Lesson 11 Homework

Submit the following homework problems to dropbox for HW 11 by April 14.

You may use Minitab whenever appropriate.

The answers to the problems will be posted on Sunday after the due date.
To view the answers, click on the Homework Solutions link in the
menu bar to the left.

1. A study was conducted to compare the variability in strengths of 1-inch square

sections of a synthetic fibre produced under two different procedures. A random
sample of 9 squares from each process was obtained and tested.
Plot the data for each sample separately.
Probability Plot of Procedure 1
Normal - 90% CI
99

Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value

95
90
80

Percent

a)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

40

50

60

70

80
90
100
Procedure 1

110

120

130

86.78
12.41
9
0.257
0.628

Probability Plot of Procedure 2

Normal - 90% CI
99

Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value

95
90

Percent

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

b)

50

60

70
Procedure 2

80

90

Is the assumption of normality warranted?

We can assume that the test of normality is warranted since the probability plot of
the two data set fall within the bands of the 90% CI. The 90% confidence level is
chosen because the test in part(c) is conducted at = 0.10.
c)

If permissible from part(b), use the following data to test the research
hypothesis that the population variances corresponding to the two procedures
are different. Use = 0.10.

Procedur
e1

74

90

103

86

75

102

97

85

69

Procedur
e2

59

66

73

68

70

71

82

69

74

70.22
6.241
9
0.278
0.560

Ho: 1 = 2

Vs

Ha: 1 2

Test for Equal Variances: Procedure 1, Procedure 2

90% Bonferroni confidence intervals for standard deviations
Procedure 1
Procedure 2

N
9
9

Lower
8.38069
4.21522

StDev
12.4074
6.2405

Upper
23.7698
11.9555

F-Test (Normal Distribution)

Test statistic = 3.95, p-value = 0.069
Levene's Test (Any Continuous Distribution)
Test statistic = 4.55, p-value = 0.049

This is a two-tailed test with = 0.10. H0 is rejected if Fobs = 3.95 F0.05,8,8 = 3.44 or if
Fobs = 3.95 F0.95,8,8 = 1/3.44 = 0.291
Since Fobs = 3.95 F0.05,8,8 = 3.44 we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the two
population have unequal variances.
Using the p-value approach: the F-test p-value = 0.069 < = 0.10. Therefore the null
hypothesis is rejected.
(Part (a) refers to plotting the data so that one can answer part (b). For part (c),
use Minitab to perform the appropriate test and draw a conclusion using the pvalue from the relevant output.)
2. Problem 6.43 in 6th edition (6.39 in 5th ed) (a) (b) (Note: You first check
whether you may use 2-sample t-test. Then use Minitab to perform the Test of
Equal Variances to check whether you should use the pooled or non-pooled 2
sample t-test. Finally, use Minitab to perform the 2-sample t test to answer the
question.)
a)
First of all we need to check if the data for the wide and narrow bodied jest are normally
distributed:

Probability Plot of Wide

Normal - 95% CI
99

95
90

Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value

110.2
4.714
15
0.420
0.283

Mean
StDev
N
AD
P-Value

118.4
7.866
12
0.275
0.593

Percent

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

90

100

110
Wide

120

130

Probability Plot of Narrow

Normal - 95% CI
99

95
90

Percent

80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
5

90

100

110

120
Narrow

130

140

150

Both graphs show that both data can be assumed to be normally distributed.

Next we need to check if we will use a pooled sample variance (equal variance) or a
separate-variance t-test.
Test for Equal Variances: Wide, Narrow
95% Bonferroni confidence intervals for standard deviations
Wide
Narrow

N
15
12

Lower
3.30876
5.31926

StDev
4.71442
7.86619

Upper
7.9907
14.5407

F-Test (Normal Distribution)

Test statistic = 0.36, p-value = 0.075
Levene's Test (Any Continuous Distribution)
Test statistic = 3.36, p-value = 0.079

p-value = 0.075 > = 0.05 (this is a two-tailed test) therefore we cannot reject the null
hypothesis and will the use the pooled t-test.
H0: wide = narrow
s p=

Vs

( n11 ) s21 + ( n 21 ) s 22
n 1+ n22
y 2

Ha: wide narrow

144.714 2 +117.866 2
=6.298
25

110.2118.4
=3.36
1 1
1 1
sp
+
6.298
+
n1 n2
15 12
y
t =
df = 15 + 12 -2 = 25
t0.025 = 2.060
|tobs| = 3.36 > t0.025 = 2.060 therefore we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the
difference between the average noise level of the two types of jets is statistically
significant at 0.05 level.

b)
(ywide - ynarrow) +/- t0.025 * sp * Sqrt(1/n1 + 1/n2)
=
(110.2 118.4) +/- 2.060*6.298*Sqrt(1/15 + 1/12)
=
-8.2 +/- 5.025
The 95% confidence interval of ynarrow ywide is (3.175, 13.225)
c)
The age, maintenance, type of engine (manufacturer) could affect the noise level as well.
Therefore this study can be improved by pairing narrow and wide body jets according the
other factors that could possibly affect the noise level (age, manufacturer )

3. A law student believes that the proportion of registered Republicans in favor of

additional tax incentives is greater than the proportion of registered Democrats
in favor of such incentives. The student acquired independent random samples
of 200 Republicans and 200 Democrats and found 109 Republicans and 86
Democrats in favor of additional tax incentives. Use these data to test H 0: 1
2 0 versus Ha: 1 2 > 0. Give the level of significance for your test. (Use
Minitab)
H0: 1 2 0

