcHaomae&mwpfckodkY qufoG,f&ef tD;ar;vfvdyfpmwpfckudk
65
zefw;D Ny;D vHNk cKH oD;oef0Y u

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qufo,
G Ef ikd yf gonf/ oif\qufo,
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wpfcsed w
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rsm;udk yHkrSef? 0Sufpmyg qufoG,fjcif; qufvufjyKvkyfaeEdkifonf/
owif;ay;yd&Yk efEiS hf tcuftcJrsm;BuKH &ygu tcsujf ytoHay;&efwt
Ykd wGuf 0Supf m
rufaqh*srf sm; tcsKd Uudk oif\owif;XmeESifh t"dutquftoG,rf sm;ESihf oabm
wlnDrI &,lxm;&rnf/
2/ uGif;qif;onfhtcg owdBuD;pGmxm;yg/ qifjcifajymqdkvkyfudkifyg/

oifESifhywfoufonfh owif;tcsuftvufenf;enf;ESihf tqifoifhtoHk;jyKEdkifaom 'pf
*spfw,fud&d,mtrsm;tjym;jzifh oif uGif;qif;vmcJhNyDjzpfonf/ owif;vdkufaepOfwpf
avQmufvHk; owdBuD;jcif;ESifh qifqifjcifjcif&Sdjcif;wdkYonf oifYtwGuf taumif;qHk;aom
rdwfzufrsm;jzpfMuonf/
pnf;rsOf; 1 - pyfpkaomrsufvHk;rsm;udk owdxm;yg/
jywif;aygufuakd usmay; tvkyv
f yk jf cif;udk a&Smifyg/ eHab;rSMunfv
h Qif rjrifEikd af p&efEiS hf
oif\ab;wGix
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h &mudk rjrifap&ef uGeyf sLwmzefom;rsuEf mS
jyifay:wGif privacy filter uyfxm;yg/
oif\ypnf;ud&d,mrsm;udk wwfEdkiforQ oifESifhtwlxm;yg/ om"utm;jzifh reufpm
qif;pm;onfhtcg laptop uGefysLwmudk [kdw,ftcef;xJwGif rxm;cJhygESihf/
oifonf tifwmeufuaz;qdkifwGif tvkyfvkyfaeonfhtcg odkYr[kwf uGef&ufcsdwf
xm;aom uGefysKwmudk toHk;jyKonfhtcgrsdK;wGif
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kd rf sm;udak zmfjyonfh browser history ESihf cookk u
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h aMumif;t&mrsm;tm;vH;k udk zsuf
ies rsm;? yHp
ypfyg/ (odkYr[kwfygu ''private browsing''udk activate vkyfxm;yg/)
66
pnf;rsOf; 2 - prwfzkef;rsm;udk owdxm;yg/

qufo,
G &f rnfo
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aiGjznfhzkef;uwfESifhtwl tajccHzkef;wpfvHk;udk owif;,l&mae&modkY ,laqmifoGm;yg/
zkef;eHygwfrsm; xnfhoGif;onfhtcg zkef;xJwGifrrSwfbJ SIM uwfxJwGif rSwfyg/
vdktyfygu zkef;xuf SIM uwfu ydkzsufqD;&vG,fulygonf/
tquftoG,rf sm;udu
k muG,&f efvrf;Tef (directory) xJwiG f emrnfajymifrsm;udk
oHk;yg/ odkYr[kwf tcsdKUaom*Pef;rsm;azsmufxm;jcif; odkYr[kwf taemufrSp
dkufxnfhxm;jcif;wdkYjzifh zkef;eHygwfrsm;tm; zHk;uG,fxm;yg/
zke;f ac:qdx
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txl;ojzihf qEjyrIowif;rsm;udk &,l&onfhtcg SIM uwfrsm; todrf;cH&rnf
[kxifvQif SIM uwftydkrsm; aqmifoGm;yg/
prwfzkef;rsm;onf pdwfrcs&ay/ if;zkef;rsm;onf rdkbdkif;uGef&ufrsm;ESifh tifwmeufodkY
tcsut
f vuftrsm;tjym;udk tqufrjywfxw
k v
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kd Ef ikd o
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tqdk;qHk;&efol jzpfoGm;Edkifonf/
prwfzkef;udk,laqmifNyD; c&D;oGm;onfhtcg Wi-Fi, Bluetooth ESifhwnfae&mjy application udk ydwfxm;yg/ odkYr[kwf apmifhMunfhcH&onfhtE&m,fudk avQmhcsEdkif&eftwGuf
airplane mode odkY ajymif;yg/ ta&;BuD;tpnf;ta0;wpfckodkY oGm;onfhtcg zkef;udkxm;
cJhyg/ odkYr[kwf ydwfxm;yg/ odkYr[kwf tqdkyg tpnf;ta0;odkYroGm;cif bufx&Dudk xkwf
xm;yg/
prwfzkef;rsm;onf wpfcgwpf&HwGif oifhtcsuftvufrsm;? taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh jynfh
ESufaewwfonf/ jyefay;qGJcH&NyD; zkef;todrf;cH&ygu zkef;twGif;&Sd "mwfyHkrsm;? tquf
toG,frsm;? tifwmeufMunfhxm;onfrsm;ESifh zkef;ac:qdkxm;rIrsm;udk jyoonfhrSwf
wrf;rsm;(logs)rsm;u oifhtm; wefjyef'kuay;EdkifNyD; wjcm;vlrsm;udkvnf; tE&m,fBuHK
awGUapEdkifonfudk owd&yg/
67
pnf;rsOf; 3 - oif\owif;XmeESihfqufoG,f&mwGif vHkNcHKpdwfcs&aom enf;vrf;udk

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oihfud&d,mrSjyefzsufypfyg/
twdkqHk;ajymyg- rnfonfhae&mrSzkef;qufonf odkYr[kwf tifwmeufqufoG,frIjyKvkyf
onf? qJvzf ek ;f vm;? prwfzek ;f vm;qdo
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tD;ar;vfrsm;udk0Sufpmjzihfa&;yg- uGefysKwmydk*&rfrsm;xJrS Pretty Good Privacy
(PGP)udk oH;k jcif;tm;jzihf oif\tD;ar;vfut
kd ifwmeufrw
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taMumif;t&mrsm;udk 0SufpmjyKvkyfxm;Edkifrnfjzpfonf/ if;ydk*&rfudkuGefysLwmtwGif;
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udkydwfxm;Edkifonfhtrsm;oHk;aomh (public key) ESihf 'kwd,cvkwfonfpmvufcH&&Sdol
u pmudzk iG
fh 0Supf mudak zmf&ef toH;k jyKaomud,
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hf ift
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wGJzuftcsuftvufrsm; (metadata) udkowdxm;yg- pmay;ydo
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rdrdvSsdKU0Sufxm;aomtaMumif;t&mrsm; aygufMum;roGm;ap&efowdxm;yg/
tMuHjyKcsuf?oif\ay;ydkYpm (message) tm; spam yHkpHjzpfaeap&efvkyfyg/ Oyrm

xl;qef;tHMh ozG,&f mpm;p&murf;vSr;f csuf (Miracle Diet Offer) qdo
k nfh trnfay;xm;yg/
68
pnf;rsOf; 4 - oifhZmpfjrpfrsm;ESifhtjyeftvSefpmydkYjcif;udk vHkNcHKpGmvkyfyg/

