J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

DOI 10.1007/s40430-014-0258-4

TECHNICAL PAPER

Transition toperiodic unsteady andeffects ofPrandtl

andRichardson numbers onthe flow acrossa confined
heated trapezoidal prism
MalikParveez AmitDhiman TanveerRasool

Received: 17 June 2014 / Accepted: 7 October 2014

The Brazilian Society of Mechanical Sciences and Engineering 2014

Abstract The effects of wall confinements () and

of Prandtl numbers (Pr) on the laminar flow around a
heated trapezoidal prism are investigated numerically for
Pr=0.71100 and =12.550% at low Reynolds numbers (Re). The critical value of the Reynolds number (i.e.,
the transition from a steady to a time-periodic regime) is
calculated and it exists between Re=(36 and 37), (60 and
61) and (91 and 92) for the blockage ratios of 12.5, 25 and
50%, respectively. The average Nusselt number increases
with increasing Re and/or Pr and/or blockage ratio. The
variation of local Nusselt number on each surface of the
obstacle and the representative isotherm contours are presented to elucidate the role of Pr and blockage ratio on the
heat transfer from the trapezoidal prism. The maximum
heat transfer enhancement with respect to a square prism
on the basis of equal projected area is found to be approximately 31 and 45% for the blockage ratios of 12.5 and
25%, respectively, for Pr =0.71 and Re =1. The Colburn heat transfer factor correlations are also obtained for
the preceding range of settings. Finally, the influence of
Richardson number (Ri=01) on the flow and heat transfer characteristics has been studied for air as working fluid.
Keywords Trapezoidal prism Blockage ratio Critical
Reynolds number Richardson number Nusselt number
The Colburn heat transfer factor and heat transfer
enhancement

Technical Editor: Francisco Ricardo Cunha.

M.Parveez A.Dhiman(*) T.Rasool
Department ofChemical Engineering, Indian Institute
ofTechnology Roorkee, Roorkee247 667, India
e-mail: dhimuamit@rediffmail.com; amitdfch@iitr.ac.in

Nomenclature
a Downstream side of a tapered trapezoidal obstacle, m
b Upstream side of a tapered trapezoidal obstacle, m
CL Total lift coefficient (=FL/(0.5U2b))
cp Specific heat of the fluid, Jkg1K1
f Frequency of vortex shedding, s1
FL Lift force per unit length of the obstacle, Nm1
g Acceleration due to gravity, ms2
Gr Grashof number (= (gV (Tw T ) 2 b3 )/2)
h Local heat transfer coefficient, Wm2K1
h Average heat transfer coefficient, Wm2K1
H Height of the computational domain, m
jh The Colburn heat transfer factor
k Thermal conductivity of the fluid, Wm1K1
L Length of the computational domain, m
Lr Wake length, m

Nu Local Nusselt number (=hb k)
k)
Nu Average Nusselt number (=hb
2 ))
p Pressure (= p /(U
Pr Prandtl number (=cp /k)
Re Reynolds number (=U b/)
Rec Critical Reynolds number
Ri Richardson number (=Gr/Re2)
St Strouhal number (=f b/U)
T Temperature, K
T Temperature of the fluid at the inlet, K
Tw Constant wall temperature at the surface of the
cylinder, K
t Time (=t /(b/U ))
U Average velocity at the inlet, ms1
Vx Component of the velocity in the x-direction
(=Vx /U)
Vy Component of the velocity in the y-direction
(=Vy /U)
x Streamwise coordinate (=x /b)

13

Xd Downstream distance of the prism, m

Xu Upstream distance of the prism, m
y Transverse coordinate (=y /b)
Greek symbols
Blockage ratio (=b/H)
V Coefficient of volumetric expansion, K1
Temperature (=(T T )/(Tw T ))
Viscosity of the fluid, kgm1 s1
Density of the fluid, kgm3
Subscript
c Critical value
w Surface of the trapezoidal prism
Inlet condition
Superscript
* Dimensional variable

1Introduction
The flow around a prism has been comprehensively investigated both numerically and experimentally due to its
variety of pragmatic implications, such as design of heat
exchange systems, designing of various offshore structures
such as oil buoys and floating structures, probe and sensors and flow metering devices, especially vortex shedding
meters. In spite of such wide applications, very limited
information is available on the flow over a long obstacle of
trapezoidal cross section (or a trapezoidal prism). Flow of
a fluid past a trapezoidal shape prism is more complicated
phenomenon than that observed around a circular cylinder.
It has been observed that there is a clean separation of fluid
at the sharp edges of the trapezoidal prism, with the result
that there is a well-defined vortex formation. The frequency
with which the vortex formed is exploited for the design
of industrial flow meters [1]. However, the corresponding
body of knowledge is not available for high-viscosity fluids
(or high Prandtl numbers) as well as for mixed convection
(Richardson number) effects. Besides Reynolds and Prandtl
numbers and buoyancy, the vortex shedding depends
strongly on the wall confinement. The present work is concerned with the flow and heat transfer phenomena around
a confined long trapezoidal prism for varying values of
Reynolds number (Re), Prandtl number (Pr), Richardson
number (Ri) and blockage ratio or wall confinement ().
However, it is useful to first briefly review the preceding
works on momentum and heat transfer around a trapezoidal
prism.
The vortex shedding from a trapezoidal prism is experimentally investigated by Goujon-Durand etal. [2]. They