Vs

Ha: 1 2 > 0

The conditions n1*1 > 5, n1*(1-1) > 5, n2*2 > 5, and n2*(1-2) > 5 are all verified
Test and CI for Two Proportions
Sample
1
2

X
109
86

N
200
200

Sample p
0.545000
0.430000

Difference = p (1) - p (2)

Estimate for difference: 0.115
95% lower bound for difference: 0.0333288
Test for difference = 0 (vs > 0): Z = 2.32

P-Value = 0.010

Fisher's exact test: P-Value = 0.014

Z0.05 = 1.645
Since zobs = 2.32 > z0.05 = 1.645, we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that the data
provides enough evidence to assert that the proportion of registered Republicans who
favor additional tax incentives is greater than registered democrats.
The level of significance (p-value) is 0.10.
4. Problem 10.65 of 6th edition (10.65 in 5th ed) (Use Minitab, refer to Sample
Problem 2 to see how to input data into Minitab)
H0: Membership status and opinion are independent
Ha: Membership status and opinion are dependent
Chi-Square Test: Favor, Indifferent, Opposed
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
1

Favor
140
70.00
70.000

Indifferent
42
80.00
18.050

Opposed
18
50.00
20.480

Total
200

70
140.00
35.000

198
160.00
9.025

132
100.00
10.240

400

Total

210

240

150

600

Chi-Sq = 162.795, DF = 2, P-Value = 0.000

20.05 = 5.991.
2obs = 162.795 > 20.05 = 5.991 therefore we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that
membership status and opinion are dependent.
Rejection of the null hypothesis implies that there is evidence that the membership status
and opinion about the union are related.

5. For Problem 10.65, provide a hand computation to the chi-square Statistics and
find its degrees of freedom.
2

=
2
obs

( nij E ij )

i, j

Members
Non
members
Total

Eij
Favor
140
70
70
140
280

Indiffere
nt
42
80
198
160
320

Oppos
ed
18
50
132
100
200

Total
200
400
600

All expected values are greater than 5, therefore we can be assured that the Chi square
test will yield accurate results.
2obs =

( 14070 )2 ( 4280 )2 ( 1850 )2 ( 7014 0 )2 ( 198160 )2 ( 132100 )2

+
+
+
+
+
=162.795
70
80
50
14 0
160
100

We have 2 rows (r) and 3 columns (c),

the degree of freedom df = (r-1)(c-1) = 1*2 = 2
6. Problem 10.80 (10.80 in 5th ed) (Please note that the first cell on the upper left
corner explains that the second entry of each cell is the expected cell numbers.
The output is given in p.568 of 6 th edition (p.526 of 5th edition) of the
textbook. The purpose of this problem is to familiarize you with SAS output )
a) The expected cell numbers are the number located on the second row of each cell.
b)

H0: Length of time on first job is not related to the variable amount of education
Ha: Length of time on first job is related to the variable amount of education

Chi-Square Test: 0-4.5, 4.5-9, 9-13.5, 13.5

Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
0-4.5
5
17.90
9.299

4.5-9
21
20.97
0.000

9-13.5
30
23.78
1.624

13.5
33
26.34
1.683

Total
89

15
24.14
3.459

35
28.28
1.599

40
32.07
1.961

30
35.52
0.857

120

22
16.70
1.685

16
19.56
0.647

15
22.18
2.325

30
24.57
1.202

83

28
11.26
24.864

10
13.20
0.774

8
14.97
3.242

10
16.57
2.608

56

Total

70

82

93

103

348

Chi-Sq = 57.830, DF = 9, P-Value = 0.000

20.05 = 16.92 with df = 9.

2obs = 57.830 > 20.05 = 16.92 therefore the data provide enough evidence to conclude that
the length of time on first job is related to the amount of education.
c) The level of significance (p-value) of the test is, according to the output in page 568,
0.001.
d) 2obs = 57.830 > 20.05 = 16.92 therefore the data provide enough evidence to conclude
that the length of time on first job is related to the amount of education.
7. Learning at home: M. Stuart et al. studied various aspects of grade-school
children and their mothers. One of the questions dealt with the childrens
knowledge of nursery rhymes. The following data were obtained:
Nursery Rhyme knowledge
Social
status

A few

Some

Lots

Middle

7( )

13( )

16( )

class
Working

8( )

11( )

18( )

Hand compute the expected counts at each cell and then use Minitab to find out the
chi-square statistic and the p-value of the test. Check whether one can use the chisquare test of independence and conduct the test at = 0.05
The expected values are presented in parentheses in the following table.
Nursery Rhyme knowledge
Social status

A few

Some

Lots

Total

Middle class

7(7.40)

13(11.84)

16(16.77)

36

Working

8(7.60)

11(12.16)

18(17.23)

37

Total

15

24

34

73

We observe that all expected values are greater than 5, therefore we can be confident of
the accuracy of the Chi Square test.
H0: Childrens knowledge of nursery rhymes is independent of mothers social status
Ha: Childrens knowledge of nursery rhymes is dependent of mothers social status
Chi-Square Test: A few, Some, Lots
Expected counts are printed below observed counts
Chi-Square contributions are printed below expected counts
A few
7
7.40
0.021

Some
13
11.84
0.115

Lots
16
16.77
0.035

Total
36

8
7.60
0.021

11
12.16
0.111

18
17.23
0.034

37

Total

15

24

34

73

Chi-Sq = 0.337, DF = 2, P-Value = 0.845

For df = 2 and = 0.05, 20.05 = 5.991

2obs = 0.337 < 20.05 = 5.991 therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis and conclude
that the data doesnt provide enough evidence to link the children knowledge of nursery
rhymes to the social status of their mothers.