pmrsm;tm; wpfpHkwpfa,mufESihftjyeftvSefydyd&d&dqufoG,f&mwGifoifESifh oifh pmquf
oG,fzufwdkY ESpfbufpvHk; password &Sdonfh ''dead drop'' qdkonfh mailbox tm;t
oH;k jyKyg/ pmMurf;rsm;udk server rSrydb
Yk J if; dead drop wGix
f m;qufo,
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oifESifhoifhpmqufoG,fzufwdkYu trnfazmfjyrxm;aom pmay;ydkYoltjzpfay;ydkYEdkifovdk
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oH;k &vG,u
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zufrsm;tm; 0SufpmjyKvkyf&eftwGuf 4if;ud&d,mrsm;udktoHk;jyKzdkYwdkufwGef;Edkifonf/
Cryptocatonf browser ay:wGif install vkyfxm;NyD;ygu ESpfbufajymqdkorQ
wdu
Yk ckd sucf si;f tp tqH;k 0Supf mjyKvyk af y;rnfjzpfNy;D Ny;D onfEiS cfh sucf si;f zsuaf y;onfh
application jzpfonf/ if;tm; toHk;jyK&mwGif tD;ar;vfvdyfpmrvdkbJ tajymif
trnfwpfckESifh okdYr[kwf tifwmeuf chatting (pm&dkufpum;ajymqdk&m) wGif
oHk;aomtrnfwpfckwdkYjzifh vHkavmufonf/
Privnote ESihf ZeroBin wdkYonf 0Sufpmjzihfa&;om;xm;aompmrsm;ESifhcsdwfquf
xm;onfh URLrsm; udzk efw;D ay;onft
h ifwmeufqu
kd rf sm;jzpfMuonf/ if;pmrsm;
udk wpfzufvlu zwfNyD;onfESihf tvdktavsmuf ysufoGm;rnfjzpfonf/ if;rSm
rdrw
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Ykd eG yf sLwmay:wGif rnfonht
f &mudrk Q install rvkyv
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kd rl sm;twGuf &nf&,
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xm;jcif;jzpfNy;D install vky&f vG,u
f o
l nf/ ,if;uJo
h Ykd 0Supf mjzihaf &;om;xm;aom
pmrsm;udk Oyrmtm;jzifh email odrYk [kwf chatwdjYk zifah y;ydo
Yk uJo
h eYkd nf;vrf;wpfco
k m
vdktyfygonf/
Firefox Hello onf0SufpmjyKvkyfxm;aomAD'D,dk (kyfôH) pum;ajymrsm;jyKvkyf
Edkifonfh Firefox ESihf Chrome browser rsm;\toGiftjyifwpfckjzpfonf/
3/ tqHk;pGeftajctaersm; odkYr[kwf Mum;jzwfaESmifh,SufcH&jcif;
tajctaeqdk;0g;csdef? Oyrmtm;jzifh y#dyuwpfck odkYr[kwf qEjyyGJwpfyGJtwGif; ab;
tE&m,fuif;&Sif;ap&efESihfoif\ owif;rsm;udkay;ydkY&efomjzpfonf/ if;tajctae
rsm;uxdyfwdkufawGUaomtajctaersm; odkYajymif;vJoGm;Edkifonf/ uGef&ufwpfck? wnf
ae&mjypepfwpfck (GPS) odkYr[kwf N*dK[fwkqufoG,frIrsm;udktoHk;jyKjcif;tm;jzifh rdrdt
aetxm;udk odoGm;EdkifNyD; tE&m,f\ZmpfjrpfwpfckjzpfoGm;Edkifonf/ oifhtaejzifh quf
oG,frIenf;vrf;trsdK;rsdK;\tE&m,frsm;udk odxm;&rnf/ oif\ypnf;rsm;udk umuG,f
pOfwGif if;tE&m,frsm;rSrnfuJhodkYvGwfatmifvkyfrnfudkodxm;&rnf/
69
pnf;rsOf; 1 - oifhzkef;udkroHk;bJ rnfodkYvkyfaqmif&rnfudk avYvmxm;yg/

vlu,
dk w
f ikd f rsuEf mS csi;f qdik af wGUqHrk rI sm;udk OD;pm;ay;yg/ rdrad emufoYdk aemufa,mifcv
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qufoG,f pDpOfxm;jcif;jzpfygu ESpfbufndEIdif;&rnfjzpfonf/
rxGufcGmrD odkYr[kwf ta&;BuD;onfholwpfOD;udk rawGUqHkrD prwfuwfESifh bufx&DwdkYudk
zke;f rSjzKwx
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h m; apmifMh unhjf cif;? oif\wnfae&mudk &Sm
azGjcif;rsm;twGuf oif\
h zke;f tm; toH;k jyKr&Edik af wmh/ zke;f tm; pufyw
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airplane mode vkyx
f m;jcif;jzihf rvHak vmufyg/ xdt
Yk jyif ,aeYacwfwiG f txl;ud&,
d mrsm;
roHk;bJ? pdwf&SnfrIr&SdbJ iPhonerS bufx&Dudk jzKwfr&yg/ xkdYaMumihf zkef;xm;cJhzdkYudkom
pOf;pm;yg/
pnf;rsOf; 2 - oifhudk,foifESifh oifhtcsuftvufrsm;udk vHkNcHKatmifaeyg/
oif\t"duOD;pm;ay;rSm owif;xGuo
f mG ;zdo
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toHk;jyKcJhaom) Bambuser wdkYudk toHk;jyKEdkifonf/
oif\t"duOD;pm;ay;rSm oifhudk,fudkvHkNcHKzdkYjzpfNyD; owif;ydkY&ef apmifhqdkif;Edkifygu oif\
owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;tm; ae&mtrsKd ;rsKd ;wGif 0Sux
f m;yg? odrYk [kwf pdwcf s,MkH unf&onfh
wpfa,mufa,muftm; ay;xm;vdu
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f nf; (ray;
csifonfhyHkpHjzifh) ay;&Edkifonfh odyfta&;rBuD;aom memory cardsrsm;udk xm;&Sdyg/
olwpfyg;,HkMunfavmufap&ef if; memory cards rsm;xJwGif tcsuftvuftcsdKU&Sdae
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uwftm; zsufqD;ypfvdkufNyD; laptop rSta&;BuD;owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udkvnf; zsuf
ypfvdkufyg/
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twGuf xdwv
f efrY cI vkwf ''panic button'' udk wDxiG af y;xm;onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh
oift
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70
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od&SdEdkifNyD; oifBudKwifjyKvkyfxm;aom ta&;ay:jyifqifrIrsm;tay:rlwnf t
a&;BuD;aom owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk zsufypfNyD; rdrd\ password udkvnf;
ajymif;ypfyg/
iPhone wpfv;kH tm; zGi&
hf ef tBurd Bf urd Bf uKd ;yrf;Ny;D ratmifjrifonft
h cgwGif tcsuf
tvuftm;vH;k udk zsuq
f ;D ypfatmif ,if; iPhone tm; vdt
k yfovdpk rD H (configure) vkyfxm;Edkifonf/ (privacy setting udkMunhfyg)
pnf;rsOf; 3 - ta&;MuD;aomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf vHk;0vHkNcHKpdwfcs&aomae&m
xm;&S d y g/
ta&;BuD;aomvkyfaqmifrIrsm;twGuf TailsuJhodkYaom 0SufpmjzihfjyKvkyfxm;NyD; vHkNcHKrI
tvGejf rifo
h nfh operating systemwpfcu
k kd oH;k yg/ if;u live system uJo
h Ykd &Sad ernfjzpf
NyD; if;udk jzKwfEdkif? a&TUEdkifaom Mum;cH (removable medium) wpfckay:wGif xm;yg/
,if;okjYd yKvyk jf cif;tm;jzihf removable medium ukd uGeyf sLwmrSjzKwv
f u
kd o
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tjcm;olrsm;xHuv
kd nf; jzefaY 0ay;Edik o
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onfh USB stick wpfck odkYr[kwf memory cardwGif odrf;xm;&onf/ Tails tm;
operating system taejzifh restart vkyy
f g/ Tails rSwpfqihjf yKvyk af om qufo,
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tvufrsm; odrf;xm;rIr&Sdonfh (amnesic) ud&d,mwpfck jzpfonf/ u@wpfckrSwpfckodkY
ul;ajymif;&mwGif tcsut
f vufrsm;udk rSwrf xm;ojzifh oifvyk x
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73
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77
tcef; 6 - kyfydkif;qdkif&mESifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m 'Pf&m