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

obtained the scaling laws for the evolution of global

mode describing the envelope of the peak to peak amplitude velocity oscillation in the wake flow downstream of
the body. Lee [3] numerically studied the early stages of
the symmetrical wake flow developments around a tapered
trapezoidal cylinder/prism for Re ranging from 25 to 1,000.
The flow starts with no separation and as the time advances,
the symmetrical standing zone of circulation develops after
the trapezoidal prism. With the advancement of time, the
separated flow from the leading edge of the trapezoidal
prism also develops and forms growing separation bubbles.
However, it appears that no information is provided on the
onset of transition to unsteady in Ref. [3]. The variation of
Strouhal number (St) from a tapered trapezoidal prism was
studied numerically by Chung and Kang [4] for Re=100
200. Movement of the flow separation point from the rear
to front corners and change of secondary vortex strength
are important factors in determining the shedding structure
for Re=100 and 150. However, for Re=200, flow separation always occurs at the front corners of the prism. The
two-dimensional (2-D) numerical simulation of Benardvon Karman hydrodynamic instability behind trapezoidal
bluff bodies using the spline method of fractional steps
was carried out by Kahawita and Wang [1]. The experimental behavior reported by Goujon-Durand etal. [2] has
been confirmed by the numerical results obtained in this
study, but at lower Reynolds number, about Re/Rec<2. For
Re=65, i.e., Re1.55Rec, the numerical results indicated
that the amplitude maximum occurs at a location of about
4.25b, Goujon-Durand etal. [2] reported the corresponding
location as 4b or 4.5b. It was also observed that for a fixed
trapezoidal height b in the axial direction, the value of
Strouhal number is almost independent of the value of the
small base width a at lower Re. In a recent study, Dhiman
and Hasan [5] investigated the 2-D unconfined flow and
heat transfer across a long tapered trapezoidal prism for Re
range 1150 and Pr=0.7 (air). It is found that the onset of
flow separation takes place between Re=5 and 6. The transition from a steady to a periodic unsteady regime exists
between Re =46 and 47. The drag coefficient decreases
with Reynolds number in a steady regime (Re46); however, it increases with Re in a periodic regime. The simple
correlation is also provided for the average Nusselt number
in the steady regime.
Lee [6], in another study, numerically studied the early
stages of an impulsively started laminar flow around an
expanded trapezoidal prism with 25 Re 1,000. For
Re<25, the initial flow develops with time without visible flow separation. After a short lapse of time, the flow
separates from the rear surface of the expanded trapezoidal prism, and forms eddies within a recirculation zone
about the rear axis of the prism. Chen etal. [7] studied the
2-D flow around a porous expanded trapezoidal prism for

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

Darcy number (Da) 102107, porosity 0.40.8 and Re

20200. A larger porosity prism results in a smaller drag
coefficient and larger lift amplitude. Recently, the steady
and periodic forced convection flow and heat transfer past a
long expanded trapezoidal prism for Re=1150 have been
investigated by Dhiman and Ghosh [8]. Here, the transition
from a steady to a time-periodic regime occurs between
Re =47 and 48. Further, the correlations of drag coefficient, average Nusselt number, wake length and Strouhal
number with Re have been established.
Venugopal etal. [9] carried out the experimental investigations on the vortex flow meter with the differential wall
pressure measurement method at high Re of the order of 105.
The research carried out in their study with different bluff
bodies of different shapes such as triangular, trapezoidal,
conical and ring shape with water as working medium, and
it was concluded that trapezoidal prism is the best among
all the bodies. The trapezoidal prism gives higher amplitude
signals and lesser scatter in the Strouhal number and is one
of the major contributors in the field of flow metering. Some
other configurations have been explored to address the issues
relating to vortex formation, such as frequency of shedding
and the onset of separation. The flow over and heat transfer
from a semi-circular cylinder immersed in Newtonian fluids have been studied numerically by Chandra and Chhabra
[10]. The onset of flow separation occurs somewhere in the
range 0.55<Re<0.60. The size of the wake region grows
almost linearly with Re. The bulk of the heat transfer occurs
from the front curved surface of the semi-circular cylinder.
Similarly, Gode etal. [11] examined the steady flow over a
semi-circular cylinder with its base aligned parallel to the
flow. The flow separates from the curved surface of the semicircular cylinder at Re of about 2022. The Nusselt number
shows positive dependence on both Re and Pr. The dependence is slightly stronger on Reynolds number (Re0.44) than
that of Prandtl number (Pr0.33). The fluid flow and heat
transfer across a long equilateral triangular prism have been
studied by Srikanth etal. [12] for Re=180 and Pr=0.71
at the fixed blockage ratio of 25%. The critical Reynolds
number (Rec) is found to exist between Re=58 and 59. The
effects of blockage ratios (12.525%) and Pr (0.74,000)
on the heat transfer characteristics of a square prism confined in a planner channel have been investigated by Dhiman
etal. [13] for the range of Re=145. The average Nusselt
number increases monotonically with an increase in Re and/
or Pr [14, 15]. Lastly, heat transfer correlations have been
developed for the constant temperature and the constant heat
flux conditions. They [15] also studied the effects of cross
buoyancy (0Ri1) on the flow and heat transfer characteristics of an isothermal square prism in a confined domain
( =12.5%). The effect of Ri on the Nusselt number is
reported qualitatively similar to that of the unconfined mixed
convection case.

It can thus be concluded from the above discussion that

no information is currently available on the effects of Pr,
Ri and on the onset of transition from a steady to a periodic regime for the flow around a confined trapezoidal
prism at different . It is also worthwhile to mention that
in chemical, petroleum and oil-related industries, the value
of Prandtl number up to about 100 is frequently observed,
particularly in the processing of organic liquids such as glycols, olive oil, glycerols and others [1316]. Therefore, the
main objectives of the present work are to investigate the
effects of Pr and to determine the transition from a steady
to a time-periodic regime for various values of Re and .
Further, the study has been extended for the Ri effects on
the flow and heat transfer around a trapezoidal prism. Furthermore, the present study is the natural extension of our
recent work [17] on the forced momentum and heat transfer (Ri=0) across a confined tapered trapezoidal prism for
Re=140 and =12.550%, albeit at a fixed Pr=0.71
(air).