rsm;udk ukojcif;
tcef;wGif rawmfwqjzpfysufrIwpfckwGif vufeufjzifh&aom xdcdkuf'Pf&m? wjcm;
xdcu
kd 'f Pf&m&&So
d w
l pfO;D tm; jyKpak y;Edik o
f nfh tajccHa&S;OD;olemjyKpjk cif;qdik &f m TeMf um;
csurf sm; yg0ifonf/ xdt
Yk jyif y#dyua'orsm; odrYk [kwf vlom;csi;f pmemrIqikd &f mta&;ay:
a'orsm;wGif tvkyv
f yk u
f ikd Mf u&aomowif;axmufrsm; cHpm;Edik &f zG,&f m&So
d nfh pdwyf ikd ;f
qdkif&mxdcdkufrItm; xkwfazmf? ajz&Sif;rIenf;vrf;rsm;ESifhywfoufonfh tBuHOmPfrsm;udk
vnf; ay;xm;onf/
1/ vuf e uf a Mumif h ' Pf & m&ol r sm;? xd c d k u f ' Pf & m&ol r sm;tm; a&S ; OD ;
olemjyKpkjcif;
vufpGJpmtkyf\ tzGifhtcef;rsm;wGifyg0ifaom vHkNcHKa&;qdkif&mvrf;Tefcsufrsm;onf
owif;axmufrsm; BuKH awGUvmEdik af omtE&m,frsm;udk avQmch s&ef &nf,
G o
f nf/ od&Yk mwGif
rawmfwqrIrsm;ESifh xdcdkuf'Pf&m&rIrsm;onf qufvufjzpfysufaeOD;rnf jzpfygonf/
xdkYtwGuf uRrf;usifolaq;ynm&Sifrsm;\ tultnDra&mufrcsif; jyKvkyfEdkifonfh a&S;OD;
olemjyKpkjcif; vkyfxHk;vkyfenf;rsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
78
a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif;rjyKvkyfrD od&Sdxm;oifhonfrsm;
ta&;ay:a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif;udk jyKvkyfay;&mwGif txl;ojzifh jyif;xefaom xdcdkuf
'Pf&m&&SdcJhygu if;vlemrsm;onf owdvpfarhajrmaeygu odkYr[kwf uav;rsm;?
vkyaf zmfuikd zf ufrsm;? rdwaf qGrsm; yg0ifywfoufaeygu pdwv
f yI &f mS ;ap? pdw'f u
k a &muf
apygonf/ xdkuJhodkYaom zdpD;rItvGefrsm;aeonfhtcsdefwGif a&S;OD;olemjyKpkay;pOf
oif\tcef;u@rSm oifonfa&S;OD;jyKpkolwpfOD;taejzifh taxmuftulwpfckckjzpf
ap&ef oifu,
kd w
f ikd v
f nf; xdcu
kd cf &H jcif;udak &Smif&rnf[k ESv;kH oGi;f vsuf xdcu
kd 'f Pf&m\
jyif;xefrt
I ajctaeESihf touf&iS Ef ikd rf nft
h cGit
hf a&;udk qH;k jzwf&rnf/ xdt
Yk wl tvsif
tjrefvkyfaqmif&mwGif owdBuD;pGmxm;&rnfrSm oifonf q&m0efwpfa,mufuJhodkY
rjyKrlrdap&ef owdxm;yg/ tcsdKU a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif;vkyfief;pOfrsm;onf rSefuefpGm
rvkyfaqmifEdkifygu tE&m,fjzpfapEdkifonf/
rawmfwqjzpfonfah e&modYk oifa&muf&ydS gu ae&m\tajctaeudo
k ;kH oyf rdru
d ,
kd f
udk umuG,fyg/ rD;avmifjcif;? atmufpD*sifjywfvyfjcif;? ae&mtvGefusOf;usyfjcif;?
vQyfppfqdkif&m? "mwfypnf;rsm;qdkif&m odkYr[kwf ,mOftE&m,frsm;uJhodkYaom ab;
tE&m,frsm;udk owdxm;yg/ 'Pf&m&olonf ul;pufwufaoma&m*grsm;jzpfonfh
tonf;a&miftom;0ga&m*g odrYk [kwf ckct
H m;usqif;onfah &m*g (HIV) wdu
Yk o
hJ aYkd om
ul;pufa&m*grsm; &SEd ikd o
f nfukd od&x
dS m;yg/ xdu
k o
hJ aYkd om a&m*gul;pufjcif; tE&m,fukd
vuftw
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f 0wftpm;rsm; 0wfqifjcif;jzifh avQmch sEikd o
f nf/
atmufazmfjyyg owif;taMumif;t&mrsm;udk jyifopfMuufajceDtoif;rS xkwaf 0aom

a&S;OD;olemjyKpjk cif; vrf;Tepf mtkyrf S xkwEf w
k x
f m;jcif;jzpfonf/ if;onf a&S;OD;olem
jyKpjk cif;oifwef;tm; tpm;xd;k zdrYk [kwyf g/ ab;tE&m,f&adS oma'orsm;odYk oGm;a&muf
olrsm;twGuf a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif;oifwef;udkom txl;axmufcHajymqdkygonf/
a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif; tqifhav;qifh
1/ rawmfwqjzpfymG ;aomae&mESihf jzpfymG ;olrsm;udk vHNk cKH pmG xm;&Syd g/ vHNk cKH a&;qdik &f m
tajctaersm;udk oHk;oyfNyD; Oyrmtm;jzifh rD;avmifjcif;? vQyfppf"mwf? ,mOf
tE&m,fponfjzifh aemufxyfab;tE&m,frsm; jzpfyGm;rIr&Sdap&ef owdxm;yg/
oifudk,fwdkiftwGuf rnfonfhab;tE&m,frSsr&SdrSom rawmfwqjzpfyGm;aom
ae&modkY csOf;uyfyg/ jzpfEdkifygu xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olrsm;ESifh xdkae&m&Sdaeolrsm;
tm;vH;k tE&m,fuif;&Si;f ap&ef owdxm;yg/ tu,f tajctaeonf tE&m,f
&Sad eNy;D oift
h aejzifh tE&m,frsm;Mum;wGif vkyaf qmif&rnft
h ajctaewGi&f ydS gu
79
ta&;ay:Xmersm;udk today;EdI;aqmfxm;yg/ tultnDapmifhqdkif;aepOftwGif;

rawmfwqjzpfysufonfhae&m\ ywfywfvnfwGif vHkNcHKa&;{&d,m owfrSwfyg/
2/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olrsm;\tajctaeudk oHk;oyfyg/ rdrdudk,fudk rdwfqufNyD; aemuf
oif bmvkyrf nfukd xdak e&mwGi&f adS eolrsm;tm; ajymjyyg/ 'Pf&m&olrsm; owd&ae
Ny;D toufreS rf eS f LS aeap&efjyKvyk yf g/ xdo
k \
l owd&aeonft
h ajctae? toufLS
jcif;tajctaersm; ajymif;vJoGm;ygu touftE&m,fpdk;&drf&onfhvuPm jy
jcif;jzpfNyD; xdkoltm; ta&;ay:tzGJYodkY vTJajymif;ay;&rnf/
3/ oifudk,fwdkif tultnDvdktyfygu ta&;ay:ulnDa&;tzGJYudk ajymjyyg/
4/ a&S;OD;olemjyKpkjcif;udk wnfwnfNidrfNidrfjzifh ysm,mcwfjcif;r&SdbJ aqmif&Gufyg/
owdarhaeaomtajctaersm;udk udkifwG,fjcif;
tu,f xdcdkuf'Pf&m&ol\ &ifbwfonf edrfhvdkuf? jrifhvdkuf rSefrSefjzpfaeygu if;\
toufSLvrf;aMumif;udk yGifhatmifxm;NyD; jyefvnfaumif;vmrnfhtaetxm;wGif xm;
ay;&rnf/
1/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m&ol\ wkefYjyefrIudk ppfaq;yg/
2/ if;wdkY\touf&SLvrf;aMumif;udk yGifhatmifxm;yg/ (atmufwGif Munfhyg/)
3/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m&ol touf&SLaejcif; &Sd? r&Sd ppfaq;yg/
4/ xdkoltm; jyefaumif;vmrnfhtaetxm;wGif xm;yg/ (atmufwGif Munfhyg/)
5/ tu,f oifonf wpfa,mufwnf;jzpfaeygu tultnDawmif;ay;&ef wpf
a,mufa,muf tm; ajymyg/
6/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olonf touf&SLaejcif; &Sd? r&Sd tultnDa&mufvmonfhtxd
yHkrSefppfaq;yg/
vlem\ toufIvrf;aMumif;udk yGifhaeap&ef vkyfaqmifenf;