2Problem statement withgoverning equations

andboundary conditions
Figure 1 shows the geometrical configuration of 2-D
incompressible and laminar flow over a long tapered trapezoidal prism having upstream face width and axial obstacle height b each, and downstream face width a (=0.5b) [5,
17]. The domain is considered to be confined by employing the wall confinements () ranging from 12.5 to 50%,
where = b/H. The long tapered trapezoidal prism is
maintained at a constant temperature of Tw and is exposed
to a fluid stream of average velocity U and temperature

Fig.1Schematics of the flow around a confined tapered trapezoidal

prism in a channel

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

T (< Tw ) at the inlet. After a thorough investigation

(Sect.3), the upstream distance from the inlet plane to the
front surface of the trapezoidal prism (Xu) is set as 12b
and the downstream distance between the rear surface of
the trapezoidal and the exit plane (Xd) is taken as 20b, with
the total length of the domain (L) of 33b in the x-direction.
The detailed procedure to fix these dimensions is given in
Sect.3 after specifying governing equations and boundary
conditions.
The continuity, x-component and y-component of
NavierStokes, and thermal energy equations in their
dimensionless form for the present flow system can be
written as follows:
Continuity equation
Vy
Vx
+
=0
x
y

(1)

xMomentum equation


Vx
2 Vx
(Vx Vx ) (Vy Vx )
p
1 2 Vx
+
+
+
=
+
t
x
y
x
Re x 2
y2

(2)
yMomentum equation


2 Vy
2 Vy
+
x 2
y2

+ Ri

(3)
Energy equation

(Vx ) (Vy )
1

+
+
=
t
x
y
Re Pr

2
2
+
x 2
y2

(4)

In this study, the thermo-physical properties (density,

viscosity and thermal conductivity) of the streaming fluid
are assumed to be independent of the temperature and the
viscous dissipation effects are also neglected such that the
present results are applicable to situations where the temperature difference is not too large for moderate viscosity
and/or shearing levels.
The non-dimensional form of boundary conditions for
the confined flow and heat transfer across a heated tapered
trapezoidal prism can be written as: at the channel inlet:

(0 y H/b; = b/H),

Vy = 0 and = 0. On upper and lower channel walls:

Vx = 0, Vy = 0 (no - slip) and /y = 0 (adiabatic).
On the surface of a trapezoidal prism: Vx = 0, Vy = 0
(no-slip) and = 1. At the channel exit: Vx /x = 0,
Vy /x = 0 and /x = 0. Also, Neumann boundary
condition is used for the pressure at inlet, obstacle and top/
bottom boundaries, and at the exit, Dirichlet boundary condition is employed.

13

The governing Eqs. (1, 2, 3, 4) along with above-mentioned

boundary conditions are solved using a commercial computational fluid dynamics solver Ansys [18]. The secondorder upwind scheme is used to discretize convective terms;
whereas the diffusive terms are discretized by central difference scheme. The fully developed velocity profile at the channel inlet is incorporated using user-defined functions available in Ansys [18]. The second-order implicit time-integration
method is used here and the dimensionless time step is set to
0.01 [5, 17]. The resulting algebraic equations are solved by
GaussSiedel iterative method in conjunction with Algebraic
Multi-Grid solver. The absolute residuals of the continuity,
x- and y-velocities and energy are used of the order of 1010
each in the steady regime and of 1015 each in the time-periodic regime. In this study, all the computations were carried
out in an Intel Xeon (2.40GHz, 16GB RAM) workstation
of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology Roorkee. The computational time ranges from
2 to 3days of a typical simulation run.
3.1Grid dependence study

Vy
(Vx Vy )
(Vy Vy )
p
1
+
+
=
+
t
x
y
y
Re

Vx = 1.5[1 (|1 2y|)2 ]

3Numerical methodology andchoices ofnumerical

parameters

The identical computational grid structure is generated here

as used in Ref. [17] and for the purpose of brevity, it is not
shown. Briefly, the computational grid structure consists of
both uniform and non-uniform grid distributions with the
smallest grid size of 0.002b (near the obstacle and near the
top and bottom walls of the channel) and the coarsest grid
size of 0.4b with 100 control volumes (CVs) on each side
of a trapezoidal prism. The grid independence study is carried out for the extreme value of the blockage ratio of 50%
using three grids (42,044 cells, 67,040 cells and 92,084
cells with 75 CVs, 100 CVs and 125 CVs prescribed on
each side of the trapezoidal prism, respectively) at the values of Reynolds number of 40 and Prandtl number of 100.
The percentage differences between the total drag coefficients are found to be less than 1.9% for both the grid sizes
of 67,040 cells and 92,084 cells with respect to the results
of drag coefficient at the grid size of 42,044 cells. However,
the corresponding percentage differences in the values of
Nusselt numbers are found to be less than 1.2% for both
the grid sizes of 67,040 cells and 92,084 cells. Thus, the
grid size of 67,040 cells is used for =50%. The grid
sizes of 101,280 cells and 75,600 cells are found adequate
for =12.5 and 25%, respectively.
3.2Upstream dependence study
The upstream dependence study is carried out at two values of upstream distances of 12b and 17b, and for the

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

extreme blockage ratios of 12.5 and 50%. The relative

percentage deviations in the values of total drag coefficient and average prism Nusselt number are found to be
less than 0.0001% and less than 0.02%, respectively, for
=12.5% for the Prandtl number of 0.71 (Table1). Further, the same upstream test has been carried out for the
Prandtl number of 100, which shows the variation of less
than 0.0001% in the values of total drag coefficient and
Nusselt number. For the same conditions mentioned above,
upstream dependence test has been carried out for the
blockage ratio of 50%, as shown in Table1. The relative
percentage deviations in the values of total drag coefficient
and Nusselt number are observed less than 0.0001% and
less than 0.03% for Pr=0.71, and for Pr=100, the corresponding differences in the drag coefficient and Nusselt
number are about 0.001%.
The upstream dependence study is also extended to
investigate the influence of buoyancy on the output parameters for the extreme Ri (0 and 1) and (12.5 and 50%)
for Re=40 and Pr=0.71 (Table2). For =12.5%, the
relative percentage deviations in the values of total drag
coefficient, average Nusselt number and Strouhal number
are found to be less than 0.01, 0.01 and 0.51% at Ri=0.
For Ri=1 and =12.5%, the corresponding percentage
deviations in the values of total drag coefficient, average
Nusselt number and Strouhal number are found to be less
than 0.06%, about 0.06% and less than 0.0001%. For the
same conditions, the upstream dependence test has been
carried out for the blockage ratio of 50%. For Ri=0 and
1, the relative percentage deviations in drag coefficient,
average Nusselt number and Strouhal number are observed
less than 0.0001% each. Thus, the distance of 12b is fixed
as the optimal upstream distance for this study.

Table1Effects of upstream distances (Xu) for blockage ratios of

12.5 and 50% at Re=1 for Pr=0.71 and 100

Xd=20,
Xu=12

33.4919

33.4919

0.8085

0.8084

CD

Nu

33.4919

33.4919

<0.0001

3.8340

3.8340

<0.0001

0.71 CD

Nu

260.1585

260.1585

<0.0001

0.3518

0.3519

100

260.1585

260.1585

<0.0001

6.1631

6.1631

<0.0001

12.5% 0.71 CD

Nu
100
50%

% Deviation

Xd=20,
CD , Nu
Xu=17

Pr

CD

Nu

<0.0001
<0.02

<0.03

Table2Effects of upstream distances (Xu) for blockage ratios of

12.5 and 50% for Ri=0 and 1 at Pr=0.71 and Re=40

, St Xd=20, Xu=12 Xd=20, Xu=17 % Deviation

CD, Nu

12.5% Ri=0
CD

Nu

3.4943

3.4942

<0.01

2.9113

2.9114

<0.01

St

0.1761

0.177

<0.51

3.5517
2.9753

3.5537
2.9735

<0.06
0.06

0.182

0.182

<0.0001

9.8209

9.8209

<0.0001

3.9092

3.9092

<0.0001

9.8404

9.8404

<0.0001

3.9101

3.9101

<0.0001

Ri=1
CD

Nu
St
50%

Ri=0
CD

Nu
Ri=1
CD

Nu

3.3Downstream dependence study

The downstream dependence is checked for the downstream distances of 20b and 25b at Reynolds number
equal to 40. The relative percentage differences in the values of overall drag coefficient, average Nusselt number
and Strouhal number are found to be about 0.003, 0.0001
and 0.20%, respectively, for the blockage ratio of 12.5%
and the Prandtl number of 0.71, as shown in Table3. It
is further observed for the Prandtl number of 100 that the
relative percentage difference in drag coefficient and Nusselt number is about 0.002% and less than 0.0001%,
respectively, and about 0.57% for Strouhal number. The
downstream dependency has also been carried out for the
blockage ratio of 50%, as shown in Table3. The relative
percentage differences in the values of overall drag coefficient and average cylinder Nusselt number are found to
be less than 0.0001% each for Pr=0.71. The differences
in the values of drag coefficient and Nusselt number are

found to be less than 0.0001 and 0.001%, respectively, for

Pr =100. Furthermore, Table3 presents the downstream
effect for the Reynolds number of 100 and for the blockage
ratio of 50%, because of the fact that the transition from
a steady to a time-periodic regime for this value of blockage ratio occurs between Re=91 and 92. The percentage
differences of drag coefficient, Nusselt number and Strouhal number for the downstream distances of 25b and 20b
are found to be about 0.03, 0.30% and less than 0.0001%,
respectively. Thus, the downstream distance of 20b is found
adequate for further computations.
Similarly, the effect of the Ri on the various downstream
distances is studied and the results are presented in Table4.
For =12.5%, the relative percentage deviations in the
values of overall drag coefficient, average Nusselt number and Strouhal number are less than 0.01%, 0.01 and
about 0.23%, respectively, at Ri=0. For Ri=1, the corresponding relative deviations in drag coefficient, average

13


Table3Effects of downstream
distances (Xd) for blockage
ratios of 12.5 and 50% at
Pr=0.71 and 100

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

Xd=20, Xu=12

% Deviation

Pr

, St
CD, Nu

=12.5%, Re=40

0.71

CD

Nu

3.4944

3.4943

0.002

2.9114

2.9114

<0.0001
<0.20

100

=50%, Re=40

0.71
100

=50%, Re=100

0.71

Nusselt number and Strouhal number are about 0.09%,

less than 0.0001 and about 0.55%, respectively. Further,
the downstream dependence study has been carried out for
the blockage of 50% and it was observed that the relative
percentage deviations in drag coefficient, average Nusselt
number and Strouhal number for Ri=0 and 1 are less than
0.0001% each. Thus, the downstream distance of 20b is
again found to be adequate for the present investigations.

St

0.1757

0.1760

CD

Nu

3.4944

3.4943

0.003

17.2541

17.2540

<0.001

St

0.1770

0.1760

0.57

CD

Nu

9.8209

9.8209

<0.0001

3.9092

3.9092

<0.0001

9.8209

9.8209

<0.0001

19.2651

19.2650

<0.001

CD

Nu

8.3861

8.3889

0.03

5.2178

5.2018

0.30

St

0.5319

0.5319

<0.0001

CD

Nu

Table4Effects of downstream distances (Xd) for blockage ratios of

12.5 and 50% and for Ri=0 and 1 at Pr=0.71 and Re=40

This section presents the results on the flow and heat transfer phenomena across a confined tapered trapezoidal prism
for various values of (12.550%) and Pr (0.71100) at
different values of Re. In addition, numerical calculations
are carried out to determine the transition from a steady to
a time-periodic regime. The influence of Ri on the mixed
convection flow and heat transfer characteristics has also
been discussed for varying values of Ri (01) and at
Re=40 for air as working fluid. The various engineering
parameters such as drag coefficient, average Nusselt number and other are calculated and discussed. The results thus
obtained after numerical simulations have been compared
with the reliable results available in the literature in the
subsequent section.
4.1Validation
The comparison of the present results is first made with the
results of Chung and Kang [4] on the long tapered trapezoidal prism for Re=100 and 150 (Table5) by considering
the same domain. An excellent agreement is found between
the present values and that given in Ref. [4]. For example,
the maximum deviations in the values of Strouhal numbers

, St Xd=25, Xu=12 Xd=20, Xu=12 % Deviation

CD, Nu

12.5% Ri=0
CD

3.4944

3.4943

<0.01

Nu

2.9114

2.9113

<0.01

St

0.1757

0.1761

0.23

CD

Nu

3.5549

3.5517

0.09

2.9753

2.9753

<0.0001

St

0.183

0.182

0.55

9.8209

9.8209

<0.0001

3.9092

3.9092

<0.0001

9.8404

9.8404

<0.0001

3.9101

3.9101

<0.0001

Ri=1

4Results anddiscussion

13

Xd=25, Xu=12

, Re

50%

Ri=0
CD

Nu
Ri=1
CD

Nu

are found to be less than 1% and about 2.2% for Re=100

and 150, respectively.
Furthermore, because of the non-availability of numerical/experimental results in the literature for the range
of settings studied, the comparison of present results
is ended for the flow and heat transfer in a channel with
a built-in circular cylinder on the basis of equal projected
area. Table6 provides the comparison of drag coefficient
and Nusselt number for the confined flow around a cylinder in the steady regime. Exceptional concurrence can be
seen between the present results and the values reported in
the literature [1922] and the maximum deviation can be
seen of the order of 0.1% for drag coefficient and less than
0.3% for Nusselt number, and hence this validates the present numerical methodology.