wpfpw
kH pfO;D onf owdvpfarYarsmoGm;ygu <uufom;rsm;avsmo
h mG ;Ny;D vQmonf vnfrsKt
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ap&eftwGuf xdo
k \
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Ykd eS af y;Ny;D ar;aphukd tay:bufoYkd qGaJ rmh
ay;xm;&ygrnf/
vdktyfygu aumfvmMu,faph? vnfpD; (eufuwdkif) odkYr[kwf cg;ywfrsm;udk jznfxm;yg/
vlem\ezl;ay:wGif vufwpfzufxm;NyD; OD;acgif;udk taemufbufodkY nifompGmvSefyg/
wpfcsed w
f nf;rSmyif vlem\vQm vnfNrKd aemufyikd ;f odYk ra&mufapbJ touf&LS vrf;aMumif;
80
yGiahf eap&ef oif\wjcm;vufrS vufacsmif;av;rsm;jzifh ar;zsm;udt

k ay:odYk yifw
h ifvu
kd yf g/
ar;aphatmuf&dS aysmah jymif;aom<uufom;rsm;tm; zdrjd cif;rSa&Smifyg/ xdo
k zYkd x
d m;jcif;tm;
jzifh vlemtm; touf&SLusyfaponf/
owdvpfarharsmaeol toufSLaeygap/
xdkol\&ifbwfonf yHkrSef edrfhvdkuf? jrifhvdkuf jzpfaeygap/
oif\em;wpfzufukd xdo
k \
l yg;pyfaygufem;wGif xm;Ny;D touf&LS oHukd em;axmif
yg/
vlemtouf&LS aeaMumif;udk od&adS p&ef oif\yg;udk xdo
k \
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rQxm;NyD; cHpm;Munfhyg/
jyefvnfaumif;vmonfhtaetxm;odkY a&TUajymif;enf;
1/ xdcu
kd 'f Pf&m&olonf rsurf eS w
f yfqifxm;ygu cRwv
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udk cEmudk,fESifh wpfajzmifhwnf;jzpfap&ef jznf;nif;pGma&TUay;yg/
2/ oifhbufem;&Sd vlem\vufwpfbufudk ol\udk,fcEmESihf axmifhrSefusaeap&ef
twGuf qG,
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wHawmifqpfukd auG;xm;yg/ oifu vlem\tem;wGif 'l;ESpzf ufaxmufvsuf odrYk
[kwf 'l;wpfzufaxmufvsuf oHk;acsmif;axmuftaetxm;jzifh aeyg/
3/ xdo
k \
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hf yfvsuw
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k \
l em;&Guaf y:
wGif vufzrdk;jzifh (vufz0g;udk tjyifbufwGifxm;) wifxm;yg/ xdkol\ vuf
z0g;udk oif\vufz0g;jzifhtkyfum xdkolwdkY\em;&Gufudk zdxm;yg/
4/ oif\tjcm;vufwpfzufjzifh rdrEd iS ahf 0;&mbufwiG &f adS om ajcaxmufukd vlem\'l;
qpfatmufrq
S rJG ajczsm;ydik ;f udk ajray:wGix
f m;yg/ vlem\0rf;acgif;ydik ;f (thoG f vlemESiahf 0;&modYk ajymif;a&TUaeyg/ odrYk o
S mvQif taemufbufoYkd
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qkwpf &mrvdb
k J vlem\cEmud,
k u
f kd ab;wdu
k f oifb
h ufov
Ykd n
S Ehf ikd rf nfjzpfonf/
5/ 'l;acgif;rsm;u ajrBuD;ESifhxdonftxd vlem\ajcaxmufudkqGJvSdrfhyg/ vlem\
vufvyI &f mS ;rIrjzpfatmif vlem\wHawmifqpfuu
kd ikd v
f suf vlem\OD;acgif;atmuf
wGiaf &mufaernfh oif\vufukd jznf;nif;pGmqGx
J w
k yf g/ enf;tm;jzifh vlem\
OD;acgif;onfvnf; Nidrfoufaernf/
6/ wifyg;ESi'hf ;l acgif;onf axmifrh eS u
f saeap&eftwGuf tay:zuf&adS jcaxmuftae
txm;udk nday;yg/
81
7/ OD;acgif;udrk vIy&f mS ;apbJ owdvpfaeol\yg;pyftm; vufwpfzuf\vufacsmif;

ESiv
hf ufrwdjYk zifh zGiyhf g/ odrYk o
S m yg;pyftwGi;f rS t&nfrsm;xGuu
f svmEdik rf nf jzpfonf/
oifonf wpfa,mufwnf;jzpfaeygu ta&;ay:tultnDukd zke;f qufac:ay;&ef odrYk [kwf
oGm;ac:ay;&ef wpfOD;OD;tm; ajymyg/
owdvpfaeol\touf&SLjcif;onf yHkrSef [kwf? r[kwf tcsdefrSefppfaq;yg/
owdtjrefjyefvnf&vmaprnfh taetxm;
Drawing by Jean-Pierre Danard, courtesy of the Fdration des Secouristes

Franais Croix Blanche
cEmudk,ftjyifydkif; aoG;,dkxGufaejcif;
'Pf&mwpfckrSae aoG;rsm;tqufrjywf yef;xGuf? pdrfhxGufaeygu wdkufdkufzdtm;ay;
vsuf aoG;wdwfatmifvkyf&rnf/
1/ jzpfEdkifygu xdcdkuf'Pf&m&ol\aoG;ESifh xdjcif;rSa&Smifyg/ vlemtm; oludk,fwdkif
'Pf&mudk zdxm;zdkYajymyg/
2/ odkYr[kwfygu oif\vuftm; vuftdwf odkYr[kwf yvwfpwpftdwfpGwfvsuf
odkYr[kwf t0wfywfvsuf tumtuG,f,lum oifudk,fwdkif'Pf&mudk zdxm;yg/
3/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m&&Sdoltm; ajrjyifnD vJavsmif;aeygap/
4/ teD;tem;wGi&f o
dS nfh vlwpfO;D OD;tm; ta&;ay:Xmeudk qufo,
G cf ikd ;f yg/ odrYk [kwf
oifudk,fwdkifqufoG,fyg/
5/ aoG;qufvufxu
G af eygu ydrk Nkd rNJ rpH mG zdxm;yg/ xdu
k o
hJ jYkd yKvyk jf cif;onf rvHak vmuf
ygbJ touftE&m,fay;apEdkifavmufatmif aoG;qufxGufaeygu aoG;wdwf
apaomywfwD;jzifh ywfxm;yg/ (atmufwGif TefMum;csuf)
82
6/ tultnDrsm; a&mufvmonftxd 'Pf&mudkzdxm;yg/

7/ oifonf xdak e&mrS xGucf mG oGm;&ef&ydS gu (Oyrmtm;jzifh ta&;ay:tcsuaf y;&ef
twGu)f vlu,
kd w
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d m;&rnft
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8/ udprsm;NyD;qHk;ygu oif\vufrsm;udk a&aq;yg/ odkYr[kwfygu ydk;owfaq;jzifh
oefYpifay;yg/
aoG;wdwfapaomywfwD;udk toHk;jyKjcif;
vufjzihfzdjcif;tpm; toHk;jyKaomywfwD;onf oefY&Sif;&rnfjzpfNyD; aoG;xGufaeaom
'Pf&mudk tjynft
h 0zH;k tkyEf ikd &f rnf/ 'Pf&mudk vufjzifzh x
d m;&mrS z,fvu
kd o
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NydKifeuf aoG;wdwfapaomywfwD;udk jrefEdkiforQjrefjrefpnf;&rnf/ ywfwD;onf *Grf;pudk
zHk;tkyfap&eftwGuf teHus,f&rnfjzpfNyD; 'Pf&mudktenf;qHk; 2 ywfcefY pnf;xm;Edkif&ef
&Snv
f sm;&rnf/ xdpk nf;aESmifjcif;onf 'Pf&mrSaoG;jyefrxGuv
f map&eftwGuf vHak vmuf
aom wif;usyfrI&Sd&rnf/
aoG;wdwfapaomywfwD;onf aoG;xGufjcif;udk vHk;0r&yfwefYapEdkifygu zdtm;ydkrsm;vm
ap&ef yxr*Grf;ptay:wGif aemufxyf*Grf;pwpfckudk xyfrHwifyg/ xdkuJYodkvkyfaqmif
aomfvnf; aoG;qufvufxGufaeygu vufjzifh qufvufzdxm;ay;yg/
aoG;tvGeftrif;xGufjcif;ESifh aoG;wdwfywfwD; (tourniquet) tokH;