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

Table5Validation of present Strouhal number (St) results with
Chung and Kang [4]
References

Re

St

Present work
Chung and Kang [4]
Present work

100

0.1370
0.1380
0.1458

150

Chung and Kang [4]

(a)

0.1490

Table6Validation of present drag coefficient and average Nusselt

number with the literature values at Re=40 for =25%
References

CD

Nu

Present work
Bharti etal. [19]
Rao etal. [20]
Bijjam and Dhiman [21]

1.7039
1.7034
1.7054
1.7039

4.6701

Bharti etal. [22]

4.6593

(b)

4.2Flow patterns andtransition froma steady toa

timeperiodic regime
Extensive details on the forced flow (Ri =0) of air
(Pr =0.71) around a trapezoidal prism in a channel can
be found in our recent study [17] and are not replicated
here. Briefly, as the Reynolds number increases, the flow
separates at the trailing edge of the trapezoidal prism. It has
been observed that for a fixed value of the blockage ratio,
the size of recirculation region increases with an increase
in the Re. This nature is found similar to that of the confined flow across the square [14, 15, 23], triangular [12]
and circular [1921] bluff bodies. For the fixed value of
the Re, the size of recirculation region decreases with an
increase in the blockage ratio from 12.5 to 50%. In prolongation of preceding efforts of Dhiman etal. [17], Fig.2
shows the variation of the wake length for the tapered
prism with Reynolds number in the steady regime along
with the literature [14] for the square bluff body. The wake
length is found higher for the square obstacle at Re10 for
=12.5 and 25%, as shown in Fig.2a and b; however, for
Re>10, a contrary tendency of the wake length is observed
with increasing difference in the increasing value of wake
length for the two obstacles. This abnormality is due to
the fact that the separation of flow in the present case of
tapered trapezoidal prism takes place from top and bottom
surfaces along with the rear corners. However, in the case
of a square obstacle, flow separation occurs only from the
rear corners for the range of settings studied. Because one
of the major objectives of this study is to the find the critical Reynolds number (i.e., the transition from a steady to a

Fig.2Variation of wake length with Reynolds number along with

the values of square prism [14] for different blockage ratios at Ri=0
in the steady regime

time-periodic regime), the values of the output parameters

such as drag and lift coefficients, and Nusselt number are
monitored and plotted with respect to time. For instance,
the time history of the lift coefficient (CL) is illustrated
at different values of Re and in Fig.3af. It has been
observed that the range of lift coefficient for the blockages of 12.5 and 50% is same, but the values are different.
After scrutinizing the streamline contours (not shown here)
and the lift coefficient pattern, it is concluded that for the
blockage ratios of 12.5, 25 and 50%, the periodic unsteady
transition occurs at Reynolds numbers of 37, 61 and 92,
respectively, at Ri =0, as shown in Fig.3. As expected,
the critical Reynolds number increases with the increase in

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

1

0.06

(a) =50%, Re=91

0.75

0.04

0.5

0.02

CL

0.25

0
-0.25

-0.02

-0.5

-0.04

-0.75
-1
1
0.75

1450

1500

1550

1600

CL

(d) =25%, Re=61

-0.05

-0.5

-0.1

-0.75
1400

1450

1500

1350
0.06

(e) =12.5%, Re=36

1400

1450

(f) =12.5%, Re=37

0.04

0.5

0.02

0.25

CL

1300

-0.25

-0.25

-0.02

-0.5

-0.04

-0.75
-1

1250

0.05

0.75

1200

0.1

0.25

-0.06
1150
0.15

(c) =25%, Re=60

0.5

-1

(b) =50%, Re=92

-0.06
2200

2250

2300

2200

2250

2300

Fig.3Time history of the lift coefficient showing the transition from a steady to a time-periodic regime at different values of blockage ratios for
Ri=0

blockage ratio and it has been confirmed by carrying out

the time-dependent numerical simulations in the full computational domain. This is consistent with the findings of
Srikanth etal. [12] and Turki etal. [24] for the confined
flow around triangular and square prisms, respectively, in a
channel at Ri=0.
Figure4af presents the typical streamline contours near
the tapered trapezoidal prism for Re =40 and Pr =0.71
at Ri>0. Because the vortex shedding takes place here for
the blockage ratio of 12.5%, the instantaneous streamline
contours are represented in Fig.4a and b. As expected, the
symmetric about the mid plane of the streamline contours
is missing in the presence of cross buoyancy. The degree of
asymmetry increases as the values of Richardson numbers

13

increase from Ri =0 to 1. The wake region around the

trapezoidal prism diminishes with increasing Richardson
number due to higher mass flow rate passing underneath
the prism than above it. The similar behavior of the flow
patterns with respect to Richardson number is observed for
the confined flow around a square prism [15, 23].
4.3Thermal patterns
It can be stated that the thermal distribution has no effect
on the flow hydrodynamics for the ranges of settings studied at Ri=0 in the steady regime. Figures5 and 6 present
the representative isotherms close to the long trapezoidal
prism at different values of Prandtl numbers (0.71, 50 and

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

Ri = 0.5

= 25%

(c)

Ri = 1

= 12.5%

(a)

12

13

14

15

16

(b)

12

13

14

15

16

(d)

-1

12

13

14

15

16

12

13

14

15

16

-1

= 50%

(e)

12

13

14

15

16

13

14

15

16

(f)

12

Fig.4Streamline contours around the tapered trapezoidal prism under cross buoyancy at Re=40 and Pr=0.71 for various values of blockage
ratios