jyKjcif;
tBuHOmPfudk jyifopfMuufajceDtoif;\ oifwef;rSL;jzpfol c&pfpwdkzDwJvfruf
(Christophe Talmet) u ay;jcif;jzpfonf/
ta&;Bu;D aom aoG;xGuv
f eG rf EI iS hf awGUBuKH &ygu oif yxrOD;qH;k vkyaf qmif&rnfrmS aoG;
wdwaf paomjzpfpOf (haemostatic dressing) udk jyKvyk af y;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ xdo
k jYkd yKvyk f
jcif;onf 'Pf&mudkzdxm;um ydwfprsm;jzifh wif;usyfpGmcsnfaESmifxm;jcif;jzifh ul&Sifwpf
cktjzpf tumtuG,fay;onf/
udk,ft*Fgtpdwftydkif;wpfckckrS aoG;tvGeftuRHxGufaeNyD; oifhtaejzifh zdaomenf;jzifh
aoG;wdwaf tmif rvkyaf qmifEikd yf gu if;'Pf&monf toufab;udpk ;kd &dr&f onfh tajctae
jzpfNy;D ta&;ay:tultnDonfvnf; vufvrS ;f rrDEikd af o;ygu 'Pf&maoG;wdwaf p&eft
wGuf aoG;wdwfaprnfhypnf;wpfckckudk toHk;jyK&awmhrnfjzpfonf/ uJhodkYjyKvkyfjcif;udk
txufazmfjyygtajctaersm;wGifom jyKvkyfyg/
83
aoG;wdwaf prnfyh pn;f onf ta&jym;ud'k Pf&mrjzpfapbJ aoG;xGujf cif;udk &yfwefaY pEdik f
aom cdkifcHhonfht0wfpjzifh jyKvkyfxm;NyD; teHus,faom pnf;aESmifp&mjzpf&rnf/ aoG;r
a&mufEikd af om{&d,m enf;Edik o
f rQenf;atmif xdyk pn;f udk 'Pf&m\tay:wnfw
h nfw
h iG f
xm;&rnf/
aoG;wdwfaponfhydwfpudk csnf&efrSm t0wfpwGif uGif;av;wpfckjyKvkyfyg/ 'Pf&monf
ajcovH;k tv,fwiG &f ydS gu 'Pf&m&&So
d \
l 'l;acgif;atmufbufwiG f uGi;f udx
k m;yg/ ydwpf
\ uset
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oif\'l;acgif;jzifh zdxm;yg/ tjcm;wpfzufudk 'Pf&m&&Sdaomajcaxmuftay:rSausmf
uGi;f udjk zwfNy;D ,lyg/ aoG;&yfwefaY p&eftwGuf xdt
k pwpfzufukd wif;wif;qGyJ g/ xdaYk emuf
oif\'l;acgif;jzifh zdxm;aom tjcm;tqHk;wpfzufudk ,lcsnfyg/
aoG;wdwfap&ef &nf&G,fjyKvkyfxm;aom ywfwD;rsm;vnf;&Sd&m xdktcgrsKd;wGif oifonf
ywfonfhywfwD;jym;udkwif wkwfacsmif;i,fudkvSnfhNyD; usyfay;yg/
rSwfom;&ef
aoG;wdwfatmif pnf;aESmifNyD;onfhaemuf aoG;xGufjcif;onfvnf; &yfqdkif;oGm;
ygu q&m0efwpfO;D \ wm0ef,u
l o
k rIr&rcsi;f rnfonft
h aMumif;aMumifrh Q ywf
wD;udkz,f&Sm;jcif;? avQmhay;jcif; rvkyfygESifh/
aoG;wdwaf p&ef pnf;aESmifonft
h csed u
f kd rSwo
f m;xm;yg/ 'Pf&m&&So
d t
l ay:wGif
Oyrmtm;jzifh 'Pf&m&ol\ezl;jyifay:wGif tcsdefudkwdusxif&Sm;pGm jyxm;yg/
tcsuo
f nf'Pf&m&&So
d u
l kd ukoay;rnfh cGpJ w
d q
f &m0eftwGuf tvGet
f a&;Bu;D
aomtcsut
f vufyif jzpfonf/ jyKvyk af eusrmS aoG;wdwaf paomywfw;D twGuf
''T'' (tourniquet) ESihf a'otcse
d u
f kd a&;&efjzpfonf/ Oyrm oifonf ywfw;D udk
rGe;f vGJ 2;30 em&DwGif pnf;ygu T14:30 [k a&;yg/
aoG;wdwfaponfhywfwD;ay:wGif t0wf odkYr[kwf apmifrsm;jzifh zHk;rxm;ygESifh/
xdkuJhodkY zHk;tkyfxm;ygu 'Pf&mudk owdrjyKrdawmhbJ tcsdefaESmif;rS z,f&Sm;ay;
jcif; jzpfwwfonf/
'Pf&m&&Sdolonf aoG;vnfywfjcif; jyemrsm;jzpfonfh aoG;zdtm;enf;jcif;?
jzLzwfjzLavsmfjzpfjcif; odkYr[kwf acR;ap;rsm; xGufvmjcif;wdkY jzpfvmwwfonf/
xdktcg vlemudk vJavsmif;apNyD; ESpfodrfhrIay;yg/
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vGwfuif;aejcif;udk tqHk;owfonfh EdkifiHwumaeYtjzpf aMunmjcif;udk tcGifhaumif;
,lvsuf owif;axmufrsm; vHkNcHKa&;udpESifhywfoufaomtodudk wdk;jrifh&efESifh udp
ESifhpyfvsOf; cdkifrmaom tpysdK;vkyfaqmifcsufrsm; pwif&ef EdkifiHrsm;tm; tm;ay;rI
jyKvdkufonf/
111
...6/ rdrdwdkY\ w&m;pD&ifrIe,fedrdwftwGif; usa&mufvmonfh owif;axmufrsm;ESifh

rD'D,mtvkyform;rsm;tay: tqdkyg tMurf;zufrI? Ncdrf;ajcmufrIESifh wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk
bufrvdu
k af om? jrefqefaom? jynfph akH om? vGwv
f yfaom? xda&mufaom pHpk rf;ppfaq;rI
rsm;udk aqmif&Gufjcif;jzifh wm0efcHrI&Sd&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? trdefYay;olrsm;? yl;aygif;
usL;vGeo
f rl sm;? ulnt
D m;ay;olrsm; odrYk [kw?f &mZ0wfrrI sm;tm; zH;k uG,o
f rl sm; tygt0if
usL;vGefolrsm;tm; w&m;Hk;odkYydkY&eftwGufvnf;aumif;? usL;vGefcH&olrsm;ESifh olwdkY\
rdom;pkrsm;onf oifhavsmfaom jyefvnfukpm;rIrsm;udk &&SdzdkYaocsmap&efvnf;aumif;
tzGUJ 0ifEikd if rH sm;tm; tMurf;zufrrI sm;? Ncrd ;f ajcmufrrI sm;ESihf wdu
k cf u
kd rf rI sm;udk wwfprG ;f oa&GU
wm;qD;&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufonf/
7/ owif;pmq&mrsm;taejzifh if;wd\
Yk tvkyu
f kd trSt
D cdu
k if;pGm? rxdu
k w
f efaom aESmif,
h u
S f
rIrsm; r&SdbJ vkyfaqmifEdkif&eftwGuf ab;uif;vkHNcKH pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom ywf0ef;usif
wpfcu
k kd Oya'tm;jzifv
h nf;aumif;? vufawGUtm;jzifv
h nf;aumif; atmufygenf;vrf;rsm;
tygt0if zefwD;&ef wdkufwGef;vdkufonf/
Oya'jyKjcif;qdkif&m enf;vrf;rsm;?
owif;axmufrsm; ab;uif;vkHNcKHa&;ESifhpyfvsOf; EdkifiHwumvlYtcGifhta&;ESifh
vlom;csi;f pmemrIOya'\ wm0efrsm;ESihf uwdu0wfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufNy;D w&m;pD&if
a&;tzGJUtwGif;ESifh w&m;Oya'pdk;rdk;a&;t&m&Sdrsm;ESifh ppfbufqdkif&myk*dKvfrsm;
tMum;? owif;axmufrsm;tMum;? vlrt
I zGUJ tpnf;rsm;twGi;f todw&m; jri w
hf if
jcif;?
owif;axmufrsm;tm; wdu
k cf u
dk rf rI sm;udk avhvmapmifMh unfjh cif;ESihf tpD&ifcjH cif;?
tMurf;zufrIESifh wdkufcdkufrIrsm;udk jynfoltrsm;od&Sd&ef pepfwusIwfcsjcif;?
xdkuJhodkYaom wdkufcdkufrIrsm;tm; pHkprf;axmufvSrf;&efESifh w&m;pGJqdk&ef? owif;
axmufrsm;tay: usL;vGefaom wdkufcdkufrIrsm;ESifh tMurf;zufrIrsm;\ Oya'rS
vGwu
f if;aerItm; wdu
k zf su&f eftwGuf r[mAsL[menf;vrf;rsm;tm; azmfaqmif
&efESifh taumiftxnfazmf&ef? 2014 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv 25 &ufaeY\ vlt
Y cGihf
ta&;aumifpD qH;k jzwfcsut
f rSwf 27^5 wGif owfrw
S x
f m;onfh aumif;aomjyKusihf
rIrsm;tm; oifah vsmo
f vdk toH;k csjcif;tygt0if vdt
k yfaom t&if;tjrpfrsm;tm;
vsmxm;jcif;?
8/ owif;axmufrsm; vkHNcKHrIESifhywfouf enf;ynmydkif;qdkif&m taxmuftyHhrsm;ESifh
t&nftcsif; jrifhwifjcif;rsm;tygt0if? a'owGif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;ESifhtwl EdkifiHwum
tqifhwGif yl;aygif;ndEdIif;zdkY vdktyfonfudk tav;xm;onf/
112
9/ Edik if w
H umESihf a'oqdik &f m vlt
Y cGit
Yf a&;tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;tygt0if oufqikd &f m ukvor*
tzGJUtpnf;rsm; txl;ojzifh ukvor*ynma&;? odyHESifh ,Ofaus;rItzGJYtpnf;wdkYESifh
yl;aygif;vkyfaqmif&ef? owif;axmufrsm;tm; tMurf;zufwdkufcdkufjcif;rsm;tay: pkHprf;
ppfaq;rItajctaeESihf ywfoufonfo
h wif;tcsut
f vufrsm;tm; rdrw
d \
Ykd oabmqE
tavsmufrQa0&ef EdkifiHrsm;tm; wdkufwGef;onf/
113
aemufqufwGJ 2 - owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhqdkif&m
tajccHpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm;
owif;pmvGwv
f yfciG hf tajccHrt
l m; Edik if w
H umOya'? a'oqdik &f mpmom;rsm;ESihf Edik if aH wmf
Oya'jyKtzGUJ rsm; (tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ESihf "avhrsm;? zGUJ pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccHOya'rsm;ESihf trdeYf
rsm;) u todtrSwfjyKMuonf/
tjynfjynfqdkif&mvlYtcGifhta&;aMunmpmwrf; (Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

1948 ckESpf? 'DZifbmv 10 &ufaeYwGif twnfjyKcJhonf/
tydk'f 19
vlwdkif;wGif vGwfvyfpGm xifjrif,lqEdkifcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqkdcGifh&Sdonf/
tqdyk g tcGit
hf a&;rsm; taESmiht
f ,Surf &Sb
d J vGwv
f yfpmG xifjrif,q
l Edik cf iG hf yg0ifonfh
tjyif EdkifiHe,fedrdwfrsm;udk axmufxm;&efrvdkbJ owif;taMumif;t&mrsm;ESifh oabm
w&m;rsm;udk wpfenf;enf;jzifh vGwv
f yfpmG &SmazGqnf;yl;Edik cf iG ?hf vufcEH ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf a0iSjzefcY sd
cGifhwdkYvnf; yg0ifonf/
jynfolESifhEdkifiHa&;tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tjynfjynfqkdif&my#dnmm
f
( International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
ICCPR)
1966 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv 16 &ufaeYwiG f twnfjyKcNhJ y;D 1976 ckEpS ?f rwfv 23 &ufaeYwiG f
pwiftmPmoufa&mufcJhonf/
tydk'f19
1/ vlwdkif;onf taESmifht,Sufr&SdbJ xifjrif,lqydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
2/ vlwdkif;onf vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh&Sd&rnf/ tcGifhta&;wGif owif;
114
taMumif;t&mESihf oabmw&m;rsm;udk wenf;enf;jzifh vGwv

f yfpmG &Sm,lqnf;yl;
Edik cf iG ?hf vufcEH ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf a0iSjzefcY scd iG w
hf v
Ykd nf; yg0ifonf/ vGwv
f yfpmG a[majymjcif;?
a&;om;xkwfa0jcif;? tEkynmyHkpHjzifh wifqufjcif; odkYr[kwf tjcm; vlxkquf
oG,fa&;enf;vrf;wpfckckjzifh uefYowfcsufr&Sd aqmif&GufcGifh &Sdonf/
3/ tyd'k \
f pmyd'k f 2 wGif jy|mef;xm;onfh tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk usio
hf ;kH rIwiG f txl;
wm0efrsm;ESifh 0w&m;rsm; yg0ifonf/ xdkYtwGuf wcsdKUaomuefYowfrIrsm; &SdEdkif
onf/ odaYk omfvnf; xdu
k efo
Y wfrrI sm;onf Oya't& jy|mef;xm;onft
h wdik ;f ESihf
vdt
k yfonfhtwdkif; jzpf&rnf/
olwpfyg;\ tcGifhta&;ESifh *kPfodumudk av;pm;&efESifh
trsKd ;om;vHNk cKH a&; odrYk [kwf jynfov
l x
l \
k trdeYf odrYk [kwf jynfoUl use;f rm
a&;ESifh pm&dwrsm;twGuf jzpf&rnf/
vlYtcGifhta&;rsm;ESifh tajccHvGwfvyfcGifhrsm;tm; umuG,fa&;twGuf

Oa&myoabmwlnDcsuf (European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms)
1950 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 4 &ufaeYwGif twnfjyKcJhNyD; 1953 ckESpf? pufwifbmv 3 &uf
aeYwGif pwiftmPmoufa&mufcJhonf/
tykd'fcGJ10? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh

4/ vlwikd ;f wGif vGwv
f yfpmG xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG &hf o
dS nf/ vlwikd ;f wGif vGwv
f yfpmG xifjrif
,lqEdkifcGifhESifh vGwfvyfpGm zGifh[azmfjyEdkifcGifh &Sdonf/ tqdkyg tcGifhta&;rsm;
taESmift
h ,Surf &Sb
d J vGwv
f yfpmG xifjrif,q
l Edik cf iG hf yg0ifonft
h jyif Edik if eH ,f
edrw
d rf sm;udk axmufxm;&efrvdb
k J owif;taMumif;t&mESihf oabmw&m;rsm;udk
wpfenf;enf;jzifh vGwv
f yfpmG &Sm,lqnf;yl;Edik cf iG ?hf vufcEH ikd cf iG Ehf iS hf a0iSjzefcY scd iG w
hf Ykd
vnf; yg0ifonf/ yk'frt& EdkifiHtpdk;&rsm;onf toHvTifh? kyfjrifoHMum;ESifh
kyfSifvkyfief;rsm;tm; vdkifpifjyKvkyf&ef awmif;qdkydkifcGifhudk rxdcdkufap&/
5/ vGwv
f yfciG rhf sm;udk usio
hf ;kH &mwGif wm0efrsm;ESihf 0w&m;rsm;vnf;yg0if&m w&m;
Oya'wGif jy|mef;xm;onft
h wdik ;f vkyx
f ;kH vkyef nf;rsm;? tajctaersm;? uefo
Y wf
csurf sm; odrYk [kwf jypf'Pfcsrw
S jf cif;rsm;t& jzpf&rnf/ Edik if aH wmfvNkH cKH r?I e,ferd w
d f
115
vHNk cKH cikd rf mrI odrYk [kwf jynforl sm; vHNk cKrH t
I usKd ;twGuaf omfvnf;aumif;? Nird 0f yf
ydjym;rI r&Sjd cif; odrYk [kwf &mZ0wfrrI sm; wm;qD;&eftwGuv
f nf;aumif;? use;f rma&;
ESihf tusiphf m&dwu
kd umuG,&f eftwGuv
f nf;aumif;? tjcm;vlrsm;\ *kPo
f u
d m ESihf
tcGit
hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,&f eftwGuv
f nf;aumif;? vSsKd U0Su&f &Sx
d m;onfh owif;
rsm;tm; zGix
hf w
k af jymqdjk cif;tm; wm;qD;&eftwGuv
f nf;aumif;? odrYk [kwf w&m;
pD&ifa&;tzGJU\ tmPmESifh bufrvdkufrIudk xdef;odrf;&efvnf;aumif; tqdkyg
vGwfvyfcGifhrsm;udk 'Drdkua&pDvlYtzGJUtpnf;wGif vdktyfonf/
vlYtcGifhta&;qdkif&m tar&duwdkufEkdifiHrsm; oabmwlnDcsuf