100) for the blockage ratios of 12.5, 25 and 50%, for the
extreme values of Re=1 and 40, respectively, at Ri=0.
Obviously, the thermal effects are more prominent at low
values of Reynolds and Prandtl numbers as viscous effects
are more prevailing in the steady regime or one can conclude that the conduction is more dominant at this juncture.
As the value of Prandtl number is progressively increasing from 0.71 to 100, the thermal boundary layer thickness
decreases for the fixed values of and Re. On the other
hand, the isotherms are increasingly distorted by the presence of adiabatic walls, e.g., as depicted in Fig.5d and g
for =50 and 25% at Re=1 and Pr=0.71. This distorting effect diminishes as the value of Pr increases due to
the thinning of the thermal boundary layer. This thinning of
temperature field increases with the increase in the Prandtl
number at different blockage ratios, as seen in Figs.5 and
6. It is also observed that for the blockage ratio of 12.5%,
the wavering effect increases with the increase in Prandtl
number because of the time-periodic nature found at
Re =40. Similar to the confined square [14, 15, 23], triangular [12] and circular [22] obstacles in a channel, the
highest crowding of isotherms is observed on the front surface of the tapered trapezoidal prism which is quite apparent from the thermal patterns. It therefore results in high
heat transfer from the front surface of the tapered trapezoidal prism as compared to the other surfaces of the tapered

prism. Also, the clustering of isotherms increases with

increasing Reynolds number and/or Prandtl number due
to the increased circulation of large amount of fluid with
increasing Reynolds number and/or the decreasing thickness of the thermal boundary layer with increasing Prandtl
number. Figures5 and 6 also show the diminishing effect
of the bounding walls () at high Reynolds number and/or
Prandtl number due to the thinning of boundary layer.
Figure 7 depicts the typical isothermal contours close
to the trapezoidal prism for Re =40, Pr =0.71 and at
Ri>0. With the influence of cross buoyancy, the asymmetry increases with the increase in Richardson number for
the temperature field. The clustering of isotherms near the
surfaces of the trapezoidal prism also increases with the
increase in Richardson number [15, 23].
4.4Local Nusselt number
Figure 8 shows the effect of blockage ratio on the variation of the local Nusselt number along the surfaces
of the tapered trapezoidal prism at Re =1 and 40 for
Prandtl numbers equal to 0.71, 10, 50 and 100 at Ri=0.
It is evident from the plots that the local Nusselt number
increases with increasing values of Reynolds number and/
or Prandtl number at each blockage ratio considered. The
local Nusselt number increases sharply at the corners of

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

(a) Re=1 Pr=0.71 =12.5%

0.58
0.61
0.66
0.72
0.82
0.95

5
4

12.5

13.5

14.5

(b) Re=1 Pr=50

15.5

16.5

=12.5%

0.5 0.37
0.28
0.95
0.31
0.63 0.45

13.5

14.5

(c) Re=1 Pr=100

0
11.5
4

12.5

13.5

(e) Re=1

15.5

16.5

=12.5%

0
11.5

14.5

15.5

Pr=50

16.5

=25%

0.56 0.37
0.25
0.93
0.31
0.81 0.43

12.5

13.5

14.5

(f) Re=1 Pr=100

15.5

16.5

=25%

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

0
11.5

13.5

14.5

(h) Re=1 Pr=50

15.5

16.5

=50%

0.56
0.43
0.93
0.68 0.5 0.37

0.31

-1
11.5

12.5

13.5

(i) Re=1

14.5

Pr=100

15.5

16.5

=50%

2
0.93

0.43 0.31

0.68
0.93
0.82

12.5

12.5

-1
11.5

3
0.56 0.37
0.25
0.93
0.31
0.83
0.75

0.99

5
4

0.96

12.5

(g) Re=1 Pr=0.71 =50%

0.93

2
11.5

0.81

0.87

2
11.5

(d) Re=1 Pr=0.71 =25%

3
2
11.5

0.37

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

-1
11.5

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

Fig.5Isotherms for constant prism temperature for Re=1 and Pr=0.71, 50 and 100 at Ri=0 for different blockage ratios

the tapered trapezoidal prism mostly from the sharpening of temperature gradients. Moreover, due to the large
temperature gradient normal to the surface of the prism,
each corner of the trapezoidal prism shows high value of
the local Nusselt number. Table7 shows the corner/peak
values of the local Nusselt numbers for different Prandtl
number, blockage ratio and Reynolds number at Ri =0.
The local Nusselt number increases toward the corners (A
or B) on the front surface of the tapered trapezoidal prism
as there is the highest crowding of isotherms at this surface thereby resulting in high heat transfer from the front
surface similar to what has been observed in a confined
square prism [14, 15, 23]. The value of the local Nusselt
number decreases on top (B to C) and bottom (A to D)

13

surfaces and then increases piercingly toward the rear

corners (C or D) of trapezoidal prism. Overall, the variation of the local Nusselt number around the trapezoidal
prism surfaces is found to be symmetrical for top and bottom halves of the channel at Ri=0 in the steady regime.
Because the temperature field is found to be time periodic
at =12.5% for Re 40, the sample of instantaneous
variation of local Nusselt number at different Pr is shown
in Fig.8d. The local Nusselt number values on the different surfaces of the tapered trapezoidal prism are found
to be insensitive to the values of Ri at the fixed blockage
ratio for the range of conditions covered. However, the
local Nusselt number increases with increasing blockage
ratio for the fixed Ri.

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

(a) Re=40 Pr=0.71 =12.5%

5
0.96
0.7

0.43

0.31
0.34

0.26

0.28

0.59 0.43 0.35

0.75

13.5

14.5

(b) Re=40 Pr=50

15.5

16.5

=12.5%

0
11.5
4

12.5

13.5

16.5

=25%

0.30
0.32

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

(c) Re=40 Pr=100 =12.5%

0
11.5
4

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

(f) Re=40 Pr=100 =25%

15.5

16.5

=50%

0.5 0.37 0.25

-1
11.5
3

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

(i) Re=40 Pr=100 =50%

0.26

0.56

0.25

0.43

0.25

0.48

0.93 0.39

13.5

14.5

(h) Re=40 Pr=50

0.29

0.06

13.5

12.5

12.5

0.65 0.10

-1
11.5

0.28

2
11.5

15.5

0.08

14.5

(e) Re=40 Pr=50

0.65 0.5 0.37

0.81 0.56

0.47 0.36

0.08

(g) Re=40 Pr=0.71 =50%

0.37

3
0.56 0.31 0.12

2
11.5

0.5

12.5

3
2

(d) Re=40 Pr=0.71 =25%

2
11.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

0
11.5

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

-1
11.5

12.5

13.5

14.5

15.5

16.5

Fig.6Isotherms for constant prism temperature for Re=40 and Pr=0.71, 50 and 100 at Ri=0 for different blockage ratios

4.5Average Nusselt number andthe Colburn heat transfer

factor
Figure 9 shows the variation of the average Nusselt
number for the tapered trapezoidal prism as the function of Reynolds number and blockage ratio for varying Prandtl numbers at Ri=0. Parts ad of Fig.9 show
that the average prism Nusselt number increases with the
increase of Reynolds number due to increased circulation of fluid, same what has been observed in unconfined
tapered [5] and expanded [8] trapezoidal prisms. It is
also seen that the average Nusselt number for the trapezoidal prism increases with increasing Prandtl numbers
for all blockages ratios investigated. Broadly, the average

Nusselt number of the trapezoidal prism increases with

the increase in blockage ratio because of the reduction
in the annulus area between prism and channel walls
and subsequent decrease in the wake length. Particularly, the average prism Nusselt number increases with
increasing blockage ratio for the Reynolds number range
5<Re40 and Prandtl number of 0.71 (Fig.9a); however the average prism Nusselt number decreases with
blockage ratio for the Reynolds number of unity and
the mixed trend is observed for Reynolds number of 5
[17] as the main reason for this trend is the prominent
effect of conduction at Pr=0.71, while this trend is not
obeyed at higher Prandtl numbers. Thus, the trend followed in Fig.9ad is similar in nature, but at Re =40,

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

= 12.5%

(a)

Ri = 0.5

0.32

0.44
0.60

(c)
0.38

13

14

15

16

0
4

(b)
0.43

0.33

0.28

0.25

12

13

14

15

16

(d)

0.69

16

12

13

14

15

16

(f)

2
0.44 0.38 0.32 0.25
0.5
0.60
0.75

0.5 0.38
0.57
0.75

0.31

0.25

15

-1
3

0.96

14

0.31 0.25

13

0.44

0.57

0.22

0.72

12

0.20

0.25

(e)

0.96

0.32

12

= 50%

0.94

0.27

Ri = 1

= 25%

12

13

14

15

16

-1

12

13

14

15

16

Fig.7Isotherms around the tapered trapezoidal prism under cross buoyancy at Re=40 and Pr=0.71 for various values of blockage ratios

the data show quantum jump for =12.5%. This unusual behavior is due to the unsteady periodic nature of
flow for =12.5% at Re=40, with the result there is
increase in heat transfer due to large circulation of fluid.
Further, Fig.10 shows the distinction of the average Nusselt number of the tapered trapezoidal prism with that of
a square obstacle [14] for the blockage ratios of 12.5 and
25% and for Prandtl numbers in the range 0.71100 at
Ri =0 in the steady regime. It is found from Fig.10a
for =12.5% that the average Nusselt number of the
tapered prism is higher than the square obstacle. However, Fig.10b depicts as the blockage ratio increases
from 12.5 to 25%, the average Nusselt number of the
square obstacles starts to exceed from the average Nusselt number of tapered one for higher Prandtl numbers
(Pr10). For instance, it is clear from the figure that if
Re>10, the average Nusselt number of the square obstacle starts to exceed the average Nusselt number of the
tapered prism, e.g., Pr10. The main reason behind this
behavior is that as the Reynolds number increases there
is early boundary layer separation in tapered trapezoidal
prism as compared to square prism. The boundary layer
separates at the rear end of the square obstacle, while as
for the tapered prism, the separation takes place from
top/bottom surfaces along with the rear corners, which
results in the reduction in heat transfer for the tapered
prism [5, 17]. On the other hand, for the range Re 10,

13

the average Nusselt number is more for the trapezoidal

prism, due to the belated flow separation, than the long
square prism [17].
It can also be concluded from Fig.10a and b that as
the Reynolds and Prandtl numbers increase, there is an
enhancement in heat transfer rate for the tapered prism
as compared with the square obstacle. The percentage
enhancements of the average Nusselt number for a tapered
trapezoidal prism with
respect to a square prism have

been calculated as (Nu NuSquare )/NuSquare  100 and
represented in Table8. The maximum enhancement in
heat transfer for a tapered trapezoidal prism with respect
to a square prism is found to be approximately 31% and
approximately 45% for the blockage ratios of 12.5 and
25%, respectively, for Re =1 and Ri =0 at the Prandtl
number of 0.71. It is also observed that the percentage heat
transfer enhancement goes on decreasing as Prandtl number and/or Reynolds number increase(s) for both the blockages and for all Prandtl numbers as the reason is already
discussed in the above paragraph.
Figure 11 shows the average Nusselt number variation with Richardson number at different blockage ratios
for Re =40 and Pr =0.71. The average Nusselt number
increases with Ri, but the slightly change (i.e., the maximum change of about 2% with respect to Ri =0) in the
average Nusselt number values is observed at different .
Likewise, the average Nusselt number increases with the

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

(a)

(d)

(b)

(e)

(c)

(f)

Fig.8Local Nusselt number variation along the four surfaces of the 2-D tapered trapezoidal prism for (ac) Re=1 and (df) Re=40 at different blockage ratios and Prandtl numbers for Ri=0

increase in the blockage ratio and is inline with [15, 23, 25].
The maximum percentage enhancement of heat transfer is
approximately 34% for a blockage of 50% with respect to
=12.5%, and the maximum approximately 5% for the
blockage of 25% with respect to =12.5% at different Ri.
Furthermore, it is convenient to correlate the present
heat transfer results by simple expressions in terms of the




Colburn heat transfer factor jh = Nu/ RePr 1/3 . The use
of the jh factor combines the results for different values of
Prandtl numbers on to one curve and it can also predict the
heat transfer rates at different Reynolds numbers [14]. Figure12ac shows the present results in terms of the jh factor
for the constant temperature case at three values of blockage ratios studied at Ri=0. The jh values corresponding

13


Table7Peak (corner) values
of local Nusselt number for
tapered trapezoidal prism at
different Re, Pr and at Ri=0