( Inter-American Convention on Human Rights)
1969 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv 22 &ufaeYwGif twnfjyKcJhNyD; 1978 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 18 &ufwGif
pwiftmPmoufa&mufcJhonf/
tydk'f13? vGwfvyfpGm pOf;pm;awG;ac:cGifhESifh xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifh

1/ vlwikd ;f vGwv
f yfpmG pOf;pm;awG;ac:cGiEhf iS hf xkwaf zmfajymqdck iG &hf o
dS nf/ xdt
k cGit
hf a&;
wGif owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;ESihf tawG;tac:trsKd ;rsKd ;udk EIwt
f m;jzif?h a&;om;
jcif;jzifh? yHkESdyfjcif;jzifh? tEkynmyHkpHjzifh odkYr[kwf if;a&G;cs,f&m qufoG,frIenf;
vrf;jzifh tuefYtowfrJh vGwfvyfpGm &SmazG? vufcH? rQa0cGifhwdkY yg0ifonf/
2/ txufazmfjyyg tcGifhta&;udk usifhoHk;jcif;onf ueOD;pdppfcH&jcif; r&Sdap&/ odkY
aomfvnf; Oya'jzifh &Si;f vif;pGmazmfjyxm;onfh wm0ef,al prIukd atmufygvdt
k yf
csufrsm; twdkif;twmtxd cH,l&rnf/
tjcm;olrsm;\ tcGifhta&;rsm; odkYr[kwf *kPfodumrsm;udk av;pm;rI&Sd&ef
trsKd ;om;vHNk cKH a&;? jynforl sm;Nird 0f yfyjd ym;rI odrYk [kwf jynfow
l \
Ykd use;f rma&;
ESihf udk,fusifhodumudk umuG,f&ef/
3/ owif;pmpuL? a&'D,t
kd oHviT Bhf urd Ef eI ;f rsm;? odrYk [kwf owif;taMumif;t&mrsm;
jzefYa0&mwGif toHk;jyKaom ud&d,mrsm;ESifhywfouf tpdk;& odkYr[kwf yk*vdu
xdef;csKyfrIrsm;udk vGJrSm;pGm usifhoHk;rIuJhodkYaom oG,f0dkufonfh enf;vrf;rsm;jzifh
aomfvnf;aumif; odrYk [kwf tawG;tac:rsm;ESihf tBuOH mPfrsm;udk taMumif;Mum;
jcif;? jzefcY sjd cif;wdt
Yk m; t[eft
Y wm;jzpfaprnfh wjcm;aom enf;vrf;wpfcck jk zifah omf
116
vnf;aumif; vGwfvyfpGmazmfjycGifhudk uefYowfrIrjyK&/

4/ txufwiG af zmfjyxm;aom tyd'k f 2 wGif jy|mef;rIrsm;&Sad omfvnf; trsm;jynfow
l Ykd
tm; azsmaf jzrIrsm;udrk l uav;rsm;? q,fausmo
f ufrsm;\ tusiphf m&dwu
kd umuG,f
&eftwGuf ,if;azsmaf jzrIrsm; Munfh jI cif;tm; pnf;rsO;f uefo
Y wfjcif; &nf&,
G cf suf
twGufom Oya't& ueOD;pdppfrI cH,l&rnf/
5/ ppfyGJtwGuf 0g'jzefYjcif;ESifh vlrsdK;? udk;uG,fonfhbmom? bmompum; okdYr[kwf
rlvEdik if o
H m; ponft
h aMumif;jycsurf sm;jzifh vlwpfO;D odrYk [kwf vltyk pf w
k pfpt
k m;
Oya'rJt
h Murf;zufjcif; odrYk [kwf tvm;wl w&m;r0iftjyKtrlwYkd jzpfap&ef Ed;I qG
ay;onfh trsKd ;om;a&;? vlrsKd ;a&; odrYk [kwf bmoma&;rke;f wD;rIrsm;tm; axmufcH
jcif;wdkYudk Oya't& ta&;,lEdkifaom usL;vGefrIrsm;tjzpf rSwf,lonf/
vlom;ESifhEdkifiHom;rsm; tcGifhta&;rsm;qdkif&m tmz&ducsmwm

(African Charter of Human and Peoples Rigths)
1981 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv 12 &ufwGif twnfjyKcJhNyD; 1986 ckESpf? atmufwdkbmv 21 &uf
aeYwGif pwiftmPmoufa&mufcJhonf/
tydk'f 9
1/ yk*dKvfwpfOD;pDwdkif;onf owif;tcsuftvufrsm;udk od&SdvufcHydkifcGifh&Sdonf/
2/ yk*dKvfwpfOD;pDwdkif;onf rdrdwdkY\xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk Oya'abmiftwGif;
azmfjycGifh? jzefYjzL;cGifh&Sdonf/
117
aemufqufwGJ 3 - owif;pmq&mrsm;\tcGifhta&;
rsm;ESifh wm0efrsm; aMunmcsuf
if;aMunmcsuu
f kd jrL;epfy#dnmf(Munich Charter) [koMd u 1971 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv
24 &uf ESihf 25 &ufaeYrsm;wGif jrL;epfNrKd U a&;qGt
J wnfjyKco
hJ nf/ if;udk rD',
D mvkyif ef;u
vdkufemoifhonf[k vufcHxm;NyD;aemufydkif; Oa&mywdkuf&Sd owif;pmq&mor*rsm;u
twnfjyKcJhonf/
ed ' gef ;
owif;tcsuftvufrsm; &&SdcGifh? vGwfvyfpGm xkwfazmfajymqdkcGifhESifh a0zefydkifcGifhonf
vlom;wdkY\ tajccHusaom tcGifhta&;rsm;xJrS wpfckjzpfonf/ owif;axmufwpfOD;\
tcGit
hf a&;rsm;ESihf wm0efrsm;tm;vH;k onf jynfow
l t
Ykd m; jzpf&yfrsm;ESihf tBuOH mPfrsm;udk
today;cGifhrS jzpfay:vmonf/ owif;pmq&mrsm;\ jynfolwdkYtay: wm0ef&SdrIonf
tjcm;aomwm0ef&SdrIrsm;xuf txl;ojzifh tvkyf&Sifrsm;ESifh jynfolYtmPmydkifrsm;xuf
omvGeo
f nf/ owif;vkyif ef;wGif owif;pmq&mrsm;onf if;wdu
Yk ,
kd w
f ikd f tvdt
k avsmuf
uefYowfjcif;rsm;vnf; yg&Sdonf/ onfrSm atmufwGifa&;qGJxm;aom wm0efrsm;udk
aMunm&jcif;\ &nfG,fcsufvnf;jzpfonf/ vGwfvyfrIESifh vkyfief;qdkif&m*kPfodumrsm;
xdxda&mufa&muf wnf&Sdaeonfhtajctaersm;wGif owif;pmq&mwpfOD;onf if;\
vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifaepOf xdkwm0efrsm;udk av;pm;&rnf/ onfrSm tcGifhta&;rsm;
aMunmcsuf\ &nfG,fcsufjzpfonf/
wm0efrsm; aMunmcsuf
owif;rsm; pkaqmif;jcif;? wnf;jzwfjcif;ESifh a0zeftBuHjyKjcif;vkyfief;udk vkyfudkifaeaom
owif;pmq&mwpfOD;\ r&Sdrjzpfvdktyfaom wm0efrsm;rSm
1/ jynfolvlxkonf trSefw&m;udk odcGifh&SdonfhtwGuf rdrdtwGuf rnfodkYaom
tusdK;w&m;rsm;jzpfygap trSefw&m;udk av;pm;&ef
2/ owif;ay;jcif;? xifjrifcsufay;jcif;ESifh a0zefjcif;vGwfvyfrIudk umuG,f&ef
3/ owif;Zmpfjrpfudkodaom taMumif;tcsufrsm;udkom owif;wifjy&ef? ta&;
ygaom owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;udk csex
f m;jcif; odrYk [kwf pmom;rsm;? pm&Guf
pmwrf;rsm;udk ajymif;vJjcif;rjyK&ef
118
4/
owif;? "mwfyrkH sm;ESihf pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;ud&k ,l&ef rw&m;aom enf;vrf;rsm;udk