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

Peak values

=12.5%
A
B
C
D
=25%
A
B
C
D
=50%
A
B
C
D

Re=1

Re=40

Pr

Pr

0.71

10

50

100

0.71

10

50

100

3.7569
3.7569
1.8651
1.8651

9.3357
9.3357
4.0154
4.0154

15.1451
15.1451
6.3145
6.3145

18.5614
18.5614
7.7726
7.7726

15.1185
15.1185
4.3340
4.3340

32.6561
32.6561
14.3855
14.3855

53.9718
53.9718
30.2109
30.2109

68.1669
68.1669
36.6813
36.6813

3.3754
3.3754
1.0421
1.0421

10.8043
10.8043
4.6440
4.6440

17.5533
17.5533
7.6309
7.6309

21.4898
21.4898
9.4483
9.4483

15.8031
15.8031
4.2930
4.2930

34.3567
34.3567
10.3902
10.3902

57.1120
57.1120
20.2129
20.2129

72.4480
72.4480
26.5198
26.5198

2.5148
2.5148
0.1527

14.1617
14.1617
4.6722

23.2655
23.2655
8.7711

28.4591
28.4591
10.9299

18.5167
18.5167
5.5057

41.3191
41.3191
9.4413

70.6353
70.6353
13.9353

90.7481
90.7481
16.7639

0.1527

4.6722

8.7711

10.9299

5.5057

9.4413

13.9353

16.7639

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig.9Variation of the average prism Nusselt number with Reynolds number and blockage ratio for different Prandtl numbers at Ri=0

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

(b)

(a)

Fig.10Average Nusselt numbers for the tapered trapezoidal prism (solid symbols) and the square prism (open symbols) [14] as the function of
Reynolds and Prandtl numbers for (a) =12.5% and (b) =25% at Ri=0 in the steady regime

Table8Percentage enhancement for the tapered trapezoidal prism with respect to the square prism [14] in the steady regime
Re

Pr

=12.5%

=25%

Nu

Nu

Tapered obstacle
1
5
10
30
40
1
5
10
30
1
5
10
30
1
5
10
30

0.71

10

50

100

Square obstacle

% Enhancement

Tapered obstacle

Square obstacle

% Enhancement

0.8087
1.4554
1.8329
2.6216
2.9113
1.9244
3.1691
3.9791
6.0352
3.1065
5.1451
6.4304
10.1084
3.8339
6.3642
7.9405

0.6160
1.3667
1.6877
2.4159
2.6947
1.6877
2.8472
3.6669
5.7608
2.7576
4.6905
6.0776
9.9066
3.4144
5.8284
7.5904

31.28
6.49
8.60
8.51
8.04
14.03
11.31
8.51
4.76
12.65
9.69
5.81
2.04
12.29
9.19
4.61

0.6223
1.5880
2.0066
2.8110
3.0688
2.2438
3.6695
4.5018
6.2100
3.7041
6.0466
7.3195
10.3619
4.5993
7.5153
9.1571

0.4305
1.3305
1.7751
2.6345
2.9276
1.9927
3.3580
4.2217
6.3317
3.3434
5.5979
7.0439
10.8858
4.1667
6.9781
8.7999

44.55
19.35
13.04
6.70
4.82
12.60
9.28
6.63
1.92
10.79
8.02
3.91
4.81
10.38
7.70
4.06

12.7250

12.5112

1.71

12.9257

13.7462

5.97

to different values of Prandtl numbers are seen to overlap

on to one line corresponding to each value of for the
Reynolds number range 1 Re 40 with some deviations at Re<5 for =25% and at Re10 for =50%
and for Pr =0.71. Table9 shows the correlations established for different ranges of Prandtl numbers as well as
blockage ratios at Ri=0. The correlations developed can

be used to estimate the mass transfer coefficient as there

exists analogy between heat and mass transfer. These correlations have the average deviations of about 3.6, 2.8 and
5.8% for =50, 25 and 12.5%, respectively, for the range
1Re40 and 10Pr100. However, the maximum
deviations are about 7.3, 5.3 and 10.4% for =50, 25 and
12.5%, respectively. It is also important to mention here

13

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

(a)

(b)
Fig.11Variation of average prism Nusselt number with Richardson
number at different blockage ratios for Re=40 and Pr=0.71

that the average deviation for =12.5% is about 4.4% for

the range 1Re30 and 10Pr100 as at Re=40,
the flow shows time-periodic behavior, and 1545 points
are used for generating these correlations. The correlation
derived for the Pr=0.71 is somewhat different because of
the prominent conduction and as such the trend in Fig.12b
and c is unusual at lower Prandtl and Reynolds numbers.

5Conclusions

(c)

The effects of Reynolds, Prandtl and Richardson numbers

on the heat transfer characteristics of a tapered trapezoidal
prism confined in a planar channel have been investigated
for varying blockages. Some of the major findings of this
study are as follows:
The critical values of the Reynolds numbers are calculated at Ri=0 and they exist between Re=(36 and 37),
(60 and 61) and (91 and 92) for the blockage ratios of
12.5, 25 and 50%, respectively. Also, as the blockage
ratio increases from 12.5 to 50%, the critical Reynolds
number increases.
The maximum enhancement in heat transfer for a
tapered trapezoidal prism with respect to a square prism
is found to be approximately 31 and 45% for the blockages of 12.5 and 25%, respectively, for Pr=0.71 and
Ri=0 at Re=1.
The degree of asymmetry for streamline and isotherm
patterns increases as the value of Richardson number
increases from Ri=0 to 1. The average Nusselt number is almost invariant with Ri for a fixed blockage.

13

Fig.12The Colburn jh factor as a function of Re at various Pr and

for Ri=0

The maximum augmentation of heat transfer is found

approximately 34% for a high blockage of 50% with
respect to a low blockage of 12.5% at different Ri.
Finally, the Colburn heat transfer factor correlations
under the forced flow conditions have been established.

J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng.

Table9Error analysis for the
generalized correlations of the
Colburn jh factor

Pr

Generalized correlation

Average % deviation

Maximum % deviation

R2

50%

0.71

jh=0.48Re0.35

0.867

25%
a
If excluding the point (at
Re=40) where the flow shows
time-periodic behavior

12.5%

0.69

10, 50, 100

jh=1.3Re

3.63

0.71

jh=0.78Re0.57

10, 50, 100

jh=0.99Re0.68

2.85

0.71

jh=0.92Re0.65

10, 50, 100

jh=0.80Re0.63

5.80 and 4.32a

10.40

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