toHk;rjyK&ef
5/ vlwpfO;D csi;f \ vGwv
f yfru
I kd tav;xm;vsuf rdru
d ,
dk u
f kd xde;f csKyu
f efo
Y wf&ef
6/ yHkESdyfazmfjyNyD;aomfvnf; rrSefuefonfudk awGU&Sd&ygu trSefudk jyefazmfjy&ef
7/ vkyif ef;qdik &f m vQKUd 0Sucf suu
f kd vdu
k ef m&ef? ,HMk unfrjI zifh &,lxm;aom owif;
Zmpfjrpfudk xkwfazmfrajym&ef
8/ atmufygwdu
Yk kd tvGeBf u;D av;aom toufarG;0rf;ausmif;qdik &f m jypfrrI sm;tjzpf
rSw,
f &l ef olrsm;tawG;tBut
H m; ul;csjcif;? olrsm;*kPo
f u
d m xdcu
kd &f ef rrSef
ruefazmfjyjcif;? ykwfcwfajymqkdjcif;? toa&zsufjcif;? tajctjrpfr&Sdonfh
pGypf aJG jymqdjk cif;rsm;? owif;xkwaf 0&ef odrYk [kwf owif;csev
f yS x
f m;&eftwGuf
rnfonfhyHkpHjzifhrqdk vmbfvmbvufcHjcif;
9/ owif;vkyif ef; toufarG;0rf;ausmif;jcif;udk aMumfjimvkyif ef;? ta&mif;orm;
vkyif ef; odrYk [kwf aMumfjimjcif; okrYd [kwf owif;0g'jzefv
Y yk if ef;wdEYk iS hf rnfonft
h cg
rS Iyaf xG;jcif; r&Sad p&ef/ aMumfjim&Sirf sm;xHrS wku
d f u
dk f odrYk [kwf oG,0f u
dk af om
trdefYay;rIrsm;udk jiif;y,f&ef
10/ zdtm;ay;rIrsm;ukd qefu
Y si&f ef? t,f'w
D mtzGUJ \ wm0ef&adS omvlrsm;xHrS trdeYf
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122
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insurance@ rsf.org
''Safety of Journalists''
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128
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aomAD'D,dkudk wifxm;ygonf/
AKE
www.akegroup.com
16 Swan Court/ 9 Tanner Street, London SE1 3LE, United KingdomTel:(+44)203.816.9970Fax:(+44)143.235.0227
Email:enquiries@akegroup.com
BIOFORCE
http://bioforce.asso.fr
41 avenue du 8 mai 1945, 69694 Venissieux, France
Tel:(+33)4.72.89.31.41Fax:(+33)4.78.70.27.12Email:
info@bioforce.asso.fr
CENTURION RISKASSESSMENT SERVICES
www.centurionsafety.net
HeadOffice: PO Box 1740, Newquay, Cornwall, TR7 3WT, United KingdomTel:(+44)1637.873.661Email:main@centurionsafety.net
CHIRON RESOURCES (OPS) LTD
www.chiron-resources.com
Whiteleaved Oak, Ledbury, Herefordshire, HR8 1SE, United KingdomTel:(+44)7880.602.426;(+44)1531.650.296
Email: owclive@chiron-resources.com
FRENCH RED CROSS
http://www.croix-rouge.fr
98, rue Didot 75694, Paris Cedex 14, France
129
Tel:(+33)144.43.13.23
DICOD (FRENCH DEFENCE MINISTRY)
http://www.defense.gouv.fr/salle-de-presse/acces-journalistes/stagesjournalistes60boulevard du gnral Valin, 75015 Paris, France
Tel:(+33)144.42.54.02Email: presse@dicod.fr
1ST OPTION HIGH RISK
http://www.1stoptionhighrisk.com 1st Option Safety Group
1st Floor, 16 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JL, United KingdomTel:(+44)845.500.8484Email: training@1stoptionsafety.com
GLOBAL JOURNALIST SECURITY
https://www.journalistsecurity.net 3286 Aberfoyle Place, NW Washington, DC 20015, United States
Tel:(+1.202) 352.1736 Email:gjs@journalistsecurity.net
OBJECTIVE TEAM LTD
http://www.objectivetravelsafety.com
Bragborough Lodge Farm, Daventry, NN11 7HA, United KingdomTel:(+44)1788.899.029Fax:(+44)1788
891259Email: office@objectiveteam.com
PILGRIMS GROUP
https://www.pilgrimsgroup.com
Pilgrims House, PO Box 769 Woking, Surrey, United Kingdom
Tel:(+44)844.788.0180Fax:(+44)148.322.8770
Email: enquiries@pilgrimsgroup.com
REMOTE TRAUMA
http://www.remotetrauma.com
2 Bridle Close, Surbiton Road, Kingston Upon Thames, Greater London
KT1 2JW, United Kingdom. Tel:(+44)844.800.9158Email: admin
@remotetrauma.com
REPORTERS INSTRUCTED IN SAVING COLLEAGUES (RISC)
http://risctraining.org
C/o The Half King, 505-507 West 23rd Street, New York NY 10011, United
States, Tel:(+1)917.362.5518Email:hello@risctraining.org
TORINTER NATIONAL GROUP
http://www.torinternational.com
130
Aviation House, Gloucester Airport, Staverton, Glos GL51 6SR, United King
dom, Tel:(+44)1932.879.879(+971)563.014.208(Dubai)
Email: info@torinternational.com
TYR SOLUTIONS LTD
www.tyr-solutions.com
The Old Hop Barn, Monksbury Court, Yarkhill Hereford HR8 2TU, United
Kingdom
Tel:+44(0)1432.806.363Email: info@tyr-solutions.com
131
txl;aus;Zl;wif&Sdjcif;
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\ aiGaMu;axmufyHhrIaMumifhom jzpfygonf/
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aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
International News Safety Institute: www.newssafety.org

Rory Peck Trust: www.rorypecktrust.org
Dart Center: www.dartcenter.org
The French defence ministry information office (DICoD)
Agence France-Presse
France Mdias Monde and its partner Sovereign Global
BBC and its partner 1st Option High Risk
French Red Cross: www.croix-rouge.fr
Fdration des Secouristes Franais Croix Blanche:
www.croixblanche.org
InternationalWomensMediaFoundation:www.iwmf.org
urmtESt
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vnf; aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/ if;wdkYyg0ifrI r&Sdygu uREfkyfwdkY\tzGJYtpnf;onf ,aeY
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mPfrsm;twGuf aus;Zl;wif&Sdygonf/
-
Iqbal Khattak, RSFs correspondent in Pakistan

Stphanie Perez, a reporter with France 2
Christophe Boltanski, a reporter with lObs
Oksana Romanyuk, RSFs correspondent in Ukraine and head of the
Institute of Mass Information, a Ukrainian NGO
Mass Information, a Ukrainian NGO
Paul-Stphane Manier, a TV reporter, documentary filmmaker and mem
132
ber of RSFs board

Martine Laroche-Joubert, grand reporter France 2
Martin Schibbye, a Swedish freelancer who was jailed for 438 days in
Ethiopia
Dina Meza, aninvestigative reporter and RSFs correspondent in
Honduras
Emmanuel Srot, a journalist responsible for safety issues at AFP
Alain Mingam, a freelance photoreporter and member of RSFs board.
aemufqHk;taejzifh e,fpnf;rjcm;owif;axmufrsm;tzGJUESifh owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifhudk

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e,fajr\ w&m;0iftqifh odkYr[kwf if;\tmPmydkifrsm;ESifh pyfvsOf;aomfvnf;aumif;

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azmfjyxm;jcif; r[kwfyg/
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pma&;olrsm;\ tcsuftvufrsm;ESifh tBuHmPfrsm;om jzpfMuygonf/ ukvor*ynma&;?
odyHESifh,Ofaus;rItzGJUtpnf; (UNESCO) \ &yfwnfcsufrsm;udk xif[yfxm;jcif; r[kwfaom
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133

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owif;pmq&mrsm;twGuf

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